WO2022176926A1 - 接合用ペースト、接合層、接合体及び接合体の製造方法 - Google Patents
接合用ペースト、接合層、接合体及び接合体の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2022176926A1 WO2022176926A1 PCT/JP2022/006243 JP2022006243W WO2022176926A1 WO 2022176926 A1 WO2022176926 A1 WO 2022176926A1 JP 2022006243 W JP2022006243 W JP 2022006243W WO 2022176926 A1 WO2022176926 A1 WO 2022176926A1
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- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- less
- copper particles
- bonding
- copper
- bonding paste
- Prior art date
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- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 19
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 246
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 216
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 212
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- FWBOFUGDKHMVPI-UHFFFAOYSA-K dicopper;2-oxidopropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate Chemical compound [Cu+2].[Cu+2].[O-]C(=O)CC([O-])(C([O-])=O)CC([O-])=O FWBOFUGDKHMVPI-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 32
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- JPVYNHNXODAKFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cu2+ Chemical compound [Cu+2] JPVYNHNXODAKFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
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- FUSNOPLQVRUIIM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-amino-2-(4,4-dimethyl-2-oxoimidazolidin-1-yl)-n-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]pyrimidine-5-carboxamide Chemical compound O=C1NC(C)(C)CN1C(N=C1N)=NC=C1C(=O)NC1=CC=CC(C(F)(F)F)=C1 FUSNOPLQVRUIIM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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Images
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L24/00—Arrangements for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies; Methods or apparatus related thereto
- H01L24/01—Means for bonding being attached to, or being formed on, the surface to be connected, e.g. chip-to-package, die-attach, "first-level" interconnects; Manufacturing methods related thereto
- H01L24/26—Layer connectors, e.g. plate connectors, solder or adhesive layers; Manufacturing methods related thereto
- H01L24/28—Structure, shape, material or disposition of the layer connectors prior to the connecting process
- H01L24/29—Structure, shape, material or disposition of the layer connectors prior to the connecting process of an individual layer connector
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- B22F1/00—Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
- B22F1/05—Metallic powder characterised by the size or surface area of the particles
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- B22F1/00—Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
- B22F1/05—Metallic powder characterised by the size or surface area of the particles
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- B22F1/056—Submicron particles having a size above 100 nm up to 300 nm
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- B22F1/00—Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
- B22F1/10—Metallic powder containing lubricating or binding agents; Metallic powder containing organic material
- B22F1/102—Metallic powder coated with organic material
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- B22F1/00—Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
- B22F1/10—Metallic powder containing lubricating or binding agents; Metallic powder containing organic material
- B22F1/107—Metallic powder containing lubricating or binding agents; Metallic powder containing organic material containing organic material comprising solvents, e.g. for slip casting
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- B22F7/06—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of composite workpieces or articles from parts, e.g. to form tipped tools
- B22F7/062—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of composite workpieces or articles from parts, e.g. to form tipped tools involving the connection or repairing of preformed parts
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- B22F7/06—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of composite workpieces or articles from parts, e.g. to form tipped tools
- B22F7/062—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of composite workpieces or articles from parts, e.g. to form tipped tools involving the connection or repairing of preformed parts
- B22F7/064—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of composite workpieces or articles from parts, e.g. to form tipped tools involving the connection or repairing of preformed parts using an intermediate powder layer
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- B22F7/06—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of composite workpieces or articles from parts, e.g. to form tipped tools
- B22F7/08—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of composite workpieces or articles from parts, e.g. to form tipped tools with one or more parts not made from powder
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- B32B3/266—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shape; Layered products comprising a layer having particular features of form characterised by a particular shape of the outline of the cross-section of a continuous layer; characterised by a layer with cavities or internal voids ; characterised by an apertured layer characterised by an apertured layer, the apertures going through the whole thickness of the layer, e.g. expanded metal, perforated layer, slit layer regular cells B32B3/12
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- B32B7/00—Layered products characterised by the relation between layers; Layered products characterised by the relative orientation of features between layers, or by the relative values of a measurable parameter between layers, i.e. products comprising layers having different physical, chemical or physicochemical properties; Layered products characterised by the interconnection of layers
- B32B7/04—Interconnection of layers
- B32B7/12—Interconnection of layers using interposed adhesives or interposed materials with bonding properties
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- B32B9/00—Layered products comprising a layer of a particular substance not covered by groups B32B11/00 - B32B29/00
- B32B9/04—Layered products comprising a layer of a particular substance not covered by groups B32B11/00 - B32B29/00 comprising such particular substance as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material
- B32B9/041—Layered products comprising a layer of a particular substance not covered by groups B32B11/00 - B32B29/00 comprising such particular substance as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material of metal
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C1/00—Making non-ferrous alloys
- C22C1/04—Making non-ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy
- C22C1/0425—Copper-based alloys
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
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- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L24/00—Arrangements for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies; Methods or apparatus related thereto
- H01L24/01—Means for bonding being attached to, or being formed on, the surface to be connected, e.g. chip-to-package, die-attach, "first-level" interconnects; Manufacturing methods related thereto
- H01L24/26—Layer connectors, e.g. plate connectors, solder or adhesive layers; Manufacturing methods related thereto
- H01L24/31—Structure, shape, material or disposition of the layer connectors after the connecting process
- H01L24/32—Structure, shape, material or disposition of the layer connectors after the connecting process of an individual layer connector
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- H01L24/00—Arrangements for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies; Methods or apparatus related thereto
- H01L24/80—Methods for connecting semiconductor or other solid state bodies using means for bonding being attached to, or being formed on, the surface to be connected
- H01L24/83—Methods for connecting semiconductor or other solid state bodies using means for bonding being attached to, or being formed on, the surface to be connected using a layer connector
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F2301/00—Metallic composition of the powder or its coating
- B22F2301/10—Copper
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F2998/00—Supplementary information concerning processes or compositions relating to powder metallurgy
- B22F2998/10—Processes characterised by the sequence of their steps
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F2999/00—Aspects linked to processes or compositions used in powder metallurgy
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- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
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- B32B2255/20—Inorganic coating
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B32B2264/00—Composition or properties of particles which form a particulate layer or are present as additives
- B32B2264/10—Inorganic particles
- B32B2264/105—Metal
- B32B2264/1055—Copper or nickel
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
- B32B2307/50—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular mechanical properties
- B32B2307/542—Shear strength
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L2224/00—Indexing scheme for arrangements for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies and methods related thereto as covered by H01L24/00
- H01L2224/01—Means for bonding being attached to, or being formed on, the surface to be connected, e.g. chip-to-package, die-attach, "first-level" interconnects; Manufacturing methods related thereto
- H01L2224/26—Layer connectors, e.g. plate connectors, solder or adhesive layers; Manufacturing methods related thereto
- H01L2224/28—Structure, shape, material or disposition of the layer connectors prior to the connecting process
- H01L2224/29—Structure, shape, material or disposition of the layer connectors prior to the connecting process of an individual layer connector
- H01L2224/29001—Core members of the layer connector
- H01L2224/29099—Material
- H01L2224/291—Material with a principal constituent of the material being a metal or a metalloid, e.g. boron [B], silicon [Si], germanium [Ge], arsenic [As], antimony [Sb], tellurium [Te] and polonium [Po], and alloys thereof
- H01L2224/29138—Material with a principal constituent of the material being a metal or a metalloid, e.g. boron [B], silicon [Si], germanium [Ge], arsenic [As], antimony [Sb], tellurium [Te] and polonium [Po], and alloys thereof the principal constituent melting at a temperature of greater than or equal to 950°C and less than 1550°C
- H01L2224/29147—Copper [Cu] as principal constituent
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L2224/00—Indexing scheme for arrangements for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies and methods related thereto as covered by H01L24/00
- H01L2224/01—Means for bonding being attached to, or being formed on, the surface to be connected, e.g. chip-to-package, die-attach, "first-level" interconnects; Manufacturing methods related thereto
- H01L2224/26—Layer connectors, e.g. plate connectors, solder or adhesive layers; Manufacturing methods related thereto
- H01L2224/31—Structure, shape, material or disposition of the layer connectors after the connecting process
- H01L2224/32—Structure, shape, material or disposition of the layer connectors after the connecting process of an individual layer connector
- H01L2224/321—Disposition
- H01L2224/32151—Disposition the layer connector connecting between a semiconductor or solid-state body and an item not being a semiconductor or solid-state body, e.g. chip-to-substrate, chip-to-passive
- H01L2224/32221—Disposition the layer connector connecting between a semiconductor or solid-state body and an item not being a semiconductor or solid-state body, e.g. chip-to-substrate, chip-to-passive the body and the item being stacked
- H01L2224/32225—Disposition the layer connector connecting between a semiconductor or solid-state body and an item not being a semiconductor or solid-state body, e.g. chip-to-substrate, chip-to-passive the body and the item being stacked the item being non-metallic, e.g. insulating substrate with or without metallisation
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L2224/00—Indexing scheme for arrangements for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies and methods related thereto as covered by H01L24/00
- H01L2224/80—Methods for connecting semiconductor or other solid state bodies using means for bonding being attached to, or being formed on, the surface to be connected
- H01L2224/83—Methods for connecting semiconductor or other solid state bodies using means for bonding being attached to, or being formed on, the surface to be connected using a layer connector
- H01L2224/838—Bonding techniques
- H01L2224/8384—Sintering
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L2924/00—Indexing scheme for arrangements or methods for connecting or disconnecting semiconductor or solid-state bodies as covered by H01L24/00
- H01L2924/01—Chemical elements
- H01L2924/01015—Phosphorus [P]
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a bonding paste, a bonding layer, a bonded body, and a manufacturing method of the bonded body.
- a joining material is generally used when joining two or more parts.
- Patent Document 1 describes that solder is used as a bonding material.
- solder is used as a bonding material.
- the heat resistance of non-bonded materials such as semiconductor elements has improved, and they are increasingly used in high-temperature environments such as automobile engine compartments.
- Silver paste may also be used. Silver paste can be sintered under relatively low temperature conditions, and the melting point of the bonding layer formed after sintering is the same as that of silver. Therefore, the bonding layer made of the sintered silver paste has excellent heat resistance, and can be used stably even in a high-temperature environment or in a high-current application.
