WO2019064645A1 - 半二次電池および二次電池 - Google Patents
半二次電池および二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2019064645A1 WO2019064645A1 PCT/JP2018/011208 JP2018011208W WO2019064645A1 WO 2019064645 A1 WO2019064645 A1 WO 2019064645A1 JP 2018011208 W JP2018011208 W JP 2018011208W WO 2019064645 A1 WO2019064645 A1 WO 2019064645A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0565—Polymeric materials, e.g. gel-type or solid-type
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/058—Construction or manufacture
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
- H01M10/4235—Safety or regulating additives or arrangements in electrodes, separators or electrolyte
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/64—Carriers or collectors
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
- H01M10/0568—Liquid materials characterised by the solutes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
- H01M2300/0085—Immobilising or gelification of electrolyte
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a semi-secondary battery and a secondary battery.
- patent document 1 is a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery in which a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a separator are stacked and spirally wound to form a flat cross-sectional wound electrode body and a non-aqueous electrolyte in an outer package,
- the positive electrode has a metal current collector and a positive electrode mixture layer on both sides of the current collector, and the current collector of the positive electrode has a tensile strength of 3.6 N / mm or more,
- Patent Document 1 the relationship between the tensile strength of the current collector and the melting point of the resin contained in the separator when using a nail whose tip angle is a predetermined angle is not taken into consideration.
- the nail penetration test of the secondary battery generates white smoke, which may impair the safety of the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery.
- An object of the present invention is to improve the safety of a secondary battery.
- the tensile strength of the electrode current collector is 16 N or less when using a nail having an electrode current collector and an electrode mixture layer, and an insulating layer formed on the electrode and having a tip angle of 30 °.
- the insulating layer has a low melting point material, and the melting point of the low melting point material is equal to or lower than the valence reduction temperature of the positive electrode active material.
- a lithium ion secondary battery is an electrochemical device capable of storing or utilizing electrical energy by insertion and extraction of lithium ions to an electrode in an electrolyte. This is called by another name of a lithium ion battery, a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery, and a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery, and any battery is an object of the present invention.
- the technical concept of the present invention is also applicable to sodium ion secondary batteries, magnesium ion secondary batteries, calcium ion secondary batteries, zinc secondary batteries, aluminum ion secondary batteries and the like.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a secondary battery according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 1 shows a stacked-type secondary battery, and the secondary battery 1000 includes a positive electrode 100, a negative electrode 200, an outer package 500, and a semisolid electrolyte layer 300 (insulating layer).
- the exterior body 500 accommodates the semi-solid electrolyte layer 300, the positive electrode 100, and the negative electrode 200.
- the material of the exterior body 500 can be selected from materials having corrosion resistance to the non-aqueous electrolyte, such as aluminum, stainless steel, nickel plated steel, and the like.
- the present invention is also applicable to a wound secondary battery.
- an electrode assembly 400 including the positive electrode 100, the semi-solid electrolyte layer 300, and the negative electrode 200 is stacked.
- the positive electrode 100 or the negative electrode 200 may be referred to as an electrode or an electrode for a secondary battery.
- the positive electrode 100, the negative electrode 200, or the semisolid electrolyte layer 300 may be referred to as a secondary battery sheet. What the semi-solid electrolyte layer 300 and the positive electrode 100 or the negative electrode 200 have an integral structure may be called a semi-secondary battery.
- the positive electrode 100 has a positive electrode current collector 120 and a positive electrode mixture layer 110.
- the positive electrode mixture layer 110 is formed on both sides of the positive electrode current collector 120.
- the negative electrode 200 includes a negative electrode current collector 220 and a negative electrode mixture layer 210.
- a negative electrode mixture layer 210 is formed on both sides of the negative electrode current collector 220.
- the positive electrode mixture layer 110 or the negative electrode mixture layer 210 may be referred to as an electrode mixture layer, and the positive electrode current collector 120 or the negative electrode current collector 220 may be referred to as an electrode current collector.
- the positive electrode current collector 120 has a positive electrode tab portion 130.
- the negative electrode current collector 220 has a negative electrode tab portion 230.
- the positive electrode tab portion 130 or the negative electrode tab portion 230 may be referred to as an electrode tab portion.
- An electrode mixture layer is not formed on the electrode tab portion. However, the electrode mixture layer may be formed on the electrode tab portion as long as the performance of the secondary battery 1000 is not adversely affected.
- the positive electrode tab portion 130 and the negative electrode tab portion 230 protrude to the outside of the exterior body 500, and a plurality of protruding positive electrode tab portions 130 and a plurality of negative electrode tab portions 230 are joined by ultrasonic bonding, for example. Then, parallel connection is formed in the secondary battery 1000.
- the present invention can also be applied to a bipolar secondary battery in which electrical series connection is configured in the secondary battery 1000.
- the positive electrode mixture layer 110 includes a positive electrode active material, a positive electrode conductive agent, and a positive electrode binder.
- the negative electrode mixture layer 210 includes a negative electrode active material, a negative electrode conductive agent, and a negative electrode binder.
- the semisolid electrolyte layer 300 has a semisolid electrolyte binder and a semisolid electrolyte.
- a semi-solid electrolyte comprises carrier particles and a semi-solid electrolyte.
- the positive electrode active material or the negative electrode active material may be referred to as an electrode active material
- the positive electrode conductive agent or the negative electrode conductive agent may be referred to as an electrode conductive agent
- the positive electrode binder or the negative electrode binder may be referred to as an electrode binder.
- the pores of the electrode mixture layer may be filled with a semi-solid electrolyte.
- a semi-solid electrolyte is injected into the secondary battery 1000 from one open side of the outer package 500 or a liquid injection hole, and the pores of the electrode mixture layer are filled with the semi-solid electrolyte.
- the support particles contained in the semi-solid electrolyte are not required, and particles such as the electrode active material and the electrode conductive agent in the electrode mixture layer function as the support particles, and the particles retain the semi-solid electrolyte Do.
- a slurry is prepared by mixing a semi-solid electrolyte, an electrode active material, an electrode conductive agent, and an electrode binder, and the prepared slurry is used as an electrode current collector. There is a method of applying together on top.
