WO2019054455A1 - 固体電解質組成物、固体電解質含有シート及び全固体二次電池、並びに、固体電解質含有シート及び全固体二次電池の製造方法 - Google Patents
固体電解質組成物、固体電解質含有シート及び全固体二次電池、並びに、固体電解質含有シート及び全固体二次電池の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2019054455A1 WO2019054455A1 PCT/JP2018/034050 JP2018034050W WO2019054455A1 WO 2019054455 A1 WO2019054455 A1 WO 2019054455A1 JP 2018034050 W JP2018034050 W JP 2018034050W WO 2019054455 A1 WO2019054455 A1 WO 2019054455A1
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- Prior art keywords
- solid electrolyte
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- solid
- active material
- secondary battery
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Images
Classifications
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- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
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- C08F220/02—Monocarboxylic acids having less than ten carbon atoms; Derivatives thereof
- C08F220/10—Esters
- C08F220/12—Esters of monohydric alcohols or phenols
- C08F220/16—Esters of monohydric alcohols or phenols of phenols or of alcohols containing two or more carbon atoms
- C08F220/18—Esters of monohydric alcohols or phenols of phenols or of alcohols containing two or more carbon atoms with acrylic or methacrylic acids
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- C08F220/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical or a salt, anhydride ester, amide, imide or nitrile thereof
- C08F220/02—Monocarboxylic acids having less than ten carbon atoms; Derivatives thereof
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- C08F220/26—Esters containing oxygen in addition to the carboxy oxygen
- C08F220/28—Esters containing oxygen in addition to the carboxy oxygen containing no aromatic rings in the alcohol moiety
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- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0561—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of inorganic materials only
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- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
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- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a solid electrolyte composition, a solid electrolyte-containing sheet and an all solid secondary battery, and a method of manufacturing a solid electrolyte containing sheet and an all solid secondary battery.
- a lithium ion secondary battery is a storage battery that has a negative electrode, a positive electrode, and an electrolyte sandwiched between the negative electrode and the positive electrode, and enables charge and discharge by reciprocating lithium ions between the two electrodes.
- organic electrolytes have been used as electrolytes.
- the organic electrolyte is liable to leak, and a short circuit may occur inside the battery due to overcharge or overdischarge, which may cause ignition, and further improvement of reliability and safety is required. Under such circumstances, all solid secondary batteries using an inorganic solid electrolyte in place of the organic electrolyte have attracted attention.
- all solid secondary batteries all of the negative electrode, electrolyte and positive electrode are solid, which can greatly improve the safety and reliability of the battery using organic electrolyte solution, and also can extend the life. It will be. Furthermore, the all-solid secondary battery can have a structure in which the electrode and the electrolyte are directly arranged in series. Therefore, energy density can be increased compared to a secondary battery using an organic electrolytic solution, and application to an electric car, a large storage battery, and the like is expected.
- Patent Documents 1 to 3 describe all solid secondary batteries in which the state of the interface between solid particles such as an inorganic solid electrolyte is adjusted by using a binder.
- the present invention can improve the production efficiency of the all solid secondary battery by having excellent dispersibility, and can be used as a layer constituting material of the all solid secondary battery to obtain solid particles in the all solid secondary battery obtained. It is an object of the present invention to provide a solid electrolyte composition which can impart high ionic conductivity as well as imparting excellent binding properties between at least one of the layers and between layers and between layers. Another object of the present invention is to provide a solid electrolyte-containing sheet and an all solid secondary battery obtained by using the above solid electrolyte composition. Furthermore, this invention makes it a subject to provide each manufacturing method of the said solid electrolyte containing sheet
- a solid electrolyte composition containing a polymer (B) containing a macromonomer-derived component in a cross-linking portion and a dispersion medium (C) is excellent in dispersibility and is used as a layer construction material of an all solid secondary battery. It has been found that the obtained all-solid secondary battery can not only impart excellent binding properties between solid particles, at least one between layers, and between layer substrates, but also can impart high ion conductivity. The present invention has been further studied based on this finding and has been completed.
- (Condition 2) A mass average molecular weight of 1,000 or more, and (Condition 3) at least two groups represented by the following general formula (1).
- R represents a hydrogen atom or a substituent.
- R 1 and R 2 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a cyano group, a halogen atom or an alkyl group.
- L 1 and L 2 each independently represent a carbonyl group, an oxy group, an imino group, an alkylene group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, a phenylene group, or a linking group obtained by combining at least two of these groups.
- P 1 represents a polyalkylene group, a polysiloxane linking group, a halogen atom-containing polyalkylene group, a polyalkenylene group, a polyether group or a polyester group.
- M represents an element selected from B, Zn, Sn, Si, Cu, Ga, Sb, Al and Ge.
- A represents an element selected from I, Br, Cl and F.
- a1 to e1 represent composition ratios of respective elements, and a1: b1: c1: d1: e1 satisfies 1 to 12: 0 to 5: 1: 2 to 12: 0 to 10.
- ⁇ 6> In any one of ⁇ 1> to ⁇ 5>, the ratio of the component derived from the macromonomer to the total components of the polymer (B) is 15% by mass or more and less than 40% by mass. Solid electrolyte composition.
- the dispersion medium (C) is at least one of a ketone compound solvent, an ether compound solvent, an ester compound solvent and an aliphatic compound solvent (a ketone compound solvent, an ether compound solvent, an ester compound solvent and / or an aliphatic compound solvent)
- An all solid secondary battery comprising a positive electrode active material layer, a negative electrode active material layer, and a solid electrolyte layer, wherein at least one of the positive electrode active material layer, the negative electrode active material layer and the solid electrolyte layer is ⁇ 1>
- An all solid secondary battery having a layer composed of the solid electrolyte composition according to any one of to ⁇ 10>.
- the manufacturing method of the all-solid-state secondary battery which manufactures the all-solid-state secondary battery including the process of forming a positive electrode active material layer, a negative electrode active material layer, and at least one layer of a solid electrolyte layer by the manufacturing method as described in ⁇ 13>.
- a numerical range represented using “to” means a range including numerical values described before and after “to” as the lower limit value and the upper limit value.
- (meth) acrylic when described, it means at least one of methacrylic and acrylic.
- (meth) acryloyl when describing as "(meth) acryloyl", at least one of methacryloyl and acryloyl is meant.
- Each substituent when there are a plurality of at least one of a substituent and a linking group represented by a specific code, or when a plurality of substituents and the like (the same applies to the definition of the number of substituents) simultaneously or alternatively, Each substituent may be the same as or different from each other. When a plurality of substituents and the like are adjacent to each other, they may be bonded to each other or condensed to form a ring.
- carbon number such as a substituent which has a substituent, means the total carbon number.
- the solid electrolyte composition of the present invention is excellent in dispersibility, and when used as a constituent material of a solid electrolyte-containing sheet or a layer constituent material of an all-solid secondary battery, the solid electrolyte-containing sheet or the all-solid secondary battery It is possible to impart high levels of binding ability and ion conductivity in at least one of each interlayer and between layer substrates.
- the solid electrolyte-containing sheet and the all-solid secondary battery of the present invention are excellent in the binding properties between at least one of solid particles, between layers, and between layer substrates, and exhibit high ion conductivity.
- FIG. 1 is a longitudinal sectional view schematically showing an all solid secondary battery according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a longitudinal sectional view schematically showing the ion conductivity measuring jig manufactured in the example.
- the solid electrolyte composition of the present invention comprises an inorganic solid electrolyte (A) having conductivity of an ion of a metal belonging to Group 1 or 2 of the periodic table, a polymer (B), and a dispersion medium (C). And the polymer (B) contains a component derived from a macromonomer which satisfies the following (condition 1) to (condition 3). (Condition 1) SP value 19.0 MPa 1/2 or less (Condition 2) Mass average molecular weight 1,000 or more, and (Condition 3) at least two groups represented by the following general formula (1).
- R represents a hydrogen atom or a substituent.
- the component derived from the above-mentioned macromonomer in the polymer (B) exhibits the action of improving the dispersibility in the solvent.
- the polymer (B) is suitably dispersed in the form of particles in a solvent, so that the inorganic solid electrolyte can be fixed without covering it locally or entirely.
- an equal distance is maintained between the polymer (B) particles, and the electrical connection between the particles is not blocked, so that the increase in interfacial resistance between solid particles, between the electrode active material layer and the current collector can be suppressed. it is conceivable that.
- the polymer (B) when the polymer (B) has a component derived from a macromonomer satisfying the above (conditions 1) to (condition 3), the polymer (B) exhibits good mechanical strength, and occurs during expansion and contraction during charge and discharge. The effect of suppressing possible peeling can also be expected. It is thought that coexistence with suppression of the interface resistance which concerns on an inorganic solid electrolyte, and improvement of adhesiveness will be achieved by this. Furthermore, because of its good dispersibility, the step of phase inversion in an organic solvent can be omitted as compared to the emulsion polymerization in water, and a solvent having a low boiling point can be used as a dispersion medium.
- a solvent having a low boiling point can be used as a dispersion medium.
- the inorganic solid electrolyte is an inorganic solid electrolyte, and the solid electrolyte is a solid electrolyte capable of transferring ions in its inside.
- An organic solid electrolyte a polymer electrolyte represented by polyethylene oxide (PEO) or the like, an organic electrolyte represented by lithium bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide (LiTFSI) or the like because it does not contain an organic substance as a main ion conductive material It is clearly distinguished from electrolyte salt).
- the inorganic solid electrolyte since the inorganic solid electrolyte is solid in a steady state, it is not usually dissociated or released into cations and anions. In this respect, it is also clearly distinguished from inorganic electrolyte salts (such as LiPF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiFSI, LiCl) in which cations and anions are dissociated or released in the electrolyte solution or polymer.
- the inorganic solid electrolyte is not particularly limited as long as it has ion conductivity of a metal belonging to periodic group 1 or 2 and is generally non-electron conductive.
- inorganic solid electrolyte (A) having conductivity of metal ion belonging to periodic group 1 or 2 group may be simply referred to as “inorganic solid electrolyte” or “inorganic solid electrolyte (A)". is there.
- the inorganic solid electrolyte has the ion conductivity of a metal belonging to Group 1 or 2 of the periodic table.
- a solid electrolyte material to be applied to this type of product can be appropriately selected and used.
- the inorganic solid electrolyte (i) a sulfide-based inorganic solid electrolyte and (ii) an oxide-based inorganic solid electrolyte can be mentioned as a representative example.
- a sulfide-based inorganic solid electrolyte is preferably used because a better interface can be formed between the active material and the inorganic solid electrolyte.
- the sulfide-based inorganic solid electrolyte contains a sulfur atom (S) and has ion conductivity of a metal belonging to periodic group 1 or 2 and And compounds having electron insulating properties are preferred.
- the sulfide-based inorganic solid electrolyte contains at least Li, S and P as elements and preferably has lithium ion conductivity, but depending on the purpose or case, other than Li, S and P. It may contain an element.
- fills the composition shown by following formula (1) is mentioned.
- L represents an element selected from Li, Na and K, and Li is preferred.
- M represents an element selected from B, Zn, Sn, Si, Cu, Ga, Sb, Al and Ge.
- A represents an element selected from I, Br, Cl and F.
- a1 to e1 represent composition ratios of respective elements, and a1: b1: c1: d1: e1 satisfies 1 to 12: 0 to 5: 1: 2 to 12: 0 to 10.
- 1 to 9 is preferable, and 1.5 to 7.5 is more preferable.
- 0 to 3 is preferable, and 0 to 1 is more preferable as b1.
- 2.5 to 10 is preferable, and 3.0 to 8.5 is more preferable.
- 0 to 5 is preferable, and 0 to 3 is more preferable.
- composition ratio of each element can be controlled by adjusting the compounding ratio of the raw material compound at the time of producing the sulfide-based inorganic solid electrolyte as described below.
- the sulfide-based inorganic solid electrolyte may be non-crystalline (glass) or crystallized (glass-ceramicized), or only part of it may be crystallized.
- a Li—P—S-based glass containing Li, P and S, or a Li—P—S-based glass ceramic containing Li, P and S can be used.
- the sulfide-based inorganic solid electrolyte includes, for example, lithium sulfide (Li 2 S), phosphorus sulfide (for example, diphosphorus pentasulfide (P 2 S 5 )), single phosphorus, single sulfur, sodium sulfide, hydrogen sulfide, lithium halide (for example, It can be produced by the reaction of at least two or more of LiI, LiBr, LiCl) and sulfides of elements represented by M (for example, SiS 2 , SnS, GeS 2 ).