- copper paste may be used as the bonding material, as shown in Patent Document 3, for example.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above, and an object of the present invention is to provide a bonding paste, a bonding layer, a bonded body, and a manufacturing method of a bonded body that can suppress a decrease in strength.
- the bonding paste of the present disclosure is a bonding paste containing copper particles, a solvent, and an additive composed of a phosphate ester, wherein the content of the additive is It is 0.5% or more and 3.0% or less in mass ratio with respect to the whole bonding paste.
- the method for manufacturing a bonded body of the present disclosure manufactures a bonded body by bonding the first member and the second member using the bonding paste as a bonding layer.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the bonding paste according to the first embodiment.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a joined body according to the first embodiment.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of the bonding paste according to the second embodiment.
- FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a joined body according to the second embodiment.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the bonding paste according to the first embodiment.
- the bonding paste of the first embodiment is used for bonding members together.
- the bonding paste 10 of the first embodiment contains copper particles 12 , solvent 14 and additive 16 .
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram, and the actual shape of the bonding paste 10 is not limited to that shown in FIG.
- the copper particles 12 preferably have a BET diameter of 50 nm or more and 300 nm or less.
- the BET diameter is a particle diameter calculated from the BET specific surface area and the true density of the copper particles determined by the BET method, assuming that the copper particles 12 are spherical or cubic. Specifically, it can be determined by the method described in the examples below.
- the BET diameter of the copper particles 12 is 50 nm or more, it is difficult to form strong aggregates. Therefore, the surfaces of the copper particles 12 can be uniformly coated with the solvent 14 .
- the BET diameter of the copper particles 12 is 300 nm or less, the reaction area is large and the sinterability by heating is high, so that a strong bonding layer can be formed.
- the BET diameter of the copper particles 12 is preferably in the range of 80 nm or more and 200 nm or less, and particularly preferably in the range of 80 nm or more and 170 nm or less.
- the BET specific surface area of the copper particles 12 is preferably in the range of 2.0 m 2 /g or more and 8.0 m 2 /g or less, and is in the range of 3.5 m 2 /g or more and 8.0 m 2 /g or less. more preferably 4.0 m 2 /g or more and 8.0 m 2 /g or less is particularly preferable.
- the shape of the copper particles 12 is not limited to a spherical shape, and may be a needle shape or a flat plate shape.
- the surface of the copper particles 12 is preferably covered with an organic protective film, which is an organic film.
- an organic protective film which is an organic film.
- the organic protective film covering the copper particles 12 is not formed by the solvent 14 and is not derived from the solvent 14 .
- the organic protective film covering the copper particles 12 is not a copper oxide film formed by oxidation of copper.
- the copper particles 12 are coated with the organic protective film. Therefore, in this embodiment, the copper particles 12 are C 3 H 3 O 3 ⁇ ions relative to the detected amount of Cu + ions detected by analyzing the surface using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry.
- C 3 H 3 O 3 ⁇ /Cu + ratio is preferably 0.001 or more. More preferably, the C 3 H 3 O 3 ⁇ /Cu + ratio is in the range of 0.05 or more and 0.2 or less.
- the surface of the copper particles 12 in this analysis is not the surface of the copper particles 12 when the organic protective film is removed from the copper particles 12, but the surface of the copper particles 12 containing the covering organic protective film (i.e. surface of the organic protective film).
- the surface of the copper particles 12 may be analyzed using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry to detect C 3 H 4 O 2 ⁇ ions and C 5 or higher ions.
- the ratio of the detected amount of C 3 H 4 O 2 ⁇ ions to the detected amount of Cu + ions is preferably 0.001 or more. Further, the ratio of the detected amount of C5 or higher ions to the detected amount of Cu + ions ( C5 or higher ions/Cu + ratio) is preferably less than 0.005.
- the C 3 H 3 O 3 - ions, C 3 H 4 O 2 - ions, and C 5 or higher ions detected in the time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry are the organic protective film coating the surfaces of the copper particles 12 . derived from the membrane. Therefore, when each of the C 3 H 3 O 3 ⁇ /Cu + ratio and the C 3 H 4 O 2 ⁇ /Cu + ratio is 0.001 or more, the surfaces of the copper particles 12 are difficult to oxidize and the copper particles 12 becomes difficult to aggregate.
- the C 3 H 3 O 3 ⁇ /Cu + ratio and the C 3 H 4 O 2 ⁇ /Cu + ratio are 0.2 or less, the sinterability of the copper particles 12 is not excessively lowered, and the copper particles can be sintered. Oxidation and agglomeration of 12 can be suppressed, and generation of decomposition gas from the organic protective film during heating can be suppressed, so that a bonding layer with few voids can be formed.
- the ⁇ /Cu + ratio is preferably in the range of 0.08 to 0.16.
- the C5 and above ions/Cu + ratio is less than 0.003.
- the organic protective film is preferably derived from citric acid.
- a method for producing the copper particles 12 coated with an organic protective film derived from citric acid will be described later.
- the coating amount of the organic protective film on the copper particles 12 is preferably in the range of 0.5% by mass or more and 2.0% by mass or less with respect to 100% by mass of the copper particles, and 0.8% by mass or more and 1.8% by mass. It is more preferably in the range of 0.8% by mass or more and 1.5% by mass or less.
- the coating amount of the organic protective film is 0.5% by mass or more, the copper particles 12 can be uniformly coated with the organic protective film, and the oxidation of the copper particles 12 can be suppressed more reliably.
- the coating amount of the organic protective film is 2.0% by mass or less, the generation of voids in the sintered body (bonding layer) of the copper particles due to the gas generated by the decomposition of the organic protective film due to heating is prevented. can be suppressed.
- the coating amount of the organic protective film can be measured using a commercially available device.
- the coating amount can be measured using a differential type differential thermal balance TG8120-SL (manufactured by RIGAKU). In this case, for example, copper particles from which moisture has been removed by freeze-drying are used as the sample.
- the coating amount (sample weight after measurement)/(sample weight before measurement) ⁇ 100 (wt %).
- the measurement may be performed three times for each copper particle of the same lot, and the arithmetic average value may be taken as the coating amount.
- the organic protective film derived from citric acid generates carbon dioxide gas, nitrogen gas, evaporative gas of acetone and water vapor when decomposed.
- the copper particles 12 coated with an organic protective film derived from citric acid can be produced, for example, as follows. First, an aqueous dispersion of copper citrate is prepared, and a pH adjuster is added to the aqueous dispersion of copper citrate to adjust the pH to 2.0 or more and 7.5 or less. Next, in an inert gas atmosphere, 1.0 to 1.2 equivalents of a hydrazine compound capable of reducing copper ions was added as a reducing agent to the pH-adjusted copper citrate aqueous dispersion. to mix. The resulting mixed solution is heated to a temperature of 60° C. or higher and 80° C. or lower in an inert gas atmosphere and held for 1.5 hours or longer and 2.5 hours or shorter. As a result, the copper ions eluted from the copper citrate are reduced to form the copper particles 12 , and an organic protective film derived from citric acid is formed on the surfaces of the copper particles 12 .
- An aqueous dispersion of copper citrate is prepared by adding powdered copper citrate to pure water such as distilled water or ion-exchanged water so that the concentration is 25% by mass or more and 40% by mass or less, and using a stirring blade. It can be prepared by stirring and dispersing uniformly.
- pH adjusters include triammonium citrate, ammonium hydrogen citrate, and citric acid. Of these, triammonium citrate is preferred because it facilitates mild pH adjustment.
- the reason why the pH of the copper citrate aqueous dispersion is 2.0 or more is that the elution rate of copper ions eluted from the copper citrate is increased, the generation of copper particles is rapidly advanced, and the target fine copper is obtained. This is so that particles 12 can be obtained.
- the reason why the pH is set to 7.5 or less is to suppress eluted copper ions from becoming copper(II) hydroxide, thereby increasing the yield of the copper particles 12 . Moreover, by setting the pH to 7.5 or less, it is possible to prevent the reducing power of the hydrazine compound from becoming excessively high, making it easier to obtain the target copper particles 12 .
- the pH of the copper citrate aqueous dispersion is preferably adjusted within the range of 4 or more and 6 or less.
- the reduction of copper citrate with a hydrazine compound is performed under an inert gas atmosphere. This is to prevent oxidation of copper ions dissolved in the liquid.
- inert gases include nitrogen gas and argon gas.
- a hydrazine compound has advantages such as not producing a residue after a reduction reaction when copper citrate is reduced in an acidic environment, relatively high safety, and easy handling.
- the hydrazine compound includes hydrazine monohydrate, anhydrous hydrazine, hydrazine hydrochloride, hydrazine sulfate, and the like. Among these hydrazine compounds, preferred are hydrazine monohydrate and anhydrous hydrazine, which do not contain impurities such as sulfur and chlorine.
- a hydrazine compound which is a reducing agent, is added to and mixed with an acidic liquid having a pH of less than 7, and the copper particles 12 are generated in the obtained mixed liquid. Therefore, the citric acid-derived component generated from the copper citrate quickly coats the surfaces of the copper particles 12, so that the dissolution of the copper particles 12 is suppressed.
- the aqueous dispersion of copper citrate after adjusting the pH is preferably kept at a temperature of 50° C. or higher and 70° C. or lower to facilitate the progress of the reduction reaction.
- Heating the mixed liquid in which the hydrazine compound is mixed in an inert gas atmosphere to a temperature of 60° C. or more and 80° C. or less and holding it for 1.5 hours or more and 2.5 hours or less is to generate the copper particles 12 and to generate This is for forming and covering the surfaces of the copper particles 12 with an organic protective film.
- the reason for heating and holding in an inert gas atmosphere is to prevent oxidation of the generated copper particles 12 .
- Copper citrate which is a starting material, usually contains about 35% by mass of a copper component.