- a semisolid electrolyte may be contained in any one or two or more of the positive electrode 100, the negative electrode 200, or the semisolid electrolyte layer 300.
- the electrode conductive agent improves the conductivity of the electrode mixture layer.
- the electrode conductive agent ketjen black, acetylene black, graphite and the like are suitably used, but it is not limited thereto.
- the electrode binder binds an electrode active material, an electrode conductive agent, and the like in the electrode.
- an electrode binder styrene-butadiene rubber, carboxymethyl cellulose, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), P (VDF-HFP) which is a copolymer of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and hexafluoropropylene (HFP), and these And mixtures thereof, but not limited thereto.
- the thickness of the electrode current collector is preferably 15 ⁇ m or less.
- the thickness of the electrode current collector is greater than 15 ⁇ m, the volumetric energy density of the secondary battery 1000 may be reduced.
- the tensile strength of the electrode current collector may be increased, which may make it difficult to suppress a short circuit when the secondary battery 1000 is nailed.
- the tensile strength of the electrode current collector when using a nail having a tip angle of 30 ° is desirably 16 N or less, preferably 14 N or less.
- the tensile strength of the electrode current collector is greater than 16 N, the tensile strength of the electrode current collector is increased, and burrs are generated in the electrode current collector at the time of nailing to the secondary battery 1000, and short circuit with the electrode causes white smoke May occur or ignite.
- the tensile strength of the electrode current collector is measured by the strength when the electrode current collector is broken by piercing the electrode current collector at a speed of 40 mm / sec.
- a nail may be used as the piercing jig, and the tip angle of the nail may be 30 ° and the diameter of the nail may be 3 mm.
- the desired electrode current collector thickness varies depending on the Young's modulus of the electrode current collector. For example, in the case of aluminum having a Young's modulus of 70 GPa, when the thickness of the electrode current collector is 15 ⁇ m, the cross-sectional area of the portion pierced by a nail having a tip angle of 30 ° is 196 ⁇ m 2 and the tensile strength is 13.7 N. On the other hand, when the thickness of the electrode current collector is 17 ⁇ m, the cross-sectional area of the portion pierced with a nail having a tip angle of 30 ° is 251 ⁇ m 2 and the tensile strength is 17.6 N.
- the thickness of the electrode current collector is preferably 15 ⁇ m or less.
- the tensile strength is 39 N.
- the thickness of the electrode current collector is 9 ⁇ m, the cross-sectional area of the portion pierced with a nail having a tip angle of 30 ° is 70 ⁇ m 2 and the tensile strength is 14.1 N. Therefore, when using SUS foil with a Young's modulus of 200 GPa, the thickness of the electrode current collector is preferably 9 ⁇ m or less.
- ⁇ Positive electrode active material> In the positive electrode active material exhibiting a noble potential, lithium ions are desorbed in the charging process, and lithium ions desorbed from the negative electrode active material in the negative electrode mixture layer are inserted in the discharging process.
- a lithium composite oxide containing a transition metal is desirable as a material of the positive electrode active material, and specific examples thereof include LiMO 2 , Li excess composition Li [LiM] O 2 , LiM 2 O 4 , LiMPO 4 , LiMVO x , LiMBO 3 And Li 2 MSiO 4 (wherein, at least one or more of M Co Co, Ni, Mn, Fe, Cr, Zn, Ta, Al, Mg, Cu, Cd, Mo, Nb, W, Ru, etc.) can be mentioned. .
- a part of oxygen in these materials may be substituted with another element such as fluorine.
- chalcogenides such as sulfur, TiS 2 , MoS 2 , Mo 6 S 8 , and TiSe 2
- vanadium oxides such as V 2 O 5
- halides such as FeF 3, and Fe (MoO 4 ) 3 constituting a polyanion such as Fe 2 (SO 4) 3, Li 3 Fe 2 (PO 4) 3, but such quinone organic crystals, but is not limited thereto.
- the amounts of lithium and anion in the chemical composition may be deviated from the above-mentioned stoichiometric composition.
- ⁇ Positive Electrode Current Collector 120 As the positive electrode current collector 120, an aluminum foil, a perforated aluminum foil, an expanded metal, a foam metal plate or the like is used, and in addition to aluminum, stainless steel, titanium or the like can be applied. Any positive electrode current collector 120 can be used without limitation to the material, shape, manufacturing method, and the like.
- ⁇ Anode active material> lithium ions are desorbed in the discharge process, and lithium ions desorbed from the positive electrode active material in the positive electrode mixture layer 110 are inserted in the charge process.
- a material of the negative electrode active material exhibiting a slight potential for example, carbon-based materials (eg, graphite, graphitizable carbon materials, amorphous carbon materials, organic crystals, activated carbon, etc.), conductive polymer materials (eg, polyacene) , Polyparaphenylene, polyaniline, polyacetylene, lithium complex oxide (eg, lithium titanate: Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 , Li 2 TiO 4, etc.), metallic lithium, metal alloyed with lithium (eg, aluminum, silicon) And tin and the like) or oxides thereof can be used, but the invention is not limited thereto.
- carbon-based materials eg, graphite, graphitizable carbon materials, amorphous carbon materials, organic crystals, activated carbon, etc.
- conductive polymer materials
- ⁇ Anode Current Collector 220 As the negative electrode current collector 220, copper foil, perforated copper foil, expanded metal, foamed metal plate or the like is used. Besides copper, stainless steel, titanium, nickel and the like can also be applied. Any negative electrode current collector 220 can be used without limitation to the material, shape, manufacturing method, and the like.
- An electrode mixture layer is formed by adhering an electrode slurry obtained by mixing an electrode active material, an electrode conductive agent, an electrode binder and an organic solvent to an electrode current collector by a coating method such as a doctor blade method, dipping method, or spray method. Be done. Thereafter, the electrode mixture layer is dried in order to remove the organic solvent, and the electrode mixture layer is pressure-formed by a roll press to produce an electrode.
- the electrode slurry may include a semi-solid electrolyte or a semi-solid electrolyte.
- a plurality of electrode mixture layers may be stacked on the electrode current collector by performing application to drying a plurality of times.
- the thickness of the electrode mixture layer is desirably equal to or more than the average particle diameter of the electrode active material.