- Li 2 S lithium sulfide
- phosphorus sulfide for example, diphosphorus pentasulfide (P 2 S 5 )
- single phosphorus single sulfur
- sodium sulfide sodium sulfide
- hydrogen sulfide lithium halide
- M for example, SiS 2 , SnS, GeS 2 .
- the ratio of Li 2 S to P 2 S 5 in the Li-P-S-based glass and Li-P-S-based glass ceramic is preferably a molar ratio of Li 2 S: P 2 S 5 of 60:40 to 90:10, more preferably 68:32 to 78:22.
- the lithium ion conductivity can be made high.
- the lithium ion conductivity can be preferably 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 S / cm or more, more preferably 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 3 S / cm or more. There is no particular upper limit, but it is practical to be 1 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 1 S / cm or less.
- Li 2 S-P 2 S 5 Li 2 S-P 2 S 5- LiCl, Li 2 S-P 2 S 5- H 2 S, Li 2 S-P 2 S 5- H 2 S-LiCl, Li 2 S-LiI-P 2 S 5, Li 2 S-LiI-Li 2 O-P 2 S 5, Li 2 S-LiBr-P 2 S 5, Li 2 S-Li 2 O-P 2 S 5, Li 2 S-Li 3 PO 4 -P 2 S 5 , Li 2 S-P 2 S 5 -P 2 O 5 , Li 2 S-P 2 S 5- SiS 2 , Li 2 S-P 2 S 5- SiS 2 -LiCl, Li 2 S-P 2 S 5 -SnS, Li 2 S-P 2 S 5 -Al 2 S 3, Li 2 S-GeS 2, Li 2 S-GeS 2 -ZnS
- the mixing ratio of each raw material does not matter.
- an amorphization method can be mentioned.
- the amorphization method for example, a mechanical milling method, a solution method and a melt quenching method can be mentioned. It is because processing at normal temperature becomes possible, and simplification of the manufacturing process can be achieved.
- oxide-based inorganic solid electrolyte contains an oxygen atom (O) and has ion conductivity of a metal belonging to Periodic Table Group 1 or 2 and And compounds having electron insulating properties are preferred.
- Li, P and O phosphorus compounds containing Li, P and O.
- Li 3 PO 4 lithium phosphate
- LiPON in which part of oxygen of lithium phosphate is replaced with nitrogen
- LiPOD 1 LiPOD 1
- LiA 1 ON LiA 1 is at least one selected from Si, B, Ge, Al, C, Ga, etc.
- the volume average particle size of the inorganic solid electrolyte is not particularly limited, but is preferably 0.01 ⁇ m or more, and more preferably 0.1 ⁇ m or more.
- the upper limit is preferably 100 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 50 ⁇ m or less.
- grains is performed in the following procedures.
- the inorganic solid electrolyte particles are diluted with water (heptane for water labile substances) in a 20 ml sample bottle to dilute a 1% by weight dispersion.
- the diluted dispersed sample is irradiated with 1 kHz ultrasound for 10 minutes, and used immediately thereafter for the test.
- the content of the solid component in the solid electrolyte composition of the inorganic solid electrolyte is 100% by mass of the solid component in consideration of the reduction of the interface resistance and the maintenance of the reduced interface resistance when used in the all solid secondary battery.
- the content is preferably 5% by mass or more, more preferably 10% by mass or more, and particularly preferably 20% by mass or more.
- the upper limit is preferably 99.9% by mass or less, more preferably 99.5% by mass or less, and particularly preferably 99% by mass or less.
- the inorganic solid electrolyte may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- solid electrolyte composition contains an active material described later
- the content of the inorganic solid electrolyte in the solid electrolyte composition is preferably such that the total content of the active material and the inorganic solid electrolyte is in the above range.
- solid content means the component which does not lose
- the polymer (B) used in the present invention contains a component derived from a macromonomer which satisfies (condition 1) to (condition 3) described later.
- SP value 19.0 MPa 1/2 or less
- the macromonomer used in the present invention imparts dispersibility when the polymer (B) is dispersed in the form of particles, so the SP value is 19.0 MPa 1/2 It is below. Not particularly limited to the lower limit of the SP value, but is preferably 10 MPa 1/2 or more, 16 MPa 1/2 or more is more preferable.
- the SP value is determined by the Hoy method (HL Hoy Journal of Painting, 1970, Vol. 42, 76-118).
- the SP value (SP P ) of the polymer is such that the SP value of each repeating unit constituting the polymer is SP 1 , SP 2 ..., And the mass ratio of each repeating unit is W 1 , W 2 In the case of ..., it is a value calculated by the following equation.
- SP p 2 SP 1 2 ⁇ W 1 + SP 2 2 ⁇ W 2 + ⁇
- the SP value is an index showing the characteristics dispersed in the dispersion medium (C).
- the binding property to the inorganic solid electrolyte is improved by setting the mass average molecular weight of the macromonomer to 1,000 or more (condition 2), preferably the above SP value, and Thereby, the affinity with the dispersion medium (C) can be enhanced and dispersed stably.
- Mass Average Molecular Weight 1,000 or More The mass average molecular weight of the macromonomer used in the present invention is 1,000 or more, preferably 2,000 or more, and more preferably 3,000 or more. As an upper limit, 500,000 or less is preferable, 100,000 or less is more preferable, 30,000 or less is especially preferable.
- the molecular weight of the macromonomer and the polymer (B) is the weight average molecular weight unless otherwise specified, and is the weight average molecular weight in terms of standard polystyrene measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). As a measuring method, it is set as the value measured by the method of the following condition A or condition B (priority) as a basis. However, depending on the type of macromonomer and polymer (B), an appropriate eluent may be selected and used.
- the macromonomer used in the present invention has at least two groups represented by the following general formula (1).
- R represents a hydrogen atom or a substituent.
- a cyano group As a specific example of the said substituent, a cyano group, a halogen atom (For example, a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, a bromine atom, an iodine atom) and an alkyl group are mentioned.
- the halogen atom is preferably a fluorine atom and a chlorine atom, and more preferably a chlorine atom.
- the alkyl group may be linear or cyclic and preferably has 1 to 12 carbon atoms, more preferably 1 to 6 carbon atoms, still more preferably 1 to 3 carbon atoms, and most preferably 1 carbon atom.
- Specific examples of the above alkyl group include methyl, ethyl, i-propyl and t-butyl.
- R preferably represents a hydrogen atom, a cyano group, a halogen atom or an alkyl group, more preferably a hydrogen atom, a cyano group or an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, and more preferably a hydrogen atom or a methyl group. Is particularly preferred.
- the macromonomer used in the present invention preferably has 2 to 10000, more preferably 2 to 500, and still more preferably 2 to 100, of the group represented by the above general formula (1).
- the number is preferably 2 to 50, more preferably 2 to 10, and particularly preferably two.
- the macromonomer used for this invention has group represented by the said General formula (1) in a principal chain both terminal.
- the “macromonomer main chain” means that, of all molecular chains in the macromonomer, all molecular chains other than the main chain (at least one of long molecular chain and short molecular chain) are relative to the main chain. It means a linear molecular chain that can be regarded as a pendant. Typically, the longest chain of the molecular chains constituting the macromonomer is the main chain.
- the polymer (B) used for this invention contains the component represented by following General formula (2).
- each of R 1 and R 2 independently represents a hydrogen atom, a cyano group, a halogen atom or an alkyl group.
- This alkyl group is synonymous with the said alkyl group which can be taken as R in General formula (1), and its preferable range is also the same.
- R 1 and R 2 each independently preferably represent a hydrogen atom, a cyano group or an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, more preferably a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, and more preferably a hydrogen atom It is particularly preferable to show a methyl group.
- each of L 1 and L 2 independently represents a carbonyl group, an oxy group, an imino group, an alkylene group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, a phenylene group or a combination of two or more of them, and an ester group (carbonyloxy group)
- an alkylene group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms a combination of an amide group (carbonylimino group) and an alkylene group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, a combination of an ester group, an alkylene group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms and an imino group (for example, -Carbonyloxy-C1-C4 alkylene-imino-carbonyloxy-C1-C4 alkylene-), and a combination of a phenylene group with a C1-C4 alkylene group and an imino group (eg, -Phenylene-C1-C4 alkylene-imino-C1-C4 alkylene-) is prefer
- P 1 represents a polyalkylene group (poly (alkylene) group), a polysiloxane linking group (polysiloxane-containing group), a halogen atom-containing polyalkylene group (halogen atom-containing poly (alkylene) group), a polyalkenylene group (poly (alkenylene group) Group), a polyether group (polyether-containing group) or a polyester group (polyester-containing group), preferably a polyalkylene group, a polysiloxane linking group, or a halogen atom-containing polyalkylene group, preferably a polysiloxane linking group It is more preferable to show a polyalkylene group, and it is particularly preferable to show a polyalkylene group.
- P 1 preferably has an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms as a substituent, and particularly preferably has an alkyl group having 2 or 3 carbon atoms.
- the molecular weight of P 1 is not particularly limited, but is preferably 1000 to 100000, and more preferably 2000 to 10000.
- the component represented by the said General formula (2) is a component represented by following General formula (3).
- R 3 and R 4 each represent a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group (preferably an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, more preferably a methyl group).
- L 3 and L 4 are each independently a combination of an oxy group and an alkylene group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, an oxy group, an alkylene group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, an imino group and an ester group (carbonyloxy group) (Eg, -oxy-alkylene-imino-carbonyloxy-C1-C4 alkylene-) having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, imino group, oxy group, imino group and alkylene group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms Or a combination of a phenylene group, an alkylene group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms and an imino group (for example,-oxy-alkylene having 1 to 4 carbon atoms-imino-having 1 to 4 carbon atoms), And a combination of an alkylene group of 1 to 4 carbon atoms or a combination of an oxy group, an alkylene group of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, an imino group and an ester group (
- P 2 represents a polyalkylene group, a polysiloxane linking group, a polyalkenylene group or a halogen atom-containing polyalkylene group, preferably a polysiloxane linking group or a polyalkylene group, and preferably represents a polyalkylene group.
- P 2 preferably has an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms in a side chain, and particularly preferably has an alkyl group having 2 or 3 carbon atoms.
- the proportion of the component derived from the macromonomer in the total components of the polymer (B) is preferably 15% by mass or more, and more preferably 20% by mass or more from the viewpoint of imparting of dispersibility and imparting of adhesiveness.
- the upper limit is preferably 50% by mass or less, and more preferably less than 40% by mass. The above ratio can be calculated, for example, from the mass of the monomer used for the synthesis of the polymer (B).
- the macromonomers used in the present invention can be synthesized by conventional methods.
- the synthesis method of the macromonomer is not particularly limited.
- the macromonomer can be synthesized by reacting a compound containing a group (for example, vinyl group) represented by the above general formula (1) at both ends of the both terminal modified polymer.
- terminal modifying groups preferably terminal modifying groups below
- functional groups in vinyl group-containing compounds preferably functional groups contained in the following vinyl group-containing compounds
- Both end modified polymers include both end modified polybutadiene, both ends modified hydrogenated polybutadiene, both ends modified polyisoprene, both ends modified hydrogenated polyisoprene, both ends modified polysiloxane, both ends modified poly (styrene-co-butadiene), Both ends modified hydrogenated poly (styrene-co-butadiene) can be mentioned, and both ends modified hydrogenated polybutadiene and both ends modified hydrogenated polyisoprene are preferable.
- the terminal modifying group include a hydroxy group, an epoxy group, an amino group, a carboxy group and an isocyanato group, with a hydroxy group and an amino group being preferred.
- both-end modified polymer examples include EPOL series manufactured by Idemitsu Kosan Co., Ltd. (both-end hydroxy modified hydrogenated polyisoprene), Krasol series manufactured by Clay Valley, both-end hydroxy modified polybutadiene, and Ricon 657 manufactured by Clay Valley (both Terminal epoxy group-modified polybutadiene), Nippon Soda Co., Ltd. NISSO-PB G series (both terminal hydroxyl group modified polybutadiene), Nippon Soda Co., Ltd.
