WO2022042375A1 - 一种超级电容器用电解液及超级电容器 - Google Patents

一种超级电容器用电解液及超级电容器 Download PDF

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WO2022042375A1
WO2022042375A1 PCT/CN2021/113015 CN2021113015W WO2022042375A1 WO 2022042375 A1 WO2022042375 A1 WO 2022042375A1 CN 2021113015 W CN2021113015 W CN 2021113015W WO 2022042375 A1 WO2022042375 A1 WO 2022042375A1
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tetrafluoroborate
supercapacitor
amine
electrolyte
perchlorate
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PCT/CN2021/113015
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English (en)
French (fr)
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向晓霞
王亚萌
钱韫娴
刘中波
周密
金丽华
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诺莱特电池材料(苏州)有限公司
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
    • H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
    • H01G11/54—Electrolytes
    • H01G11/58—Liquid electrolytes
    • H01G11/64—Liquid electrolytes characterised by additives
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/13—Energy storage using capacitors

Definitions

  • the invention belongs to the technical field of supercapacitors, and particularly relates to an electrolyte for supercapacitors and a supercapacitor.
  • Supercapacitor is a new type of energy storage device, which is between traditional capacitors and secondary batteries, and combines the characteristics of traditional capacitors with rapid charge and discharge and high energy density. Compared with traditional batteries, supercapacitors have significant advantages: higher power density (5-30kW/kg, 10-100 times that of lithium-ion batteries), and can discharge hundreds or even thousands of amps in a short period of time ; Excellent cycle stability, the number of cycles can reach 1 million; fast charging and discharging, can complete rapid charging and discharging cycles in a few seconds; no self-discharge phenomenon; good safety performance, suitable for a variety of environments, widely used It is used in the defense industry, urban rail transit and public transportation, private cars, wearable devices, smart grids, electronic devices and other fields. In addition, supercapacitors have a wide operating temperature range. In recent years, they have been increasingly used in energy supply systems under polar and extremely cold conditions, as well as energy storage and supply in high-tech systems such as lighting and navigation in the aerospace field. .
  • Supercapacitor electrolytes are divided into two types: aqueous electrolytes and organic organic electrolytes.
  • the organic electrolyte generally uses acetonitrile (AN) or propylene carbonate (PC) as a solvent, and a quaternary ammonium salt as an electrolyte salt. Since the acetonitrile system electrolyte and PC system electrolyte are below -40°C, the solute will gradually precipitate until the electrolyte is completely frozen, thereby significantly increasing ESR and deteriorating low temperature performance. Normal work; -50°C super capacitor will fail directly.
  • the present invention provides a supercapacitor electrolyte and a supercapacitor.
  • the present invention provides a supercapacitor electrolyte, comprising a main solvent, an electrolyte salt and a co-solvent, wherein the co-solvent is selected from fluoroethers shown in structural formula 1:
  • R 1 and R 2 are fluoroalkyl groups.
  • R 1 and R 2 are each independently selected from organic groups containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms and at least one of R 1 and R 2 is a fluoroalkyl group.
  • R 1 and R 2 are each independently selected from fluoroalkyl groups with 1 to 4 carbon atoms, chain hydrocarbon groups with 1 to 4 carbon atoms, cyclic hydrocarbon groups with 5 to 10 carbon atoms, or carbon atoms An aromatic group of 6 to 10, and at least one of R 1 and R 2 is a fluoroalkyl group.
  • the fluoroether represented by the structural formula 1 includes one or more of tetrafluoroethyl tetrafluoropropyl ether, tetrafluoroethyl methyl ether, and hexafluoropropyl trifluoroethyl ether.
  • the content of the cosolvent is 10% to 50%, and the mass ratio of the main solvent to the cosolvent is 8:1 to 1: 1.5.
  • the main solvent includes acetonitrile, capronitrile, valeronitrile, butyronitrile, propionitrile, ⁇ -butyrolactone, ⁇ -valerolactone, ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, ethyl acetate, propyl acetate , propyl propionate, propyl butyrate, N,N-dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, dimethoxyethane, 2-methoxyethyl ether, Tetrahydrofuran, dioxolane, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, sulfolane, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethyl sulfone, methyl ethyl sulfone, methyl isopropyl sulfone, ethyl One or more of isopropyl sulfone, ethyl isobutyl
  • the content of the main solvent is 30% to 80%.
