WO2022073528A1 - Conjugados covalentes del dominio de unión al receptor del virus sars-cov-2 y una proteína portadora y las composiciones vacunales que los contienen - Google Patents
Conjugados covalentes del dominio de unión al receptor del virus sars-cov-2 y una proteína portadora y las composiciones vacunales que los contienen Download PDFInfo
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- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
- A61K2039/555—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies characterised by a specific combination antigen/adjuvant
- A61K2039/55505—Inorganic adjuvants
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
- A61K2039/60—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies characteristics by the carrier linked to the antigen
- A61K2039/6031—Proteins
- A61K2039/6037—Bacterial toxins, e.g. diphteria toxoid [DT], tetanus toxoid [TT]
Definitions
- the present invention relates to biotechnology, specifically to the field of human health.
- it describes covalent conjugates of the receptor binding domain of the SARS-CoV-2 virus with a carrier protein, the method for obtaining these conjugates and the vaccine compositions that contain them.
- the COVID19 disease is of very recent appearance, in Wuhan, China in December 2019, where serious cases of pneumonia of unknown etiology began to be reported.
- the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus is characterized by rapid spread between people, mainly with the appearance of symptoms such as fever, cough, runny nose, sore throat and difficulty breathing, in symptomatic cases, which represent less than fifty %.
- the disease is asymptomatic, this being an important element in the spread of the disease and an epidemiological challenge for its control (WHO Coronavirus disease (COVID-2019) situation reports, https://www.who .int/emerqencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/situation-reports Accessed 13 August
- SARS-CoV-2-like coronaviruses known as MERS and SARS
- MERS and SARS have been causative agents of similar epidemics in previous decades.
- SARS has greater homology with SARS-CoV-2, and one of the elements of similarity is that both viruses use the ACE2 protein as a receptor to penetrate human cells. Therefore, in SARS as in SARS-CoV-2, the interaction between the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the viral protein S1 and the ACE2 protein (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 ) is decisive for infection with the virus in humans.
- RBD receptor binding domain
- This RBD domain of the protein S of the SARS-CoV-2 virus is a fragment of approximately 193 amino acids (corresponding to the sequence 333-527) that contains the receptor binding motif (RBM) that constitutes the region by which the virus interacts with the ACE2 receptor.
- RBM receptor binding motif
- the RBD contains in addition, 4 intramolecular disulfide bridges between Cisternae 336-361, 379-432, 391-525 and 480-488, which helps to create a very compact and stable structure (Lan et al (2020), Nature Vol 581: 215- 230.
- the RBD is a small molecule, whose molecular mass ranges between 25-27 kDa depending on the host where it is expressed and the incorporated carbohydrates, fundamentally linked to asparagines N331 and N343 (Chen WH et al (2017) Journal of PharmaceuticaISciences 106: 1961 -1970).
- Strategies for vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 include inactivated virus, genetic constructs containing the genetic material of the virus incorporated either into adenovirus or as messenger RNA, and vaccines based on subunits or fragments of viral proteins expressed in genetically modified hosts.
- the preferred molecule is the S protein, also known as the Spike protein, or a fragment of its structure, ie the RBD. Its main advantage is its safety, and that this strategy is closer to that of many vaccines in use, however, its main challenge is to achieve an immune response that is sufficient to protect against viral infection.
- These vaccines consist of RBD absorbed on alumina in high concentrations of up to 50 micrograms per dose.
- the inventors of the present invention take advantage of the RBD structure to obtain RBD covalently conjugated to carrier proteins. These conjugates can be obtained from any fragment comprising the sequence 333-527 (SEQ ID NO. 2) or extensions thereof.
- the immune response generated against these conjugates is stronger than that elicited by the unconjugated RBD monomer in terms of its kinetics and virus neutralization capacity, measured in a virus neutralization assay using SARS-CoV-2. and the ACE2 receptor binding inhibition assay.
- SARS-CoV-2 the unconjugated RBD monomer in terms of its kinetics and virus neutralization capacity, measured in a virus neutralization assay using SARS-CoV-2. and the ACE2 receptor binding inhibition assay.
- the vaccine compositions described in the present invention elicit an IgG anti-RBD antibody response 7 days after immunization with a polarization of the cellular response towards a Th1 pattern, characterized by the induction of IFNc, so the effects are not expected. Immunopathological studies reported for coronavirus vaccines that induce a Th2 pattern.
- the vaccine compositions described in the present invention generate a response of memory CD4 + and CD8 + T lymphocytes, particularly IFN + producers, RBD-specific lymphocytes.
- One embodiment of the present invention consists of covalent conjugates comprising the receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 and a carrier protein. Particularly, these conjugates are characterized in that the RBD/carrier protein ratio is preferably in the molar range: between 1-8 RBD units per carrier protein.
- the carrier protein may be selected from the group consisting of, but not limited to, tetanus toxoid, diphtheria toxoid, and CRM197 diphtheria mutant.
- the immunological effect that is achieved by conjugation to tetanus toxoid can be achieved by conjugation to the other carrier proteins, so the effect of this invention is not limited to tetanus toxoid.
- the RBD antigen used for conjugation may have the amino acid sequences 319-541 (SEQ ID NO. 1), 333-527 (SEQ ID NO. 2) and 328-533 (SEQ ID NO. 3).
- SEQ ID NO. 1 can also be found in dimeric form.
- Said RBD antigen can be produced in hosts selected from the group comprising: mammalian cells, insect cells, bacteria and yeasts.
- Another embodiment of the invention comprises vaccine compositions to induce a protective immune response against the SARS-CoV-2 virus, characterized in that it comprises covalent conjugates formed by the receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 and a carrier protein. .
- RBD receptor binding domain
- These vaccine compositions may additionally include an adjuvant selected from the group comprising any mineral salt such as aluminum hydroxide, aluminum phosphate and calcium phosphate, among others.
- the conjugate of said vaccine compositions has a RBD concentration range of 1 to 30 pg per dose, while the adjuvant is within a concentration range of 200 to 1500 pg per dose.