- NISSO-PB GI series both terminal hydroxyl group modified hydrogenated polybutadiene
- NISSO-PB TP series Both-end isocyanate group modified polybutadiene
- Shin-Etsu Chemical KF series both-end hydroxy group modified polydimethylsiloxane
- vinyl group-containing compound examples include (meth) acrylic acid chloride, 2-isocyanatoethyl (meth) acrylate, hydroxyethyl (meth) acrylate, hydroxybutyl (meth) acrylate, glycidyl methacrylate, acrylic acid, ⁇ -carboxyethyl Acrylate, mono (2-acryloyloxyethyl) succinate, 4-vinylbenzylamine.
- a macromonomer may use a commercial item.
- NISSO-PB TE series (trade name, both-end acryloyl-group modified hydrogenated polybutadiene, both-end methacryloyl-group modified polybutadiene) manufactured by Nippon Soda Co., Ltd. can be mentioned.
- the macromonomer may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the shape of the polymer (B) used in the present invention is not particularly limited, and may be particles or irregular shapes in the solid electrolyte composition, the solid electrolyte-containing sheet or the all solid secondary battery.
- the fact that the polymer (B) is particles insoluble in the dispersion medium (C), the dispersion stability of the solid electrolyte composition, and the all solid secondary battery having high ion conductivity It is preferable from the viewpoint obtained.
- “the polymer (B) is a particle insoluble in the dispersion medium (C)” means that the polymer (B) is added to the dispersion medium at 30 ° C.
- the polymer (B) in the solid electrolyte composition is preferably particles in order to suppress the decrease in ion conductivity between particles such as inorganic solid electrolytes, and the average particle diameter is preferably 10 to 1000 nm, and 100 to 100 500 nm is more preferable.
- the average particle size of the polymer (B) particles used in the present invention is based on the measurement conditions and definition described below, unless otherwise specified.
- the polymer (B) particles are prepared by diluting a 1% by weight dispersion in a 20 mL sample bottle using any solvent (dispersion medium used to prepare the solid electrolyte composition, eg heptane).
- the diluted dispersed sample is irradiated with 1 kHz ultrasound for 10 minutes, and used immediately thereafter for the test.
- a laser diffraction / scattering particle size distribution analyzer LA-920 (trade name, manufactured by HORIBA)
- data acquisition is performed 50 times using a quartz cell for measurement at a temperature of 25 ° C.
- the obtained volume average particle size is taken as the average particle size.
- the measurement from the manufactured all solid secondary battery is, for example, after the battery is disassembled and the electrode is peeled off, the measurement of the electrode material is performed according to the method of measuring the average particle diameter of the polymer (B) particles. It can carry out by excluding the measured value of the average particle diameter of particles other than the polymer (B) particle
- the weight average molecular weight of the polymer (B) is preferably 5,000 or more and less than 5,000,000, more preferably 5,000 or more and less than 500,000, and still more preferably 5,000 or more and less than 100,000.
- the upper limit of the glass transition temperature of the polymer (B) is preferably 80 ° C. or less, more preferably 50 ° C. or less, and still more preferably 30 ° C. or less.
- the lower limit is not particularly limited, but is generally ⁇ 80 ° C. or higher.
- the polymer (B) may be used in a solid state, may be used in a particle dispersion of the polymer (B), and is preferably used in a particle dispersion.
- the content of the polymer (B) in the solid electrolyte composition is preferably 0.01% by mass or more in 100% by mass of the solid component in terms of compatibility with solid particles and ion conductivity. 1 mass% or more is more preferable, and 1 mass% or more is still more preferable.
- the upper limit is preferably 20% by mass or less, more preferably 10% by mass or less, and still more preferably 7% by mass or less from the viewpoint of battery characteristics.
- the mass of [1] is preferably in the range of 1,000 to 1.
- the ratio is more preferably 500 to 2, and further preferably 100 to 10.
- the polymer (B) is preferably one having one or more repeating units in addition to the component derived from the macromonomer.
- the structure of the repeating unit is not particularly limited. Moreover, when it has 2 or more types of repeating units, the mass ratio of a repeating unit is not specifically limited, either.
- Such a repeating unit is preferably a repeating unit derived from a monomer having an SP value of 21.5 (MPa 1/2 ) or more, and is derived from a monomer having an SP value of 22.0 (MPa 1/2 ) or more
- a repeating unit is more preferable, and a repeating unit derived from a monomer having an SP value of 22.5 (MPa 1/2 or more) is particularly preferable.
- the upper limit of the SP value is not particularly limited, but is preferably 30 (MPa) 1/2 or less. 20 mass% or more is preferable, as for the ratio of the said repeating unit in all the structural components of a polymer (B), 30 mass% or more is more preferable, and 40 mass% or more is especially preferable. 90 mass% or less is preferable, and, as for the upper limit, 80 mass% or less is more preferable.
- the total content of the component derived from the macromonomer and the content of the repeating unit is 100% by mass.
- the repeating unit which a polymer (B) has in addition to the structural component derived from a macromonomer has a preferable repeating unit derived from the monomer represented by a following formula (a-11) or (a-12), and a following formula (a-)
- the monomer-derived repeating unit represented by 11) is more preferable.
- the SP value of the monomer represented by the formula (a-11) or (a-12) is preferably in the above range, and the content of all the components of the polymer (B) is as defined above, and the preferred range is Is also the same.
- the monomers represented by formula (a-11) or (a-12) may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- R 21 has the same meaning as R 1 in the general formula (2), and their preferable ranges are also the same.
- R 22 represents a substituent.
- the substituent include a substituent T described later. Among them, an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, a phenyl group, a carboxy group, a hydroxy group, a sulfonic acid group, a phosphoric acid group, an aliphatic heterocyclic group containing an oxygen atom, an amino group and an ammonio group are preferable, and one carbon atom is preferable.
- Alkyl, carboxy, phosphate, hydroxy and ammonio groups of 6 to 6 are more preferable, alkyl groups having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, carboxy group, phosphate group, hydroxy group and ammonio group are more preferable, and carbon number is 1 Alkyl, carboxy and hydroxy groups of ⁇ 3 are particularly preferred.
- L 21 represents a linking group.
- L 21 is more preferably a single bond, an alkylene group (preferably having a carbon number of 1 to 6, more preferably 2 to 4), a carbonyl group, an ether group, an imino group, or a linking group combining these.
- Bond alkylene group having 2 to 4 carbon atoms, alkylene group having 2 to 4 carbon atoms-ether group-carbonyl group-alkylene group having 2 to 4 carbon atoms (combination), (poly) alkylene oxy group having 6 to 1000 carbon atoms (An alkyleneoxy group or a group having an alkyleneoxy group as a repeating unit, and a poly (alkyleneoxy) group having a repeating number of 2 or more) or a (poly) ester group having 4 to 500 carbon atoms (ester bond) Or a group containing an ester bond, which is preferably a polyester group having a repeating number of 2 or more), and is preferably a single bond or an aryl group having a carbon number of
- the above-mentioned hydrocarbon linking group may be linked by appropriately forming a double bond or a triple bond.
- the ring to be formed is preferably a 5- or 6-membered ring.
- the five-membered ring is preferably a nitrogen-containing five-membered ring, and examples of compounds forming the ring include pyrrole, imidazole, pyrazole, indazole, indole, benzimidazole, pyrrolidine, imidazolidine, pyrazolidine, indoline, carbazole, or the like Derivatives and the like can be mentioned.
- 6-membered ring examples include piperidine, morpholine, piperazine, and derivatives thereof.
- aryl group, the heterocyclic group and the like may be monocyclic or fused ring, and may be substituted or unsubstituted as well.
- X is a single bond, an oxygen atom or NR N, it is preferable that a single bond or an oxygen atom.
- R N represents a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, preferably a hydrogen atom or a methyl group.
- the polymer (B) preferably has a hydroxy group or a carboxy group.
- these specific groups are contained, the affinity (wettability) with the sulfide-based inorganic solid electrolyte can be further improved, and better binding and ion conductivity can be realized.
- the polymer (B) containing a component derived from an acrylic monomer may contain a component derived from a vinyl monomer.
- the vinyl-based monomer is not particularly limited as long as it is a monomer having a nonaromatic carbon unsaturated bond (excluding the above-mentioned acrylic monomer).
- styrene monomers, vinyl ether monomers, cyclic olefin monomers (such as norbornene), diene monomers, monomers represented by the formula (a-12), and the like can be mentioned.
- the monomer may further have a substituent. Examples of the substituent include the below-mentioned substituent T.
- halogen atom preferably, a fluorine atom or a chlorine atom
- an alkyl group an acyl group, a carbamoyl group, a hydroxy group or a carboxy group
- a halogen atom preferably, a fluorine atom or a chlorine atom
- an alkyl group an acyl group, a carbamoyl group, a hydroxy group or a carboxy group
- a halogen atom preferably, a fluorine atom or a chlorine atom
- n represents an integer of 1 to 1,000,000, preferably an integer of 1 to 10,000, more preferably an integer of 1 to 500, and particularly preferably an integer of 1 to 20.
- the polymer (B) is preferably a polymer represented by the following general formula (4). In the following chemical structural formulas, () indicates that it is a repeating unit.
- R 31 to R 34 have the same meaning as R 1 in the general formula (2), and the preferred range is also the same.
- X 31 and X 32 have the same meaning as X in the above formula (a-11), and the preferred ranges are also the same.
- L 31 and L 32 have the same meaning as L 21 in the above formula (a-11), and the preferred ranges are also the same.
- L 33 and L 34 have the same meanings as L 1 and L 2 in the general formula (2), and the preferred ranges are also the same.
- P 31 has the same meaning as P 1 in the general formula (2), and the preferred range is also the same.
- R 35 and R 36 have the same meaning as R 22 in the above formula (a-11), and the preferred ranges are also the same.
- w 31 to w 33 each represent a mass ratio of each repeating unit, and w 33 has the same meaning as that of the component derived from the macromonomer in the polymer (B) described above, and the preferred range is also the same.
- w 31 + w 32 + w 33 100% by mass.
- Each of the above components may be a single component or a combination of two or more components as long as the description of the general formula (4) is satisfied.
- the polymer (B) may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the polymer (B) can be synthesized by a conventional method using the above-described monomer.
- substituent T examples include the following.
- An alkyl group preferably having a carbon number of 1 to 20
- an alkenyl group preferably having a carbon number of 2 to 20
- an alkynyl group preferably having a carbon number of 2 to 20
- a cycloalkyl group preferably having a carbon number of 3 to 20
- the term "alkyl group” generally means that a cycloalkyl group is included.
- Aryl groups preferably having 6 to 26 carbon atoms
- aralkyl groups preferably having 7 to 23 carbon atoms
- heterocyclic groups preferably carbon
- the heterocyclic group is a 5- to 6-membered heterocyclic group having 2 to 20 heterocyclic groups, preferably at least one oxygen atom, sulfur atom or nitrogen atom
- an alkoxy group preferably having a carbon number of 1 to 20
- An aryloxy group preferably having a carbon number of 6 to 26.
- an alkoxy group generally means an aryloxy group is included), a Coxy carbonyl group (preferably having a carbon number of 2 to 20), aryloxycarbonyl group (preferably having a carbon number of 6 to 26), amino group (preferably having a carbon number of 0 to 20), alkylamino group and arylamino group Ammonio group (preferably including an ammonio group having 0 to 20 carbon atoms, an alkyl ammonio group, and an aryl ammonio group), sulfamoyl group (preferably having a carbon number of 0 to 20), an acyl group (preferably including carbon) Aryloyl group (preferably having a carbon number of 7 to 23, but in the present invention, an acyl group generally means containing an aryloyl group), an acyloxy group (preferably having a carbon number of 1 to 20), an aryl group Royloxy group (preferably having a carbon number of 7 to 23.
- R P is a hydrogen atom, a hydroxy group or a substituent (preferably a group selected from the substituent T).
- substituent T may be further substituted with the above-mentioned substituent T.
- the compound, the substituent and the linking group, etc. contain an alkyl group, an alkylene group, an alkenyl group, an alkenylene group, an alkynyl group, an alkynylene group, etc., these may be cyclic or chain, and may be linear or branched. And may be substituted or unsubstituted as described above.
- the solid electrolyte composition of the present invention contains a dispersion medium (C).
- the “dispersion medium (C)” may be simply referred to as a dispersion medium.
- the dispersion medium (C) may be any one as long as it disperses each component contained in the solid electrolyte composition of the present invention, and examples thereof include various organic solvents. The following may be mentioned as specific examples of the dispersion medium.
- alcohol compound solvent for example, methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, 1-propyl alcohol, 2-propyl alcohol, 2-butanol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, 1,6-hexanediol, cyclohexanediol, 1,3-butanediol And 1,4-butanediol.