- the electrode active material powder contains coarse particles having an average particle diameter equal to or larger than the thickness of the electrode mixture layer, the coarse particles are removed in advance by sieve classification, air flow classification, etc., and particles smaller than the thickness of the electrode mixture layer It is desirable to
- the support particles are preferably insulating particles and insoluble in a semisolid electrolytic solution containing an organic solvent or an ionic liquid.
- oxide inorganic particles such as silica (SiO 2 ) particles, ⁇ -alumina (Al 2 O 3 ) particles, ceria (CeO 2 ) particles, zirconia (ZrO 2 ) particles and the like can be preferably used.
- a solid electrolyte may be used as the support particles.
- solid electrolytes include particles of inorganic solid electrolytes such as oxide-based solid electrolytes such as Li-La-Zr-O and sulfide-based solid electrolytes such as Li 10 Ge 2 PS 12 .
- the average particle diameter of the primary particles of the support particles is 1 nm to 10 ⁇ m, since it is considered that the holding amount of the semi-solid electrolytic solution is proportional to the specific surface area of the support particles. If the average particle size of the primary particles of the support particles is large, the support particles may not be able to properly hold a sufficient amount of the semisolid electrolyte solution, and it may be difficult to form a semisolid electrolyte. In addition, when the average particle diameter of the primary particles of the support particles is small, the surface-to-surface force between the support particles becomes large, and the support particles are easily aggregated, which may make it difficult to form a semisolid electrolyte.
- the average particle diameter of the primary particles of the support particles is more preferably 1 nm to 50 nm, and further preferably 1 nm to 10 nm.
- the average particle size of the primary particles of the supported particles can be measured using a known particle size distribution measuring device using a laser scattering method.
- the semi-solid electrolyte has a semi-solid electrolyte solvent, an optional low viscosity organic solvent, an electrolyte salt and an optional additive.
- Semi-solid electrolyte solvents have ether solvents that exhibit properties similar to ionic liquids or ionic liquids.
- the ionic liquid or ether solvent may be referred to as a main solvent.
- An ionic liquid is a compound which dissociates into a cation and an anion at normal temperature, and maintains the liquid state.
- the ionic liquid may be referred to as an ionic liquid, a low melting point molten salt or a room temperature molten salt.
- the semi-solid electrolyte solvent preferably has low volatility, specifically, one having a vapor pressure of 150 Pa or less at room temperature, from the viewpoint of the stability in the air and the heat resistance in the secondary battery.
- the content of the semi-solid electrolyte in the electrode mixture layer is preferably 20% by volume to 40% by volume.
- the content of the semi-solid electrolyte is small, the ion conduction path inside the electrode mixture layer may not be sufficiently formed, and the rate characteristics may be degraded.
- the active material may be insufficient to cause a decrease in energy density.
- the ionic liquid is composed of cations and anions.
- the ionic liquid is classified into imidazolium type, ammonium type, pyrrolidinium type, piperidinium type, pyridinium type, morpholinium type, phosphonium type, sulfonium type and the like according to the cationic species.
- Examples of the cation constituting the imidazolium-based ionic liquid include alkylimidazolium cations such as 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium (BMI).
- Examples of the cation constituting the ammonium-based ionic liquid include N, N, N-, in addition to N, N-diethyl-N-methyl-N- (2-methoxyethyl) ammonium (DEME) and tetraamyl ammonium.
- There is an alkyl ammonium cation such as trimethyl-N-propyl ammonium.
- Examples of the cation constituting the pyrrolidinium-based ionic liquid include alkyl pyrrolidinium cations such as N-methyl-N-propyl pyrrolidinium (Py13) and 1-butyl-1-methyl pyrrolidinium.
- Examples of the cation constituting the piperidinium-based ionic liquid include alkyl piperidinium cations such as N-methyl-N-propyl piperidinium (PP13) and 1-butyl-1-methyl piperidinium.
- Examples of the cation constituting the pyridinium-based ionic liquid include alkyl pyridinium cations such as 1-butyl pyridinium and 1-butyl-4-methyl pyridinium.
- Examples of the cation constituting the morpholinium-based ionic liquid include alkyl morpholinium such as 4-ethyl-4-methyl morpholinium.
- Examples of the cation constituting the phosphonium-based ionic liquid include alkyl phosphonium cations such as tetrabutyl phosphonium and tributyl methyl phosphonium.
- Examples of the cation constituting the sulfonium-based ionic liquid include alkylsulfonium cations such as trimethylsulfonium and tributylsulfonium.
- TFSI bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide
- PF 6 bis (fluorosulfonyl) imide
- BETI bis (penta) Fluoroethanesulfonyl) imide
- triflate triflate
- acetate dimethyl phosphate, dicyanamide, trifluoro (trifluoromethyl) borate and the like. You may use these ionic liquids individually or in combination of multiple.
- Lithium having a cation and the above anion can be used as a lithium salt, for example, lithium bis (fluorosulfonyl) imide (LiFSI), lithium bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide (LiTFSI), lithium bis (pentafluoroethane) Examples include, but are not limited to, sulfonyl) imide (LiBETI), lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF 4 ), lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF 6 ), lithium triflate and the like. These electrolyte salts may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the ether-based solvent constitutes a solvated ionic liquid with the electrolyte salt.
- symmetric glycol represented by the known exhibit similar properties to the ionic liquid glyme (RO (CH 2 CH 2 O ) n -R '(R, R' is a saturated hydrocarbon, n represents an integer)
- Generic term for ether can be used. From the viewpoint of ion conductivity, tetraglyme (tetraethylene dimethyl glycol, G4), triglyme (triethylene glycol dimethyl ether, G3), pentag lime (pentaethylene glycol dimethyl ether, G5), hexaglyme (hexaethylene glycol dimethyl ether, G6) It can be used preferably.
- crown ethers (general name of macrocyclic ethers represented by (—CH 2 —CH 2 —O) n (n is an integer)) can be used. Specifically, 12-crown-4, 15-crown-5, 18-crown-6, dibenzo-18-crown-6 and the like can be preferably used, but not limited thereto. These ether solvents may be used alone or in combination of two or more. It is preferable to use tetraglyme and triglyme in that they can form a complex structure with the electrolyte salt.