- These compositions also contain pharmaceutically suitable excipients.
- Another embodiment of the invention involves a process for obtaining covalent conjugates comprising the following: A) Functionalization of the carrier protein to introduce thiophilic groups, B) Covalent conjugation of the carrier protein to the RBD and C) Purification.
- Said procedure may additionally comprise an in situ Reduction step of the RBD-dimeric form prior to step A, particularly where SEQ ID NO. 1 and it is in dimeric form ( Figure 1.).
- the procedure may comprise another stage of Thiolation of the N-terminal end of the RBD prior to stage A, in which SEQ ID NO: 1-3 ( Figure 2.) are used.
- the thiophilic groups introduced in step A are selected from the group comprising: maleimides, bromoacetyl, vinylsulfones, acrylates, acrylamides, acrylonitriles and methacrylates.
- Another embodiment of the present invention is related to the use of the vaccine compositions mentioned above for the prevention of SARS-CoV-2 virus infection. It involves, in particular, the use of the vaccine compositions described in this document when required. a neutralizing antibody response.
- the present invention now provides in a first aspect a covalent conjugate comprising the receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 (RBD) and a carrier protein.
- the carrier protein is selected from the group comprising tetanus toxoid, diphtheria toxoid and CRM197 mutant diphtheria toxoid ( Figures 3 and 4).
- the molar ratio of RBD carrier protein is within the range of 1 to 8 RBD per carrier protein ( Figure 5).
- the RBD is selected from the group comprising SEQ ID NO: 1, 2 and 3.
- the RBD of SEQ ID NO: 1 is used in its dimeric form.
- the RBD is produced in a host selected from the group comprising or consisting of mammalian (preferably non-human) cells, insect cells, bacteria and yeast.
- the present invention provides a vaccine composition comprising the covalent conjugate of the invention as described above.
- the vaccine composition is preferably used to induce an immune response against SARS-CoV-2.
- the vaccine composition further includes an adjuvant selected from the group comprising or consisting of aluminum hydroxide, aluminum phosphate and calcium phosphate.
- the conjugate is in a RBD concentration range of 1-30 pg per dose.
- the adjuvant is in a concentration range of 200-1500 pg per dose.
- the vaccine composition further includes appropriate pharmaceutical excipients.
- the present invention provides a method for the preparation of the covalent conjugate of the invention as described above, the method comprising the steps of: providing a carrier protein and an RBD, wherein the RBD may be in monomeric or dimeric. , functionalizing the carrier protein by introducing thiophilic groups, covalently conjugating the carrier protein to the RBD and purifying the conjugate obtained.
- the method comprises an additional step of reducing the RBD dimer, preferably in situ before its conjugation with the carrier protein, preferably before of the functionalization of the carrier protein through the introduction of thiophilic groups.
- the RBD of any of SEQ ID NO: 1-3 can be used, more preferably, SEQ ID NO: 1 is used as RBD.
- the introduced thiophilic groups are selected from the group comprising or consisting of maleimide, bromoacetyl, vinylsulfone, acrylate, acrylamide, acrylonitrile and methacrylate.
- the present invention provides a conjugate obtained by the method for the preparation of the covalent conjugate of the invention as described above.
- the present invention provides the use of the vaccine composition of the invention for the prevention of infection with the SARS-CoV-2 virus, in particular the prevention of the disease caused by infection with the SARS-CoV virus. -two.
- the present invention provides a method of preventing disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus infection comprising administering to a subject a therapeutically effective dose of the vaccine composition of the invention as described above.
- the use or method is for the prevention of infection or disease by the SARS-CoV-2 virus in subjects who need a neutralizing antibody response. after having received two doses or shots of the vaccine composition.
- the use or method is to induce an antibody response against SARS-CoV-2 by applying an intramuscular vaccination program of 1 to 3 doses.
- the amount of RBD in a dose is from 1 to 30 pg.
- FIG. 1 Scheme of site-selective conjugation of the SARS-Cov-2 receptor binding domain (RBD) to activated tetanus toxoid (TT) with thiophilic maleimide groups. Conjugation takes place at the free thiol of Cys538, which is spatially distant from the receptor-binding motif (represented in red) and thus does not affect the antigenicity of the RBD.
- Figure 2 N-terminal selective conjugation scheme of the SARS-Cov-2 receptor binding domain (RBD) to activated tetanus toxoid (TT) with thiophilic maleimide groups.
- the N-terminal thiolation of the RBD sockets is carried out with the new thioacetyl-pyridinecarbaldehyde reagents (developed in-house) which selectively modifies the N-terminal amino group.
- the N-terminal residue is spatially distant from the receptor-binding motif (represented in red) and thus does not affect the antigenicity of the RBD.
- FIG. 3 Drawing of the RBD conjugate based on the RBD (319-541) conjugated to Cys538 using A) tetanus toxoid, B) diphtheria toxoid, or C) cross-reactive material 197 (CRM197) as carrier protein.
- FIG. 4 Drawing of the RBD conjugate based on the RBD (328-533) conjugated at the N-terminus using A) tetanus toxoid, B) diphtheria toxoid, or C) cross-reactive material 197 (CRM197) as carrier protein.
- FIG. 5 Representation of RBD-TT conjugates with an average of 2, 4 and 6 RBD units per tetanus toxoid unit. Conjugates bearing an average of 8, 10 or 13 RBD units were also obtained.
- the coding sequences for the RBD protein are synthesized and subcloned into a suitable expression vector, preferably pcDNA3.1.
- the selected amino acid sequences of the RBD are those corresponding to SEQ ID NO. 1-3 or extensions thereof.
- the constructs containing the target proteins can be expressed in a host traditionally used in Biotechnology: mammalian cells (CHO, HEK293), insect cells, bacteria and yeasts, preferably in CHO cells.
- FIG. 7 SDS-PAGE at 10% of the native form of RBD and the RBD derived from the reduction of the RBD dimer (SEQ ID NO: 1).
- A The sample was incubated in reducing sample buffer before being applied to the gel.
- NR The sample was applied in non-reducing sample buffer.