  • the electrolyte salt includes N,N-dimethylpyrrolidine tetrafluoroborate amine, spiro-(1,1)-dipyrrolidine tetrafluoroborate amine, tetrafluoroborate tetraethylamine, tetramethyl tetrafluoroborate amine tetrafluoroborate, ammonium tetrapropyl tetrafluoroborate, amine tetrabutyl tetrafluoroborate, amine methyl triethyl tetrafluoroborate, amine diethyldimethyl tetrafluoroborate, amine trimethyl ethyl tetrafluoroborate Amine borate, N-ethyl-N-methylpyrrolidine tetrafluoroborate amine, N-propyl-N-methylpyrrolidine tetrafluoroborate amine, NN-tetramethylenepyrrolidine tetrafluo
  • the concentration of the electrolyte salt is 0.5-2.0 mol/L.
  • the present invention provides a supercapacitor comprising a cathode, an anode, a separator and the capacitor electrolyte as described above, the separator being positioned between the cathode and the anode.
  • both the cathode and the anode are carbon materials.
  • the supercapacitor electrolyte provided by the present invention, by introducing the fluoroether shown in structural formula 1 as a co-solvent, the supercapacitor not only has pressure resistance, ensures high temperature performance under normal working voltage, but also can effectively reduce the The freezing point of the capacitor electrolyte, thereby inhibiting the occurrence of crystallization and even solidification of the capacitor electrolyte at low temperatures, and the fluoroether shown in structural formula 1 can make the capacitor electrolyte have high conductivity, and the electron migration path is smooth, so the electrolyte The adsorption and removal of salt on the double electrodes are not affected under ultra-low temperature conditions, effectively taking into account the high-temperature and ultra-low temperature electrochemical performance of supercapacitors, and can be used for a long time at a working voltage of 2.5V-3.0V and a temperature range of -60°C-70°C. Time stable work.
  • An embodiment of the present invention provides a supercapacitor electrolyte, including a main solvent, an electrolyte salt and a cosolvent, and the cosolvent is selected from fluoroethers shown in structural formula 1:
  • R 1 and R 2 are fluoroalkyl groups.
  • the supercapacitor electrolyte introduces the fluoroether shown in structural formula 1 as a co-solvent, so that the supercapacitor not only has pressure resistance, ensures high temperature performance under normal working voltage, but also can effectively reduce the capacitor electrolyte.
  • the freezing point of the capacitor electrolyte can be inhibited from crystallization or even solidification at low temperature.
  • the fluorinated ether shown in structural formula 1 can make the capacitor electrolyte have high conductivity and smooth electron migration path.
  • the adsorption and removal on the lower double electrodes are not affected, effectively taking into account the high temperature and ultra-low temperature electrochemical performance of the supercapacitor, and can work stably for a long time under the working voltage of 2.5V-3.0V and the temperature range of -60°C-70°C.
  • R 1 and R 2 are each independently selected from organic groups containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and at least one of R 1 and R 2 is a fluoroalkyl group.
  • R 1 and R 2 are each independently selected from a fluoroalkyl group with 1-4 carbon atoms, a chain hydrocarbon group with 1-4 carbon atoms, and a cyclic hydrocarbon group with 5-10 carbon atoms or an aromatic group having 6 to 10 carbon atoms, and at least one of R 1 and R 2 is a fluoroalkyl group.
  • the fluoroalkyl groups include partially fluoro or perfluoro fluoroalkyl groups.
  • the fluoroalkyl groups include monofluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, 1-fluoroethyl, 1,1-difluoroethyl, 1,1,1-trifluoroethyl , 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl, pentafluoroethyl, 1,1,2,2,3,3-hexafluoropropyl, 1,1,2,3,3,3-hexafluoro One or more of propyl, heptafluoropropyl or 2,2,3,4,4,4-hexafluorobutyl.
  • the fluorinated ether represented by the structural formula 1 includes one of tetrafluoroethyl tetrafluoropropyl ether, tetrafluoroethyl methyl ether, and hexafluoropropyl trifluoroethyl ether or more.
  • the content of the co-solvent is 10% to 50%, and the mass ratio of the main solvent to the co-solvent is 8:1 ⁇ 1:1.5.
  • the content of the co-solvent is 20% to 40%, and the mass ratio of the main solvent to the co-solvent is 4: 1 to 1:1.
  • the primary solvent includes acetonitrile, capronitrile, valeronitrile, butyronitrile, propionitrile, gamma-butyrolactone, gamma-valerolactone, ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, ethyl acetate, acetic acid Propyl ester, propyl propionate, propyl butyrate, N,N-dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, dimethoxyethane, 2-methoxy Diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, dioxolane, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, methyl ethyl carbonate, sulfolane, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethyl sulfone, methyl ethyl sulfone, methyl isopropyl sulfone, One or more of ethyl isopropyl sulfone,
  • the content of the main solvent is 30% to 80%.
  • the content of the main solvent is 40% to 60%.