- electrolyte salt used with an ether type solvent although lithium salts, such as LiFSI, LiTFSI, LiBETI, can be utilized, it is not restricted to this.
- a mixture of an ether solvent and an electrolyte salt may be used alone or in combination as a mixed solvent containing a semisolid electrolyte solvent and an electrolyte salt.
- the low viscosity organic solvent lowers the viscosity of the semi-solid electrolyte solvent and improves the ion conductivity. Since the internal resistance of the semisolid electrolyte containing the semisolid electrolyte solvent is large, the internal resistance of the semisolid electrolyte can be lowered by increasing the ion conductivity of the semisolid electrolyte solvent by adding a low viscosity organic solvent . However, since the semi-solid electrolyte solvent is electrochemically unstable, the decomposition reaction is promoted for the cell operation, causing the resistance increase and the capacity decrease of the secondary battery 1000 along with the repeated operation of the secondary battery 1000 there is a possibility.
- the cation of the semi-solid electrolyte solvent may be inserted into the graphite to destroy the graphite structure and the secondary battery 1000 can not be repeatedly operated. There is.
- the low viscosity organic solvent is preferably a solvent having a viscosity smaller than 140 Pa ⁇ s, which is the viscosity at 25 ° C. of a mixture of an ether solvent and an electrolyte salt, for example.
- an electrolyte salt for example.
- low viscosity organic solvents propylene carbonate (PC), trimethyl phosphate (TMP), gamma butyl lactone (GBL), ethylene carbonate (EC), triethyl phosphate (TEP), tris (2,2,2- phosphite) And trifluoroethyl) (TFP), dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) and the like.
- PC propylene carbonate
- TMP trimethyl phosphate
- GBL gamma butyl lactone
- EC ethylene carbonate
- TEP triethyl phosphate
- TMP trifluoroethyl
- DMMP dimethyl methylphosphonate
- the semi-solid electrolytic solution contain an additive that forms a film that does not easily dissolve metal even when the positive electrode current collector 120 is exposed to a high electrochemical potential.
- PF 6 - or BF 4 - like include anionic species, and it is desirable to include a cationic species having a strong chemical bond to form a stable compound moisture atmosphere containing.
- the solubility in water and the presence or absence of hydrolysis can be mentioned.
- the solubility in water is desirably less than 1%.
- the presence or absence of hydrolysis can be evaluated by molecular structure analysis of the sample after mixing with water.
- “not hydrolysed” means that 95% of the residue after removing the water after heating after heating to 100 ° C or higher after the additive has absorbed moisture or mixed with water exhibits the same molecular structure as the additive Means
- additives examples include tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate (NBu 4 PF 6 ), quaternary ammonium salt of tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate (NBu 4 BF 4 ), 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (EMI-BF 4 ), 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (EMI-PF 6 ), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (BMI-BF 4 ), 1-butyl-3- And imidazolium salts such as methyl imidazolium hexafluorophosphate (BMI-PF 6 ).
- the anion is PF 6 - if, it is possible to suppress elution of the positive electrode current collector 120.
- the additive is preferably added in an amount of 1 wt% to 20 wt%, more preferably 2.5 wt% to 10 wt%, based on the total weight of the semisolid electrolyte solvent, the optional low viscosity organic solvent, and the mixed solvent containing an electrolyte salt. It is.
- the amount of additive added is small, the effect of suppressing the elution of the electrode current collector is reduced, and the battery capacity tends to be reduced with charge and discharge.
- the additive amount of the additive is large, the lithium ion conductivity is lowered, further, a large amount of stored energy is consumed for the additive decomposition, and as a result, the battery capacity is lowered.
- the semi-solid electrolyte may have a negative electrode interface stabilizer.
- the addition amount of the negative electrode interface stabilizer is preferably 30 wt% or less, particularly 10 wt% or less based on the weight of the semi-solid electrolyte. If it exceeds 30 wt%, it may inhibit ion conduction or react with the electrode to increase resistance.
- the negative electrode interface stabilizer include vinylene carbonate (VC) and fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), but not limited thereto. These negative electrode interface stabilizers may be used alone or in combination.
- the low melting point material means a material whose melting point is equal to or lower than the valence reduction temperature of the positive electrode active material.
- the valence reduction temperature of the positive electrode active material is a temperature at which the valence of the metal element on the surface of the positive electrode active material particles in a charged state decreases with the temperature rise.
- the material is melted at the valence reduction temperature of the positive electrode active material and nails to the secondary battery 1000
- the section of the positive electrode 100 or the negative electrode 200 that appeared in the above can be insulated and protected.
- the temperature at which the positive electrode active material decreases is about 170 ° C. Therefore, it is desirable to have a material having a melting point of 170 ° C. or less, preferably 160 ° C. or less, and more preferably 155 ° C. as the semi-solid electrolyte binder.
- Low melting point materials such as polyethylene (PE), ethylene vinyl acetate (EVAC), polypropylene (PP), vinyl chloride (PVC), polystyrene (PA), acrylonitrile styrene (AS), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), Resins such as methacrylic resin (PMMA), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polycarbonate (PC), acetal resin (PCM), styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), vinylidene fluoride / hexafluoropropylene copolymer (P (VDF-HFP)) Can be mentioned. You may use these resin individually or in combination of multiple.
- the adhesion between the semi-solid electrolyte layer 300 and the electrode current collector is improved, so that the battery performance is improved.
- a material such as PVDF having a melting point higher than the valence reduction temperature of the positive electrode active material may be included.
- the addition amount of the low melting point material in the semisolid electrolyte layer 300 as the insulating layer is desirably 4 wt% to 15 wt%. If the amount of the low melting point material added is small, it may be difficult to ensure the insulation of the cross section of the positive electrode 100 or the negative electrode 200. When the amount of the low melting point material added is large, the number of supported particles for holding the semi-solid electrolyte may be small, the semi-solid electrolyte may not be sufficient, and the resistance of the secondary battery 1000 may be increased.
- the addition amount of the low melting point material can be calculated as follows.