- Figure 8 Antigenicity of the monomer obtained by reduction of the RBD dimer (SEQ ID NO: 1) with tris (2-carboxyethyl) phosphine (TCEP), compared to the antigenicity of the native monomer and dimer.
- Figure 9 HPSEC Superdex 200 chromatograms of the purified RBD-TT conjugates 2 and 3 (Example 2), compared to the tetanus toxoid chromatogram.
- FIG. 10 Recognition of the RBD(319-541)-TT conjugate by the ACE-2 receptor, analyzed by ELISA (A) and by dot blot using polyclonal anti-RBD antibodies (B).
- Figure 1 1 Kinetics of anti-RBD IgG antibodies induced after vaccination on days 0 and 14 with RBD-TT conjugate formulated or not in Al(OH)3, compared with RBD formulated in Al(OH)3. Asterisks indicate significant differences ( p ⁇ 0.05) between groups at each time point.
- FIG. 15 Production of IFNy, IL4 and IL17A in spleen cells of mice immunized with RBD-TT formulated in Al(OH) 3 or with the placebo (Al(OH) 3), as determined by quantitative ELISA. Asterisks indicate significant differences (p ⁇ 0.05), according to Tukey's test.
- FIG. 16 Memory cell response induced in mice immunized with two doses of the RBD-TT conjugate formulated in Al(OH) 3.
- A CD8 + CD44 ++ T lymphocytes,
- B IFN ⁇ -producing CD8 T lymphocytes,
- C CD4 + CD44 ++ memory T cells and
- D IFN ⁇ -producing CD4 T cells.
- RBD / RBD Group that received two doses (TO, T14) of RBD-TT and the extracted lymphocytes were stimulated in vitro with RBD.
- Alum / RBD Group that received two doses (TO, T14) of Alum and the extracted lymphocytes were stimulated in vitro with RBD.
- Figure 17. HPSEC Superdex 75 chromatograms, showing the selective thiolation of the N-terminal residue of the RBD monomer (SEQ ID NO: 3), compared to the reference profile of the RBD monomer.
- FIG. 1 HPSEC Superdex 75 chromatograms, showing the conjugation of the RBD (SEQ ID NO: 3) monomer thiolated at the N-terminal residue (upper panel), the 16 h reaction mixture of RBD-TT 4 ( middle panel) and the purified RBD-TT conjugate 4 (lower panel).
- B HPSEC Superdex 200 chromatograms of purified RBD-TT 4 conjugate, compared to tetanus toxoid.
- FIG. 19 Recognition of the RBD(328-533)-TT conjugate by the ACE-2 receptor, analyzed (A) by an ELISA test and (B) by anti-RBD polyclonal antibodies, tested by dot blott.
- Figure 20 Anti-RBD IgG antibodies induced 14 days (T42) after immunization on days 0 and 28 with conjugate vaccine in the phase II clinical trial (19-80 years) and the phase I/II clinical trial (3 -18 years / or).
- PCP Pediatric Convalescent Sera Panel.
- SARS-CoV-2 refers to severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19 ).
- SARS-CoV-2 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
- Testing for positive cases of SARS-CoV-2 can be based on detection of virus RNA sequences by NAAT, such as real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) with confirmation by DNA sequencing. nucleic acids when necessary.
- Viral genes targeted so far include the N, E, S, and RdRP genes.
- SARS-CoV-2 disease and “COVID” are used interchangeably here, and refer to a viral infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2).
- SARS-CoV-2 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2
- Common symptoms of COVID-19 include fever, cough, and shortness of breath. Muscle pain, sputum production, and sore throat are less common. While most cases cause mild symptoms, some progress to severe pneumonia and multi-organ failure.
- the infection is usually spread from one person to another through respiratory droplets produced by coughing. It can also be spread by touching contaminated surfaces and then touching your face.
- receptor binding domain refers to the receptor binding domain (RBD) of a coronavirus spike (S) protein of a coronavirus, and includes reference to a part of the coronavirus spike (S) protein that is involved in viral binding to a receptor on a subject cell and its subsequent entry into the cell.
- the cellular receptor may be an angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor.
- ACE2 angiotensin converting enzyme 2
- the RBD comprises or consists of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 1-3.
- An RBD which is an antigenic part of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 1-3 is also envisaged within the definition of RBD.
- RBD as described herein may be modified in that 1-100, preferably 1-50, more preferably 1-10 amino acid residues are added, substituted or deleted from an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1-3 or an antigenic portion thereof, preferably wherein said modified RBD binds to a product of an immune response, preferably an antibody, that is elicited when a subject is immunized with a conjugate as described herein, in wherein the RBD of said conjugate comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence of SEO ID N s : 1-3.
- the term "RBD" includes a reference to a sequence that has 80%, preferably 90%, more preferably 95% sequence identity to SEO ID NOs: 1-3 and binds to a response product.
- immune preferably an antibody, that is elicited when a subject is immunized with a conjugate as described herein, wherein the RBD of said conjugate comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1-3.
- a receptor binding domain (RBD) of a coronavirus spike (S) protein refers only to the RBD portion of the entire coronavirus spike (S) protein.
- spike (S) protein or the equivalent term “spike (S) glycoprotein” refers to the coronavirus S protein consisting of an S1 subunit (the N-terminal head) and an S2 subunit (the C-terminal stem).
- the S1 subunit mediates virus attachment and entry through its N-terminal S1A domain (comprising sialic acids, a viral binding factor) and its C-terminal receptor-binding domain (RBD), which binds to the SARS ACE2 receptor.
- the S2 subunit is more conserved and mediates viral fusion to the host cell through the fusion peptide (FP) and the two heptad repeats HR1 and HR2.
- carrier protein refers to an immunogenic protein to which an antigen such as a protein, oligosaccharide, or polysaccharide can bind. When bound to a carrier, the bound molecule can become more immunogenic. Covalent attachment of a molecule to a carrier confers enhanced immunogenicity and T-cell dependence.
- protein is used herein to designate a series of amino acid residues, connected to each other by peptide bonds between the alpha-amino and carboxy groups of adjacent residues, also known as a "polypeptide” .
