Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C255/00—Carboxylic acid nitriles
  • C07C255/01—Carboxylic acid nitriles having cyano groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms
  • C07C255/32—Carboxylic acid nitriles having cyano groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms having cyano groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of a carbon skeleton containing at least one six-membered aromatic ring
  • C07C255/37—Carboxylic acid nitriles having cyano groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms having cyano groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of a carbon skeleton containing at least one six-membered aromatic ring the carbon skeleton being further substituted by etherified hydroxy groups
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C255/00—Carboxylic acid nitriles
  • C07C255/01—Carboxylic acid nitriles having cyano groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms
  • C07C255/32—Carboxylic acid nitriles having cyano groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms having cyano groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of a carbon skeleton containing at least one six-membered aromatic ring
  • C07C255/35—Carboxylic acid nitriles having cyano groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms having cyano groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of a carbon skeleton containing at least one six-membered aromatic ring the carbon skeleton being further substituted by halogen atoms, or by nitro or nitroso groups
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C255/00—Carboxylic acid nitriles
  • C07C255/49—Carboxylic acid nitriles having cyano groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings of a carbon skeleton
  • C07C255/50—Carboxylic acid nitriles having cyano groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings of a carbon skeleton to carbon atoms of non-condensed six-membered aromatic rings
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C255/00—Carboxylic acid nitriles
  • C07C255/49—Carboxylic acid nitriles having cyano groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings of a carbon skeleton
  • C07C255/50—Carboxylic acid nitriles having cyano groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings of a carbon skeleton to carbon atoms of non-condensed six-membered aromatic rings
  • C07C255/51—Carboxylic acid nitriles having cyano groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings of a carbon skeleton to carbon atoms of non-condensed six-membered aromatic rings containing at least two cyano groups bound to the carbon skeleton
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C255/00—Carboxylic acid nitriles
  • C07C255/49—Carboxylic acid nitriles having cyano groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings of a carbon skeleton
  • C07C255/55—Carboxylic acid nitriles having cyano groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings of a carbon skeleton containing cyano groups and esterified hydroxy groups bound to the carbon skeleton
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D213/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D213/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D213/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
  • C07D213/24—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D213/54—Radicals substituted by carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals
  • C07D213/57—Nitriles
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
  • H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
  • H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
  • H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
  • H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
  • H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
  • H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
  • H01M10/0567—Liquid materials characterised by the additives
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
  • H01M10/4235—Safety or regulating additives or arrangements in electrodes, separators or electrolyte
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
  • H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
  • H01M2300/0025—Organic electrolyte
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M4/00—Electrodes
  • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
  • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
  • H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
  • H01M4/50—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
  • H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M4/00—Electrodes
  • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
  • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
  • H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
  • H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
  • H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M4/00—Electrodes
  • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
  • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
  • H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
  • H01M4/5825—Oxygenated metallic salts or polyanionic structures, e.g. borates, phosphates, silicates, olivines
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
  • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries

Definitions

• the present invention relates generally to additives for Li-ion batteries. More specifically, the present invention relates to nitrile-based additives for use in association with the electrolyte in Li-ion batteries.
• Li-ion batteries are widely used as energy source, and the demand is increasing.
• such battery comprises a negative electrode or anode, a positive electrode or cathode, and an electrolyte provided between the two spaced-apart electrodes.
• the electrolyte may comprise organic molecules or polymers and generally also comprises a lithium salt such as LiPF 6 , LiTFSI or LiFSI.
• the electrolyte may comprise linear carbonates such as dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), ethylmethyl carbonate (EMC) or cyclic carbonates such as ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC) and butylene carbonate (BC).
• the inventors have designed and prepared an additive for use in association with the electrolyte in a Li-ion battery.
• the additive of the invention is an organic compound as described herein below and which comprises at least one nitrile group.
• the organic compound is compatible with the electrolyte as well as other components of the battery.