- the secondary battery is disassembled, the semi-solid electrolyte solution in the secondary battery is removed by methanol washing, the electrode is dried, and then the remaining components of the semi-solid electrolyte layer are scraped to measure the weight. Thereafter, the remaining components that have been scraped out are immersed in NMP, and after centrifugation, the supernatant is subjected to NMR analysis, and the addition amount is calculated by the peak ratio derived from various low melting materials.
- the semisolid electrolyte is constituted by supporting or holding the semisolid electrolyte on the carrier particles.
- a semi-solid electrolyte and supporting particles are mixed at a specific volume ratio, an organic solvent such as methanol is added and mixed, a slurry of the semi-solid electrolyte is prepared, and then the slurry is A method of spreading in a petri dish and distilling off the organic solvent to obtain a semi-solid electrolyte powder, and the like can be mentioned.
- the semi-solid electrolyte layer 300 serves as a medium for transferring lithium ions between the positive electrode 100 and the negative electrode 200.
- the semi-solid electrolyte layer 300 also acts as an insulator of electrons and prevents a short circuit between the positive electrode 100 and the negative electrode 200.
- the semisolid electrolyte layer 300 As a method of producing the semisolid electrolyte layer 300, a method of compression molding semisolid electrolyte powder into a pellet shape by a molding die or the like, a method of adding a semisolid electrolyte binder to a semisolid electrolyte powder and mixing, etc. There is.
- the highly flexible sheet-like semisolid electrolyte layer 300 can be manufactured.
- a semisolid electrolyte layer 300 can be manufactured by adding and mixing a solution of a binder in which a semisolid electrolyte binder is dissolved in a dispersion solvent to the semisolid electrolyte and distilling off the dispersion solvent.
- the semi-solid electrolyte layer 300 may be produced by applying and mixing the above-mentioned semi-solid electrolyte with a binder solution added and mixed on an electrode.
- the semi-solid electrolyte layer 300 may be filled with the semi-solid electrolyte solution by injecting the semi-solid electrolyte solution into the secondary battery 1000 from an open side of the exterior body 500 or a liquid injection hole.
- the content of the semisolid electrolyte in the semisolid electrolyte layer 300 is preferably 70% by volume to 90% by volume.
- the content of the semi-solid electrolyte is small, the interfacial resistance between the electrode and the semi-solid electrolyte layer 300 may increase.
- the content of the semi-solid electrolyte is large, the semi-solid electrolyte may leak out of the semi-solid electrolyte layer 300.
- a microporous membrane may be added to the semisolid electrolyte layer 300.
- polyolefin such as polyethylene and polypropylene and glass fiber can be used.
- an insulating layer not containing a semi-solid electrolyte may be used as the insulating layer in the present invention.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte is injected into the exterior body 500, and the non-aqueous electrolyte is filled in the secondary battery 1000.
- coated the slurry which made the said microporous film and oxide inorganic particle contain a binder on an electrode or a microporous film is mentioned.
- the inorganic oxide particles silica particles, ⁇ -alumina particles, ceria particles, zirconia particles and the like can be mentioned. You may use these materials individually or in combination of multiple.
- the above-mentioned semisolid electrolyte binder can be used as a binder.
- the non-aqueous electrolytic solution is a solution in which an electrolyte salt is dissolved in a non-aqueous solvent.
- a nonaqueous solvent propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, vinylene carbonate, ⁇ -butyrolactone, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, methyl ethyl carbonate, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, dimethyl sulfoxide, 1,3- Dioxolane, formamide, dimethylformamide, methyl propionate, ethyl propionate, phosphoric acid triester, trimethoxymethane, dioxolane, diethyl ether, sulfolane, 3-methyl-2-oxazolidinone, tetrahydrofuran, 1,2-diethoxyethane, chloro Ethylene carbonate, chloropropylene carbonate and the like can be mentioned.
- the electrolyte salt LiPF 6, LiBF 4, LiClO 4, LiCF 3 SO 3, LiCF 3 CO 2, LiAsF 6, LiSbF 6 or a lithium salt such as imide lithium salts represented by lithium trifluoromethane sulfonimide, by the chemical formula Can be mentioned.
- These electrolyte salts may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the non-aqueous electrolytic solution may have a negative electrode interface stabilizer.
- Example 1 In order to produce the positive electrode mixture layer 110, LiNi 1/3 Mn 1/3 Co 1/3 O 2 was used as a positive electrode active material, a carbon material was used as a positive electrode conductive agent, and P (VDF-HFP) was used as a positive electrode binder. .
- the coating amount of the positive electrode mixture layer 110 was 375 g / m 2 .
- the density was adjusted by a roll press to set the density of the positive electrode mixture layer 110 to 2.8 g / cm 3 .
- silica (SiO 2 ) particles were used as support particles, and P (VDF-HFP) was used as a semi-solid electrolyte binder.
- a slurry of semi-solid electrolyte layer in which the weight ratio of supported particles to the semi-solid electrolyte binder is 89.3: 10.7 is coated on the positive electrode 100 while adjusting the viscosity with the dispersion solvent of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, A 20 ⁇ m semisolid electrolyte layer 300 was produced.
- the semi-secondary battery after the application of the semi-solid electrolyte layer 300 was dried at 100 ° C.
- the negative electrode mixture layer 210 graphite was used as a negative electrode active material, a carbon material as a negative electrode conductive agent, and P (VDF-HFP) was used as a negative electrode binder.
- the coating amount of the negative electrode mixture layer 210 was 165 g / m 2 . After drying the negative electrode 200 after coating at 120 ° C., the density was adjusted by a roll press, and the density of the negative electrode mixture layer 210 was 1.6 g / cm 3 .
- a semi-solid electrolyte layer 300 similar to the semi-solid electrolyte layer 300 formed on the positive electrode 100 was fabricated on the negative electrode 200.
- the semi-secondary battery after the application of the semi-solid electrolyte layer 300 was dried at 100 ° C.
- the positive electrode 100 and the negative electrode 200 were cut into a predetermined size. At the time of cutting, an electrode tab portion was formed on each of the positive electrode 100 and the negative electrode 200 where the electrode mixture layer was not coated on part of the electrode current collector.
- the cut positive electrode 100 and the negative electrode 200 were alternately stacked to produce an electrode assembly 400.