- protein and polypeptide refer to a polymer of amino acids, including modified amino acids (eg, phosphorylated, glycated, glycosylated, etc.) and amino acid analogs, regardless of their size or function.
- modified amino acids eg, phosphorylated, glycated, glycosylated, etc.
- amino acid analogs regardless of their size or function.
- Protein and polypeptide are often used in reference to relatively large polypeptides, while the term “peptide” is often used in reference to small polypeptides, but the use of these terms in the art overlaps.
- proteins including the (RBD) antigens of the invention
- RBD the proteins, including the (RBD) antigens of the invention
- the invention contemplates deletions, additions, and substitutions of the sequences shown, so long as the sequences function in accordance with the methods of the invention.
- particularly preferred substitutions will generally be conservative in nature, ie those substitutions which occur within a family of amino acids.
- amino acids are generally divided into four families: (1) acids: aspartate and glutamate; (2) basic - lysine, arginine, histidine; (3) non-polar - alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, phenylalanine, methionine, tryptophan; and (4) uncharged polar: glycine, asparagine, glutamine, cysteine, serine, threonine, tyrosine. Phenylalanine, tryptophan, and tyrosine are sometimes classified as aromatic amino acids.
- % sequence identity is defined herein as the percentage of nucleotides in a nucleic acid sequence, or of amino acids in an amino acid sequence, that is identical to nucleotides, resp. amino acids, in a nucleic acid or amino acid sequence of interest, after aligning the sequences and optionally introducing gaps, if necessary, to achieve maximum percent sequence identity. Methods and computer programs for alignments are well known in the art. Sequence identity is calculated over substantially the full length, preferably the full (full) length of an amino acid sequence of interest. The skilled person will understand that consecutive amino acid residues in one amino acid sequence are compared to consecutive amino acid residues in another amino acid sequence.
- tetanus toxoid refers to the well-known tetanus toxoid peptide, which peptide represents an epitope of residues 830-844 of tetanus toxin. This sequence has been shown to bind to multiple HLA-DR alleles and has been described as universally immunogenic.
- the amino acid sequence is QYIKANSKFIGITEL.
- diphtheria toxoid refers to the inactivated exotoxin secreted by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, a single polypeptide chain of 535 amino acids consisting of two disulfide-linked subunits. Diphtheria toxoid is produced worldwide in a standard way; in the United States, production and testing procedures are specified in the Code of Federal Regulations.
- CCM197 diphtheria toxoid mutant refers to a non-toxic mutant of diphtheria toxin, regularly used as a carrier protein for polysaccharides and haptens to render them immunogenic.
- a single G->A transition in the wild-type diphtheria toxoid sequence leads to the substitution of glycine-52 for glutamic acid (Giannini et al. 1984 Nucleic Acids Res. 12(10):4063-4069),
- covalent refers to a chemical bond in which two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons that hold them together.
- covalent conjugate refers to a compound in which an antigenic polypeptide is covalently linked to a carrier protein.
- covalently conjugate refers to the step of preparing the conjugate by chemical reactions.
- vaccine includes a reference to a composition of antigenic moieties, generally consisting of live modified (attenuated) or inactivated infectious agents, or some portion of the infectious agents, that is administered, with most often, with an adjuvant. , in the body to produce active immunity.
- the present invention provides immunogenic compositions comprising a conjugate as described above in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
- Said carrier may be an aqueous liquid or an aerosol composition.
- dose refers to an amount or metered amount of the conjugate or composition of the invention administered or recommended to be administered at a particular time.
- the term "adjuvant” as used herein includes reference to a compound or compounds that, when used in combination with specific vaccine antigens in formulations, enhance or otherwise alter or modify the resulting immune responses.
- the builder is an alum (an aluminum salt) such as aluminum hydroxide.
- pharmaceutical excipient refers to a material such as an adjuvant, a carrier, a buffering and pH regulating agent, a tonicity regulating agent, a wetting agent, a preservative and the like. .
- Vaccine excipients are described, for example, in government regulations such as the European Pharmacopoeia and American 9 CFR, and in manuals such as: The Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients (R. Rowe et al., Pharmaceutical press 2012, ISBN 08571 10276 ); Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy (2000, Lippincot, USA, ISBN: 683306472).
- in situ reduction refers to the conversion of RBD dimer to monomer as described herein. Dimer reduction is preferably carried out using tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP). Preferably, the reduction is in situ, which means that the dimer is mixed with the TCEP and then with the carrier protein, without any intermediate purification steps.
- TCEP tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine
- thiolation refers to the introduction of a sulfhydryl (SH) group at the N-terminal or N-terminal residue of RBD. Thiolation can be achieved reacting the RBD with an excess of 2-thioacetyl-pyridine-2-carboxaldehyde followed by treatment with hydroxylamine.
- the term "functionalize” as used herein refers to the introduction of one or more thiophilic groups on the carrier protein.
- Thiophilic groups can include maleimides, bromoacetyls, vinylsulfones, acrylates, acrylamides, acrylonitriles, and methacrylates.
- One of skill in the art is well familiar with methods for introducing one or more thiophilic groups into a protein.
- Functionalization can be achieved, for example, by reacting the carrier protein with maleimido-propionic acid N-hydroxysuccinimide ester in an appropriate buffer.
- the thiolated RBD is allowed to react with the carrier protein functionalized with the thiophilic group(s) to form the conjugate of the invention.
- conjugates obtained will contain from one to eight RBD units per unit of carrier protein.
- the conjugation procedure described for this invention is chemoselective and residue specific.
- a covalent conjugate according to the present invention is preferably not a fusion protein, in which the RBD and the carrier protein are linked through a peptide bond.
- administer refers to the placement of a compound or composition as described herein into a subject by a method or route that results in at least partial administration of the conjugate in a desired site.
- Pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds described herein can be administered by any appropriate route that results in effective treatment in the subject. Administration is preferably by injection, preferably intramuscularly.
- a "subject” means a human or non-human animal.
- the non-human animal is a vertebrate, such as a primate, rodent, domestic animal, or game animal.