- a hydrazine compound which is a reducing agent, is added to a copper citrate aqueous dispersion containing such a copper component, heated to the above temperature, and held for the above time to generate copper particles 12, Since the formation of the organic protective film on the surface of the copper particles 12 proceeds in a well-balanced manner, the coating amount of the organic protective film is in the range of 0.5% by mass or more and 2.0% by mass or less with respect to 100% by mass of the copper particles. It is possible to obtain the copper particles 12 inside. If the heating temperature is less than 60° C. and the holding time is less than 1.5 hours, the copper citrate is not completely reduced, and the generation rate of the copper particles 12 becomes too slow. The amount may be excessive.
- a preferable heating temperature is 65° C. or higher and 75° C. or lower, and a preferable holding time is 2 hours or longer and 2.5 hours or shorter.
- the copper particles 12 produced in the mixed liquid are solid-liquid separated from the mixed liquid in an inert gas atmosphere, for example, using a centrifuge, and dried by a freeze drying method or a reduced pressure drying method, so that the surface is A copper particle 12 coated with an organic protective film is obtained. Since the surfaces of the copper particles 12 are covered with an organic protective film, the copper particles 12 are not easily oxidized even if they are stored in the atmosphere until they are used as the bonding paste 10 .
- Solvent 14 acts as a binder for copper particles 12 .
- Solvent 14 is an organic solvent. Any solvent may be used as the solvent 14, and examples thereof include alcohol-based solvents, glycol-based solvents, acetate-based solvents, hydrocarbon-based solvents, and amine-based solvents. Specific examples of alcohol solvents include ⁇ -terpineol and isopropyl alcohol. Specific examples of glycol-based solvents include ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, and polyethylene glycol. A specific example of the acetate-based solvent is butyltoll carbitate acetate. Specific examples of hydrocarbon solvents include decane, dodecane, and tetradecane. Specific examples of amine solvents include hexylamine, octylamine, and dodecylamine.
- Additive 16 is a phosphate ester.
- esters obtained by dehydration condensation of phosphoric acid and alcohol may be called phosphate esters.
- the phosphate used as the additive 16 preferably has an average molecular weight of 1,000 to 2,000, more preferably 1,200 to 1,800, and even more preferably 1,400 to 1,600.
- average molecular weight herein refers to weight average molecular weight. Average molecular weight can be measured, for example, by size exclusion chromatography.
- the phosphate ester used in the additive 16 may be any one, and examples thereof include laureth-n phosphate, oleth-n phosphate, and steareth-n phosphate (n is an integer). As the additive 16, one of these may be used, or two or more thereof may be used.
- the bonding paste 10 preferably does not contain substances other than the copper particles 12, the solvent 14, and the additive 16 composed of the phosphate ester, except for inevitable impurities.
- the bonding paste 10 is not limited thereto, and may contain additives other than the additive 16 composed of the copper particles 12, the solvent 14, and the phosphoric acid ester.
- the content of the additive 16 is 0.5% or more and 3.0% or less, and 0.5% or more and 2.0% by mass relative to the entire bonding paste 10. is preferably 1.0% or more and 1.5% or less is more preferable.
- the content of the additive 16 is within this range, the oxidation of the copper particles 12 is suppressed, and as a result, the strength of the bonding layer when the members are bonded together using the bonding paste 10 in a non-reducing atmosphere is reduced. can be appropriately suppressed.
- the content of the solvent 14 in the bonding paste 10 is preferably 5% or more and 20% or less, more preferably 5% or more and 15% or less, in terms of the mass ratio of the entire bonding paste 10. It is preferably 8% or more and 13% or less, more preferably. When the content of the solvent 14 is within this range, the copper particles 12 can be appropriately dispersed.
- the bonding paste 10 is manufactured by performing a mixing step of mixing the copper particles 12 , the solvent 14 and the additive 16 .
- the copper particles 12, the solvent 14, and the additive 16 are mixed so that the content of the additive 16 is 0.5% or more and 3.0% or less by mass with respect to the entire bonding paste 10. and are mixed.
- the copper particles 12, the solvent 14, and the additive 16 are mixed so that the contents of the solvent 14 and the copper particles 12 in the entire bonding paste 10 are within the above ranges.
- the copper particles 12, the solvent 14, and the additive 16 may be mixed using a kneading device. A three-roll mill, for example, is used as the kneading device.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a joined body according to the first embodiment.
- a bonding paste 10 is used as a bonding layer 20 to bond a first member 21 and a second member 22 to manufacture a bonded body 30 .
- the first member 21 and the second member 22 may be arbitrary. For example, if one of the first member 21 and the second base material is a substrate and the other is an electronic component, good. That is, a semiconductor module in which a substrate and an electronic component are bonded with the bonding layer 20 may be manufactured as the bonded body 30 .
- the substrate is not particularly limited, but for example, an oxygen-free copper plate, a copper molybdenum plate, a high heat dissipation insulating substrate (e.g., DCB (Direct Copper Bond)), a substrate for mounting a semiconductor element such as an LED (Light Emitting Diode) package, etc. is mentioned.
- Electronic components include, for example, IGBTs (Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors), diodes, Schottky barrier diodes, MOS-FETs (Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors), thyristors, logic, sensors, analog integrated circuits, LEDs, semiconductor lasers, Examples include semiconductor devices such as oscillators.
- a coating layer forming step is performed in which the bonding paste 10 is applied to the surface of at least one of the first member 21 and the second member 22 to form a coating layer.
- the coating method is not particularly limited, for example, spin coating method, metal mask method, spray coating method, dispenser coating method, knife coating method, slit coating method, inkjet coating method, screen printing method, offset printing method, die coating method. etc.
- a preheating step is performed at a temperature of 50° C. to 150° C. for 1 minute to 30 minutes to volatilize the solvent in the paste.
- a stacking step is performed to stack the first member 21 and the second member 22 with the coating layer interposed therebetween.
- a heating step is performed to heat the first member 21 and the second member 22 that are superimposed with the coating layer interposed therebetween.
- the heating step in a non-reducing atmosphere, at least one of the first member 21 and the second member 22 which are overlapped is heated at a predetermined temperature for a predetermined time while applying a predetermined pressure.
- the copper particles 12 in the coating layer are sintered to form the bonding layer 20, and the bonded body 30 in which the first member 21 and the second member 22 are bonded by the bonding layer 20 is obtained. manufactured.
- the non-reducing atmosphere in the heating process refers to a state filled with a non-reducing gas, and can also be called an inert gas atmosphere filled with an inert gas.
- Non-reducing gases include nitrogen and rare gases such as argon.
- the heating process may be performed in a nitrogen atmosphere with an oxygen concentration of 1000 ppm.
- the predetermined pressure applied to at least one of the first member 21 and the second member 22 is preferably 0.5 MPa or more and 10 MPa or less, more preferably 1 MPa or more and 5 MPa or less, and 2 MPa or more and 5 MPa or less. is more preferable.
- the pressure is applied in a direction in which the first member 21 and the second member 22 are pressed relatively to each other via the coating layer.
- the predetermined temperature which is the heating temperature in the heating step, is preferably 200° C. or higher and 300° C. or lower, more preferably 230° C. or higher and 300° C. or lower, and even more preferably 250° C. or higher and 300° C. or lower. .
- the heating temperature is preferably 200° C. or higher and 300° C. or lower, more preferably 230° C. or higher and 300° C. or lower, and even more preferably 250° C. or higher and 300° C. or lower.
- the predetermined time which is the heating time in the heating step, is preferably 1 minute or more and 10 minutes or less, more preferably 1 minute or more and 5 minutes or less, and even more preferably 1 minute or more and 3 minutes or less. . By setting the heating time within this range, the copper particles 12 can be appropriately sintered.
- the bonding layer 20 in this embodiment is formed by heating the bonding paste 10 to sinter the copper particles 12 .
- the bonding layer 20 is positioned between the first member 21 and the second member 22 to bond the first member 21 and the second member 22 together. It can also be said that the bonding layer 20 is a sintered body of copper.
- the bonding layer 20 preferably has a sintered density of copper particles of 80% or more, more preferably 85% or more and 95% or less, and even more preferably 85% or more and 90% or less. When the sintered density falls within this range, the bonding layer 20 can ensure electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity.
- the sintering density refers to the ratio of the volume of the bonding layer 20 excluding open pores and closed pores to the entire volume of the bonding layer 20 including open pores and closed pores.
- the bonding layer 20 contains phosphorus.
- Phosphorus here refers to phosphorus as an element, and includes not only elemental phosphorus but also phosphorus contained in any compound.
- the phosphorus content of the bonding layer 20 with respect to the entire bonding layer 20 is preferably 10 ppm or more and 1000 ppm or less, more preferably 50 ppm or more and 500 ppm or less, and more preferably 100 ppm or more and 500 ppm or less. More preferred. When the phosphorus content is within this range, the strength of the bonding layer 20 is suppressed from decreasing even when it is formed, for example, in a non-reducing atmosphere.
- the phosphorus content can be measured by ICP-OES (ICP emission spectrometer; Inductivity Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometer).
- the phosphorus contained in the bonding layer 20 is derived from the phosphate ester contained in the bonding paste 10 in this embodiment.
- the thickness of the bonding layer 20 is preferably 10 ⁇ m or more and 200 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 20 ⁇ m or more and 150 ⁇ m or less, and even more preferably 50 ⁇ m or more and 100 ⁇ m or less. When the thickness of the bonding layer 20 falls within this range, it is possible to maintain high heat dissipation while relieving stress due to differences in linear expansion coefficients between members due to temperature differences.
- the bonding layer 20 according to the present embodiment is a copper sintered body that has a sintered density of 80% or more and contains phosphorus. Since the bonding layer 20 according to the present embodiment has a sintered density of 80% or more, a decrease in strength is suppressed. Furthermore, the phosphorus-derived substance (phosphoric acid ester in the present embodiment) contained in the bonding layer 20 suppresses the oxidation of the copper particles 12. As a result, the strength of the bonding layer 20 containing phosphorus is suppressed. be done.
- the bonding layer 20 in the present embodiment is formed by heating the bonding paste 10 as described above. can be arbitrary.
- the bonding paste 10 according to the present embodiment contains the copper particles 12, the solvent 14, and the additive 16 made of a phosphoric acid ester, and the content of the additive 16 is the same as that of the bonding paste 10. It is 0.5% or more and 3.0% or less in mass ratio with respect to the whole.