  • the electrolyte salt includes N,N-dimethylpyrrolidine tetrafluoroborate amine, spiro-(1,1)-dipyrrolidine tetrafluoroborate amine, tetrafluoroborate tetraethylamine, Tetramethylamine tetrafluoroborate, tetrapropylamine tetrafluoroborate, tetrabutylamine tetrafluoroborate, methyltriethylamine tetrafluoroborate, diethyldimethylamine tetrafluoroborate, trimethylethyl Tetrafluoroborate amine, N-ethyl-N-methylpyrrolidine tetrafluoroborate amine, N-propyl-N-methylpyrrolidine tetrafluoroborate amine, NN-tetramethylenepyrrolidine tetrafluoroborate amine, N,N-Dimethylpiperidine tetrafluoroborate
  • the electrolyte salt is selected from N,N-dimethylpyrrolidine tetrafluoroborate amine, tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate, methyltriethylammonium tetrafluoroborate, spiro-(1 ,1')-dipyrrolidine tetrafluoroborate amine one or more.
  • the electrolyte salt is selected from N,N-dimethylpyrrolidine tetrafluoroborate amine, the ionic radius of N,N-dimethylpyrrolidine tetrafluoroborate amine is smaller, and on the counter electrode The micropore utilization rate is higher, which can further improve the electrochemical performance of supercapacitors.
  • the concentration of the electrolyte salt is 0.5-2.0 mol/L.
  • Another embodiment of the present invention provides a supercapacitor comprising a cathode, an anode, a separator, and the supercapacitor electrolyte as described above, the separator being positioned between the cathode and the anode.
  • the supercapacitor adopts the supercapacitor electrolyte as described above, the supercapacitor has high electrical conductivity and a wide operating temperature range, and can take into account the cycle performance under high temperature and low temperature states at the same time.
  • both the cathode and the anode are carbon materials.
  • the carbon material includes micropores and mesopores.
  • the carbon material includes one or more of artificial graphite, natural graphite, activated carbon, and graphene.
  • the membrane is selected from fiber cloth membranes.
  • This embodiment is used to illustrate the capacitor electrolyte, supercapacitor and preparation method thereof disclosed in the present invention, including the following operation steps:
  • the supercapacitor model is assembled in the glove box: the cell consists of two collector electrodes made of aluminum foil, two working electrodes made of activated carbon and a fiber cloth separator inserted in between.
  • the cells were immersed in the electrolytes in the following comparative examples and examples, and an aluminum shell and colloidal particles were used to form and seal to obtain a supercapacitor.
  • Examples 2 to 13 are used to illustrate the supercapacitor electrolyte, supercapacitor and preparation method thereof disclosed in the present invention, including most of the operation steps in Example 1, and the differences are:
  • the main solvent, co-solvent, electrolyte salt and addition amount thereof shown in Examples 2 to 13 in Table 1 were used.
  • the comparative example is used to compare and illustrate the supercapacitor electrolyte disclosed in the present invention, the supercapacitor and the preparation method thereof, including most of the operation steps in Example 1, and the differences are:
  • Conductivity test of supercapacitor electrolyte Conductivity meter was used to test the conductivity of capacitor electrolyte at 25°C and -60°C respectively.
  • Table 1 is filled in with the test results obtained in Examples 1-7 and Comparative Examples 1-2.
  • Comparative Examples 1 to 4 show that when acetonitrile is used as the main solvent and tetrafluoroethyl tetrafluoropropyl ether is used as the cosolvent as the capacitor electrolyte, the concentration of the electrolyte salt is controlled at 0.8 to 1.2 mol/L, and the main solvent is controlled at 0.8 to 1.2 mol/L. The mixed mass ratio of co-solvent and co-solvent is controlled at 1.5 to 4:1. At this time, the supercapacitor has a high capacity retention rate at low temperature and high temperature, and the ESR growth rate at low temperature and high temperature is low. The overall performance of supercapacitors is better.
  • Table 2 is filled in with the test results obtained in Examples 8-13 and Comparative Examples 3-6.
  • Example 10 Comparing the test results of Examples 8 to 13, it can be seen that in Example 10, acetonitrile/valeronitrile mixed solvent is used as the main solvent, and the fluorinated ether shown in structural formula 1 is used as the auxiliary solvent, and the mixing mass ratio of the main solvent and the auxiliary solvent is controlled. At 3:1, the obtained supercapacitor has a better low-temperature capacity retention rate and a low low-temperature ESR growth rate; while using propylene carbonate as the main solvent in Examples 8 and 9, under the premise of improving the low-temperature performance of the supercapacitor , also maintains a low high temperature ESR growth rate, has a good balance, and is suitable for use in environments with large temperature differences. Compared with Comparative Example 6, Examples 10 to 13 using nitrile and carboxylate as the main solvent not only maintain the usability of supercapacitors under ultra-low temperature conditions, but also help to improve the capacity of supercapacitors under high temperature conditions.