- Primates include chimpanzees, cynomolgus monkeys, spider monkeys and macaques, eg Rhesus.
- Rodents include mice, rats, woodchucks, ferrets, rabbits, and hamsters. Animals also include armadillos, hedgehogs, and camels to name a few.
- domestic and game animals include cattle, horses, pigs, deer, bison, buffalo, feline species, eg, domestic cat, canine species, eg, dog, fox, wolf, bird species, eg, chicken, emu , ostrich and fish, for example, trout, catfish and salmon.
- the subject is a mammal, eg, a primate, eg, a human.
- the terms "individual”, “patient” and “subject” are used interchangeably herein.
- the subject is a mammal.
- the mammal may be a human, primate, mouse, rat, dog, cat, horse, cow, or pig, but is not limited to these examples.
- Mammals other than humans may be advantageously used as subjects representing animal models of a given condition.
- a subject is a human.
- a subject can be male or female.
- a subject may be one who has been previously diagnosed or identified as suffering from or has a condition in need of treatment and, optionally, has already undergone treatment.
- a subject may also be one who has not previously been diagnosed with a condition.
- a subject may be one that exhibits one or more risk factors or a subject that exhibits no risk factors.
- a "subject in need" of treatment for a particular condition may be a subject having that condition, diagnosed with that condition, or at risk of developing that condition.
- prevention of infection with the SARS-CoV-2 virus refers to the prevention or treatment of COVID-19 disease. , or a disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus or a variant thereof.
- treat refers to therapeutic treatments, where the object is to reverse, alleviate, ameliorate, inhibit, slow or stop the progression or severity of a disease, condition associated with a disease or disorder, e.g. eg cancer or inflammation.
- treating includes reducing or alleviating at least one adverse effect or symptom of a condition, disease or disorder.
- Treatment is generally “effective” if one or more symptoms or clinical markers are reduced.
- treatment is “effective” if the progression of a disease is slowed or stopped. That is, “treatment” includes not only improvement of symptoms or markers, but also cessation, or at least slowing of the progress or worsening of symptoms compared to what would be expected in the absence of treatment.
- Beneficial or desired clinical outcomes include, but are not limited to, relief of one or more symptoms, decreased extent of disease, stabilized (i.e., not worsening) disease, delayed or slowed progression of disease.
- treatment also includes providing relief of the symptoms or side effects of the disease (including palliative treatment).
- an effective amount refers to the amount of vaccine antigen necessary to alleviate at least one or more symptoms of the disease or disorder, and refers to a sufficient amount of the pharmacological composition to provide the desired effect. wanted.
- terapéuticaally effective amount refers to an amount of a therapeutic agent to treat, ameliorate, counteract, inhibit, or prevent a desired disorder or condition, or to exhibit a detectable therapeutic or prophylactic effect. .
- the precise effective amount needed for a subject will depend on the size and health of the subject, the nature and extent of the condition, and the therapeutic or combination of therapies selected for administration. The therapeutically effective amount for a given situation can be determined by routine experimentation.
- vaccination refers to the administration of a vaccine to induce a neutralizing antibody response by the immune system of the recipient in order to develop protection against disease.
- pharmaceutically acceptable is used herein to refer to those compounds, materials, compositions and/or dosage forms which, within the scope of sound medical judgment, are suitable for use in contact with human tissue. and animals without excesses, toxicity, irritation, allergic response or other problem or complication, in accordance with a reasonable benefit / risk ratio.
- RBD protein coding sequences are synthesized and subcloned into an appropriate expression vector, preferably pcDNA3.1.
- Selected RBD amino acid sequences are SEQ ID NO: 1-3 or extensions thereof.
- Constructs containing target proteins can be expressed in one of the hosts traditionally used in biotechnology, namely mammalian cells (CHO, HEK293), insect cells, bacteria and yeast, preferably CHO cells.
- RBD is a globular protein containing 195 amino acids (sequence Thr333-Pro527, SEQ ID NO: 2).
- This sequence contains four intramolecular disulfide bridges between cisternae (Cys336-Cys361, Cys379-Cys432, Cys391-Cys525 and Cys480-Cys488), creating a very compact and stable structure.
- This sequence constitutes the biologically relevant structure that will be used for RBD conjugation as it contains the four immunodominant epitopes described for this molecule, as well as the receptor binding motif.
- These conjugates can be obtained from any fragment comprising the 333-527 sequence or extensions thereof.
- the genetic construct used to produce the RBD may include an extension at one or both terminal ends of the 333-527 sequence, either at the N-terminus at any of amino acids 333-300, or at the C-terminus. in the region of 527-560 amino acids. It is possible to activate one of the terminal ends without affecting the biologically relevant structure by the genetic construct itself, specifically by stretching the sequence to include one of the natural amino acids thought to be active, for example cysteine 538.
- Other solution consists in the introduction of active functional groups in one of the terminal ends; an example of this is the functionalization of the N-terminal amino acid thiol group, for example, at arginine 328 of the sequence 328-533 RBD (SEQ ID NO: 3).
- the target protein amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 contains 9 cysteines, including 8 involved in the 4 intramolecular disulfide bonds (Cys336-Cys361, Cys379-Cys432, Cys391-Cys525, and Cys480-Cys488), resulting in a Very compact and stable structure.
- the RBD of SEQ ID NO: 1 can dimerize by forming a disulfide bridge between two free cysteines at position 538 of two RBD molecules.
- an inert gas atmosphere i.e. nitrogen or argon
- the cysteine 538 does not react, the RBD remains in its monomeric form and thus may be involved in chemical reactions with groups thiophilic
- the carrier protein may be selected from the group consisting of tetanus toxoid, diphtheria toxoid, and CRM197 diphtheria mutant, or any other protein that fulfills that function for use in human vaccines.
- the methods of obtaining and characterizing these carrier proteins can be found in the existing literature.
- the conjugation procedure described in the present invention is chemo-selective and residue specific. Said procedure comprises 3 stages.