- the phosphate ester is added as an additive to suppress the oxidation of the copper particles 12, and as a result, when the members are bonded together in a non-reducing atmosphere, Also, a decrease in the strength of the bonding layer can be suppressed.
- the content of the additive 16 is set to 0.5% or more and 3.0% or less by mass with respect to the entire bonding paste 10.
- the method includes mixing copper particles 12 , solvent 14 and additive 16 to produce bonding paste 10 . According to this manufacturing method, by adding the phosphoric acid ester as an additive, the oxidation of the copper particles 12 is suppressed. Decrease can be suppressed.
- the bonded body is manufactured by bonding the first member and the second member using the bonding paste 10 as a bonding layer. According to this method, since the bonding paste 10 is used as the bonding layer, it is possible to suppress a decrease in the strength of the bonding layer even when the members are bonded together in a non-reducing atmosphere.
- Example 1 copper particles having a BET diameter of 153 nm were prepared.
- the BET diameter was obtained by measuring the amount of nitrogen gas adsorbed by the copper particles using a specific surface area measuring device (QUANTACHROME AUTOSORB-1 manufactured by Quantachrome Instruments), and determining the specific surface area of the copper particles by the BET method. Using the obtained specific surface area S (m 2 /g) and the density ⁇ (g/cm 3 ) of the copper particles, the BET diameter was calculated from the following formula.
- oleth-10 phosphoric acid was prepared as the phosphate ester for the additive
- ethylene glycol was prepared as the solvent.
- the content of the additive was 1% by mass
- the content of the solvent was 10% by mass
- the copper particles, the additive, and the solvent were mixed so that the remainder was the copper particles, A bonding paste was obtained.
- Example 2-10 In Examples 2-10, except that the BET diameter of the copper particles, the type of additive, the type of additive, the content of additive, or the content of solvent were as shown in Table 1, Example 1 A bonding paste was obtained in the same manner as above.
- Comparative Example 1-3 a bonding paste was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the type of additive or the content of the additive was as shown in Table 1.
- a joined body was produced using the joining paste obtained in each example. Specifically, an opening of 3 mm was formed in an oxygen-free copper plate, and the bonding paste of each example was printed using a metal mask and a metal squeegee having a thickness of 50 ⁇ m. A silicon dummy chip of 2.5 mm ⁇ 2.5 mm on which gold was sputtered to a thickness of 100 nm was placed on the back surface, and bonding was performed by heating at 250 ° C. for 3 minutes while pressurizing at 5 MPa in a nitrogen atmosphere. . In the evaluation, the shear strength of the obtained bonded body (bonded silicon dummy chip and oxygen-free copper plate) was measured.
- shear strength is 40 MPa, it is “excellent”, 20 MPa or more and less than 40 MPa is “good”, 10 MPa or more and less than 20 MPa is “acceptable”, and less than 10 MPa is “improper”, and “acceptable”, “good”, and “excellent” are passed. and
- the shear strength of the resulting joined body was measured by a method conforming to JIS Z 3198-7 (Lead-free solder test method-Part 7: Chip component solder joint shear test method). Specifically, a bond tester (SERIES 4000, manufactured by Nordson DAGE) was used to apply a load to the silicon dummy chip, and the load (maximum shear load) when the silicon dummy chip was separated from the copper bonding layer was measured.
- SERIES 4000 manufactured by Nordson DAGE
- the moving speed of the tool was set to 50 ⁇ m/sec, and the gap between the tip of the tool and the oxygen-free copper substrate was set to 50 ⁇ m.
- the shear strength (unit: MPa) was obtained by converting the obtained maximum shear load into Newton and dividing it by the area of the copper bonding layer (2.5 mm ⁇ 2.5 mm). Seven joined bodies were produced, and the shear strength of each joined body was measured. The values shown in Table 1 are the average shear strength of seven zygotes.
- Table 1 is a table showing the evaluation results of each example. As shown in Table 1, the shear strength is acceptable in the examples, and by using a bonding paste containing 0.5% or more and 3.0% or less of a phosphate ester in a mass ratio, a non-reducing atmosphere It can be seen that the reduction in strength can be suppressed even when the joints are made below. On the other hand, in Comparative Example 1 in which no phosphoric acid ester was used as an additive, the shear strength was unsatisfactory, indicating that the decrease in strength cannot be suppressed when joined in a non-reducing atmosphere.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of the bonding paste according to the second embodiment.
- the bonding paste of the second embodiment is used for bonding members together.
- the bonding paste 10 of this embodiment contains copper particles 12 , solvent 14 and additive 16 .
- FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram, and the actual shape of the bonding paste 10 is not limited to that shown in FIG.
- the copper particles 12 preferably have a BET diameter of 50 nm or more and 300 nm or less.
- the BET diameter is a particle diameter calculated from the BET specific surface area and the true density of the copper particles determined by the BET method, assuming that the copper particles 12 are spherical or cubic. Specifically, it can be determined by the method described in the examples below.
- the BET diameter of the copper particles 12 is 50 nm or more, it is difficult to form strong aggregates. Therefore, the surfaces of the copper particles 12 can be uniformly coated with the solvent 14 .
- the BET diameter of the copper particles 12 is 300 nm or less, the reaction area is large and the sinterability by heating is high, so that a strong bonding layer can be formed.
- the BET diameter of the copper particles 12 is preferably in the range of 80 nm or more and 200 nm or less, and particularly preferably in the range of 80 nm or more and 170 nm or less.
- the BET specific surface area of the copper particles 12 is preferably in the range of 2.0 m 2 /g or more and 8.0 m 2 /g or less, and is in the range of 3.5 m 2 /g or more and 8.0 m 2 /g or less. More preferably, it is particularly preferably in the range of 4.0 m 2 /g or more and 8.0 m 2 /g or less.
- the shape of the copper particles 12 is not limited to a spherical shape, and may be a needle shape or a flat plate shape.
- the surface of the copper particles 12 is preferably covered with an organic protective film, which is an organic film.
- an organic protective film which is an organic film.
- the organic protective film covering the copper particles 12 is not formed by the solvent 14 and is not derived from the solvent 14 .
- the organic protective film covering the copper particles 12 is not a copper oxide film formed by oxidation of copper.
- the copper particles 12 are coated with the organic protective film. Therefore, in this embodiment, the copper particles 12 are C 3 H 3 O 3 ⁇ ions relative to the detected amount of Cu + ions detected by analyzing the surface using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry.
- C 3 H 3 O 3 ⁇ /Cu + ratio is preferably 0.001 or more. More preferably, the C 3 H 3 O 3 ⁇ /Cu + ratio is in the range of 0.05 or more and 0.2 or less.
- the surface of the copper particles 12 in this analysis is not the surface of the copper particles 12 when the organic protective film is removed from the copper particles 12, but the surface of the copper particles 12 containing the covering organic protective film (i.e. surface of the organic protective film).
- the surface of the copper particles 12 may be analyzed using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry to detect C 3 H 4 O 2 ⁇ ions and C 5 or higher ions.
- the ratio of the detected amount of C 3 H 4 O 2 ⁇ ions to the detected amount of Cu + ions is preferably 0.001 or more. Further, the ratio of the detected amount of C5 or higher ions to the detected amount of Cu + ions ( C5 or higher ions/Cu + ratio) is preferably less than 0.005.
- the C 3 H 3 O 3 - ions, C 3 H 4 O 2 - ions, and C 5 or higher ions detected in the time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry are the organic protective film coating the surfaces of the copper particles 12 . derived from the membrane. Therefore, when each of the C 3 H 3 O 3 ⁇ /Cu + ratio and the C 3 H 4 O 2 ⁇ /Cu + ratio is 0.001 or more, the surfaces of the copper particles 12 are difficult to oxidize and the copper particles 12 becomes difficult to aggregate.
- the C 3 H 3 O 3 ⁇ /Cu + ratio and the C 3 H 4 O 2 ⁇ /Cu + ratio are 0.2 or less, the sinterability of the copper particles 12 is not excessively lowered, and the copper particles can be sintered. Oxidation and agglomeration of 12 can be suppressed, and generation of decomposition gas from the organic protective film during heating can be suppressed, so that a bonding layer with few voids can be formed.
- the ⁇ /Cu + ratio is preferably in the range of 0.08 to 0.16.
- the C5 and above ions/Cu + ratio is less than 0.003.
- the organic protective film is preferably derived from citric acid.
- a method for producing the copper particles 12 coated with an organic protective film derived from citric acid will be described later.
- the coating amount of the organic protective film on the copper particles 12 is preferably in the range of 0.5% by mass or more and 2.0% by mass or less with respect to 100% by mass of the copper particles, and 0.8% by mass or more and 1.8% by mass. It is more preferably in the range of 0.8% by mass or more and 1.5% by mass or less.
- the coating amount of the organic protective film is 0.5% by mass or more, the copper particles 12 can be uniformly coated with the organic protective film, and the oxidation of the copper particles 12 can be suppressed more reliably.
- the coating amount of the organic protective film is 2.0% by mass or less, the generation of voids in the sintered body (bonding layer) of the copper particles due to the gas generated by the decomposition of the organic protective film due to heating is prevented. can be suppressed.
- the coating amount of the organic protective film can be measured using a commercially available device.
- the coating amount can be measured using a differential type differential thermal balance TG8120-SL (manufactured by RIGAKU). In this case, for example, copper particles from which moisture has been removed by freeze-drying are used as the sample.
- the coating amount (sample weight after measurement)/(sample weight before measurement) ⁇ 100 (wt %).
- the measurement may be performed three times for each copper particle of the same lot, and the arithmetic average value may be taken as the coating amount.
- the organic protective film derived from citric acid generates carbon dioxide gas, nitrogen gas, evaporative gas of acetone and water vapor when decomposed.