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Abstract

为克服现有超级电容器难以在超低温环境下工作的问题，本发明提供了一种超级电容器电解液，包括主溶剂、电解质盐和助溶剂，所述助溶剂选自如结构式1所示的氟代醚：其中，R1和R2中至少一个为氟代烷基。同时，本发明还公开了包括上述超级电容器电解液的超级电容器。本发明提供的超级电容器电解液有效兼顾超级电容器的高温和超低温电化学性能，在较宽温度窗口下均能长时间稳定工作，尤其适用于超低温环境下的使用。

Description

一种超级电容器用电解液及超级电容器 技术领域
本发明属于超级电容器技术领域，具体涉及一种超级电容器用电解液及超级电容器。
背景技术
超级电容器是一种新型的储能器件，介于传统电容器和二次电池之间，兼具传统电容器快速充放电和高能量密度的特性。与传统电池相比，超级电容器具有显著的优点：较高的功率密度(5-30kW/kg，是锂离子电池的10-100倍)，可在短时间内放出几百甚至数千安培的电流；优异的循环稳定性，循环次数可达100万次；快速充电和放电，可以在几秒内完成快速的充电和放电循环；无自放电现象；安全性能好，适用于多种环境，被广泛应用于国防工业、城市轨道交通和公共交通、私家车、可穿戴器件、智能电网、电子器件等多领域。此外，超级电容器具有很宽的工作温度区间，近年来被越来越多的用于极地极寒条件下的能源供给系统，以及航天航空领域的照明、导航等高科技系统领域的能源储存于供应。
超级电容器电解液分为水系电解液和有机系有机电解液两种。有机系电解液一般采用乙腈(AN)或碳酸丙烯酯(PC)作为溶剂，季胺盐作为电解质盐。由于乙腈体系电解液和PC体系电解液在-40℃以下，溶质会逐步析出直至电解液完全冻结，从而显著增大ESR，劣化低温性能，目前商业化的超级电容器电解液在-40℃以下难以正常工作；-50℃超级电容器直接失效。而砜类体系电解液的电导率较低，在-20℃下电解液已出现凝固，严重制约了基于此类电解液的电容器在低温及超低温下的应用。目前商业化的超级电容器的正常工作温度范围是-40℃～70℃。在温度低于-45℃时，电解液凝固，电容器失效。但在很多领域如航天航空、极地、军工等特殊工作领域要求电子储能器件在-60℃以下工作，因此有必要开发新型耐低温超级电容器电解液满足当前市场的需要。
发明内容
针对现有超级电容器难以在超低温环境下工作的问题，本发明提供了一种超级电容器电解液及超级电容器。
本发明解决上述技术问题所采用的技术方案如下：
一方面，本发明提供了一种超级电容器电解液，包括主溶剂、电解质盐和助溶剂，所述助溶剂选自如结构式1所示的氟代醚：
Figure PCTCN2021113015-appb-000001
其中，R 1和R 2中至少一个为氟代烷基。
可选的，R 1和R 2各自独立地选自含1～10个碳原子的有机基团且R 1和R 2中至少一个为氟代烷基。
可选的，R 1和R 2各自独立地选自碳原子数1～4的氟代烷基、碳原子数1～4的链状烃基、碳原子数5～10的环状烃基或碳原子数6～10的芳香基团，且R 1和R 2中至少一个为氟代烷基。
可选的，所述结构式1所示的氟代醚包括四氟乙基四氟丙基醚、四氟乙基甲基醚、六氟丙基三氟乙基醚中的一种或多种。
可选的，以所述电容器电解液的总质量为100％计，所述助溶剂的含量为10％～50％，所述主溶剂和所述助溶剂的质量比为8:1～1:1.5。
可选的，所述主溶剂包括乙腈、己腈、戊腈、丁腈、丙腈、γ-丁内酯、γ-戊内酯、碳酸乙烯酯、碳酸丙烯酯、乙酸乙酯、乙酸丙酯、丙酸丙酯、丁酸丙酯、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺、二甲基乙酰胺、1-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮、二甲氧基乙烷、2-甲氧基乙醚、四氢呋喃、二氧戊环、碳酸二甲酯、碳酸二乙酯、碳酸甲乙酯、环丁砜、二甲基亚砜、二甲基砜、甲基乙基砜、甲基异丙基砜、乙基异丙基砜、乙基异丁基砜、异丙基异丁基砜、异丙基-s-丁基砜、丁基异丁基砜中的一种或多种。