- the plurality of positive electrode tab portions 130 and the plurality of negative electrode tab portions 230 in the electrode body 400 were respectively bundled.
- the electrode tab portion bundled with the positive electrode terminal and the negative electrode terminal electrically connecting the inside and outside of the secondary battery 1000 was ultrasonically welded.
- the electrode assembly 400 was placed in the outer package 500, and the crucible of the outer package 500 was thermally welded and sealed at 175 ° C.
- the sealing is performed by first heat welding other than one side, injecting the semi-solid electrolyte into the gap of the electrode group, and filling the electrode and the semi-solid electrolyte layer 300 with the semi-solid electrolyte. The After that, the other side was vacuum-sealed while being thermally welded and sealed.
- the method for producing the semi-solid electrolyte is as follows. First, weigh it into a beaker so that tetraglyme (G4) and lithium bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide (LiTFSI) become 1: 1 in molar ratio, mix in a beaker, and mix until uniform solvent to make lithium glyme complex Made. Next, a lithium glyme complex and propylene carbonate (PC) were weighed to a weight ratio of 56.5: 43.5, and charged into a beaker, and mixed until it became a uniform solvent.
- G4 tetraglyme
- LiTFSI lithium bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide
- PC propylene carbonate
- a mixed solution of lithium glyme complex and PC, vinylene carbonate (VC) and tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate (NBu 4 PF 6 ) are weighed to be 100: 3: 2.5 in weight ratio, and charged into a beaker, It mixed until it became a uniform solvent, and produced the semi-solid electrolyte solution.
- the secondary battery 1000 is fixed using a fixing jig having a vacant central portion, and the nail is pierced until the secondary battery 1000 penetrates at a nailing speed of 40 mm / sec at the center of the secondary battery 1000. I kept for a minute. A nail having a tip angle of 30 ° and a nail diameter of 3 mm was used. The nail penetration test result was visually confirmed.
- Examples 2 to 3 A secondary battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the semisolid electrolyte binder and the like were changed as shown in FIG. 2, and a nail penetration test was conducted.
- Example 4 LiNi 1/3 Mn 1/3 Co 1/3 O 2 as a positive electrode active material, acetylene black (manufactured by Electrochemicals: HS100) as a positive electrode conductive agent, and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) as a positive electrode binder in a weight ratio of 94: 4: 2
- the mixture was uniformly mixed using a kneader at a ratio of This mixture is slurried with N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), adjusted to a predetermined solid content ratio, passed through a drying oven at 120 ° C. with a desktop coater (made by Sank Metal), and used as a positive electrode current collector It coated on the foil.
- NMP N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone
- the coating amount was 30.1 mg / cm 2 on both sides.
- the density was adjusted with a roll press to make the electrode density 3.15 g / cm 3 .
- graphite was used as a negative electrode active material
- SBR styrene butadiene rubber
- CMC carboxymethyl cellulose
- Water was added to this mixture and adjusted to a predetermined solid content ratio, and then it was applied to a Cu foil as a negative electrode current collector through a drying oven at 100 ° C. using a desktop coater.
- the coating amount was 18.1 mg / cm 2 on both sides.
- the density was adjusted with a roll press to make the electrode density 1.55 g / cm 3 .
- the mixture was uniformly mixed using a kneader so that the weight ratio of SiO 2 having a diameter of 1 ⁇ m and P (VDF-HFP) was 89.3: 10.7.
- This mixture was charged with NMP, slurried, and adjusted to a predetermined solid content ratio. Thereafter, the slurry was applied to both sides of the electrode through a drying oven at 100 ° C. with a desktop coater to produce an insulating layer.
- the electrode on which the insulating layer was formed was punched out by an air punching machine so that the positive electrode mixture layer 110 had a size of 178 ⁇ 178 mm and the negative electrode mixture layer 210 had a size of 182 ⁇ 183 mm, to produce an electrode tab portion.
- the electrode was then dried to remove the NMP in the electrode.
- the positive electrode 100 was sandwiched in a separator having a thickness of 30 ⁇ m and a three-layer structure of PP / PE / PP, and three sides of the separator other than the side on which the positive electrode tab portion 130 was formed were thermally welded.
- a predetermined number of the positive electrode 100 and the negative electrode 200 sandwiched by the separators were alternately laminated, and an electrode assembly 400 was produced.
- a 50 ⁇ m-thick sheet containing polytetrafluoroethylene was disposed on the outermost negative electrode 200.
- the electrode body 400 is fixed with a polyimide tape, and the electrode tab portions formed at the end portions of the electrodes are bundled, and the bundled electrode tab portion, the positive electrode terminal made of Al and the negative electrode terminal made of Ni are each ultrasonicated. Welded.
- the electrode body 400 was sandwiched in a laminate film, one side for liquid injection was left, and three sides including the side on which the electrode tab portion was formed were heat sealed with a lamination sealing apparatus and vacuum dried.
- the electrolyte was poured from one side for pouring, and one side for pouring was vacuum sealed.
- the electrolytic solution is obtained by adding 1 wt% of VC (vinylene carbonate) as a non-aqueous electrolytic solution to 1 M of LiPF 6 , EC (ethylene carbonate) and EMC (ethyl methyl carbonate).
- the volume ratio of EC to EMC was 1: 2.
- Comparative Examples 1 to 5 A secondary battery was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the semisolid electrolyte binder and the like were changed as shown in FIG. 2, and a nail penetration test was conducted.
- Examples 1 to 4 The results of Examples and Comparative Examples are shown in FIG. White smoke was not confirmed in Examples 1 to 4.
- the electrode current collector is broken because the tensile strength of the electrode current collector is 16 N or less and the semisolid electrolyte binder contains a material whose melting point is equal to or lower than the valence reduction temperature of the positive electrode active material.
- the semi-solid electrolyte binder is dissolved at a temperature of 170 ° C or less at which oxygen is released from the positive electrode 100 when heat is generated due to a short circuit between the positive and negative electrodes. Is considered to have not occurred.
- Comparative Examples 1 to 5 white smoke and ignition were reached in Comparative Examples 1 to 5.
- Comparative Examples 1, 3 and 4 since the melting point of the semi-solid electrolyte binder exceeds 170 ° C., it does not dissolve even at around 170 ° C. where oxygen is released from the positive electrode 100 when heat is generated due to a short circuit between positive and negative electrodes. It is thought that it could not protect.