- the first stage (A) involves the functionalization of the carrier protein to introduce thiophilic groups, preferably maleimides, although any of the known thiophilic groups can be used: bromoacetyl, vinylsulfones, acrylates, acrylamides, acrylonitriles and methacrylates.
- the functionalization can be carried out using maleimidopropionic acid (EMP) N-hydroxysuccinimidic ester in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) in a molar ratio with the protein between 100-200, in a suitable buffer solution.
- EMP maleimidopropionic acid
- DMSO dimethylsulfoxide
- the functionalized protein is purified by diafiltration using membranes with a suitable cut-off value depending on the protein in question and the extent of functionalization is determined by the modified Ellman method.
- Step (B) comprises the covalent conjugation of the RBD to the functionalized carrier protein, which are added to the reaction mixture in a mass:mass ratio of 0.2-9.4.0 RBD: carrier protein (w:w), in a solution adequate buffer, gentle agitation between 4-18 h at 5 ⁇ 3 °C in an inert atmosphere.
- cystamine is added in a suitable proportion.
- Stage (C) comprises the purification of the conjugates obtained, which can be carried out by membrane diafiltration with an appropriate cut-off value depending on the carrier protein in question.
- Another embodiment of the present invention comprises a thiolation step through the N-terminal residue of the RBD prior to step A.
- This procedure involves the reaction with 2-thioacetyl-pi ⁇ dino-2-carbaldehyde in excess (20-50 equivalents with respect to al RBD) between 12 and 48 hours of reaction and a temperature of 23-37 s C; followed by washing and treatment with excess hydroxylamine at room temperature, for 1-5 hours of reaction.
- the conjugates obtained contain from one to eight RBD units in the new molecule.
- the vaccine compositions against the SARS-COV-2 virus based on the covalent conjugates of the receptor binding domain to a carrier protein are administered intramuscularly or subcutaneously, in RBD doses between 1-30 Dg, preferably between 5-25 Dg .
- the vaccine compositions can contain as adjuvant any mineral salt such as aluminum hydroxide, aluminum phosphate and calcium phosphate without being limited to these, in doses between 200-1500 Dg, preferably between 500-1000 Dg.
- the vaccine compositions comprise pharmaceutically suitable excipients that can regulate the pH, including phosphate buffers in a concentration range between 3.0-7.0 mM, isotonic solutions such as sodium chloride in a concentration range between 50-150 mM, and preservatives such as thiomersal, phenol, 2-phenoxyethanol, methyl parahydroxybensoate, formaldehyde, m-cresol and other methyl and propyl prabens, preferably thiomersal.
- These vaccine composition formulations are preferably administered on a 1 to 3 dose schedule, preferably every 7 to 28 days, more preferably every 14 to 28 days, most preferably every 21 to 28 days.
- a single dose for administration preferably comprises an amount of RBD from 1 to 30 pg.
- a container such as an injection flask, may comprise multiple doses for vaccination of multiple subjects. Each dose is preferably from about 0.05 to about 1 mL, preferably each dose is from about 0.3-0.5 mL, most preferably about 0.3 mL. Doses may be contained in the container in concentrated or lyophilized form, and may be diluted or reconstituted with a suitable injection fluid prior to administration.
- Administration is preferably intramuscular. Administration is preferably not intravascular, subcutaneous or intradermal.
- the vaccine compositions proposed in this invention demonstrate their superiority compared to a vaccine composition containing the adjuvanted, unconjugated RBD; There are several characteristics of these vaccine compositions that are crucial in the current circumstances of the pandemic, namely the speed of the response elicited and the high levels of antibody titers that act as neutralizers of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and blockers of RBD-ACE2 receptor interaction. These compositions elicit a Th1 pattern immune response as well as a memory response of CD8 +, CD4 + and RBD-specific T cells, in particular those that produce IFN ⁇ .
- the vaccine compositions proposed in this invention demonstrate superior results with clinical trials in the pediatric population.
- the vaccine compositions proposed in this invention demonstrate a mucosal IgG response in vaccinated humans.
- the significance of this is that such an induced mucosal response reduced virus transmission as well as its affectivity.
- the present inventor considers this to be a unique and new property among currently available Covid-19 vaccines.
- the RBD structure currently proposed as part of the full Spike protein vaccine is considered to have important advantages, since the full Spike protein vaccine shows significant adverse events such as myocarditis and pericarditis. These secondary effects are related to the carboxyl region of the Spike protein. This region is not present in currently proposed RBD carrier protein conjugate vaccines. It is noteworthy that the The proposed vaccine composition is currently well suited for pediatric use, as the reported side effects of whole Spike protein vaccines are particularly dramatic in the pediatric population.
- the present inventors have not identified other adverse events, as reported for inactivated viral vaccines or adenovirus vector vaccines, and the assessment of immune response or neutralizing antibody response is higher than for inactivated viral vaccines.
- the RBD dimer (sequence 319-541) is dissolved in 35 mM PBS buffer pH 7.4 with 0.5 mM EDTA, to achieve a final concentration between 5-10 mg/mL of protein.
- a solution of TCEP is added to complete a final concentration between 125 pM-420 pM. The reaction is allowed to proceed for 10 min under argon atmosphere with moderate stirring at room temperature.
- Example 2 Preparation of the conjugate of RBD (sequence 319-541) to Tetanus Toxoid Functionalization of the carrier protein: The tetanus toxoid carrier protein in 100 mM HEPES buffer solution pH 7.8 at a concentration of 5mg/mL is reacted with N-hydroxysuccinimidic ester of maleimidopropionic acid (EMP) in DMSO (75 mg/mL). mL) dripping the latter slowly. The reaction is kept for one hour at room temperature. Purification is carried out by diafiltration, washing with a PBS 35mM pH 7.4 buffer solution with 5mM EDTA. The extent of functionalization is determined by the modified ELLMAN method.
- EMP N-hydroxysuccinimidic ester of maleimidopropionic acid
- the RBD/TT ratio was determined by a combination of dot blot densitometry and colorimetry. Unconjugated RBD content and molecular size distribution were determined by HPSEC. Molecular size and polydispersity index were determined by Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS). Table 1 shows that the molar ratio of the conjugates varies between 1.8 and 6.3 moles of RBD / mole of TT, while the content of unbound RBD is less than 15%.