可选的，以所述超级电容器电解液的总质量为100％计，所述主溶剂的含量为30％～80％。
可选的，所述电解质盐包括N,N-二甲基吡咯烷四氟硼酸胺，螺环-(1,1)-二吡咯烷四氟硼酸胺、四氟硼酸四乙基胺、四甲基四氟硼酸胺、四丙基四氟硼酸胺、四丁基四氟硼酸胺、甲基三乙基四氟硼酸胺、二乙基二甲基四氟硼酸胺、三甲基乙基四氟硼酸胺、N-乙基-N-甲基吡咯烷四氟硼酸胺、N-丙基-N-甲基吡咯 烷四氟硼酸胺、N-N-四亚甲基吡咯烷四氟硼酸胺、N,N-二甲基哌啶四氟硼酸胺、N,N-二乙基哌啶四氟硼酸胺、N,N-二甲基吗啉四氟硼酸胺、1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸胺等；高氯酸铵类如四乙基高氯酸铵、四甲基高氯酸铵、四丙基高氯酸铵、四丁基高氯酸铵、甲基三乙基高氯酸铵、N-N-二甲基吡咯烷高氯酸铵、N-乙基-N-甲基吡咯烷高氯酸盐、N-丙基-N-甲基吡咯烷高氯酸铵、N-N-四亚甲基吡咯烷高氯酸盐、1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑高氯酸盐；六氟磷酸铵类如四乙基六氟磷酸铵、四甲基六氟磷酸铵、四丙基六氟磷酸铵、四丁基六氟磷酸铵、甲基三乙基六氟磷酸铵、三乙基甲基六氟磷酸铵或二乙基二甲基六氟磷酸铵中的一种或多种。
可选的，所述超级电容器电解液中，所述电解质盐的浓度为0.5～2.0mol/L。
另一方面，本发明提供了一种超级电容器，包括阴极、阳极、隔膜以及如上所述的电容器电解液，所述隔膜位于所述阴极和所述阳极之间。
可选的，所述阴极和所述阳极均为碳材料。
根据本发明提供的超级电容器电解液，通过引入如结构式1所示的氟代醚作为助溶剂，使超级电容器不仅具有耐压性，保证在正常工作电压下的高温性能，还能够有效降低所述电容器电解液的凝固点，从而抑制电容器电解液在低温下的析晶甚至凝固的发生，同时结构式1所示的氟代醚能够使电容器电解液具有较高的电导率，电子迁移路径通畅，从而电解质盐在超低温条件下双电极上的吸附、脱除不受影响，有效兼顾超级电容器的高温和超低温电化学性能，在2.5V-3.0V工作电压,-60℃-70℃温度范围内下能长时间稳定工作。
具体实施方式
为了使本发明所解决的技术问题、技术方案及有益效果更加清楚明白，以下结合实施例，对本发明进行进一步详细说明。应当理解，此处所描述的具体实施例仅仅用以解释本发明，并不用于限定本发明。
本发明一实施例提供了一种超级电容器电解液，包括主溶剂、电解质盐和助溶剂，所述助溶剂选自如结构式1所示的氟代醚：
Figure PCTCN2021113015-appb-000002
其中，R 1和R 2中至少一个为氟代烷基。
所述超级电容器电解液通过引入如结构式1所示的氟代醚作为助溶剂，使超级电容器不仅具有耐压性，保证在正常工作电压下的高温性能，还能够有效降低所述电容器电解液的凝固点，从而抑制电容器电解液在低温下的析晶甚至凝固的发生，同时结构式1所示的氟代醚能够使电容器电解液具有较高的电导率，电子迁移路径通畅，从而电解质盐在超低温条件下双电极上的吸附、脱除不受影响，有效兼顾超级电容器的高温和超低温电化学性能，在2.5V-3.0V工作电压,-60℃-70℃温度范围内下能长时间稳定工作。
在一些实施例中，R 1和R 2各自独立地选自含1～10个碳原子的有机基团，且R 1和R 2中至少一个为氟代烷基。
在优选的实施例中，R 1和R 2各自独立地选自碳原子数1～4的氟代烷基、碳原子数1～4的链状烃基、碳原子数5～10的环状烃基或碳原子数6～10的芳香基团，且R 1和R 2中至少一个为氟代烷基。
在优选的实施例中，所述氟代烷基包括部分氟代或全氟代的氟代烷基。
作为示例，所述氟代烷基包括一氟甲基、二氟甲基、三氟甲基、1-氟乙基、1,1-二氟乙基、1,1,1-三氟乙基、1,1,2,2-四氟乙基、五氟乙基、1,1,2,2,3,3-六氟丙基、1,1,2,3,3,3-六氟丙基、七氟丙基或2,2,3,4,4,4-六氟丁基中的一种或多种。
在更优选的实施例中，所述结构式1所示的氟代醚包括四氟乙基四氟丙基醚、四氟乙基甲基醚、六氟丙基三氟乙基醚中的一种或多种。