- Comparative Examples 2 to 5 since the tensile strength of the positive electrode current collector 120 or the negative electrode current collector 220 exceeds 16 N, burrs are generated in the electrode current collector at the time of nailing to the secondary battery 1000 and a short circuited portion It is considered that white smoke is generated or ignited because it occurs widely.
- Electrode Body 500 Sheath Body, 1000 Secondary Battery All publications, patents and patent applications cited herein are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
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Abstract
Description
本明細書は本願の優先権の基礎となる日本国特許出願番号2017-187406号の開示内容を包含する。
電極導電剤は、電極合剤層の導電性を向上させる。電極導電剤としては、ケッチェンブラック、アセチレンブラック、黒鉛などが好適に用いられるが、これに限られない。
電極バインダは、電極中の電極活物質や電極導電剤などを結着させる。電極バインダとしては、スチレン-ブタジエンゴム、カルボキシメチルセルロ-ス、ポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVDF)、ポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVDF)とヘキサフルオロプロピレン(HFP)の共重合体であるP(VDF-HFP)およびこれらの混合物などが挙げられるが、これに限られない。
電極集電体がアルミニウムの場合、電極集電体の厚さは15μm以下であることが望ましい。電極集電体の厚さが15μmより大きくなると、二次電池1000の体積エネルギー密度が低下する可能性がある。また、電極集電体の引張強度が高くなり、二次電池1000への釘刺し時の短絡抑制が困難となる可能性がある。
貴な電位を示す正極活物質は、充電過程においてリチウムイオンが脱離し、放電過程において負極合剤層の負極活物質から脱離したリチウムイオンが挿入される。正極活物質の材料として、遷移金属を含むリチウム複合酸化物が望ましく、具体例としては、LiMO2、Li過剰組成のLi[LiM]O2、LiM2O4、LiMPO4、LiMVOx、LiMBO3、Li2MSiO4(ただし、M = Co、Ni、Mn、Fe、Cr、Zn、Ta、Al、Mg、Cu、Cd、Mo、Nb、W、Ruなどを少なくとも1種類以上含む)が挙げられる。また、これら材料における酸素の一部をフッ素など、他の元素に置換してもよい。さらに、硫黄、TiS2、MoS2、Mo6S8、TiSe2などのカルコゲナイドや、V2O5などのバナジウム系酸化物、FeF3などのハライド、ポリアニオンを構成するFe(MoO4)3、Fe2(SO4)3、Li3Fe2(PO4)3など、キノン系有機結晶などが挙げられるが、これらに限られない。さらに、化学組成におけるリチウムやアニオン量は上記定比組成からずれていても良い。
正極集電体120として、アルミニウム箔、アルミニウム製穿孔箔、エキスパンドメタル、発泡金属板などが用いられ、材質もアルミニウムの他に、ステンレス鋼、チタンなども適用できる。材質、形状、製造方法などに制限されることなく、任意の正極集電体120を使用できる。
負極活物質は、放電過程においてリチウムイオンが脱離し、充電過程において正極合剤層110中の正極活物質から脱離したリチウムイオンが挿入される。卑な電位を示す負極活物質の材料として、例えば、炭素系材料(例えば、黒鉛、易黒鉛化炭素材料、非晶質炭素材料、有機結晶、活性炭など)、導電性高分子材料(例えば、ポリアセン、ポリパラフェニレン、ポリアニリン、ポリアセチレン)、リチウム複合酸化物(例えば、チタン酸リチウム:Li4Ti5O12やLi2TiO4など)、金属リチウム、リチウムと合金化する金属(例えば、アルミニウム、シリコン、スズなどを少なくとも1種類以上含む)やこれらの酸化物を用いることができるが、これに限られない。
負極集電体220として、銅箔、銅製穿孔箔、エキスパンドメタル、発泡金属板などが用いられる。銅の他に、ステンレス鋼、チタン、ニッケルなども適用できる。材質、形状、製造方法などに制限されることなく、任意の負極集電体220を使用できる。
電極活物質、電極導電剤、電極バインダおよび有機溶媒を混合した電極スラリーを、ドクターブレード法、ディッピング法、スプレー法などの塗工方法によって電極集電体へ付着させることで電極合剤層が作製される。その後、有機溶媒を除去するために電極合剤層を乾燥し、ロールプレスによって電極合剤層を加圧成形することにより電極が作製される。電極スラリーに半固体電解液または半固体電解質を含めてもよい。塗布から乾燥までを複数回行うことにより、複数の電極合剤層を電極集電体に積層させてもよい。
担持粒子としては、電気化学的安定性の観点から、絶縁性粒子であり有機溶媒またはイオン液体を含む半固体電解液に不溶であることが好ましい。担持粒子として、例えば、シリカ(SiO2)粒子、γ-アルミナ(Al2O3)粒子、セリア(CeO2)粒子、ジルコニア(ZrO2)粒子などの酸化物無機粒子を好ましく用いることができる。担持粒子として固体電解質を用いてもよい。固体電解質としては、例えば、Li-La-Zr-Oなどの酸化物系固体電解質やLi10Ge2PS12などの硫化物系固体電解質などの無機系固体電解質の粒子が挙げられる。
半固体電解液は、半固体電解質溶媒、任意の低粘度有機溶媒、電解質塩、任意の添加剤を有する。半固体電解質溶媒は、イオン液体またはイオン液体に類似の性質を示すエーテル系溶媒を有する。イオン液体またはエーテル系溶媒を主溶媒と称する場合がある。イオン液体とは、常温でカチオンとアニオンに解離する化合物であって、液体の状態を保持するものである。イオン液体は、イオン性液体、低融点溶融塩あるいは常温溶融塩と称されることがある。半固体電解質溶媒は、大気中での安定性や二次電池内での耐熱性の観点から、低揮発性、具体的には室温における蒸気圧が150Pa以下であるものが望ましい。