- alkylene glycol triethylene glycol etc.
- alkylene glycol monoalkyl ether ethylene glycol monomethyl ether etc.
- alkylene glycol dialkyl ether ethylene glycol dimethyl ether etc.
- dialkyl ether diisopropyl ether, dibutyl ether etc.
- cyclic ethers such as tetrahydrofuran and dioxane (including 1,2-, 1,3- and 1,4-isomers) and the like.
- amide compound solvent examples include N, N-dimethylformamide, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, 2-pyrrolidinone, 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone, 2-pyrrolidinone, ⁇ -caprolactam, formamide, N Methylformamide, acetamide, N-methylacetamide, N, N-dimethylacetamide, N-methylpropanamide, hexamethylphosphoric triamide and the like.
- amino compound solvent examples include triethylamine, diisopropylethylamine, tributylamine and the like.
- ketone compound solvent examples include acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, cyclohexanone and dibutyl ketone.
- aromatic compound solvent examples include benzene, toluene, xylene and the like.
- aliphatic compound solvents examples include hexane, heptane, octane, decane, cyclohexane, cyclooctane and the like.
- nitrile compound solvents examples include acetonitrile, propronitrile, isobutyronitrile and the like.
- ester compound solvent examples include ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, propyl acetate, butyl butyrate, butyl pentanoate and the like.
- non-aqueous dispersion medium examples include the above-mentioned aromatic compound solvents and aliphatic compound solvents.
- ether compound solvents, ketone compound solvents, aliphatic compound solvents and ester compound solvents are preferable, and ketone compound solvents and aliphatic compound solvents are more preferable.
- the sulfide-based inorganic solid electrolyte can be handled stably, which is preferable.
- a combination of a sulfide-based inorganic solid electrolyte and an aliphatic compound solvent is preferred.
- the dispersion medium (C) used in the present invention preferably has a CLogP value of 1 or more, more preferably 2 or more, and particularly preferably 3 or more.
- the upper limit is not particularly limited, but is practically 10 or less.
- the CLogP value is a value obtained by calculating the common logarithm LogP of the distribution coefficient P between 1-octanol and water.
- any known method or software can be used for calculation of the CLogP value, unless otherwise stated, the structure is drawn using ChemDraw of PerkinElmer, and the calculated value is used.
- hexane, heptane, dibutyl ether, cyclohexane, cyclooctane, dibutyl ketone and butyl butyrate are particularly preferable.
- a functional group is absent or a hydrophobic substituent is provided, and the sulfide-based inorganic solid electrolyte can be stably handled without decomposition.
- the dispersion medium (C) may be used alone or as a mixture of two or more.
- the solid electrolyte composition of the present invention may contain an active material (D) capable of inserting and releasing ions of a metal element belonging to Periodic Table Group 1 or Group 2.
- active material (D) capable of inserting and releasing ions of a metal belonging to periodic group 1 or 2
- active material (D) capable of inserting and releasing ions of a metal belonging to periodic group 1 or 2
- the active material includes a positive electrode active material and a negative electrode active material, and is a metal oxide (preferably a transition metal oxide) which is a positive electrode active material, or a metal oxide which is a negative electrode active material or Sn, Si, Al and Metals capable of alloying with lithium such as In are preferred.
- a solid electrolyte composition containing an active material positive electrode active material, negative electrode active material
- composition for electrode composition for positive electrode, composition for negative electrode
- the positive electrode active material which may be contained in the solid electrolyte composition of the present invention is preferably one capable of reversibly inserting and releasing lithium ions.
- the material is not particularly limited as long as it has the above characteristics, and may be a transition metal oxide, an organic substance, an element capable of being complexed with Li such as sulfur, a complex of sulfur and a metal, or the like. Among them, it is preferable to use a transition metal oxide as the positive electrode active material, and a transition metal oxide having a transition metal element M a (one or more elements selected from Co, Ni, Fe, Mn, Cu and V) Are more preferred.
- an element M b (an element of Group 1 (Ia) other than lithium, an element of Group 1 (Ia) of the metal periodic table, an element of Group 2 (IIa), Al, Ga, In, Ge, Sn, Pb, Elements such as Sb, Bi, Si, P or B may be mixed.
- the mixing amount is preferably 0 to 30 mol% with respect to the amount (100 mol%) of the transition metal element M a . It is more preferable to be synthesized by mixing so that the molar ratio of Li / Ma is 0.3 to 2.2.
- transition metal oxide examples include a transition metal oxide having a (MA) layered rock salt type structure, a transition metal oxide having a (MB) spinel type structure, a (MC) lithium-containing transition metal phosphate compound, (MD And the like) lithium-containing transition metal halogenated phosphoric acid compounds and (ME) lithium-containing transition metal silicate compounds.
- MA transition metal oxide having a
- MB transition metal oxide having a (MB) spinel type structure
- MC lithium-containing transition metal phosphate compound
- MD And the like lithium-containing transition metal halogenated phosphoric acid compounds
- ME lithium-containing transition metal silicate compounds.
- transition metal oxide having a layered rock salt structure MA
- LiCoO 2 lithium cobaltate [LCO]
- LiNi 2 O 2 lithium nickelate
- LiNi 0.85 Co 0.10 Al 0.05 O 2 lithium nickel cobalt aluminate [NCA]
- LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 nickel manganese manganese cobaltate [NMC]
- LiNi 0.5 Mn 0.5 O 2 manganese And lithium nickel oxide
- transition metal oxides having a (MB) spinel structure include LiMn 2 O 4 (LMO), LiCoMnO 4, Li 2 FeMn 3 O 8 , Li 2 CuMn 3 O 8 , Li 2 CrMn 3 O 8 and Li 2 NiMn 3 O 8 and the like.
- (MC) lithium-containing transition metal phosphate compounds include olivine-type iron phosphates such as LiFePO 4 and Li 3 Fe 2 (PO 4 ) 3 , iron pyrophosphates such as LiFeP 2 O 7 , LiCoPO 4 etc. And cobalt salts of monoclinic Nasacon-type vanadium phosphate such as Li 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 (lithium vanadium phosphate).
- (MD) as the lithium-containing transition metal halogenated phosphate compound for example, Li 2 FePO 4 F such fluorinated phosphorus iron salt, Li 2 MnPO 4 hexafluorophosphate manganese salts such as F and Li 2 CoPO 4 F And cobalt fluoride phosphates.
- Li 2 FePO 4 F such fluorinated phosphorus iron salt
- Li 2 MnPO 4 hexafluorophosphate manganese salts such as F and Li 2 CoPO 4 F And cobalt fluoride phosphates.
- the (ME) lithium-containing transition metal silicate compound include Li 2 FeSiO 4 , Li 2 MnSiO 4 and Li 2 CoSiO 4 .
- transition metal oxides having a (MA) layered rock salt type structure are preferred, and LCO or NMC is more preferred.
- the shape of the positive electrode active material is not particularly limited, but is preferably in the form of particles.
- the volume average particle diameter (sphere conversion average particle diameter) of the positive electrode active material is not particularly limited. For example, it can be 0.1 to 50 ⁇ m. In order to make the positive electrode active material have a predetermined particle diameter, a usual pulverizer or classifier may be used.
- the positive electrode active material obtained by the firing method may be used after washing with water, an acidic aqueous solution, an alkaline aqueous solution and an organic solvent.
- the volume average particle size (sphere-equivalent average particle size) of the positive electrode active material particles can be measured using a laser diffraction / scattering type particle size distribution measuring apparatus LA-920 (trade name, manufactured by HORIBA).
- the positive electrode active materials may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the mass (mg) (area weight) of the positive electrode active material per unit area (cm 2 ) of the positive electrode active material layer is not particularly limited. It can be determined appropriately depending on the designed battery capacity.
- the content of the positive electrode active material in the solid electrolyte composition is not particularly limited, and is preferably 10 to 95% by mass, more preferably 30 to 90% by mass, and still more preferably 50 to 85% by mass at a solid content of 100% by mass. Preferably, 55 to 80% by mass is particularly preferred.
- the negative electrode active material which may be contained in the solid electrolyte composition of the present invention is preferably one capable of reversibly inserting and releasing lithium ions.
- the material is not particularly limited as long as it has the above-mentioned characteristics, and carbonaceous materials, metal oxides such as tin oxide, silicon oxides, metal complex oxides, lithium alone such as lithium alloy and lithium aluminum alloy, and And metals such as Sn, Si, Al and In which can be alloyed with lithium. Among them, carbonaceous materials or lithium alone are preferable. Moreover, as a metal complex oxide, it is preferable that lithium can be occluded and released.
- the material is not particularly limited, but it is preferable in view of high current density charge and discharge characteristics that at least one of titanium and lithium is contained as a component.
- the carbonaceous material used as the negative electrode active material is a material substantially consisting of carbon.
- various kinds of synthesis such as petroleum pitch, carbon black such as acetylene black (AB), graphite (natural graphite, artificial graphite such as vapor grown graphite etc.), and PAN (polyacrylonitrile) resin and furfuryl alcohol resin etc.
- the carbonaceous material which baked resin can be mentioned.
- various carbon fibers such as PAN-based carbon fiber, cellulose-based carbon fiber, pitch-based carbon fiber, vapor grown carbon fiber, dehydrated PVA (polyvinyl alcohol) -based carbon fiber, lignin carbon fiber, glassy carbon fiber and activated carbon fiber And mesophase microspheres, graphite whiskers, and flat graphite.
- an amorphous oxide is particularly preferable, and chalcogenide which is a reaction product of a metal element and an element of periodic group 16 is also preferably used.
- amorphous is an X-ray diffraction method using CuK ⁇ radiation, and means one having a broad scattering band having an apex in a region of 20 ° to 40 ° in 2 ⁇ value, and a crystalline diffraction line May be included.
- amorphous oxides of semimetal elements and chalcogenides are more preferable, and elements of periodic table group 13 (IIIB) to 15 (VB), Al Particularly preferred are oxides consisting of Ga, Si, Sn, Ge, Pb, Sb and Bi singly or in combination of two or more thereof, and chalcogenides.
- preferable amorphous oxides and chalcogenides include, for example, Ga 2 O 3 , SiO, GeO, SnO, SnO 2 , PbO, PbO 2 , Pb 2 O 3 , Pb 2 O 4 , Pb 3 O 4 , and the like.
- Sb 2 O 3 , Sb 2 O 4 , Sb 2 O 8 Bi 2 O 3 , Sb 2 O 8 Si 2 O 3 , Bi 2 O 4 , SnSiO 3 , GeSiO, GeS, SnS, SnS 2 , PbS, PbS 2 , Sb 2 S 3 , Sb 2 S 5 and SnSiS 3 are preferably mentioned. They may also be complex oxides with lithium oxide, such as Li 2 SnO 2 .
- the negative electrode active material also preferably contains a titanium atom. More specifically, Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 (lithium titanate [LTO]) is excellent in rapid charge / discharge characteristics because the volume fluctuation at the time of lithium ion absorption and release is small, and the deterioration of the electrode is suppressed, and lithium ion secondary It is preferable at the point which the lifetime improvement of a battery is attained.
- Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 lithium titanate [LTO]
- a Si-based negative electrode it is also preferable to apply a Si-based negative electrode.
- a Si negative electrode can store more Li ions than carbon negative electrodes (graphite, acetylene black, etc.). That is, the storage amount of Li ions per unit mass increases. Therefore, the battery capacity can be increased. As a result, there is an advantage that the battery operating time can be extended.
- the shape of the negative electrode active material is not particularly limited, but is preferably in the form of particles.
- the average particle size of the negative electrode active material is preferably 0.1 to 60 ⁇ m.
- a usual pulverizer or classifier is used.
- a mortar, a ball mill, a sand mill, a vibrating ball mill, a satellite ball mill, a planetary ball mill, a swirling flow jet mill, a sieve and the like are suitably used.
- wet pulverization in the presence of water or an organic solvent such as methanol can also be carried out as necessary. It is preferable to carry out classification in order to obtain a desired particle size.
- the classification method is not particularly limited, and a sieve, an air classifier or the like can be used as required. Classification can be used both dry and wet.
- the average particle size of the negative electrode active material particles can be measured by the same method as the above-mentioned method of measuring the volume average particle size of the positive electrode active material.
- the chemical formula of the compound obtained by the above-mentioned firing method can be calculated from the mass difference of the powder before and after firing as a measurement method using inductively coupled plasma (ICP) emission spectroscopy and as a simple method.