在一些实施例中，以所述超级电容器电解液的总质量为100％计，所述助溶剂的含量为10％～50％，所述主溶剂和所述助溶剂的质量比为8:1～1:1.5。
在优选的实施例中，以所述超级电容器电解液的总质量为100％计，所述助溶剂的含量为20％～40％，所述主溶剂和所述助溶剂的质量比为4:1～1:1。
若所述助溶剂的添加量过低，则难以有效降低超级电容器电解液的凝固点，电容器在低温条件下的性能提升不明显；若所述助溶剂的添加量过高，则易导致超级电容器在低温条件下阻抗的提升。
在一些实施例中，所述主溶剂包括乙腈、己腈、戊腈、丁腈、丙腈、γ-丁内酯、γ-戊内酯、碳酸乙烯酯、碳酸丙烯酯、乙酸乙酯、乙酸丙酯、丙酸丙酯、丁酸丙酯、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺、二甲基乙酰胺、1-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮、二甲氧基乙烷、2-甲氧基乙醚、四氢呋喃、二氧戊环、碳酸二甲酯、碳酸二乙酯、碳酸甲乙酯、环丁砜、二甲基亚砜、二甲基砜、甲基乙基砜、甲基异丙基砜、乙基异丙基砜、乙基异丁基砜、异丙基异丁基砜、异丙基-s-丁基砜、丁基异丁基砜中 的一种或多种。
在一些实施例中，以所述超级电容器电解液的总质量为100％计，所述主溶剂的含量为30％～80％。
在优选实施例中，以所述超级电容器电解液的总质量为100％计，所述主溶剂的含量为40％～60％。
在一些实施例中，所述电解质盐包括N,N-二甲基吡咯烷四氟硼酸胺，螺环-(1,1)-二吡咯烷四氟硼酸胺、四氟硼酸四乙基胺、四甲基四氟硼酸胺、四丙基四氟硼酸胺、四丁基四氟硼酸胺、甲基三乙基四氟硼酸胺、二乙基二甲基四氟硼酸胺、三甲基乙基四氟硼酸胺、N-乙基-N-甲基吡咯烷四氟硼酸胺、N-丙基-N-甲基吡咯烷四氟硼酸胺、N-N-四亚甲基吡咯烷四氟硼酸胺、N,N-二甲基哌啶四氟硼酸胺、N,N-二乙基哌啶四氟硼酸胺、N,N-二甲基吗啉四氟硼酸胺、1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸胺等；高氯酸铵类如四乙基高氯酸铵、四甲基高氯酸铵、四丙基高氯酸铵、四丁基高氯酸铵、甲基三乙基高氯酸铵、N-N-二甲基吡咯烷高氯酸铵、N-乙基-N-甲基吡咯烷高氯酸盐、N-丙基-N-甲基吡咯烷高氯酸铵、N-N-四亚甲基吡咯烷高氯酸盐、1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑高氯酸盐；六氟磷酸铵类如四乙基六氟磷酸铵、四甲基六氟磷酸铵、四丙基六氟磷酸铵、四丁基六氟磷酸铵、甲基三乙基六氟磷酸铵、三乙基甲基六氟磷酸铵或二乙基二甲基六氟磷酸铵中的一种或多种。
在优选的实施例中，所述电解质盐选自N,N-二甲基吡咯烷四氟硼酸胺、四氟硼酸四乙基铵、甲基三乙基四氟硼酸铵、螺环-(1,1’)-二吡咯烷四氟硼酸胺中的一种或多种。
在更优选的实施例中，所述电解质盐选自N,N-二甲基吡咯烷四氟硼酸胺，N,N-二甲基吡咯烷四氟硼酸胺的离子半径较小，对电极上的微孔利用率更高，能够进一步提高超级电容器的电化学性能。
在一些实施例中，所述超级电容器电解液中，所述电解质盐的浓度为0.5～2.0mol/L。
本发明的另一实施例提供了一种超级电容器，包括阴极、阳极、隔膜以及如上所述的超级电容器电解液，所述隔膜位于所述阴极和所述阳极之间。
所述超级电容器由于采用了如上所述超级电容器电解液，具有较高的电导率和较宽的工作温度区间，能够同时兼顾高温和低温状态下的循环性能。
在一些实施例中，所述阴极和所述阳极均为碳材料。
所述碳材料包括微孔和介孔。
在优选的实施例中，所述碳材料包括人工石墨、天然石墨、活性炭、石墨烯中的一种或多种。
在一些实施例中，所述隔膜选自纤维布隔膜。
以下通过实施例对本发明进行进一步的说明。
实施例1
本实施例用于说明本发明公开的电容器电解液、超级电容器及其制备方法，包括以下操作步骤：
在手套箱中，将四氟乙基四氟丙基醚和乙腈混合，二者质量比为1:1，混合均匀后再加入N,N-二甲基吡咯烷四氟硼酸胺，形成电解质盐浓度为0.8mol/L电解液。