- the copper particles 12 coated with an organic protective film derived from citric acid can be produced, for example, as follows. First, an aqueous dispersion of copper citrate is prepared, and a pH adjuster is added to the aqueous dispersion of copper citrate to adjust the pH to 2.0 or more and 7.5 or less. Next, in an inert gas atmosphere, 1.0 to 1.2 equivalents of a hydrazine compound capable of reducing copper ions was added as a reducing agent to the pH-adjusted copper citrate aqueous dispersion. to mix. The resulting mixed solution is heated to a temperature of 60° C. or higher and 80° C. or lower in an inert gas atmosphere and held for 1.5 hours or longer and 2.5 hours or shorter. As a result, the copper ions eluted from the copper citrate are reduced to form the copper particles 12 , and an organic protective film derived from citric acid is formed on the surfaces of the copper particles 12 .
- An aqueous dispersion of copper citrate is prepared by adding powdered copper citrate to pure water such as distilled water or ion-exchanged water so that the concentration is 25% by mass or more and 40% by mass or less, and using a stirring blade. It can be prepared by stirring and dispersing uniformly.
- pH adjusters include triammonium citrate, ammonium hydrogen citrate, and citric acid. Of these, triammonium citrate is preferred because it facilitates mild pH adjustment.
- the reason why the pH of the copper citrate aqueous dispersion is 2.0 or more is that the elution rate of copper ions eluted from the copper citrate is increased, the generation of copper particles is rapidly advanced, and the target fine copper is obtained. This is so that particles 12 can be obtained.
- the reason why the pH is set to 7.5 or less is to suppress eluted copper ions from becoming copper(II) hydroxide, thereby increasing the yield of the copper particles 12 . Moreover, by setting the pH to 7.5 or less, it is possible to prevent the reducing power of the hydrazine compound from becoming excessively high, making it easier to obtain the target copper particles 12 .
- the pH of the copper citrate aqueous dispersion is preferably adjusted within the range of 4 or more and 6 or less.
- the reduction of copper citrate with a hydrazine compound is performed under an inert gas atmosphere. This is to prevent oxidation of copper ions dissolved in the liquid.
- inert gases include nitrogen gas and argon gas.
- a hydrazine compound has advantages such as not producing a residue after a reduction reaction when copper citrate is reduced in an acidic environment, relatively high safety, and easy handling.
- the hydrazine compound includes hydrazine monohydrate, anhydrous hydrazine, hydrazine hydrochloride, hydrazine sulfate, and the like. Among these hydrazine compounds, preferred are hydrazine monohydrate and anhydrous hydrazine, which do not contain impurities such as sulfur and chlorine.
- a hydrazine compound which is a reducing agent, is added to and mixed with an acidic liquid having a pH of less than 7, and the copper particles 12 are generated in the obtained mixed liquid. Therefore, the citric acid-derived component generated from the copper citrate quickly coats the surfaces of the copper particles 12, so that the dissolution of the copper particles 12 is suppressed.
- the aqueous dispersion of copper citrate after adjusting the pH is preferably kept at a temperature of 50° C. or higher and 70° C. or lower to facilitate the progress of the reduction reaction.
- Heating the mixed liquid in which the hydrazine compound is mixed in an inert gas atmosphere to a temperature of 60° C. or more and 80° C. or less and holding it for 1.5 hours or more and 2.5 hours or less is to generate the copper particles 12 and to generate This is for forming and covering the surfaces of the copper particles 12 with an organic protective film.
- the reason for heating and holding in an inert gas atmosphere is to prevent oxidation of the generated copper particles 12 .
- Copper citrate which is a starting material, usually contains about 35% by mass of a copper component.
- a hydrazine compound which is a reducing agent, is added to a copper citrate aqueous dispersion containing such a copper component, heated to the above temperature, and held for the above time to generate copper particles 12, Since the formation of the organic protective film on the surface of the copper particles 12 proceeds in a well-balanced manner, the coating amount of the organic protective film is in the range of 0.5% by mass or more and 2.0% by mass or less with respect to 100% by mass of the copper particles. It is possible to obtain the copper particles 12 inside. If the heating temperature is less than 60° C. and the holding time is less than 1.5 hours, the copper citrate is not completely reduced, and the generation rate of the copper particles 12 becomes too slow. The amount may be excessive.
- a preferred heating temperature is 65° C. or higher and 75° C. or lower, and a preferred holding time is 2 hours or longer and 2.5 hours or shorter.
- the copper particles 12 produced in the mixed liquid are solid-liquid separated from the mixed liquid in an inert gas atmosphere, for example, using a centrifuge, and dried by a freeze drying method or a reduced pressure drying method, so that the surface is A copper particle 12 coated with an organic protective film is obtained. Since the surfaces of the copper particles 12 are covered with an organic protective film, the copper particles 12 are not easily oxidized even if they are stored in the atmosphere until they are used as the bonding paste 10 .
- Solvent 14 acts as a binder for copper particles 12 .
- Solvent 14 is an organic solvent. Any solvent may be used as the solvent 14, and examples thereof include alcohol-based solvents, glycol-based solvents, acetate-based solvents, hydrocarbon-based solvents, and amine-based solvents. Specific examples of alcohol solvents include ⁇ -terpineol and isopropyl alcohol. Specific examples of glycol-based solvents include ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, and polyethylene glycol. A specific example of the acetate-based solvent is butyltoll carbitate acetate. Specific examples of hydrocarbon solvents include decane, dodecane, and tetradecane. Specific examples of amine solvents include hexylamine, octylamine, and dodecylamine.
- Additive 16 is a phosphate ester.
- esters obtained by dehydration condensation of phosphoric acid and alcohol may be called phosphate esters.
- the phosphate used as the additive 16 preferably has an average molecular weight of 1,000 to 2,000, more preferably 1,200 to 1,800, and even more preferably 1,400 to 1,600.
- average molecular weight herein refers to weight average molecular weight. Average molecular weight can be measured, for example, by size exclusion chromatography.
- the phosphate ester used in the additive 16 may be any one, and examples thereof include laureth-n phosphate, oleth-n phosphate, and steareth-n phosphate (n is an integer). As the additive 16, one of these may be used, or two or more thereof may be used.
- the bonding paste 10 preferably does not contain substances other than the copper particles 12, the solvent 14, and the additive 16 composed of the phosphate ester, except for inevitable impurities.
- the bonding paste 10 is not limited thereto, and may contain additives other than the additive 16 composed of the copper particles 12, the solvent 14, and the phosphoric acid ester.
- the content of the additive 16 is 0.5% or more and 3.0% or less, and 0.5% or more and 2.0% by mass relative to the entire bonding paste 10. is preferably 1.0% or more and 1.5% or less is more preferable.
- the content of the additive 16 is within this range, the oxidation of the copper particles 12 is suppressed, and as a result, the strength of the bonding layer when the members are bonded together using the bonding paste 10 in a non-reducing atmosphere is reduced. can be appropriately suppressed.
- the content of the solvent 14 in the bonding paste 10 is preferably 5% or more and 20% or less, more preferably 5% or more and 15% or less, in terms of the mass ratio of the entire bonding paste 10. It is preferably 8% or more and 13% or less, more preferably. When the content of the solvent 14 is within this range, the copper particles 12 can be appropriately dispersed.
- the bonding paste 10 is manufactured by performing a mixing step of mixing the copper particles 12 , the solvent 14 and the additive 16 .
- the copper particles 12, the solvent 14, and the additive 16 are mixed so that the content of the additive 16 is 0.5% or more and 3.0% or less by mass with respect to the entire bonding paste 10. and are mixed.
- the copper particles 12, the solvent 14, and the additive 16 are mixed so that the contents of the solvent 14 and the copper particles 12 in the entire bonding paste 10 are within the above ranges.
- the copper particles 12, the solvent 14, and the additive 16 may be mixed using a kneading device. A three-roll mill, for example, is used as the kneading device.
- FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a joined body according to the second embodiment.
- a bonded body 30 is manufactured by bonding a first member 21 and a second member 22 using a bonding paste 10 as a bonding layer 20 .
- the first member 21 and the second member 22 may be arbitrary.
- one of the first member 21 and the second base material is a substrate and the other is an electronic component, good. That is, a semiconductor module in which a substrate and an electronic component are bonded with the bonding layer 20 may be manufactured as the bonded body 30 .
- the substrate is not particularly limited, but for example, an oxygen-free copper plate, a copper molybdenum plate, a high heat dissipation insulating substrate (e.g., DCB (Direct Copper Bond)), a substrate for mounting a semiconductor element such as an LED (Light Emitting Diode) package, etc. is mentioned.
- Electronic components include, for example, IGBTs (Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors), diodes, Schottky barrier diodes, MOS-FETs (Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors), thyristors, logic, sensors, analog integrated circuits, LEDs, semiconductor lasers, Examples include semiconductor devices such as oscillators.
- a coating layer forming step is performed in which the bonding paste 10 is applied to the surface of at least one of the first member 21 and the second member 22 to form a coating layer.
- the coating method is not particularly limited, for example, spin coating method, metal mask method, spray coating method, dispenser coating method, knife coating method, slit coating method, inkjet coating method, screen printing method, offset printing method, die coating method. etc.
- a preheating step is performed at a temperature of 50° C. to 150° C. for 1 minute to 30 minutes to volatilize the solvent in the paste.
- a stacking step is performed to stack the first member 21 and the second member 22 with the coating layer interposed therebetween.
- a heating step is performed to heat the first member 21 and the second member 22 that are superimposed with the coating layer interposed therebetween.
- the heating step in a non-reducing atmosphere, at least one of the first member 21 and the second member 22 which are overlapped is heated at a predetermined temperature for a predetermined time while applying a predetermined pressure.
- the copper particles 12 in the coating layer are sintered to form the bonding layer 20, and the bonded body 30 in which the first member 21 and the second member 22 are bonded by the bonding layer 20 is obtained. manufactured.
- the non-reducing atmosphere in the heating process refers to a state filled with a non-reducing gas, and can also be called an inert gas atmosphere filled with an inert gas.
- Non-reducing gases include nitrogen and rare gases such as argon.
- the heating process may be performed in a nitrogen atmosphere with an oxygen concentration of 1000 ppm.
- the predetermined pressure applied to at least one of the first member 21 and the second member 22 is preferably 0.5 MPa or more and 10 MPa or less, more preferably 1 MPa or more and 5 MPa or less, and 2 MPa or more and 5 MPa or less. is more preferable.
- the pressure is applied in a direction in which the first member 21 and the second member 22 are pressed relatively to each other via the coating layer.