- ICP inductively coupled plasma
- the negative electrode active materials may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the mass (mg) (area weight) of the negative electrode active material per unit area (cm 2 ) of the negative electrode active material layer is not particularly limited. It can be determined appropriately depending on the designed battery capacity.
- the content of the negative electrode active material in the solid electrolyte composition is not particularly limited, and is preferably 10 to 80% by mass, and more preferably 20 to 80% by mass, with respect to 100% by mass of the solid content.
- the surfaces of the positive electrode active material and the negative electrode active material may be surface coated with another metal oxide.
- the surface coating agent may, for example, be a metal oxide containing Ti, Nb, Ta, W, Zr, Al, Si or Li. Specific examples thereof include titanate spinel, tantalum-based oxides, niobium-based oxides, lithium niobate-based compounds, etc.
- the electrode surface containing a positive electrode active material or a negative electrode active material may be surface-treated with sulfur or phosphorus.
- the particle surface of the positive electrode active material or the negative electrode active material may be subjected to surface treatment with an actinic ray or an active gas (such as plasma) before and after the surface coating.
- the solid electrolyte composition of the present invention may contain a dispersant. Even if at least one of the electrode active material and the inorganic solid electrolyte has a large content and the particle diameter of the electrode active material and the inorganic solid electrolyte is fine and the surface area increases by adding a dispersant, the aggregation thereof Can be suppressed, and a uniform active material layer and solid electrolyte layer can be formed.
- a dispersing agent what is normally used for an all-solid-state secondary battery can be selected suitably, and can be used. In general, a compound intended for at least one of particle adsorption and steric repulsion and electrostatic repulsion is preferably used.
- the solid electrolyte composition of the present invention may contain a lithium salt.
- the lithium salt is not particularly limited, and, for example, lithium salts described in paragraphs 0082 to 0085 of JP-A-2015-088486 are preferable.
- the content of the lithium salt is preferably 0 parts by mass or more, and more preferably 5 parts by mass or more with respect to 100 parts by mass of the inorganic solid electrolyte. As an upper limit, 50 mass parts or less are preferable, and 20 mass parts or less are more preferable.
- the solid electrolyte composition of the present invention may contain an ionic liquid in order to further improve the ion conductivity of the solid electrolyte-containing sheet or each layer constituting the all solid secondary battery.
- the ionic liquid is not particularly limited, but from the viewpoint of effectively improving the ion conductivity, those dissolving the above-mentioned lithium salt are preferable.
- the compound which consists of a combination of the following cation and an anion is mentioned.
- (I) Cation Examples of the cation include imidazolium cation, pyridinium cation, piperidinium cation, pyrrolidinium cation, morpholinium cation, phosphonium cation and quaternary ammonium cation.
- these cations have the following substituents.
- As a cation one of these cations may be used alone, or two or more of them may be used in combination.
- it is a quaternary ammonium cation, a piperidinium cation or a pyrrolidinium cation.
- an alkyl group (The C1-C8 alkyl group is preferable, The C1-C4 alkyl group is more preferable.), A hydroxyalkyl group (C1-C3 hydroxyalkyl group) Alkyloxyalkyl group (an alkyloxyalkyl group having 2 to 8 carbon atoms is preferable, and an alkyloxyalkyl group having 2 to 4 carbon atoms is more preferable), an ether group, an allyl group, an aminoalkyl group (carbon An aminoalkyl group of 1 to 8 is preferable, and an aminoalkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms is preferable.
- the substituent may form a cyclic structure in the form of containing a cation site.
- the substituent may further have a substituent described in the above-mentioned dispersion medium.
- the said ether group is used combining with another substituent. As such a substituent, an alkyloxy group, an aryloxy group and the like can be mentioned.
- one of these anions may be used alone, or two or more thereof may be used in combination.
- Preferred are boron tetrafluoride ion, bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide ion, bis (fluorosulfonyl) imide ion or hexafluorophosphate ion, dicyanamide ion and allyl sulfonate ion, more preferably bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide ion Or bis (fluorosulfonyl) imide ion and allyl sulfonate ion.
- Examples of the above ionic liquid include 1-allyl-3-ethylimidazolium bromide, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide, 1- (2-hydroxyethyl) -3-methylimidazolium bromide, 1- ( 2-Methoxyethyl) -3-methylimidazolium bromide, 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, N, N-diethyl-N-methyl-N- (2-methoxyethyl) ammonium tetrafluoroborate, 1- Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis (fluorosulfonyl) imide, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide, 1-butyl-1-methyl Pyrrolidinium bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) i , Trimethylbut
- the content of the ionic liquid is preferably 0 parts by mass or more, more preferably 1 part by mass or more, and most preferably 2 parts by mass or more with respect to 100 parts by mass of the inorganic solid electrolyte. As an upper limit, 50 mass parts or less are preferable, 20 mass parts or less are more preferable, and 10 mass parts or less are especially preferable.
- the solid electrolyte composition of the present invention may contain a conductive aid.
- a conductive support agent What is known as a general conductive support agent can be used.
- electron conductive materials graphites such as natural graphite and artificial graphite, carbon blacks such as acetylene black, ketjen black and furnace black, amorphous carbon such as needle coke, vapor grown carbon fibers and carbon nanotubes
- Carbon fibers such as graphene, carbon materials such as graphene and fullerene, metal powders such as copper and nickel, metal fibers, and conductive polymers such as polyaniline, polypyrrole, polythiophene, polyacetylene, and polyphenylene derivatives You may use. Also, one of these may be used, or two or more may be used.
- the solid electrolyte composition of the present invention can be prepared by dispersing the inorganic solid electrolyte (A) and the polymer (B) in the presence of the dispersion medium (C) to form a slurry. Slurrying can be performed by mixing the inorganic solid electrolyte (A), the polymer (B), and the dispersion medium (C) using various mixers.
- the mixing apparatus is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include a ball mill, bead mill, planetary mixer, blade mixer, roll mill, kneader and disk mill.
- the mixing conditions are not particularly limited, but, for example, when using a ball mill, it is preferable to mix at 150 to 700 rpm (rotation per minute) for 1 hour to 24 hours.
- a solid electrolyte composition containing components such as an active material (D) and a dispersant, it may be added and mixed simultaneously with the above-mentioned inorganic solid electrolyte (A) and polymer (B) dispersion step. And may be separately added and mixed.
- the solid electrolyte-containing sheet of the present invention can be suitably used for an all solid secondary battery, and includes various embodiments according to the application.
- a sheet preferably used for a solid electrolyte layer also referred to as a solid electrolyte sheet for all solid secondary battery
- a sheet preferably used for an electrode or a laminate of an electrode and a solid electrolyte layer electrode sheet for all solid secondary battery
- these various sheets may be collectively referred to as an all solid secondary battery sheet.
- the sheet for all solid secondary batteries is a sheet having a solid electrolyte layer or an active material layer (electrode layer).
- This sheet for all solid secondary batteries may have other layers as long as it has a solid electrolyte layer or an active material layer, but the one containing an active material is for all solid secondary batteries described later It is classified into an electrode sheet.
- the other layers include a protective layer, a current collector, a coated layer (current collector, solid electrolyte layer, active material layer) and the like.
- a solid electrolyte sheet for an all solid secondary battery for example, a sheet comprising a solid electrolyte layer and a protective layer on a substrate in this order and a sheet comprising a solid electrolyte layer or an active material layer (electrode layer) Sheet).
- the substrate is not particularly limited as long as it can support the solid electrolyte layer or the active material layer, and the materials described in the later-described current collector, sheets (plates) such as organic materials and inorganic materials, etc. may be mentioned.
- the organic material include various polymers and the like, and specific examples include polyethylene terephthalate, polypropylene, polyethylene and cellulose.
- an inorganic material, glass, a ceramic, etc. are mentioned, for example.
- the layer thickness of the solid electrolyte layer of the sheet for all solid secondary batteries is the same as the layer thickness of the solid electrolyte layer described in the all solid secondary battery of the present invention described later.
- This sheet is obtained by forming (coating and drying) the solid electrolyte composition of the present invention on a substrate (which may have other layers), to form a solid electrolyte layer on the substrate.
- the substrate may be a sheet comprising a solid electrolyte layer peeled off from the solid electrolyte layer.
- the solid electrolyte composition of the present invention can be prepared by the method described above.
- the electrode sheet for all solid secondary batteries of the present invention (also referred to simply as “electrode sheet”) is formed on a metal foil as a current collector for forming the active material layer of the all solid secondary battery of the present invention. It is an electrode sheet which has an active material layer.
- This electrode sheet is usually a sheet having a current collector and an active material layer, but an embodiment having a current collector, an active material layer and a solid electrolyte layer in this order, a current collector, an active material layer, a solid electrolyte
- the aspect which has a layer and an active material layer in this order is also included.
- the layer thickness of each layer constituting the electrode sheet is the same as the layer thickness of each layer described in the all solid secondary battery of the present invention described later.
- the electrode sheet is obtained by forming (coating and drying) the solid electrolyte composition containing an active material of the present invention on a metal foil to form an active material layer on the metal foil.
- the method of preparing a solid electrolyte composition containing an active material is the same as the method of preparing a solid electrolyte composition except that the active material is used.
- the all solid secondary battery of the present invention has a positive electrode, a negative electrode facing the positive electrode, and a solid electrolyte layer between the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
- the positive electrode has a positive electrode active material layer on a positive electrode current collector.
- the negative electrode has a negative electrode active material layer on a negative electrode current collector.
- the negative electrode active material layer, the positive electrode active material layer, and at least one layer of the solid electrolyte layer are formed using the solid electrolyte composition of the present invention.
- at least one of the active material layer and the solid electrolyte layer formed of the solid electrolyte composition is the same as that in the solid content of the solid electrolyte composition with respect to the component species contained and the content ratio thereof.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing an all solid secondary battery (lithium ion secondary battery) according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
- the all solid secondary battery 10 of the present embodiment has a negative electrode current collector 1, a negative electrode active material layer 2, a solid electrolyte layer 3, a positive electrode active material layer 4, and a positive electrode current collector 5 in this order as viewed from the negative electrode side. .
- Each layer is in contact with each other and has a stacked structure. By adopting such a structure, at the time of charge, electrons (e ⁇ ) are supplied to the negative electrode side, and lithium ions (Li + ) are accumulated there.
- the solid electrolyte composition of the present invention can be preferably used as a molding material for the negative electrode active material layer, the positive electrode active material layer, and the solid electrolyte layer.
- seat of this invention is suitable as said negative electrode active material layer, a positive electrode active material layer, and a solid electrolyte layer.
- a positive electrode active material layer (hereinafter also referred to as a positive electrode layer) and a negative electrode active material layer (hereinafter also referred to as a negative electrode layer) may be collectively referred to as an electrode layer or an active material layer.
- the all solid secondary battery having the layer configuration shown in FIG. 1 When the all solid secondary battery having the layer configuration shown in FIG. 1 is placed in a 2032 coin case, the all solid secondary battery having the layer configuration shown in FIG. 1 is referred to as an electrode sheet for all solid secondary batteries.
- a battery manufactured by placing an electrode sheet for an all solid secondary battery in a 2032 type coin case may be called as an all solid secondary battery to be called separately.
- the thicknesses of the positive electrode active material layer 4, the solid electrolyte layer 3, and the negative electrode active material layer 2 are not particularly limited. In addition, in consideration of the size of a general battery, 10 to 1,000 ⁇ m is preferable, and 20 ⁇ m or more and less than 500 ⁇ m are more preferable. In the all solid secondary battery of the present invention, the thickness of at least one of the positive electrode active material layer 4, the solid electrolyte layer 3 and the negative electrode active material layer 2 is more preferably 50 ⁇ m or more and less than 500 ⁇ m.
- any one of the positive electrode active material layer, the solid electrolyte layer, and the negative electrode active material layer is formed using the solid electrolyte composition of the present invention. That is, when the solid electrolyte layer 3 is formed of the solid electrolyte composition of the present invention, the solid electrolyte layer 3 contains the inorganic solid electrolyte (A) and the polymer (B). The solid electrolyte layer generally does not contain a positive electrode active material and a negative electrode active material.
- the polymer (B) is considered to be present between solid particles such as the inorganic solid electrolyte (A) and the active material contained in the adjacent active material layer. Therefore, the interfacial resistance between solid particles is reduced, and the binding property is increased.