• a method of improving the performance and safety of a Li-ion battery comprising using a nitrile-based organic compound in association with the electrolyte of the battery, wherein the compound has a general formula I outlined below wherein:
• Q is a 5 to 12-member ring or bicycle ring, optionally the ring comprises one or more heteroatom which are the same or different and selected from the group consisting of N, O and S; preferably Q is a 5-10-, or a 5-, or a 6-member ring or bicycle ring;
• L is present or absent and is a linker comprising one or more of alkyl, alkene and alkyne groups;
• n in an integer from 1 to 10, or 1 to 6, or 1 to 5, or 1 to 4, or 1 to 3.
• X is C or N
• L is present or absent and is a linker comprising one or more of alkyl, alkene and alkyne groups;
• Ri each independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkene, alkyne, aryl and alkylaryl, alkoxy, thioalkoxy, OH, SH, NH2, a halogen atom, a halogeno alkyl, a halogeno alkoxy, a halogeno thioalkoxy, a cyano alkyl, a cyano alkene, a cyano alkyne, CN, NO2, SO2, COOH and acyloxycarbonyl; preferably selected from the group consisting of H, alkyloxy, halogen, halogeno alkyl, nitro, and cyano; more preferably selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, nitro and cyano;
• n is an integer from 1 to 5, or 1 to 4, or 1 to 3;
• m’ is an integer from 0 to 5, or 0 to 4, or 0 to 3, or 1 to 5, or 1 to 4, or 1 to 3.
• X is C or N
• Ri are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkene, alkyne, aryl and alkylaryl, alkoxy, thioalkoxy, OH, SH, NH2, a halogen atom, a halogeno alkyl, a halogeno alkoxy, a halogeno thioalkoxy, a cyano alkyl, a cyano alkene, a cyano alkyne, CN, NO2, SO2, COOH and acyloxycarbonyl; preferably Ri are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyloxy, halogen, halogeno alkyl, nitro, and cyano; more preferably selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, nitro and cyano; and
• m’ is an integer from 0 to 5, or 0 to 4, or 0 to 3, or 1 to 5, or 1 to 4, or 1 to 3.
• a method of improving the performance and safety of a Li-ion battery comprising using a nitrile-based organic compound in association with the electrolyte of the battery, wherein the compound has a general formula IV outlined below wherein:
• X is C or N
• Ri are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkene, alkyne, aryl and alkylaryl, alkoxy, thioalkoxy, OH, SH, NH2, a halogen atom, a halogeno alkyl, a halogeno alkoxy, a halogeno thioalkoxy, a cyano alkyl, a cyano alkene, a cyano alkyne, CN, NO2, SO2, COOH and acyloxycarbonyl; preferably selected from the group consisting of H, alkyloxy, halogen, halogeno alkyl, nitro and cyano; more preferably selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, nitro and cyano; and
• m’ is an integer from 0 to 5, or 0 to 4, or 0 to 3, or 1 to 5, or 1 to 4, or 1 to 3.
• a method of improving the performance and safety of a Li-ion battery comprising using a nitrile-based organic compound in association with the electrolyte of the battery, wherein the compound has a general formula A outlined below
• R1 to R5 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkene, alkyne, aryl and alkylaryl, alkoxy, thioalkoxy, OH, SH, NH2, a halogen atom, a halogeno alkyl, a halogeno alkoxy, a halogeno thioalkoxy, a cyano alkyl, a cyano alkene, a cyano alkyne, CN, NO 2 , SO 2 , COOH and acyloxycarbonyl; preferably R 1 to R 5 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyloxy, halogen, halogeno alkyl, nitro and cyano; more preferably selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, nitro and cyano.
• a method of improving the performance and safety of a Li-ion battery comprising using a nitrile-based organic compound in association with the electrolyte of the battery, wherein the compound has a general formula B outlined below
• X is C and R 3 is H; or X is N;
• R 1 to R 5 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkene, alkyne, aryl and alkylaryl, alkoxy, thioalkoxy, OH, SH, NH 2 , a halogen atom, a halogeno alkyl, a halogeno alkoxy, a halogeno thioalkoxy, a cyano alkyl, a cyano alkene, a cyano alkyne, CN, NO 2 , SO 2 , COOH and acyloxycarbonyl; preferably R 1 to R 5 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyloxy, halogen, halogeno alkyl, nitro and cyano; more preferably selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, nitro and cyano.