- the predetermined temperature which is the heating temperature in the heating step, is preferably 200° C. or higher and 300° C. or lower, more preferably 230° C. or higher and 300° C. or lower, and even more preferably 250° C. or higher and 300° C. or lower. .
- the heating temperature is preferably 200° C. or higher and 300° C. or lower, more preferably 230° C. or higher and 300° C. or lower, and even more preferably 250° C. or higher and 300° C. or lower.
- the predetermined time which is the heating time in the heating step, is preferably 1 minute or more and 10 minutes or less, more preferably 1 minute or more and 5 minutes or less, and even more preferably 1 minute or more and 3 minutes or less. . By setting the heating time within this range, the copper particles 12 can be appropriately sintered.
- the bonding layer 20 in this embodiment is formed by heating the bonding paste 10 to sinter the copper particles 12 .
- the bonding layer 20 is positioned between the first member 21 and the second member 22 to bond the first member 21 and the second member 22 together. It can also be said that the bonding layer 20 is a sintered body of copper.
- the bonding layer 20 preferably has a sintered density of copper particles of 80% or more, more preferably 85% or more and 95% or less, and even more preferably 85% or more and 90% or less. When the sintered density falls within this range, the bonding layer 20 can ensure electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity.
- the sintering density refers to the ratio of the volume of the bonding layer 20 excluding open pores and closed pores to the entire volume of the bonding layer 20 including open pores and closed pores.
- the bonding layer 20 contains phosphorus.
- Phosphorus here refers to phosphorus as an element, and includes not only elemental phosphorus but also phosphorus contained in any compound.
- the phosphorus content of the bonding layer 20 with respect to the entire bonding layer 20 is preferably 100 ppm or more and 1000 ppm or less, more preferably 100 ppm or more and 500 ppm or less, and preferably 200 ppm or more and 500 ppm or less. More preferred. When the phosphorus content is within this range, the strength of the bonding layer 20 is suppressed from decreasing even when it is formed, for example, in a non-reducing atmosphere.
- the phosphorus content can be measured by ICP-OES (ICP emission spectrometer; Inductivity Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometer).
- the phosphorus contained in the bonding layer 20 is derived from the phosphate ester contained in the bonding paste 10 in this embodiment.
- the thickness of the bonding layer 20 is preferably 10 ⁇ m or more and 200 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 20 ⁇ m or more and 150 ⁇ m or less, and even more preferably 50 ⁇ m or more and 100 ⁇ m or less. When the thickness of the bonding layer 20 falls within this range, it is possible to maintain high heat dissipation while relieving stress due to differences in linear expansion coefficients between members due to temperature differences.
- the bonding layer 20 according to the present embodiment is a copper sintered body that has a sintered density of 80% or more and contains phosphorus. Since the bonding layer 20 according to the present embodiment has a sintered density of 80% or more, a decrease in strength is suppressed. Furthermore, the phosphorus-derived substance (phosphoric acid ester in the present embodiment) contained in the bonding layer 20 suppresses the oxidation of the copper particles 12. As a result, the strength of the bonding layer 20 containing phosphorus is suppressed. be done.
- the bonding layer 20 in the present embodiment is formed by heating the bonding paste 10 as described above. can be arbitrary.
- the bonding layer 20 according to the present embodiment is a sintered body of copper for bonding members together, has a sintered density of 80% or more, and contains phosphorus.
- the bonding layer 20 according to the present embodiment has a sintered density of 80% or more, and the phosphorus-derived material (phosphate ester in the present embodiment) suppresses oxidation of the copper particles 12, thereby suppressing a decrease in strength. be.
- the manufacturing method of the joined body 30 includes a coating layer forming process, an overlapping process, and a heating process.
- a coating layer forming step a bonding agent containing copper particles 12, a solvent 14, and an additive 16 made of a phosphate ester, and the content of the additive 16 is 0.5% or more and 3.0% or less in mass ratio.
- the paste 10 is applied to the surface of at least one of the first member 21 and the second member 22 to form a coating layer.
- the first member 21 and the second member 22 are overlapped with the coating layer interposed therebetween.
- the joined body 30 is formed by heating the first member 21 and the second member 22 that are superimposed with the coating layer interposed therebetween.
- a pressure of 0.5 MPa or more and 10 MPa or less is applied to at least one of the first member 21 and the second member 22 in a non-reducing atmosphere, and at a temperature of 200° C. or more and 300° C. or less, Heat for 1 minute or more and 10 minutes or less.
- the bonding paste 10 to which a phosphate ester is added as an additive the oxidation of the copper particles 12 is suppressed, and as a result, even when the members are bonded together in a non-reducing atmosphere , the decrease in the strength of the bonding layer 20 can be suppressed.
- Example 11 copper particles having a BET diameter of 400 nm were prepared.
- the BET diameter was obtained by measuring the amount of nitrogen gas adsorbed by the copper particles using a specific surface area measuring device (QUANTACHROME AUTOSORB-1 manufactured by Quantachrome Instruments), and determining the specific surface area of the copper particles by the BET method. Using the obtained specific surface area S (m 2 /g) and the density ⁇ (g/cm 3 ) of the copper particles, the BET diameter was calculated from the following formula.
- oleth-10 phosphoric acid was prepared as the phosphate ester for the additive
- ethylene glycol was prepared as the solvent.
- the copper particles, the additive and the solvent were mixed so that the content of the additive was 1% by mass, the content of the solvent was 10% by mass, and the remainder was copper particles.
- a bonding paste was obtained.
- Example 11 a joined body was produced using the obtained joining paste. Specifically, an opening of 3 mm was formed in a copper plate, and the bonding paste of each example was printed using a metal mask and a metal squeegee having a thickness of 50 ⁇ m.
- Example 11 A 2.5 mm ⁇ 2.5 mm silicon dummy chip on which gold was sputtered to a thickness of 100 nm was placed, and the bonding paste was heated by heating at 250 ° C. for 3 minutes while pressurizing at 5 MPa in a nitrogen atmosphere. A bonding layer was formed to obtain a bonded body. In Example 11, it was confirmed that the bonding layer contained phosphorus. Confirmation of phosphorus inclusion was performed by ICP-OES. Moreover, in Example 11, the sintered density of the bonding layer was 91%. Sintered density was measured as follows. After sealing the bonding layer with an epoxy resin, the bonding layer was cut in the horizontal direction with respect to the thickness direction of the bonding layer.
- a cross-section of the bonding layer was obtained by mechanically polishing and cross-polishing the cut surface of the bonding layer. Next, the cut surface of the bonding layer was observed at 50,000 times using a SEM (scanning electron microscope).
- the obtained SEM image was binarized using image processing software (ImageJ manufactured by the National Institutes of Health, USA), divided into a particle portion and a void portion, and the sintered density was calculated from the following formula.
- Sintered density (%) (total area of particle part / (total area of particle part + total area of pore part)) x 100
- the sintered density was measured on 10 SEM images taken at random. The values shown in Table 2 are average values of sintered densities calculated from 10 SEM images.
- Example 12-17 bonded bodies were obtained in the same manner as in Example 11, except that the bonding paste and test conditions were as shown in Table 2.
- Comparative example 2 In Comparative Example 2, a bonded body was obtained in the same manner as in Example 11, except that the bonding paste shown in Table 2 was used. The joined body of Comparative Example 2 did not contain phosphorus and had a sintered density of 76%.
- the shear strength of the obtained bonded body was measured. If the shear strength is 40 MPa, it is “excellent”, 20 MPa or more and less than 40 MPa is “good”, 10 MPa or more and less than 20 MPa is “acceptable”, and less than 10 MPa is “improper”, and “acceptable”, “good”, and “excellent” are passed. and The shear strength of the resulting joined body was measured by a method conforming to JIS Z 3198-7 (Lead-free solder test method-Part 7: Chip component solder joint shear test method).
- a bond tester (SERIES 4000, manufactured by Nordson DAGE) was used to apply a load to the silicon dummy chip, and the load (maximum shear load) when the silicon dummy chip was separated from the copper bonding layer was measured.
- the moving speed of the tool was set to 50 ⁇ m/sec, and the gap between the tip of the tool and the oxygen-free copper substrate was set to 50 ⁇ m.
- the shear strength (unit: MPa) was obtained by converting the obtained maximum shear load into Newton and dividing it by the area of the copper bonding layer (2.5 mm ⁇ 2.5 mm). Seven joined bodies were produced, and the shear strength of each joined body was measured. The values shown in Table 2 are the average shear strength of seven zygotes.
- Table 2 is a table showing the evaluation results of each example. As shown in Table 2, the shear strength is acceptable in the example, and it can be seen that a decrease in strength can be suppressed by using a bonded body containing phosphorus and having a sintered density of 80% or more. On the other hand, in Comparative Example 2, it can be seen that when a joined body containing no phosphorus and having a sintered density of less than 80% is used, the decrease in strength cannot be suppressed.
- the embodiment of the present invention has been described above, the embodiment is not limited by the content of this embodiment.
- the components described above include those that can be easily assumed by those skilled in the art, those that are substantially the same, and those within the so-called equivalent range.
- the components described above can be combined as appropriate.
- various omissions, replacements, or modifications of components can be made without departing from the gist of the above-described embodiments.