- the positive electrode active material layer 4 and the negative electrode active material layer 2 are respectively a positive electrode active material or It contains a negative electrode active material, and further contains an inorganic solid electrolyte (A) and a polymer (B).
- the active material layer contains the inorganic solid electrolyte (A)
- the ion conductivity can be improved.
- the polymer (B) is present between solid particles and the like. Therefore, the interfacial resistance between solid particles is reduced, and the binding property is increased.
- the inorganic solid electrolyte (A) and the polymer (B) contained in the positive electrode active material layer 4, the solid electrolyte layer 3 and the negative electrode active material layer 2 may be the same as or different from each other.
- any of the negative electrode active material layer, the positive electrode active material layer and the solid electrolyte layer in the all solid secondary battery contains the polymer (B) and solid particles such as an inorganic solid electrolyte. It is made using an electrolyte composition. For this reason, the binding property between solid particles can be improved, and as a result, good cycle characteristics in an all solid secondary battery can be realized.
- the positive electrode current collector 5 and the negative electrode current collector 1 are preferably electron conductors. In the present invention, one or both of the positive electrode current collector and the negative electrode current collector may be simply referred to as a current collector.
- a current collector In addition to aluminum, aluminum alloy, stainless steel, nickel and titanium as materials for forming a positive electrode current collector, aluminum or stainless steel surface treated with carbon, nickel, titanium or silver (a thin film is formed are preferred, among which aluminum and aluminum alloys are more preferred.
- materials for forming the negative electrode current collector in addition to aluminum, copper, copper alloy, stainless steel, nickel and titanium etc., carbon, nickel, titanium or silver is treated on the surface of aluminum, copper, copper alloy or stainless steel are preferred, with aluminum, copper, copper alloys and stainless steel being more preferred.
- the shape of the current collector is usually in the form of a film sheet, but a net, a punch, a lath body, a porous body, a foam, a molded body of a fiber group and the like can also be used.
- the thickness of the current collector is not particularly limited, but is preferably 1 to 500 ⁇ m. Further, it is also preferable to make the current collector surface uneven by surface treatment.
- each layer of the negative electrode current collector is appropriately interposed or disposed between or outside each layer of the negative electrode current collector, the negative electrode active material layer, the solid electrolyte layer, the positive electrode active material layer and the positive electrode current collector.
- Each layer may be composed of a single layer or multiple layers.
- the layers described above can be arranged to produce the basic structure of the all-solid secondary battery. Depending on the application, it may be used as an all solid secondary battery as it is, but in order to form a dry battery, it is further enclosed in a suitable case and used.
- the housing may be metallic or made of resin (plastic). When using a metallic thing, the thing made of aluminum alloy and stainless steel can be mentioned, for example.
- the metallic casing is preferably divided into a casing on the positive electrode side and a casing on the negative electrode side, and is preferably electrically connected to the positive electrode current collector and the negative electrode current collector. It is preferable that the housing on the positive electrode side and the housing on the negative electrode side be joined and integrated through a short circuit preventing gasket.
- the solid electrolyte-containing sheet of the present invention can be produced, for example, by forming (coating and drying) the solid electrolyte composition of the present invention on a base (or other layers may be interposed) to form a solid electrolyte layer on the base Alternatively, it can be obtained by forming an active material layer (coated dry layer). According to the above aspect, a sheet for an all solid secondary battery, which is a sheet having a substrate and a coated dry layer, can be produced.
- the coated dry layer is a layer formed by applying the solid electrolyte composition of the present invention and drying the dispersion medium (ie, using the solid electrolyte composition of the present invention, the solid layer of the present invention
- the solid electrolyte-containing sheet may contain a dispersion medium in each layer within a range not affecting the battery performance. Specifically, it may be contained in an amount of 1 ppm or more and 10000 ppm or less in the total mass of each layer.
- the production of the all solid secondary battery and the electrode sheet for the all solid secondary battery can be performed by a conventional method. Specifically, the all solid secondary battery and the electrode sheet for the all solid secondary battery can be manufactured by forming each of the layers described above using the solid electrolyte composition and the like of the present invention. The details will be described below.
- the all-solid secondary battery of the present invention is produced by a method including the steps of applying the solid electrolyte composition of the present invention on a metal foil to be a current collector and forming a coating (film formation). It can.
- a solid electrolyte composition containing a positive electrode active material is applied as a material for positive electrode (composition for positive electrode) on a metal foil that is a positive electrode current collector to form a positive electrode active material layer, and all solid secondary A battery positive electrode sheet is produced.
- a solid electrolyte composition for forming a solid electrolyte layer is applied onto the positive electrode active material layer to form a solid electrolyte layer.
- the solid electrolyte composition containing a negative electrode active material is apply
- An all-solid secondary battery having a structure in which a solid electrolyte layer is sandwiched between a positive electrode active material layer and a negative electrode active material layer by overlapping a negative electrode current collector (metal foil) on the negative electrode active material layer Can. If necessary, it can be enclosed in a casing to make a desired all-solid secondary battery.
- each layer is reversed, a negative electrode active material layer, a solid electrolyte layer, and a positive electrode active material layer are formed on the negative electrode current collector, and the positive electrode current collector is stacked to produce an all solid secondary battery.
- Another method is as follows. That is, as described above, a positive electrode sheet for an all solid secondary battery is produced. In addition, a solid electrolyte composition containing a negative electrode active material is coated on a metal foil that is a negative electrode current collector as a negative electrode material (composition for a negative electrode) to form a negative electrode active material layer, and all solid secondary A battery negative electrode sheet is produced. Next, a solid electrolyte layer is formed on one of the active material layers of these sheets as described above. Furthermore, on the solid electrolyte layer, the other of the all-solid secondary battery positive electrode sheet and the all-solid secondary battery negative electrode sheet is laminated such that the solid electrolyte layer and the active material layer are in contact with each other.
- an all solid secondary battery can be manufactured.
- the following method may be mentioned. That is, as described above, a positive electrode sheet for an all solid secondary battery and a negative electrode sheet for an all solid secondary battery are produced. Moreover, separately from this, a solid electrolyte composition is apply
- An all solid secondary battery can also be manufactured by a combination of the above forming methods. For example, as described above, a positive electrode sheet for an all solid secondary battery, a negative electrode sheet for an all solid secondary battery, and a solid electrolyte sheet for an all solid secondary battery are produced. Subsequently, after laminating the solid electrolyte layer peeled off from the substrate on the negative electrode sheet for the all solid secondary battery, the whole solid secondary battery can be manufactured by bonding to the positive electrode sheet for the all solid secondary battery. it can. In this method, the solid electrolyte layer may be laminated on the positive electrode sheet for the all solid secondary battery, and may be bonded to the negative electrode sheet for the all solid secondary battery.
- the application method of the solid electrolyte composition is not particularly limited, and can be appropriately selected.
- application preferably wet application
- spray application spin coating application
- dip coating dip coating
- slit application stripe application and bar coating application
- the solid electrolyte composition may be dried after being applied, or may be dried after being applied in multiple layers.
- the drying temperature is not particularly limited.
- the lower limit is preferably 30 ° C. or more, more preferably 60 ° C. or more, and still more preferably 80 ° C. or more. 300 degrees C or less is preferable, 250 degrees C or less is more preferable, and 200 degrees C or less is further more preferable.
- the dispersion medium By heating in such a temperature range, the dispersion medium can be removed to be in a solid state. Moreover, it is preferable because the temperature is not excessively high and the members of the all solid secondary battery are not damaged. Thereby, in the all solid secondary battery, excellent overall performance can be exhibited, and good binding can be obtained.
- the applied solid electrolyte composition or the all solid secondary battery After producing the applied solid electrolyte composition or the all solid secondary battery, it is preferable to pressurize each layer or the all solid secondary battery. Moreover, it is also preferable to pressurize in the state which laminated
- a hydraulic cylinder press machine etc. are mentioned as a pressurization method.
- the pressure is not particularly limited, and in general, the pressure is preferably in the range of 50 to 1,500 MPa.
- the applied solid electrolyte composition may be heated simultaneously with pressurization.
- the heating temperature is not particularly limited, and generally in the range of 30 to 300 ° C. It is also possible to press at a temperature higher than the glass transition temperature of the inorganic solid electrolyte.
- the pressurization may be performed in a state where the coating solvent or the dispersion medium is dried in advance, or may be performed in a state where the solvent or the dispersion medium remains.
- each composition may be simultaneously apply
- the atmosphere during pressurization is not particularly limited, and may be under air, under dry air (dew point ⁇ 20 ° C. or less), under inert gas (eg, in argon gas, in helium gas, in nitrogen gas).
- the pressing time may be high pressure for a short time (for example, within several hours), or may be medium pressure for a long time (one day or more).
- a restraint (screw tightening pressure or the like) of the all-solid secondary battery can also be used to keep applying medium pressure.
- the pressing pressure may be uniform or different with respect to a pressure receiving portion such as a sheet surface.
- the press pressure can be changed according to the area and film thickness of the pressure-receiving portion. It is also possible to change the same site in stages with different pressures.
- the press surface may be smooth or roughened.
- the all-solid secondary battery produced as described above is preferably subjected to initialization after production or before use.
- the initialization is not particularly limited, and can be performed, for example, by performing initial charge and discharge in a state where the press pressure is increased, and then releasing the pressure until the general working pressure of the all solid secondary battery is reached.
- the all solid secondary battery of the present invention can be applied to various applications.
- the application mode is not particularly limited, for example, when installed in an electronic device, a laptop computer, a pen input computer, a mobile computer, an e-book player, a mobile phone, a cordless handset, a pager, a handy terminal, a mobile fax, a mobile phone Examples include copying, portable printers, headphone stereos, video movies, LCD TVs, handy cleaners, portable CDs, mini-discs, electric shavers, transceivers, electronic organizers, calculators, portable tape recorders, radios, backup power supplies, memory cards and the like.
- Other consumer products include automobiles (electric cars, etc.), electric vehicles, motors, lighting equipment, toys, game machines, road conditioners, watches, strobes, cameras, medical devices (pace makers, hearing aids, shoulder machines, etc.), etc. . Furthermore, it can be used for various military and space applications. It can also be combined with a solar cell.
- An all solid secondary battery in which all the layers of the positive electrode active material layer, the solid electrolyte layer and the negative electrode active material layer are layers composed of the solid electrolyte composition of the present invention.
- a solid electrolyte composition containing the active material for producing the above-mentioned all solid secondary battery [4] A battery electrode sheet formed by applying the above solid electrolyte composition on a metal foil and forming a film.
- all the preferable manufacturing methods of the all solid secondary battery and the battery electrode sheet of the present invention are wet processes. Thereby, the adhesion between the active material and the inorganic solid electrolyte is enhanced even in a region where the content of the inorganic solid electrolyte in at least one of the positive electrode active material layer and the negative electrode active material layer is 10% by mass or less. Can be maintained, and an all-solid secondary battery having high energy density (Wh / kg) and high power density (W / kg) per cell mass can be manufactured.
- the all-solid secondary battery refers to a secondary battery in which the positive electrode, the negative electrode, and the electrolyte are both solid. In other words, it is distinguished from an electrolyte type secondary battery in which a carbonate-based solvent is used as the electrolyte.
- the present invention is premised on an inorganic all solid secondary battery.
- organic (polymer) all solid secondary batteries using a polymer compound such as polyethylene oxide as an electrolyte and inorganic all solids using the above Li-P-S based glass, LLT or LLZ etc. It is divided into secondary batteries.
- the inorganic solid electrolyte is distinguished from an electrolyte (polymer electrolyte) in which the above-described polymer compound is used as an ion conduction medium, and the inorganic compound is an ion conduction medium. Specific examples thereof include the above-mentioned Li—P—S-based glass, LLT and LLZ.
- the inorganic solid electrolyte itself does not release cations (Li ions) but exhibits an ion transport function.
- a material serving as a supply source of ions which are added to the electrolytic solution or the solid electrolyte layer to release cations may be referred to as an electrolyte.
- an electrolyte salt When it distinguishes with the electrolyte as said ion transport material, this is called an "electrolyte salt" or a “support electrolyte.”
- electrolyte salt LiTFSI is mentioned, for example.
- the term "composition” means a mixture in which two or more components are uniformly mixed. However, as long as uniformity is substantially maintained, aggregation or uneven distribution may occur in part within the range where the desired effect is exhibited.
- the resulting mixture was cooled to room temperature, then added to methanol for precipitation, decanted, washed twice with methanol, and then dissolved by adding 60 parts by mass of heptane.