低粘度有機溶媒は、半固体電解質溶媒の粘度を下げ、イオン伝導率を向上させる。半固体電解質溶媒を含む半固体電解液の内部抵抗は大きいため、低粘度有機溶媒を添加して半固体電解質溶媒のイオン伝導率を上げることにより、半固体電解液の内部抵抗を下げることができる。ただ、半固体電解質溶媒が電気化学的に不安定であるため、電池動作に対して分解反応が促進され、二次電池1000の繰返し動作に伴って二次電池1000の抵抗増加や容量低下を引き起こす可能性がある。さらに、負極活物質として黒鉛を利用した二次電池1000では、充電反応中、半固体電解質溶媒のカチオンが黒鉛に挿入されて黒鉛構造を破壊し、二次電池1000の繰返し動作ができなくなる可能性がある。
半固体電解液には、正極集電体120が高い電気化学電位に晒されても金属が溶出しにくい皮膜を形成する添加剤を含ませることが望ましい。添加剤としては、PF6 -やBF4 -といったアニオン種を含むこと、および水分を含んだ大気で安定な化合物を形成するための強い化学結合を有するカチオン種を含むことが望ましい。
半固体電解液は、負極界面安定化剤を有していてもよい。半固体電解液が負極界面安定化剤を有することにより、二次電池のレート特性や電池寿命を向上させることができる。負極界面安定化剤の添加量は、半固体電解液の重量に対して30wt%以下、特に10wt%以下が好ましい。30wt%を超えるとイオン伝導を阻害するか、あるいは電極と反応して抵抗が上昇する可能性がある。負極界面安定化剤として、ビニレンカーボネート(VC)、フルオロエチレンカーボネート(FEC)などが挙げられるが、これらに限らない。これらの負極界面安定化剤を単独または複数組み合わせて使用してもよい。
半固体電解質バインダとして、低融点材料を有することが望ましい。低融点材料とは、融点が正極活物質の価数減少温度以下の材料を意味する。正極活物質の価数減少温度とは、充電状態の正極活物質粒子表面の金属元素の価数が温度上昇に伴い低くなる温度である。二次電池1000が正極活物質の価数減少温度を超えると、正極100から酸素が放出され、正極100と負極200との短絡により火花などが生じ、発火する可能性がある。それに対して、半固体電解質バインダとして融点が正極活物質の価数減少温度以下の材料を用いることにより、正極活物質の価数減少温度以下で材料が溶解し、二次電池1000への釘刺しで現れた正極100または負極200断面を絶縁保護できる。
半固体電解液が担持粒子に担持または保持されることにより半固体電解質が構成される。半固体電解質の作製方法として、半固体電解液と担持粒子とを特定の体積比率で混合し、メタノールなどの有機溶媒を添加し・混合して、半固体電解質のスラリーを調合した後、スラリーをシャーレに広げ、有機溶媒を留去して半固体電解質の粉末を得る方法、などが挙げられる。
半固体電解質層300は、正極100と負極200の間にリチウムイオンを伝達させる媒体となる。半固体電解質層300は電子の絶縁体としても働き、正極100と負極200の短絡を防止する。
正極合剤層110を作製するために、正極活物質としてLiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2、正極導電剤として炭素材料、および正極バインダとしてP(VDF-HFP)を用いた。正極活物質、正極導電剤、正極バインダの重量比率を84:9:7で混合した正極合剤層スラリーを、N-メチル-2-ピロリドンの分散溶媒で粘度を調整しながら、15μmのアルミニウム箔(正極集電体120)へ塗工し、正極合剤層110を作製した。正極合剤層110の塗工量は375g/m2とした。塗工後の正極100を120℃で乾燥した後、ロールプレスで密度を調整し、正極合剤層110の密度を2.8g/cm3とした。
半固体電解質バインダなどを図2のように変更した以外は実施例1と同様にして二次電池を作製し、釘刺し試験を行った。
正極活物質としてLiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2、正極導電剤としてアセチレンブラック(電気化学製:HS100)、正極バインダとしてポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVDF)を重量比率94:4:2の割合で混練機を用いて均一混合した。この混合物にN-メチル-2-ピロリドン(NMP)を入れスラリー化し、所定の固形分比に調整した後、卓上コーター(サンクメタル製)にて120℃の乾燥炉を通して正極集電体としてのAl箔上に塗工した。塗工量は、両面30.1mg/cm2とした。次に、ロールプレスで密度を調整し、電極密度を3.15g/cm3とした。
半固体電解質バインダなどを図2のように変更した以外は実施例1と同様にして二次電池を作製し、釘刺し試験を行った。
実施例および比較例の結果を図2に示す。実施例1~4では白煙が確認できなかった。実施例1~4では、電極集電体の引張強度が16N以下、半固体電解質バインダが融点が正極活物質の価数減少温度以下である材料を含んでいるため、電極集電体が破断しやすく正負極間の短絡を抑制し、正負極間の短絡による発熱時に正極100から酸素が放出される170℃以下で、半固体電解質バインダが溶解し、短絡部を絶縁保護することにより、白煙が発生しなかったものと考えられる。
200 負極、210 負極合剤層、220 負極集電体、230 負極タブ部
300 半固体電解質層、400 電極体、500 外装体、1000 二次電池
本明細書で引用した全ての刊行物、特許および特許出願はそのまま引用により本明細書に組み入れられるものとする。
Claims (7)
- 電極集電体および電極合剤層を有する電極と、
前記電極上に形成される絶縁層と、を有し、
先端角度が30°の釘を用いたときの前記電極集電体の引張強度が16N以下であり、
前記絶縁層は、低融点材料を有し、
前記低融点材料の融点は正極活物質の価数減少温度以下である半二次電池。 - 請求項1の半二次電池において、
前記低融点材料はP(VDF-HFP)である半二次電池。 - 請求項1の半二次電池において、
前記絶縁層における前記低融点材料の添加量は4wt%~15wt%である半二次電池。 - 請求項1の半二次電池において、
前記電極集電体の厚みは15μm以下である半二次電池。 - 請求項1の半二次電池において、
前記電極集電体は正極集電体である半二次電池。 - 請求項1の半二次電池および非水電解液を有する二次電池。
- 請求項1の半二次電池を有し、
絶縁層が、担持粒子および半固体電解液を含む半固体電解質と、半固体電解質バインダとを有する半固体電解質層である、二次電池。
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