• a method of improving the performance and safety of a Li-ion battery comprising using a nitrile-based organic compound in association with the electrolyte of the battery, wherein the compound is A1 , A2, A3 or A4 outlined below
• a method of improving the performance and safety of a Li-ion battery comprising using a nitrile-based organic compound in association with the electrolyte of the battery, wherein the compound is B1 , B2, B3, B4, B5, B6, B7 or B8 outlined below
• L is present or absent and is a linker comprising one of more of alkyl, alkene and alkyne groups;
• Ri to R 3 are each independently alkyl groups; preferably C1 to C6 or C1 to C3 alkyl groups; more preferably at least one of R 1 to R 3 is CH 3 , or each of R 1 to R 3 is CH 3 .
• n is an integer from 0 to 6, or 0 to 5, or 0 to 4, or 0 to 3, or 0 to 2; preferably n is an integer from 0 to 3; more preferably n is 0 or 1 ; and
• R 1 to R 3 are each independently alkyl groups; preferably C1 to C6 or C1 to C3 alkyl groups; more preferably at least one of R 1 to R 3 is CH 3 , or each of R 1 to R 3 is CH 3 .
• a method of improving the performance and safety of a Li-ion battery comprising using a nitrile-based organic compound in association with the electrolyte of the battery, wherein the compound has a general formula C outlined below wherein n is an integer from 0 to 6, or 0 to 5, or 0 to 4, or 0 to 3, or 0 to 2; preferably n is an integer from 0 to 3; more preferably n is 0 or 1.
• a method of improving the performance and safety of a Li-ion battery comprising using a nitrile-based organic compound in association with the electrolyte of the battery, wherein the compound is C1 or C2 outlined below
• Ri is CN or CH3;
• Li and L 2 are each independently present or absent and are each independently a linker comprising alkyl, alkene and/or alkyne groups;
• Y is Na, K or Li; preferably Y is Na.
• Li and L 2 are each independently present or absent and are each independently a linker comprising one or more of alkyl, alkene and alkyne groups;
• Y is Na, K or Li; preferably Y is Na.
• a method of improving the performance and safety of a Li-ion battery comprising using a nitrile-based organic compound in association with the electrolyte of the battery, wherein the compound has a general formula XI outlined below
• n1 and n2 are each independently an integer from 0 to 10, or 0 to 6, or O to 3; preferably at least one of n1 and n2 is 0, or both n1 and n2 are 0; and
• Y is Na, K or Li; preferably Y is Na.
• a method of improving the performance and safety of a Li-ion battery comprising using a nitrile-based organic compound in association with the electrolyte of the battery, wherein the compound has a general formula D outlined below
• Y is Na, K or Li; preferably Y is Na.
• a method of improving the performance and safety of a Li-ion battery comprising using a nitrile-based organic compound in association with the electrolyte of the battery, wherein the compound has a general formula D1 outlined below
• Ri and R 2 are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkene, alkyne, aryl and alkylaryl, alkoxy, thioalkoxy, OH, SH, NH 2 , a halogen atom, a halogeno alkyl, a halogeno alkoxy, a halogeno thioalkoxy, a cyano alkyl, a cyano alkene, a cyano alkyne, CN, N0 2 , S0 2 , COOH and acyloxycarbonyl; preferably selected from the group consisting of H, alkyloxy, halogen, halogeno alkyl, nitro and cyano; more preferably selected from the group consisting of H, halogen, nitro and cyano.
• X is a halogen atom; preferably X is F.
• (21) A method of improving the performance and safety of a Li-ion battery, comprising using a nitrile-based organic compound in association with the electrolyte of the battery, wherein the compound as defined in any one of (18) to (20) above.
• a battery comprising the electrolyte as defined in (23) or (24) above.
• An additive for an electrolyte for use in a Li-ion battery comprising a compound which is selected from the group consisting of: I, II, III, IV, A, B, A1 , A2, A3, A4, B1 , B2, B3, B4, B5, B6, B7, B8, V, VI, C, C1 , C2, IX, X, XI, D, and D1 as defined in any one of the methods of (1) to (17) above.