- the resulting solution was concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain a solution of macromonomer MM-1.
- the mass average molecular weight was 3000.
- a macromonomer MM-3 was synthesized in the same manner as the macromonomer MM-1, except that methacrylic acid chloride was changed to 2-isocyanatoethyl acrylate (manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) and triethylamine was not added.
- the mass average molecular weight of macromonomer MM-3 was 3,000.
- the polymers B-2 to B-13 and BC-1 to BC-4 were synthesized in the same manner as the polymer B-1 except that the compositions described in Table 1 below were changed.
- the weight average molecular weights of the polymers B-1 to B-13 and BC-1 to BC-4 are shown in Table A below.
- Solid electrolyte compositions S-2 to S-13 and BS-1 to BS-4 were prepared in the same manner as solid electrolyte composition S-1 except that the compositions in Table 2 below were adopted.
- the solid electrolyte composition is added to a glass test tube of 10 mm in diameter and 15 cm in height to a height of 10 cm, and after standing for 2 hours at 25 ° C. It evaluated by the following evaluation criteria. "4" or more is a pass of this test. The results are shown in Table 2 below.
- each solid electrolyte composition obtained above is applied on an aluminum foil with a thickness of 20 ⁇ m by an applicator (trade name: SA-201 baker type applicator, manufactured by Tester Sangyo Co., Ltd.), heated at 80 ° C. for 2 hours, solid electrolyte The composition was allowed to dry. Thereafter, using a heat press, the solid electrolyte composition dried at a temperature of 120 ° C. and a pressure of 600 MPa for 10 seconds was heated and pressurized, and each solid electrolyte sheet No. 1 for all solid rechargeable batteries was prepared. 101 to 113 and c11 to c13 were obtained. The film thickness of each solid electrolyte layer was 50 ⁇ m. The following tests were performed on the produced solid electrolyte sheet for all solid secondary battery, and the results are shown in Table 2 below.
- the solid electrolyte sheet for an all solid secondary battery obtained above was cut into a disc having a diameter of 14.5 mm, and this solid electrolyte sheet 12 for an all solid secondary battery was placed in a 2032 coin case 11 shown in FIG. .
- an aluminum foil (not shown in FIG. 2) cut into a disk shape with a diameter of 15 mm is brought into contact with the solid electrolyte layer, and a spacer and a washer (both not shown in FIG. I put it in a coin case 11.
- the ion conductivity measuring jig 13 was manufactured by caulking the 2032 type coin case 11.
- composition for positive electrode 180 pieces of zirconia beads with a diameter of 5 mm were charged into a 45 mL container made of zirconia (manufactured by Fritsch), 2.7 g of LPS, a polymer B-1 dispersion, and 0.3 g of polymer B-1 (solid component mass) The amount of THF was 22 g. Thereafter, the container was set in a Fritsch planetary ball mill P-7 (trade name) and stirred at 25 ° C. for 2 hours at a rotational speed of 300 rpm.
- the positive electrode compositions U-2 to U-13 and V-1 to V-4 described in Table 3 below were prepared in the same manner as the positive electrode composition U-1.
- All of the positive electrode compositions U-1 to U-13 passed the above-mentioned dispersibility test. Further, all of the positive electrode sheets for the all solid secondary battery (having the positive electrode active material layer and not having the solid electrolyte layer) prepared using the positive electrode compositions U-1 to U-13 have the above-mentioned binding properties. The exam passed.
- the composition for positive electrode U-1 obtained above is coated on a 20 ⁇ m thick aluminum foil by a baker-type applicator (trade name SA-201, manufactured by Tester Sangyo Co., Ltd.), heated at 80 ° C. for 2 hours, and used for positive electrodes. The composition was allowed to dry. Thereafter, using a heat press, the dried composition for a positive electrode U-1 was pressurized (600 MPa, 1 minute) while heating (80 ° C.) to obtain an all solid film having a positive electrode active material layer with a film thickness of 80 ⁇ m. The positive electrode sheet for the next battery was produced.
- a baker-type applicator trade name SA-201, manufactured by Tester Sangyo Co., Ltd.
- a solid electrolyte composition S-1 was applied on the obtained positive electrode active material layer by the above-described baker-type applicator, and heated at 80 ° C. for 2 hours to dry the solid electrolyte composition. Thereafter, using a heat press, the dried solid electrolyte composition S-1 is pressurized (600 MPa, 10 seconds) while heating (80 ° C.) to obtain an all solid layer comprising a solid electrolyte layer with a thickness of 30 ⁇ m. The positive electrode sheet for the next battery was produced.
- the resistance of the all-solid-state secondary battery obtained above was evaluated by a charge / discharge evaluation device TOSCAT-3000 (trade name) manufactured by Toyo System Co., Ltd. Charging was performed at a current density of 0.1 mA / cm 2 until the battery voltage reached 4.2 V. Discharge was performed at a current density of 0.2 mA / cm 2 until the battery voltage reached 2.5 V. This was repeated, the battery voltage after 5 mAh / g (amount of electricity per 1 g of active material mass) discharge in the third cycle was read, and the resistance was evaluated based on the following criteria. The higher the battery voltage, the lower the resistance. Evaluation criteria "4" or more is a pass. The results are shown in Table 4 below.
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Abstract
Description
かかる状況下、有機電解液に代えて、無機固体電解質を用いた全固体二次電池が注目されている。全固体二次電池は負極、電解質及び正極のすべてが固体からなり、有機電解液を用いた電池の課題とされる安全性ないし信頼性を大きく改善することができ、また長寿命化も可能になるとされる。さらに、全固体二次電池は、電極と電解質を直接並べて直列に配した構造とすることができる。そのため、有機電解液を用いた二次電池に比べて高エネルギー密度化が可能となり、電気自動車や大型蓄電池等への応用が期待されている。
<1>
周期律表第1族若しくは第2族に属する金属のイオンの伝導性を有する無機固体電解質(A)と、ポリマー(B)と、分散媒(C)とを含み、上記ポリマー(B)が、下記(条件1)~(条件3)を満たすマクロモノマー由来の構成成分を含む固体電解質組成物。
(条件1)SP値19.0MPa1/2以下、
(条件2)質量平均分子量1,000以上、及び
(条件3)下記一般式(1)で表される基を少なくとも2つ有する。
上記ポリマー(B)が、下記一般式(2)で表される構成成分を含む、<1>に記載の固体電解質組成物。
上記分散媒(C)のClogPが3以上である、<1>又は<2>に記載の固体電解質組成物。
<4>
上記ポリマー(B)が平均粒子径10~1000nmの粒子である、<1>~<3>のいずれか1つに記載の固体電解質組成物。
<5>
上記無機固体電解質(A)が下記式(I)で表される、<1>~<4>のいずれか1つに記載の固体電解質組成物。
La1Mb1Pc1Sd1Ae1 式(I)
式中、LはLi、Na及びKから選択される元素を示す。Mは、B、Zn、Sn、Si、Cu、Ga、Sb、Al及びGeから選択される元素を示す。Aは、I、Br、Cl及びFから選択される元素を示す。a1~e1は各元素の組成比を示し、a1:b1:c1:d1:e1は1~12:0~5:1:2~12:0~10を満たす。
<6>
上記ポリマー(B)の全構成成分中に占める、上記マクロモノマー由来の構成成分の割合が、15質量%以上40質量%未満である、<1>~<5>のいずれか1つに記載の固体電解質組成物。
上記ポリマー(B)が、下記式(a-11)又は(a-12)で表されるモノマー由来の繰り返し単位を含む、<1>~<6>のいずれか1つに記載の固体電解質組成物。
上記ポリマー(B)が、SP値21.5MPa1/2以上のモノマー由来の繰り返し単位を30質量%以上含有する、<1>~<7>のいずれか1つに記載の固体電解質組成物。
<9>
上記分散媒(C)が、ケトン化合物溶媒、エーテル化合物溶媒、エステル化合物溶媒及び脂肪族化合物溶媒の少なくとも1種(ケトン化合物溶媒、エーテル化合物溶媒、エステル化合物溶媒及び/又は脂肪族化合物溶媒)である、<1>~<8>のいずれか1つに記載の固体電解質組成物。
<10>
周期律表第1族若しくは第2族に属する金属のイオンの挿入放出が可能な活物質(D)を含む、<1>~<9>のいずれか1つに記載の固体電解質組成物。