在手套箱中组立超级电容器模型：电芯包括铝箔制作的两集电极、由活性炭制作的两工作电极和在其间插入的纤维布隔膜。将电芯浸入以下对比例和实施例中的电解液中，采用铝壳和胶粒组立封口，得到超级电容器。
实施例2～13
实施例2～13用于说明本发明公开的超级电容器电解液、超级电容器及其制备方法，包括实施例1中大部分操作步骤，其不同之处在于：
采用表1中实施例2～13所示的主溶剂、助溶剂、电解质盐及其添加量。
对比例1～6
对比例用于对比说明本发明公开的超级电容器电解液、超级电容器及其制备方法，包括实施例1中大部分操作步骤，其不同之处在于：
采用表1中对比例1～6所示的主溶剂、助溶剂、电解质盐及其添加量。
性能测试
对上述实施例1～13和对比例1～6制备得到的超级电容器电解液以及超级电容器进行如下性能测试：
超级电容器电解液的电导率测试：在25℃和-60℃条件下分别采用电导率仪检测电容器电解液的电导率。
超级电容器的测试：
(1)预循环(10次)：25℃，充电截止电压U、恒定电流10mA/F进行充电；然后按下限电压U/2，恒定电流10mA/F进行放电；
(2)65℃～70℃高温箱中，恒定电流10mA/F充电至上限电压U，恒压(U)一定时间后进行充放电测试，测试条件同预循环；取出超级电容器并冷却至25℃，再进行充放电测试，测试条件同预循环，并计算超级电容器的容量保持率、ESR增长率。
(3)以容量保持率≤80％，和(或)ESR(等效串联电阻)增长率≥100％时，作为超容寿命的判断标准。
(4)高低温箱中，在工作温度范围-60℃～25℃下，每间隔10℃恒温8h后，进行充放电测试，测试条件同预循环，并计算超级电容器的容量和ESR。
实施例1～7和对比例1～2得到的测试结果填入表1。
Figure PCTCN2021113015-appb-000003
“/”代表超出电导率仪检测限，或者电容器已失效。
对比实施例1～7和对比例1～2的测试结果可以看出，相比于仅采用乙腈为主溶剂的电容器电解液，在电容器电解液中加入结构式1所示的助溶剂，能够有效提高电容器电解液在超低温条件下的电导率，保证在超低温条件下也能够正常工作，尤其是在-60℃下仍能够稳定运行，同时能够兼顾高温下的循环性能，而仅采用乙腈为主溶剂的电容器在-45℃时即已失效，无法适应超低温下的工作。
对比实施例1～7的测试结果可以看出，主溶剂和助溶剂的质量比例在8:1～1:1.5范围内时，均对超级电容器的低温性能有所改善。
对比实施例1～4可知，当采用乙腈为主溶剂、四氟乙基四氟丙基醚为助溶剂作为电容器电解液时，将电解质盐的浓度控制在0.8～1.2mol/L，且主溶剂和助溶剂的混合质量比控制在1.5～4:1，此时，超级电容器在低温条件和高温条件下具有较高的容量保持率，在低温条件下和高温条件下的ESR增长率较低，超级电容器的综合性能较优。
实施例8～13和对比例3～6得到的测试结果填入表2。
Figure PCTCN2021113015-appb-000004
“/”代表超出电导率仪检测限，或者电容器已失效。
对比实施例8～13和对比例3～6的测试结果可以看出，相比于仅采用碳酸丙烯酯或乙腈混合溶剂(乙腈/戊腈混合溶剂、乙腈/羧酸酯混合溶剂)为主溶剂的 电容器电解液，在超级电容器电解液中加入结构式1所示的助溶剂，能够有效提高电容器电解液在超低温条件下的电导率，保证在超低温条件下也能够正常工作，尤其是在-60℃下仍能够稳定运行，说明对于不同的主溶剂体系(碳酸丙烯酯体系、乙腈/戊腈混合体系、乙腈/羧酸酯混合体系)，本发明提供的结构式1所示的氟代醚均有较好的提高超级电容器低温性能的作用。
对比实施例8～13的测试结果可知，实施例10中采用乙腈/戊腈混合溶剂作为主溶剂，采用结构式1所示的氟化醚作为助溶剂，且主溶剂和助溶剂的混合质量比控制在3:1时，得到的超级电容器具有较好的低温容量保持率，同时低温ESR增长率较低；而采用碳酸丙烯酯作为主溶剂的实施例8和9在提高超级电容器低温性能的前提下，也保持了较低的高温ESR增长率，具有较好的平衡性，适用于温差变化大的使用环境。采用已腈和羧酸酯作为主溶剂的实施例10～13相对于对比例6，不仅在超低温条件下保持了超级电容的可用性，同时也有利于超级电容在高温条件下容量的提升。