• An additive for an electrolyte for use in a Li-ion battery comprising a compound as defined in any one of (18) to (20) above.
• Li-ion battery is a battery wherein the cathode comprises a lithium-containing material
• Li-ion battery is a battery wherein the cathode comprises lithium cobalt oxide (LCO), lithium manganese oxide (LMO), lithium nickel oxide (LNO) and the like including olivines, lithium oxides, nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC).
• LCO lithium cobalt oxide
• LMO lithium manganese oxide
• LNO lithium nickel oxide
• NMC nickel manganese cobalt oxide
• Figure 1 Cycling data of LMFP-LTO battery (PC/EMC/DMC (4/3/3) + 1 M LiPF 6 + 0.1 wt% additive according to the invention (a compounds of Serie A)) versus Reference after 300 cycles at 45°C.
• Figure 2 Static capacity (0.05C) of LMFP-LTO battery (PC/EMC/DMC (4/3/3) + 1 M LiPF 6 + 0.1wt% additive according to the invention (a compound of Serie A)) versus Reference at 45°C.
• Figure 3 Nyquist plots of LMFP-LTO battery (PC/EMC/DMC (4/3/3) + 1 M LiPF 6 + 0.1 wt% additive according to the invention (a compound of Serie A)) versus Reference, at 0 and 100 cycles.
• Figure 4 Cycling data of LMFP-LTO battery (PC/EMC/DMC (4/3/3) + 1 M LiPF 6 + 0.5wt% additive according to the invention (a compounds of Serie B)) versus Reference after 300 cycles at 45°C.
• Figure 5 Static capacity (0.05C) of LMFP-LTO battery (PC/EMC/DMC (4/3/3) + 1 M LiPF 6 + 0.5wt% additive according to the invention (a compound of Serie B)) versus Reference at 45°C.
• Figure 6 Nyquist plots of LMFP-LTO battery (PC/EMC/DMC (4/3/3) + 1 M LiPF 6 + 0.5wt% additive according to the invention (a compound of Serie B)) versus Reference, at 0 and 200 cycles.
• Figure 7 Cycling data of LMFP-LTO battery (PC/EMC/DMC (4/3/3) + 1 M LiPF 6 + 0.5wt% additive according to the invention (a compounds of Serie C)) versus Reference after 300 cycles at 45°C.
• Figure 8 Static capacity (0.05C) of LMFP-LTO battery (PC/EMC/DMC (4/3/3) + 1 M LiPF 6 + 0.5wt% additive according to the invention (a compound of Serie C)) versus Reference at 45°C.
• Figure 9 Nyquist plots of LMFP-LTO battery (PC/EMC/DMC (4/3/3) + 1 M LiPF 6 + 0.5wt% additive according to the invention (a compound of Serie C)) versus Reference, at 0 and 100 cycles.
• Figure 10 Cycling data of LMFP-LTO battery (PC/EMC/DMC (4/3/3) + 1 M LiPF 6 + 0.5wt% additive according to the invention (a compounds of Serie D)) versus Reference after 100 cycles at 45°C.
• Figure 11 Static capacity (0.05C) of LMFP-LTO battery (PC/EMC/DMC (4/3/3) + 1 M LiPF 6 + 0.5wt% additive according to the invention (a compound of Serie D)) versus Reference at 45°C.
• the words“comprising” (and any form of comprising, such as“comprise” and“comprises”),“having” (and any form of having, such as “have” and“has”),“including” (and any form of including, such as“include” and“includes”) or “containing” (and any form of containing, such as“contain” and“contains”), are inclusive or open-ended and do not exclude additional, unrecited elements or process steps.
• Term“alkyl” or“alk” as used herein represents a monovalent group derived from a straight or branched chain saturated hydrocarbon comprising, unless otherwise specified, from 1 to 15 carbon atoms and is exemplified by methyl, ethyl, n- and /so-propyl, n-, sec-, iso- and tert- butyl, neopentyl and the like and may be optionally substituted with one, two, three or, in the case of alkyl groups comprising two carbons or more, four substituents.
• alkoxy or“alkyloxy” as used interchangeably herein, represents an alkyl group attached to the parent molecular group through an oxygen atom.