- Example 3 Demonstration of the unaffected recognition of the RBD (319-541)-Tetanus Toxoid conjugate by the ACE2 receptor and specific antibodies.
- RBD-TT Recognition of RBD conjugated to tetanus toxoid (RBD-TT) by the ACE2 receptor is performed by an ELISA in which the plate is coated with the recombinant ACE2 receptor.
- the samples (RBD-TT (lots 1 and 2), dimeric RBD as positive control and hPDLHys as negative control) are added at different concentrations (0.001; 0.004; 0.019; 0.078; 0.3125; 1.25 and 5 pg/ml) and After incubation, a polyclonal rabbit serum specific for RBD is added. Subsequently, an anti-rabbit IgG conjugated to peroxidase is added. The reaction is revealed with the corresponding substrate and read at an Abs of 405 nm).
- RBD-TT The antigenicity of RBD-TT is further verified by Dot Blot using a specific anti-RBD polyclonal IgG serum.
- Figure 10B it is observed that the conjugate is strongly recognized by the specific anti-RBD antibodies in all the dilutions evaluated, while the tetanus toxoid (TT) applied at a 1/80 dilution is not recognized. It is shown that the conjugation does not affect the recognition of the antibodies to the RBD.
- Example 4 The RBD (319-541 )-TT conjugate induces a strong antibody response in BALB/c mice.
- mice are immunized intramuscularly at time 0 and 14 days, in an administration volume of 0.1 mL with one of the following formulations:
- Group 3 3 pg of RBD-(319-541)-TT.
- Group 4 3 pg of RBD-(319-541 )-TT co-adsorbed in 500 pg of Al(OH) 3 .
- Group 6 constitutes the negative control formulation.
- Blood extraction is performed at times 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after the start of immunization. Serum from immunized animals is analyzed by indirect ELISA to determine anti-RBD antibody titer.
- NUNC Maxisorp 96-well microtiter plates were coated with 50 pL of RBD at a concentration of 3 pg/mL in carbonate-bicarbonate buffer solution pH 9.6, incubated for 1 hour at 37 ° C and at the end washed three times with solution. washing. Subsequently, uncoated sites were blocked using 100 pL of a 5% skim milk blocking solution for 1 hour at 37 °C . After another washing step as previously described, sera dissolved in buffer solution were added.
- phosphates pH 7.2 + BSA at 1% in serial dilutions (1:3) generally starting from 1/50 and in a volume of 50 pL/well. Plates were incubated for 1 hour at 37° C and washed again. Next, 50 pL of a dilution of anti-mouse immunoglobulin G conjugated to peroxidase in phosphate buffer solution pH 7.2 + 1% BSA (1:5000) were added and incubated for 1 hour. After a final washing step, 50 pL/well of the peroxidase enzyme substrate solution was applied. It was incubated in the dark for 20 minutes and the reaction was stopped with 50 pL/well 2N H2SO4 solution.
- Figure 11 shows that the IgG response induced by immunization with RBD-TT 3 pg adjuvanted in AI(OH) 3 induces a significantly higher (p ⁇ 0.05) early antibody response (7 and 14 days) compared to the same dose of unconjugated RBD and also adjuvanted in AI(OH) 3 .
- This property is attributable to the conjugation of the RBD to a carrier protein.
- RBD-TT 1 pg adjuvanted in AI(OH) 3 induces antibody kinetics similar to 3 pg of unconjugated RBD, which shows that the conjugation allows to increase the response to the antigen at a lower dose.
- an increase in the levels of anti-RBD antibodies induced by the adjuvanted conjugate formulations is observed with respect to the non-adjuvanted ones, for the same dose.
- Example 6 Functional activity of anti-RBD antibodies induced by the RBD (319-541)-Tetanus Toxoid conjugate formulation by RBD-ACE2 interaction inhibition assay.
- mice immunized according to the procedure described in example 4 were used in an ELISA to determine their ability to inhibit the interaction of RBD and ACE2.
- An ELISA was performed to inhibit the interaction of RBD with ACE2 induced by anti-RBD antibodies.
- the plates coated with mouse ACE2-Fc (5 pg/mL) were blocked and the human RBD-Fc mixture was added with serum from mice immunized with the different experimental formulations, dilutions from 1:25 to 1:10,000, which had been previously incubated for 1 h at 37 S C.
- Figure 13 shows the inhibitory capacity of the serum of mice immunized with the formulation object of the present invention. It is observed that the antibodies induced by the adjuvanted RBD-TT formulations have greater inhibitory capacity than the antibodies induced by the non-adjuvanted formulations. On the other hand, the inhibitory capacity 50 of the adjuvanted conjugate formulations is 2 (RBD-TT 1 pg /AI(OH) 3 ) and 6.5 (RBD-TT 3 pg /AI(OH) 3 ) times higher than that of the formulation. RBD 3 pg/AI(OH) 3 unconjugated, demonstrating that RBD conjugation increases the functionality of the antibodies even using lower doses.
- Example 7 Functional activity of the anti-RBD antibodies induced by the formulation of the RBD (319-541)-Tetanus Toxoid conjugate by neutralizing capacity of the anti-RBD antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 virus.
- the neutralizing capacity against SARS-CoV-2 of sera from mice immunized with RBD-TT 3 pg /AI(OH) 3 and RBD 3 pg/AI(OH) 3 after 28 days of the first dose was evaluated by a colorimetric assay using Neutral Red.
- Vero E6 cells were incubated in MEM medium supplemented with 2% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 25 mM/mL L-glutamine, 2 pg/mL bicarbonate, 80 pg/mL gentamicin, and 5 pg/mL Amphotericin B.