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Abstract
Description
図1は、第1実施形態に係る接合用ペーストの模式図である。第1実施形態の接合用ペーストは、部材同士の接合に用いられる。図1に示すように、第1実施形態の接合用ペースト10は、銅粒子12と溶媒14と添加剤16とを含む。なお、図1は模式的な図であり、実際の接合用ペースト10の形状は図1のようなものに限られない。
銅粒子12は、BET径が50nm以上300nm以下であることが好ましい。BET径は、銅粒子12を真球体もしくは立方体とみなして、BET法により求められる銅粒子のBET比表面積と真密度とから算出される粒子径である。具体的には、後述する実施例に記載の方法により求めることができる。
溶媒14は、銅粒子12に対するバインダーとして作用する。溶媒14は、有機溶媒である。溶媒14としては、任意の物を用いてよいが、例えば、アルコール系溶媒、グリコール系溶媒、アセテート系溶媒、炭化水素系溶媒およびアミン系溶媒が挙げられる。アルコール系溶媒の具体例としては、α-テルピネオール、イソプロピルアルコールが挙げられる。グリコール系溶媒の具体例としては、エチレングリコール、ジエチレングリコール、ポリエチレングリコールが挙げられる。アセテート系溶媒の具体例としては、酢酸ブチルトールカルビテートが挙げられる。炭化水素系溶媒の具体例としては、デカン、ドデカン、テトラデカンが挙げられる。アミン系溶媒の具体例としては、ヘキシルアミン、オクチルアミン、ドデシルアミンが挙げられる。
添加剤16は、リン酸エステルである。有機リン酸化合物のうち、リン酸とアルコールが脱水縮合したエステルを、リン酸エステルと呼んでよい。添加剤16として用いるリン酸エステルは、平均分子量が1000以上2000以下であることが好ましく、1200以上1800以下であることがより好ましく、1400以上1600以下であることがさらに好ましい。リン酸エステルの平均分子量が1000以上となることで常温での分解が抑制され保管安定性が向上し、2000以下となることで狙いの加熱温度(200~350℃程度)での分解、反応が可能となる。ここでの平均分子量は、重量平均分子量を指す。平均分子量は、例えばサイズ排除クロマトグラフィーによって測定できる。
本実施形態では、接合用ペースト10は、不可避的不純物を除き、銅粒子12、溶媒14、及びリン酸エステルからなる添加剤16以外の物質を含まないことが好ましい。ただしそれに限られず、接合用ペースト10は、銅粒子12、溶媒14及びリン酸エステルからなる添加剤16以外の添加剤を含むものであってもよい。
接合用ペースト10は、銅粒子12と溶媒14と添加剤16とを混合する混合工程を実行することで、製造される。この混合工程においては、添加剤16の含有量が接合用ペースト10の全体に対して質量比で0.5%以上3.0%以下となるように、銅粒子12と溶媒14と添加剤16とが混合される。また、混合工程においては、接合用ペースト10の全体に対する溶媒14や銅粒子12の含有量も上記の範囲内となるように、銅粒子12と溶媒14と添加剤16とが混合される。また、混合工程においては、混錬装置を用いて、銅粒子12と溶媒14と添加剤16とを混合してよい。混錬装置としては、例えば三本ロールミルが用いられる。
図2は、第1実施形態に係る接合体の模式図である。図2に示すように、第1実施形態では、接合用ペースト10を接合層20として、第1の部材21と第2の部材22とを接合して、接合体30を製造する。第1の部材21と第2の部材22は任意のものであってよいが、例えば、第1の部材21と第2の基材とのうちの一方が基板で、他方が電子部品であってよい。すなわち、基板と電子部品とが接合層20で接合された半導体モジュールを、接合体30として製造してよい。基板としては、特に限定されないが、例えば、無酸素銅板、銅モリブデン板、高放熱絶縁基板(例えば、DCB (Direct Copper Bond))、LED(Light Emitting Diode)パッケージなどの半導体素子搭載用基材等が挙げられる。また電子部品としては、例えば、IGBT(Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor)、ダイオード、ショットキーバリヤダイオード、MOS-FET(Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor)、サイリスタ、ロジック、センサー、アナログ集積回路、LED、半導体レーザー、発信器等の半導体素子が挙げられる。
以上説明したように、本実施形態における接合層20は、接合用ペースト10が加熱されて銅粒子12が焼結して形成されるものである。接合層20は、第1の部材21と第2の部材22との間に位置して、第1の部材21と第2の部材22とを接合する。接合層20は、銅の焼結体であるともいえる。接合層20は、銅粒子の焼結密度が、80%以上であることが好ましく、85%以上95%以下であることがより好ましく、85%以上90%以下であることがさらに好ましい。焼結密度がこの範囲となることで、接合層20は、導電性や熱伝導性を担保できる。なお、焼結密度とは、開気孔及び閉気孔を含んだ接合層20の体積全体に対する、開気孔及び閉気孔を除いた接合層20の体積の比率を指す。焼結密度は、接合層の断面をSEM(Scanning Electron Microscope)で倍率30000倍にて無作為に取得した画像を画像処理ソフト(米国国立衛生研究所製ImageJ)を用いて2値化して、粒子部と空孔部とに分け、下記の式より焼結密度を算出した。
焼結密度(%)=(粒子部の総面積/(粒子部の総面積+空孔部の総面積))×100
以上説明したように、本実施形態に係る接合用ペースト10は、銅粒子12と溶媒14とリン酸エステルからなる添加剤16と、を含み、添加剤16の含有量が、接合用ペースト10の全体に対して、質量比で0.5%以上3.0%以下である。本実施形態に係る接合用ペースト10は、リン酸エステルが添加剤として添加されることで、銅粒子12の酸化が抑制されて、結果として、非還元性雰囲気下で部材同士を接合した場合にも、接合層の強度の低下を抑制できる。
次に、実施例について説明する。
実施例1においては、BET径が153nmの銅粒子を準備した。BET径は、比表面積測定装置(カンタクローム・インスツルメンツ社製、QUANTACHROME AUTOSORB-1)を用いて、銅粒子の窒素ガスの吸着量を測定し、BET法により銅粒子の比表面積を求めた。得られた比表面積S(m2/g)と、銅粒子の密度ρ(g/cm3)とを用いて、下記の式よりBET径を算出した。
BET径(nm)=6000/(ρ(g/cm3)×S(m2/g))
実施例1においては、添加剤用のリン酸エステルとして、オレス-10りん酸を準備し、溶媒として、エチレングリコールを準備した。
そして、実施例1においては、添加剤の含有量が1質量%となり、溶媒の含有量が10質量%となり、残りが銅粒子となるように、銅粒子、添加剤及び溶媒を混合して、接合用ペーストを得た。
実施例2-10においては、銅粒子のBET径、添加剤の種類、添加剤の種類、添加剤の含有量、又は溶媒の含有量を表1に示したものとした以外は、実施例1と同じ方法で、接合用ペーストを得た。
比較例1-3においては、加剤の種類又は添加剤の含有量を表1に示したものとした以外は、実施例1と同じ方法で、接合用ペーストを得た。
各例で得られた接合用ペーストを用いて、接合体を製造した。具体的には、無酸素銅板に3mmの開口を形成し、厚み50μmのメタルマスクとメタルスキージにて、各例の接合用ペーストを印刷したのち、ホットプレートで90℃、5分間乾燥して、裏面に金を100nmの厚さでスパッタリングした2.5mm×2.5mmのシリコンダミーチップをのせ、窒素雰囲気下で、5MPaで加圧しつつ、250℃で3分間加熱することで、接合を行った。
評価においては、得られた接合体(接合したシリコンダミーチップと無酸素銅板)のシェア強度を測定した。シェア強度が40MPaであれば「優」、20MPa以上40MPa未満を「良」、10MPa以上20MPa未満を「可」、10MPa未満を「不可」とし、「可」、「良」、「優」を合格とした。
シェア強度は、得られた接合体のシェア強度を、JIS Z 3198-7(鉛フリーはんだ試験方法-第7部:チップ部品のはんだ継手せん断試験方法)に準拠した方法により測定した。具体的には、ボンドテスタ(Nordson DAGE社製、SERIES 4000)のツールを用いてシリコンダミーチップに荷重を加え、シリコンダミーチップが銅接合層から剥離したときの荷重(最大せん断荷重)を測定した。ツールの移動速度は50μm/secとし、ツールの先端と無酸素銅基板のギャップは50μmとした。得られた最大せん断荷重を、ニュートン換算し、銅接合層の面積(2.5mm×2.5mm)で除することに求めた値をシェア強度(単位:MPa)とした。接合体は7個作製し、それぞれの接合体についてシェア強度を測定した。表1に示した値は、7個の接合体のシェア強度の平均である。
図3は、第2実施形態に係る接合用ペーストの模式図である。第2実施形態の接合用ペーストは、部材同士の接合に用いられる。図3に示すように、本実施形態の接合用ペースト10は、銅粒子12と溶媒14と添加剤16とを含む。なお、図3は模式的な図であり、実際の接合用ペースト10の形状は図3のようなものに限られない。
銅粒子12は、BET径が50nm以上300nm以下であることが好ましい。BET径は、銅粒子12を真球体もしくは立方体とみなして、BET法により求められる銅粒子のBET比表面積と真密度とから算出される粒子径である。具体的には、後述する実施例に記載の方法により求めることができる。
溶媒14は、銅粒子12に対するバインダーとして作用する。溶媒14は、有機溶媒である。溶媒14としては、任意の物を用いてよいが、例えば、アルコール系溶媒、グリコール系溶媒、アセテート系溶媒、炭化水素系溶媒およびアミン系溶媒が挙げられる。アルコール系溶媒の具体例としては、α-テルピネオール、イソプロピルアルコールが挙げられる。グリコール系溶媒の具体例としては、エチレングリコール、ジエチレングリコール、ポリエチレングリコールが挙げられる。アセテート系溶媒の具体例としては、酢酸ブチルトールカルビテートが挙げられる。炭化水素系溶媒の具体例としては、デカン、ドデカン、テトラデカンが挙げられる。アミン系溶媒の具体例としては、ヘキシルアミン、オクチルアミン、ドデシルアミンが挙げられる。
添加剤16は、リン酸エステルである。有機リン酸化合物のうち、リン酸とアルコールが脱水縮合したエステルを、リン酸エステルと呼んでよい。添加剤16として用いるリン酸エステルは、平均分子量が1000以上2000以下であることが好ましく、1200以上1800以下であることがより好ましく、1400以上1600以下であることがさらに好ましい。リン酸エステルの平均分子量が1000以上となることで常温での分解が抑制され保管安定性が向上し、2000以下となることで狙いの加熱温度(200~350℃程度)での分解、反応が可能となる。ここでの平均分子量は、重量平均分子量を指す。平均分子量は、例えばサイズ排除クロマトグラフィーによって測定できる。