• alkylthio or“thioalkoxy” as used interchangeably herein, represents an alkyl group attached to the parent molecular group through a sulfur atom.
• alkylene represents a saturated divalent hydrocarbon group derived from a straight or branched chain saturated hydrocarbon by the removal of two hydrogen atoms, and is exemplified by methylene, ethylene, isopropylene and the like.
• alkenyl represents monovalent straight or branched chain groups of, unless otherwise specified, from 2 to 15 carbons, such as, for example, 2 to 6 carbon atoms or 2 to 4 carbon atoms, containing one or more carbon-carbon double bonds and is exemplified by ethenyl, 1-propenyl, 2-propenyl, 2-methyl-1-propenyl, 1-butenyl, 2- butenyl and the like and may be optionally substituted with one, two, three or four substituents.
• alkynyl represents monovalent straight or branched chain groups of from two to six carbon atoms comprising a carbon-carbon triple bond and is exemplified by ethynyl, 1-propynyl, and the like and may be optionally substituted with one, two, three or four substituents.
• cycloalkyl represents a monovalent saturated or unsaturated non-aromatic cyclic hydrocarbon group of three to eight carbon atoms, unless otherwise specified, and is exemplified by cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, bicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl and the like.
• halogen or“halo” as used interchangeably herein, represents F, Cl, Br and [0034]
• heteroatom as used herein, is understood as being oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen.
• the inventors have designed and prepared an additive for use in association with the electrolyte in a Li-ion battery.
• the additive of the invention is an organic compound as described herein below and which comprises at least one nitrile group. Also, the organic compound is compatible with the electrolyte as well as other components of the battery.
• the additive of the invention for use in association with the electrolyte is a nitrile-based organic compound as described herein and having general formulae l-XI, A, B, C and D depicted below.
• Such organic compounds are exemplified by compounds defined in Table 1 below, namely, Compounds A1-A4, B1-B8, C1-C2 and D1.
• Nitrile-based organic compounds for use as additive in association with Li-ion electrolytes
• Example 1 General procedure for the preparation of the compounds. To a solution of aldehyde (1 eq.) in 15 mL of chloroform are added, molonodinitrile (1.5 eq.) and few drops of triethylamine. The mixture is refluxed one night under nitrogen. After return to room temperature, dichloromethane is added, and the solution is washed twice with water and dried over MgS0 4 . After solvent removal, the residue is chromatographed (silica gel / dichloromethane) to give a solid. [0041] Example 2 - Compound B1
• Figures 1 -3 outline results obtained using compounds of the Serie A; Figures 4-6 outline results obtained using compounds of the Serie B; Figures 7-9 outline results obtained using compounds of the Serie C; and Figures 10-11 outline results obtained using compounds of the Serie D.
• Reference batteries as well as batteries according to the invention do not contain vinylene carbonate (VC), which explains the poor stability after 300 cycles. Nonetheless as can be seen, batteries comprising the additive according to the invention present a far better stability.
• VC vinylene carbonate
• Figure 7 shows results obtained for compounds C1 and C2. Use of 0.5wt% of the additive yields a good stability after 300 cycles at 45°C. As can be seen in Figure 8, better results are obtained for compound C1 (shorter carbon chain).
• Figure 10 shows results obtained for compound D1. As can be seen in Figure 11 , use of 0.5wt% of compound D1 allows for improvement of the battery capacity as well as a better reversibility.
• the additive for use in association with the electrolyte are adapted to be compatible with the components of the battery including the electrolyte and the cathode active material.
• the invention is described in relation to lithium manganese iron phosphate (LMFP) - lithium titanium oxide (LTO) batteries.
• LMFP lithium manganese iron phosphate
• LTO lithium titanium oxide
• other lithium- ion batterie types may also be used.
• any battery wherein the cathode active material comprises a lithium-containing material may be used.
• Such lithium-containing material may be lithium cobalt oxide (LCO), lithium manganese oxide (LMO), lithium nickel oxide (LNO) and the like including olivines, lithium oxides, nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC).
• the anode material may be of any suitable type, such as for example lithium alloys, Si, SiOx, graphite and carbon mixtures, titanates, lithium titanates.

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