- FBS fetal bovine serum
- the supernatant was removed from the plate and 100 ⁇ l of balanced salts solution pH 7.2 (PBS) containing 0.02% red was added to each well. The plates were incubated for one hour at room temperature and then the neutral red solution was discarded. The cell monolayer was washed twice with sterile PBS containing 0.05% Tween 20. 100 ⁇ L of the lysis solution (50 parts absolute ethanol, 49 parts ultrapure water, and 1 part glacial acetic acid) were added to each well. . The plate was incubated for 15 minutes at room temperature and measured with a spectrophotometer at 540 nm. The highest dilution of the evaluated serum with an optical density value greater than the cutoff value. The cut-off value was calculated as the average of the optical density values of the cell control wells divided by two.
- PBS balanced salts solution pH 7.2
- Figure 14 shows that the neutralizing antibody titers induced by the RBD-TT conjugate are significantly higher (p ⁇ 0.01) than those induced by the unconjugated RBD, demonstrating the superiority of the RBD conjugation by increasing the functionality of the induced antibodies.
- Example 8 Cellular immune response Th1 pattern, determined by the induction of IFNy of the formulation with RBD (319-541)-Tetanus Toxoid conjugate.
- the evaluation of the cellular immune response was carried out in the immunized mice according to the procedure described in example 4 extracted at time 21 .
- Splenocytes were isolated from mice immunized with 1 ug RBD-TT formulated in AI(OH) 3 or Placebo (AI(OH) 3 ) and restimulated in vitro with RBD (5 pg/mL), determined by quantitative ELISA.
- the cell concentration used was 1 x 10 6 cells/mL.
- the levels of IL-4, IL-17A and IFN-y were determined in the culture supernatant by quantitative ELISA at 72 hours of stimulation.
- Figure 15 demonstrates that immunization with 1 ug RBD-TT/AI(OH) 3 induces IFN- ⁇ , demonstrating polarization of the T cell response to a Th1 pattern.
- IL-4 and IL-17A were not detected demonstrating that the conjugate does not polarize towards a Th2 or Th17 pattern.
- Example 9 Response of memory T cells, specific for the RBD protein of SARS-CoV-2 induced by the formulation with RBD (319-541)-Tetanus Toxoid conjugate
- Splenocytes were isolated from mice immunized with 1 ug RBD-TT formulated in AI(OH) 3 or Placebo (AI(OH) 3 ). Splenocytes were cultured in RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (vol/vol), 100U penicillin, 100 pg/mL streptomycin, 1 mM pyruvate, 50 pM [3- mercaptoethanol, 20 U/mL IL- 2 (Sigma-Aldrich) for 72 hours. At the same time, 5 pg/ml of the RBD was added to activate the cells.
- Brefeldin A (BD Biosciences) was administered 4-6 hours before labeling to block cytokine secretion.
- Cells were then washed with 1X PBS (Gibco) and stained for 30 min at 4 C with anti-CD8, anti-CD4, anti-CD44 and anti-CD220 (BioLegend). Subsequently, the cells were fixed and permeabilized to facilitate intracellular staining with anti-IFN-y and anti-IL-4 (BioLegend). Cytometry data were acquired at the Gallios flow cytometer (Beckman Coulter), the results were processed with the Kaluza software (Beckman Coulter).
- Figure 16 shows that immunization with 1 ug RBD-TT /AI(OH) 3 generates memory CD8 + (A) and CD4 + T (C) lymphocytes, RBD-specific, with CD44 ++ phenotype. In addition, it produced an increase in the frequency of IFN-Y-producing memory CD8 (B) and CD4 T (D) cells.
- the reaction mixture is stirred at a temperature between 23-37 °C for a period ranging between 12 h and 48 h.
- Purification is carried out by diafiltrating washing with a 35 mM PBS buffer solution pH 7.4 with 5 mM EDTA.
- the functionalized RBD (328-533) is brought to a final concentration of 20-200
- the reaction mixture is stirred at room temperature under a nitrogen atmosphere for a period between 1-5 h, and the degree of conversion is determined by the Ellman test (>90% conversion obtained).
- FIG. 18A An overlay of the HPSEC Superdex 75 chromatograms of the RBD, the 16 hr conjugation reaction mixture and the purified conjugate is shown in Figure 18A.
- the purified conjugate has an RBD/TT molar ratio of 1.9, with an unbound RBD content of less than 15%.
- Figure 19A shows that the conjugate is recognized by the ACE2 receptor in the same way as the positive control RBD. Therefore, it is verified that the processes of thiolation by the N-terminal residue and conjugation do not affect the epitopes of the RBD responsible for its recognition by the ACE2 receptor.
- the antigenicity of the conjugate is further checked by Dot Blot using a specific anti-RBD polyclonal IgG serum.
- Figure 19B it is observed that the conjugate is strongly recognized by the specific anti-RBD antibodies in all the dilutions evaluated, while the tetanus toxoid (TT) applied at a dilution of 1/80 is not recognized. It is shown that the conjugation does not affect the recognition of the antibodies to the RBD.
- Example 13 The RBD(319-541)-TT conjugate elicits a strong antibody response in humans, especially in the pediatric population.
- the vaccine formulation including RBD-(319-541)-TT in alum was evaluated in clinical trials on a two-dose schedule (TO, T28 days).
- the procedures for clinical trials in the adult population (Phase II, 19-80 years) and pediatric population (Phase I / II, 3-18 years) are described at: https://rpcec.sld.cu/essayos/RPCEC00000347, https ://rpcec.sld.cu/essays/RPCEC00000374
- Figure 20 shows the results of serum specific anti-RBD IgG 14 days after the second dose in both clinical trials.
- High levels of antibodies were raised in all age groups with 74% seroconversion in the adult population (19-80 years).
- children achieved 92.8% and 99.3% seroconversion in the 12-18 year old and 3-11 year old groups, respectively.
- the medians of both pediatric groups 50.3 (15.9; 62.0 in 12-18 years) and 99.8 (39.1; 216.8 in 3-11 years) were higher than the median of a panel of serum made with COVID-19. convalescent children: 8.7 (3.4, 15.7).
- Example 14 The RBD(319-541)-TT conjugate induces mucosal-specific IgG in humans
- Figure 16 shows that subjects who were immunized elicited a specific anti-RBD IgG response in saliva.
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