以上所述仅为本发明的较佳实施例而已，并不用以限制本发明，凡在本发明的精神和原则之内所作的任何修改、等同替换和改进等，均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。

Claims (10)

  1. 一种超级电容器电解液，其特征在于，包括主溶剂、电解质盐和助溶剂，所述助溶剂选自如结构式1所示的氟代醚：
    Figure PCTCN2021113015-appb-100001
    其中，R 1和R 2中至少一个为氟代烷基。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的超级电容器电解液，其特征在于，R 1和R 2各自独立地选自含1～10个碳原子的有机基团，且R 1和R 2中至少一个为氟代烷基。
  3. 根据权利要求2所述的超级电容器电解液，其特征在于，R 1和R 2各自独立地选自碳原子数1～4的氟代烷基、碳原子数1～4的链状烃基、碳原子数5～10的环状烃基或碳原子数6～10的芳香基团，且R 1和R 2中至少一个为氟代烷基。
  4. 根据权利要求1所述的超级电容器电解液，其特征在于，所述结构式1所示的氟代醚包括四氟乙基四氟丙基醚、四氟乙基甲基醚、六氟丙基三氟乙基醚中的一种或多种。
  5. 根据权利要求1所述的超级电容器电解液，其特征在于，以所述超级电容器电解液的总质量为100％计，所述助溶剂的含量为10％～50％，所述主溶剂和所述助溶剂的质量比为8:1～1:1.5。
  6. 根据权利要求1所述的超级电容器电解液，其特征在于，所述主溶剂包括乙腈、己腈、戊腈、丁腈、丙腈、γ-丁内酯、γ-戊内酯、碳酸乙烯酯、碳酸丙烯酯、乙酸乙酯、乙酸丙酯、丙酸丙酯、丁酸丙酯、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺、二甲基乙酰胺、1-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮、二甲氧基乙烷、2-甲氧基乙醚、四氢呋喃、二氧戊环、碳酸二甲酯、碳酸二乙酯、碳酸甲乙酯、环丁砜、二甲基亚砜、二甲基砜、甲基乙基砜、甲基异丙基砜、乙基异丙基砜、乙基异丁基砜、异丙基异丁基砜、异丙基-s-丁基砜、丁基异丁基砜中的一种或多种。
  7. 根据权利要求1所述的超级电容器电解液，其特征在于，以所述超级电容器电解液的总质量为100％计，所述主溶剂的含量为30％～80％。
  8. 根据权利要求1所述的超级电容器电解液，其特征在于，所述电解质盐包括N,N-二甲基吡咯烷四氟硼酸胺，螺环-(1,1)-二吡咯烷四氟硼酸胺、四氟硼酸四乙基胺、四甲基四氟硼酸胺、四丙基四氟硼酸胺、四丁基四氟硼酸胺、甲基三乙基四氟硼酸胺、二乙基二甲基四氟硼酸胺、三甲基乙基四氟硼酸胺、N-乙基-N-甲基吡咯烷四氟硼酸胺、N-丙基-N-甲基吡咯烷四氟硼酸胺、N-N-四亚甲基吡咯烷四氟硼酸胺、N,N-二甲基哌啶四氟硼酸胺、N,N-二乙基哌啶四氟硼酸胺、N,N-二甲基吗啉四氟硼酸胺、1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸胺等；高氯酸铵类如四乙基高氯酸铵、四甲基高氯酸铵、四丙基高氯酸铵、四丁基高氯酸铵、甲基三乙基高氯酸铵、N-N-二甲基吡咯烷高氯酸铵、N-乙基-N-甲基吡咯烷高氯酸盐、N-丙基-N-甲基吡咯烷高氯酸铵、N-N-四亚甲基吡咯烷高氯酸盐、1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑高氯酸盐；六氟磷酸铵类如四乙基六氟磷酸铵、四甲基六氟磷酸铵、四丙基六氟磷酸铵、四丁基六氟磷酸铵、甲基三乙基六氟磷酸铵、三乙基甲基六氟磷酸铵或二乙基二甲基六氟磷酸铵中的一种或多种。
  9. 根据权利要求1所述的超级电容器电解液，其特征在于，所述超级电容器电解液中，所述电解质盐的浓度为0.5～2.0mol/L。
  10. 一种超级电容器，其特征在于，包括阴极、阳极、隔膜以及如权利要求1～9任意一项所述的超级电容器电解液，所述隔膜位于所述阴极和所述阳极之间。
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