本実施形態では、接合用ペースト10は、不可避的不純物を除き、銅粒子12、溶媒14、及びリン酸エステルからなる添加剤16以外の物質を含まないことが好ましい。ただしそれに限られず、接合用ペースト10は、銅粒子12、溶媒14及びリン酸エステルからなる添加剤16以外の添加剤を含むものであってもよい。
接合用ペースト10は、銅粒子12と溶媒14と添加剤16とを混合する混合工程を実行することで、製造される。この混合工程においては、添加剤16の含有量が接合用ペースト10の全体に対して質量比で0.5%以上3.0%以下となるように、銅粒子12と溶媒14と添加剤16とが混合される。また、混合工程においては、接合用ペースト10の全体に対する溶媒14や銅粒子12の含有量も上記の範囲内となるように、銅粒子12と溶媒14と添加剤16とが混合される。また、混合工程においては、混錬装置を用いて、銅粒子12と溶媒14と添加剤16とを混合してよい。混錬装置としては、例えば三本ロールミルが用いられる。
図4は、第2実施形態に係る接合体の模式図である。図4に示すように、本実施形態では、接合用ペースト10を接合層20として、第1の部材21と第2の部材22とを接合して、接合体30を製造する。第1の部材21と第2の部材22は任意のものであってよいが、例えば、第1の部材21と第2の基材とのうちの一方が基板で、他方が電子部品であってよい。すなわち、基板と電子部品とが接合層20で接合された半導体モジュールを、接合体30として製造してよい。基板としては、特に限定されないが、例えば、無酸素銅板、銅モリブデン板、高放熱絶縁基板(例えば、DCB(Direct Copper Bond))、LED(Light Emitting Diode)パッケージなどの半導体素子搭載用基材等が挙げられる。また電子部品としては、例えば、IGBT(Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor)、ダイオード、ショットキーバリヤダイオード、MOS-FET(Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor)、サイリスタ、ロジック、センサー、アナログ集積回路、LED、半導体レーザー、発信器等の半導体素子が挙げられる。
以上説明したように、本実施形態における接合層20は、接合用ペースト10が加熱されて銅粒子12が焼結して形成されるものである。接合層20は、第1の部材21と第2の部材22との間に位置して、第1の部材21と第2の部材22とを接合する。接合層20は、銅の焼結体であるともいえる。接合層20は、銅粒子の焼結密度が、80%以上であることが好ましく、85%以上95%以下であることがより好ましく、85%以上90%以下であることがさらに好ましい。焼結密度がこの範囲となることで、接合層20は、導電性や熱伝導性を担保できる。なお、焼結密度とは、開気孔及び閉気孔を含んだ接合層20の体積全体に対する、開気孔及び閉気孔を除いた接合層20の体積の比率を指す。焼結密度は、接合層の断面をSEM(Scanning Electron Microscope)で倍率50000倍にて無作為に取得した画像を画像処理ソフト(米国国立衛生研究所製ImageJ)を用いて2値化して、粒子部と空孔部とに分け、下記の式より焼結密度を算出した。
焼結密度(%)=(粒子部の総面積/(粒子部の総面積+空孔部の総面積))×100
以上説明したように、本実施形態に係る接合層20は、部材同士を接合する銅の焼結体であって、焼結密度が80%以上であり、リンを含有する。本実施形態に係る接合層20は、焼結密度が80%以上であり、リンの由来物(本実施形態ではリン酸エステル)によって銅粒子12の酸化が抑制されるため、強度低下が抑制される。
次に、実施例について説明する。
実施例11においては、BET径が400nmの銅粒子を準備した。BET径は、比表面積測定装置(カンタクローム・インスツルメンツ社製、QUANTACHROME AUTOSORB-1)を用いて、銅粒子の窒素ガスの吸着量を測定し、BET法により銅粒子の比表面積を求めた。得られた比表面積S(m2/g)と、銅粒子の密度ρ(g/cm3)とを用いて、下記の式よりBET径を算出した。
BET径(nm)=6000/(ρ(g/cm3)×S(m2/g))
実施例11においては、添加剤用のリン酸エステルとして、オレス-10りん酸を準備し、溶媒として、エチレングリコールを準備した。
そして、実施例11においては、添加剤の含有量が1質量%となり、溶媒の含有量が10質量%となり、残りが銅粒子となるように、銅粒子、添加剤及び溶媒を混合して、接合用ペーストを得た。
実施例11においては、得られた接合用ペーストを用いて、接合体を製造した。具体的には、銅板に3mmの開口を形成し、厚み50μmのメタルマスクとメタルスキージにて、各例の接合用ペーストを印刷したのち、ホットプレートで90℃、5分間乾燥して、裏面に金を100nmの厚さでスパッタリングした2.5mm×2.5mmのシリコンダミーチップをのせ、窒素雰囲気下で、5MPaで加圧しつつ、250℃で3分間加熱することで、接合用ペーストを加熱して接合層を形成し、接合体を得た。
実施例11においては、接合層がリンを含むことが確認された。リンを含むことの確認は、ICP-OESによって行った。
また、実施例11においては、接合層の焼結密度が91%であった。焼結密度は、次のように測定した。
接合層をエポキシ樹脂で封止した後、接合層の厚み方向に対して水平方向に、接合層を切断した。接合層の切断面に対して、機械研磨とクロスポリッシュ加工を施すことにより接合層の断面出しを行った。次いで、接合層の切断面を、SEM(走査型電子顕微鏡)を用いて50000倍で観察した。得られたSEM像を、画像処理ソフト(米国国立衛生研究所製ImageJ)を用いて2値化して、粒子部と空孔部とに分け、下記の式より焼結密度を算出した。
焼結密度(%)=(粒子部の総面積/(粒子部の総面積+空孔部の総面積))×100
焼結密度は、無作為に撮影した10カ所のSEM像について測定した。表2に示した値は、10カ所のSEM像から算出された焼結密度の平均値である。
実施例12-17においては、接合用ペーストや試験条件を表2に示したものとした以外は、実施例11と同じ方法で、接合体を得た。
比較例2においては、接合用ペーストを表2に示したものとした以外は、実施例11と同じ方法で、接合体を得た。比較例2の接合体は、リンを含まず、焼結密度が76%であった。
評価においては、得られた接合体(接合したシリコンダミーチップと無酸素銅板)のシェア強度を測定した。シェア強度が40MPaであれば「優」、20MPa以上40MPa未満を「良」、10MPa以上20MPa未満を「可」、10MPa未満を「不可」とし、「可」、「良」、「優」を合格とした。
シェア強度は、得られた接合体のシェア強度を、JIS Z 3198-7(鉛フリーはんだ試験方法-第7部:チップ部品のはんだ継手せん断試験方法)に準拠した方法により測定した。具体的には、ボンドテスタ(Nordson DAGE社製、SERIES 4000)のツールを用いてシリコンダミーチップに荷重を加え、シリコンダミーチップが銅接合層から剥離したときの荷重(最大せん断荷重)を測定した。ツールの移動速度は50μm/secとし、ツールの先端と無酸素銅基板のギャップは50μmとした。得られた最大せん断荷重を、ニュートン換算し、銅接合層の面積(2.5mm×2.5mm)で除することに求めた値をシェア強度(単位:MPa)とした。接合体は7個作製し、それぞれの接合体についてシェア強度を測定した。表2に示した値は、7個の接合体のシェア強度の平均である。
12 銅粒子
14 溶媒
16 添加剤
20 接合層
21 第1の部材
22 第2の部材
30 接合体
Claims (12)
- 銅粒子と、溶媒と、リン酸エステルからなる添加剤と、を含む接合用ペーストであって、
前記添加剤の含有量が、前記接合用ペーストの全体に対して、質量比で0.5%以上3.0%以下である、接合用ペースト。 - 前記リン酸エステルの平均分子量が、1000以上2000以下である、請求項1に記載の接合用ペースト。
- 前記溶媒の含有量が、前記接合用ペーストの全体に対して、質量比で5%以上20%以下である、請求項1又は請求項2に記載の接合用ペースト。
- 前記銅粒子は、当該銅粒子の表面が有機保護膜で被覆されている、請求項1から請求項3のいずれか1項に記載の接合用ペースト。
- 前記銅粒子のBET径が50nm以上300nm以下である、請求項1から請求項4のいずれか1項に記載の接合用ペースト。
- 請求項1から請求項5のいずれか1項に記載の接合用ペーストを接合層として、第1の部材と第2の部材とを接合して、接合体を製造する、接合体の製造方法。
- 部材同士を接合する銅の焼結体であって、
焼結密度が80%以上であり、リンを含有する、接合層。 - リンの含有量が、前記接合層の全体に対して、質量比で100ppm以上1000ppm以下である、請求項7に記載の接合層。
- 厚みが10μm以上200μm以下である、請求項7又は請求項8に記載の接合層。
- 第1の部材と、第2の部材と、前記第1の部材と前記第2の部材との間に配置される請求項7から請求項9のいずれか1項に記載の接合層と、を含む、接合体。
- 第1の部材は基板であり、前記第2の部材が電子部品であり、半導体モジュールを構成する、請求項10に記載の接合体。
- 銅粒子と、溶媒と、リン酸エステルからなる添加剤とを含み、前記添加剤の含有量が質量比で0.5%以上3.0%以下である接合用ペーストを、第1の部材と第2の部材との少なくとも一方の表面に塗布して、塗布層を形成する塗布層形成工程と、
前記塗布層を介して前記第1の部材と前記第2の部材とを重ね合わせる重ね合わせ工程と、
前記塗布層を介して重ね合わせた前記第1の部材と前記第2の部材とを加熱して接合体を形成する加熱工程と、を含み、
前記加熱工程においては、非還元性雰囲気下で、前記第1の部材及び前記第2の部材の少なくとも一方に0.5MPa以上10MPa以下の圧力を印加しつつ、200℃以上300℃以下の温度で、1分以上10分以下加熱する、接合体の製造方法。
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- 2022-02-16 US US18/274,572 patent/US20240321806A1/en active Pending
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JPH0231547B2 (ja) | 1980-11-11 | 1990-07-13 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | |
JP2004172378A (ja) | 2002-11-20 | 2004-06-17 | Mitsubishi Materials Corp | パワーモジュール用基板の製造方法並びにパワーモジュール用基板及びパワーモジュール |
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