<1>~<10>のいずれか1つに記載の固体電解質組成物で構成した層を有する固体電解質含有シート。
<12>
正極活物質層と負極活物質層と固体電解質層とを具備する全固体二次電池であって、上記正極活物質層、上記負極活物質層及び上記固体電解質層の少なくともいずれかを<1>~<10>のいずれか1つに記載の固体電解質組成物で構成した層とした全固体二次電池。
<13>
<1>~<10>のいずれか1つに記載の固体電解質組成物を基材上に塗布する工程を含む固体電解質含有シートの製造方法。
<14>
<13>に記載の製造方法により、正極活物質層、負極活物質層及び固体電解質層の少なくとも1層を形成する工程を含む全固体二次電池を製造する全固体二次電池の製造方法。
本明細書において、「(メタ)アクリル」と記載するときは、メタアクリル及びアクリルの少なくとも一方を意味する。また、「(メタ)アクリロイル」と記載するときは、メタアクリロイル及びアクリロイルの少なくとも一方を意味する。
本明細書において、特定の符号で表示された置換基及び連結基の少なくとも一方が複数あるとき、あるいは複数の置換基等(置換基数の規定も同様)を同時もしくは択一的に規定するときには、それぞれの置換基等は互いに同一でも異なっていてもよい。また、複数の置換基等が近接するときにはそれらが互いに結合したり縮合したりして環を形成していてもよい。なお、置換基を有する置換基等の炭素数は、総炭素数を意味する。
本発明の固体電解質組成物は、周期律表第1族若しくは第2族に属する金属のイオンの伝導性を有する無機固体電解質(A)と、ポリマー(B)と、分散媒(C)とを含み、上記ポリマー(B)が、下記(条件1)~(条件3)を満たすマクロモノマー由来の構成成分を含む。
(条件1)SP値19.0MPa1/2以下
(条件2)質量平均分子量1,000以上、及び
(条件3)下記一般式(1)で表される基を少なくとも2つ有する。
以下、本発明の固体電解質組成物が含有する成分及び含有しうる成分を記載する。
無機固体電解質とは、無機の固体電解質のことであり、固体電解質とは、その内部においてイオンを移動させることができる固体状の電解質のことである。主たるイオン伝導性材料として有機物を含むものではないことから、有機固体電解質(ポリエチレンオキシド(PEO)などに代表される高分子電解質、リチウムビス(トリフルオロメタンスルホニル)イミド(LiTFSI)などに代表される有機電解質塩)とは明確に区別される。また、無機固体電解質は定常状態では固体であるため、通常カチオン及びアニオンに解離又は遊離していない。この点で、電解液やポリマー中でカチオン及びアニオンが解離又は遊離している無機電解質塩(LiPF6、LiBF4、LiFSI、LiClなど)とも明確に区別される。無機固体電解質は周期律表第1族又は第2族に属する金属のイオンの伝導性を有するものであれば特に限定されず電子伝導性を有さないものが一般的である。以下、「周期律表第1族若しくは第2族に属する金属のイオンの伝導性を有する無機固体電解質(A)」を単に「無機固体電解質」又は「無機固体電解質(A)」と称することもある。
硫化物系無機固体電解質は、硫黄原子(S)を含有し、かつ、周期律表第1族又は第2族に属する金属のイオン伝導性を有し、かつ、電子絶縁性を有する化合物が好ましい。硫化物系無機固体電解質は、元素として少なくともLi、S及びPを含有し、リチウムイオン伝導性を有しているものが好ましいが、目的又は場合に応じて、Li、S及びP以外の他の元素を含んでもよい。
例えば下記式(1)で示される組成を満たすリチウムイオン伝導性無機固体電解質が挙げられる。
La1Mb1Pc1Sd1Ae1 式(I)
式中、LはLi、Na及びKから選択される元素を示し、Liが好ましい。Mは、B、Zn、Sn、Si、Cu、Ga、Sb、Al及びGeから選択される元素を示す。Aは、I、Br、Cl及びFから選択される元素を示す。a1~e1は各元素の組成比を示し、a1:b1:c1:d1:e1は1~12:0~5:1:2~12:0~10を満たす。a1はさらに、1~9が好ましく、1.5~7.5がより好ましい。b1は0~3が好ましく、0~1がより好ましい。d1はさらに、2.5~10が好ましく、3.0~8.5がより好ましい。e1はさらに、0~5が好ましく、0~3がより好ましい。
硫化物系無機固体電解質は、例えば硫化リチウム(Li2S)、硫化リン(例えば五硫化二燐(P2S5))、単体燐、単体硫黄、硫化ナトリウム、硫化水素、ハロゲン化リチウム(例えばLiI、LiBr、LiCl)及び上記Mであらわされる元素の硫化物(例えばSiS2、SnS、GeS2)の中の少なくとも2つ以上の原料の反応により製造することができる。
酸化物系無機固体電解質は、酸素原子(O)を含有し、かつ、周期律表第1族又は第2族に属する金属のイオン伝導性を有し、かつ、電子絶縁性を有する化合物が好ましい。
上記無機固体電解質は、1種を単独で用いても、2種以上を組み合わせて用いてもよい。
ただし、固体電解質組成物が後述する活物質を含有する場合、固体電解質組成物中の無機固体電解質の含有量は、活物質と無機固体電解質との合計含有量が上記範囲であることが好ましい。
なお、本明細書において固形分(固形成分)とは、窒素雰囲気下170℃で6時間乾燥処理を行ったときに、揮発ないし蒸発して消失しない成分をいう。典型的には、後述の分散媒以外の成分を指す。
本発明に用いられるポリマー(B)は、後述の(条件1)~(条件3)を満たすマクロモノマー由来の構成成分を含む。
本発明に用いられるマクロモノマーは、ポリマー(B)を粒子状で分散させる際に分散性を付与するため、SP値が19.0MPa1/2以下である。SP値の下限に特に制限はないが、10MPa1/2以上が好ましく、16MPa1/2以上がより好ましい。
本明細書においてSP値は、特に断らない限り、Hoy法によって求める(H.L.Hoy Journal of Painting,1970,Vol.42,76-118)。
本発明において、ポリマーのSP値(SPP)は、ポリマーを構成する各繰り返し単位のSP値を、それぞれ、SP1、SP2・・・とし、各繰り返し単位の質量比をW1、W2・・・とした場合、下記式で算出される値とする。
SPp 2=SP1 2×W1+SP2 2×W2+・・・
本発明に用いられるマクロモノマーの質量平均分子量は1,000以上であり、2,000以上が好ましく、3,000以上がより好ましい。上限としては、500,000以下が好ましく、100,000以下がより好ましく、30,000以下が特に好ましい。
本発明において、マクロモノマー及びポリマー(B)の分子量については、特に断らない限り、質量平均分子量をいい、ゲルパーミエーションクロマトグラフィー(GPC)によって計測される標準ポリスチレン換算の質量平均分子量である。測定法としては、基本として下記条件A又は条件B(優先)の方法により測定した値とする。ただし、マクロモノマー及びポリマー(B)の種類によっては適宜適切な溶離液を選定して用いればよい。
カラム:TOSOH TSKgel Super AWM-H(商品名)を2本つなげる。
キャリア:10mMLiBr/N-メチルピロリドン
測定温度:40℃
キャリア流量:1.0mL/min
試料濃度:0.1質量%
検出器:RI(屈折率)検出器
カラム:TOSOH TSKgel Super HZM-H(商品名)、TOSOH TSKgel Super HZ4000(商品名)、TOSOH TSKgel Super HZ2000(商品名)をつないだカラムを用いる。
キャリア:テトラヒドロフラン
測定温度:40℃
キャリア流量:1.0mL/min
試料濃度:0.1質量%
検出器:RI(屈折率)検出器
R1及びR2は各々独立に、水素原子、シアノ基又は炭素数1~3のアルキル基を示すことが好ましく、水素原子又は炭素数1~3のアルキル基を示すことがより好ましく、水素原子又はメチル基を示すことが特に好ましい。
P1は、ポリアルキレン基(ポリ(アルキレン)基)、ポリシロキサン連結基(ポリシロキサン含有基)、ハロゲン原子含有ポリアルキレン基(ハロゲン原子含有ポリ(アルキレン)基)、ポリアルケニレン基(ポリ(アルケニレン)基)、ポリエーテル基(ポリエーテル含有基)又はポリエステル基(ポリエステル含有基)を示し、ポリアルキレン基、ポリシロキサン連結基、又はハロゲン原子含有ポリアルキレン基を示すことが好ましく、ポリシロキサン連結基又はポリアルキレン基を示すことがより好ましく、ポリアルキレン基を示すことが特に好ましい。P1は置換基として炭素数1~3のアルキル基を有することが好ましく、炭素数2又は3のアルキル基を有することが特に好ましい。
P1の分子量は特に制限されないが、1000~100000が好ましく、2000~10000がより好ましい。
また、ポリマー(B)の全構成成分中に占める、マクロモノマー由来の構成成分の割合は、分散性付与と接着性付与の観点から、15質量%以上が好ましく、20質量%以上がより好ましい。上限は50質量%以下が好ましく、40質量%未満がより好ましい。上記割合は、例えば、ポリマー(B)の合成に用いるモノマーの質量から算出することができる。
マクロモノマーの合成法は特に限定されないが、例えば、両末端変性ポリマーの両末端に、上記一般式(1)で表される基(例えばビニル基)を含有する化合物を反応させることで合成できる。具体的には、両末端変性ポリマーにおける末端変性基(好ましくは下記末端変性基)と、ビニル基含有化合物における官能基(好ましくは下記ビニル基含有化合物が含有する官能基であって、末端変性基との反応により結合を形成可能な基)との反応によって合成できる。
本発明において、ポリマー(B)が分散媒(C)に対して不溶の粒子であることが、固体電解質組成物の分散安定性の観点、及び、高いイオン伝導性を有する全固体二次電池を得られる観点から好ましい。ここで、「ポリマー(B)が分散媒(C)に対して不溶の粒子である」とは、30℃の分散媒に3質量%の含有量となるようにポリマー(B)を添加し、24時間静置しても、平均粒子径が10%以上低下しないことを意味し、5%以上低下しないことが好ましく、1%以上低下しないことがより好ましい。
また、固体電解質組成物中におけるポリマー(B)は、無機固体電解質等の粒子間イオン伝導性の低下抑制のため、粒子であることが好ましく、平均粒子径は、10~1000nmが好ましく、100~500nmがより好ましい。
ポリマー(B)粒子を任意の溶媒(固体電解質組成物の調製に用いる分散媒。例えば、ヘプタン)を用いて20mLサンプル瓶中で1質量%の分散液を希釈調製する。希釈後の分散試料は、1kHzの超音波を10分間照射し、その直後に試験に使用する。この分散液試料を用い、レーザ回折/散乱式粒度分布測定装置LA-920(商品名、HORIBA社製)を用いて、温度25℃で測定用石英セルを使用してデータ取り込みを50回行い、得られた体積平均粒子径を平均粒子径とする。その他の詳細な条件等は必要によりJIS Z 8828:2013「粒子径解析-動的光散乱法」の記載を参照する。1水準につき5つの試料を作製して測定し、その平均値を採用する。
なお、作製された全固体二次電池からの測定は、例えば、電池を分解し電極を剥がした後、その電極材料について上記ポリマー(B)粒子の平均粒子径の測定方法に準じてその測定を行い、あらかじめ測定していたポリマー(B)粒子以外の粒子の平均粒子径の測定値を排除することにより行うことができる。
ポリマー(B)のガラス転移温度は、上限は80℃以下が好ましく、50℃以下がより好ましく、30℃以下が更に好ましい。下限は特に限定されないが、一般的には-80℃以上である。
本発明の固体電解質組成物において、ポリマー(B)の質量に対する、無機固体電解質と活物質の合計質量(総量)の質量比[(無機固体電解質の質量+活物質の質量)/(B)バインダーの質量]は、1,000~1の範囲が好ましい。この比率は更に500~2がより好ましく、100~10が更に好ましい。
R22は置換基を示す。置換基としては後述する置換基Tが挙げられる。中でも、炭素数1~6のアルキル基、フェニル基、カルボキシ基、ヒドロキシ基、スルホン酸基、リン酸基、酸素原子を含有する脂肪族複素環基、アミノ基及びアンモニオ基が好ましく、炭素数1~6のアルキル基、カルボキシ基、リン酸基、ヒドロキシ基及びアンモニオ基がより好ましく、炭素数1~3のアルキル基、カルボキシ基、リン酸基、ヒドロキシ基、アンモニオ基がさらに好ましく、炭素数1~3のアルキル基、カルボキシ基及びヒドロキシ基が特に好ましい。
置換基Tとしては、下記のものが挙げられる。
アルキル基(好ましくは炭素数1~20)、アルケニル基(好ましくは炭素数2~20)、アルキニル基(好ましくは炭素数2~20)、シクロアルキル基(好ましくは炭素数3~20。ただし、本発明においてアルキル基というときには通常シクロアルキル基を含む意味である。)、アリール基(好ましくは炭素数6~26)、アラルキル基(好ましくは炭素数7~23)、ヘテロ環基(好ましくは炭素数2~20のヘテロ環基、好ましくは、少なくとも1つの酸素原子、硫黄原子、窒素原子を有する5又は6員環のヘテロ環基である。)、アルコキシ基(好ましくは炭素数1~20)、アリールオキシ基(好ましくは炭素数6~26。ただし、本発明においてアルコキシ基というときには通常アリールオキシ基を含む意味である。)、アルコキシカルボニル基(好ましくは炭素数2~20)、アリールオキシカルボニル基(好ましくは炭素数6~26)、アミノ基(好ましくは炭素数0~20のアミノ基、アルキルアミノ基、アリールアミノ基を含む。)、アンモニオ基(好ましくは炭素数0~20のアンモニオ基、アルキルアンモニオ基、アリールアンモニオ基を含む。)、スルファモイル基(好ましくは炭素数0~20)、アシル基(好ましくは炭素数1~20)、アリーロイル基(好ましくは炭素数7~23。ただし、本発明においてアシル基というときには通常アリーロイル基を含む意味である。)、アシルオキシ基(好ましくは炭素数1~20)、アリーロイルオキシ基(好ましくは炭素数7~23。ただし、本発明において、アシルオキシ基というときには通常アリーロイルオキシ基を含む意味である。)、カルバモイル基(好ましくは炭素数1~20)、アシルアミノ基(好ましくは炭素数1~20)、アルキルチオ基(好ましくは炭素数1~20)、アリールチオ基(好ましくは炭素数6~26)、アルキルスルホニル基(好ましくは炭素数1~20)、アリールスルホニル基(好ましくは炭素数6~22)、アルキルシリル基(好ましくは炭素数1~20)、アリールシリル基(好ましくは炭素数6~42)、アルコキシシリル基(好ましくは炭素数1~20)、アリールオキシシリル基(好ましくは炭素数6~42)、ホスホリル基(好ましくは炭素数0~20のホスホリル基、例えば、-OP(=O)(RP)2)、ホスホニル基(好ましくは炭素数0~20のホスホニル基、例えば、-P(=O)(RP)2)、ホスフィニル基(好ましくは炭素数0~20のホスフィニル基、例えば、-P(RP)2)、(メタ)アクリロイル基、(メタ)アクリロイルオキシ基、(メタ)アクリロイルイミノ基((メタ)アクリルアミド基)、ヒドロキシ基、スルファニル基、カルボキシ基、リン酸基、ホスホン酸基、スルホン酸基、シアノ基、ハロゲン原子(例えば、フッ素原子、塩素原子、臭素原子、ヨウ素原子)が挙げられる。RPは、水素原子、ヒドロキシ基又は置換基(好ましくは置換基Tから選択される基)である。
また、これらの置換基Tで挙げた各基は、上記の置換基Tが更に置換していてもよい。
化合物、置換基及び連結基等がアルキル基、アルキレン基、アルケニル基、アルケニレン基、アルキニル基、アルキニレン基等を含むとき、これらは環状でも鎖状でもよく、また直鎖でも分岐していてもよく、上記のように置換されていても無置換でもよい。
本発明の固体電解質組成物は、分散媒(C)を含有する。以下、「分散媒(C)を」単に分散媒と称することもある。
分散媒(C)は、本発明の固体電解質組成物に含まれる各成分を分散させるものであればよく、例えば、各種の有機溶媒が挙げられる。分散媒の具体例としては下記のものが挙げられる。
本発明において、CLogP値とは、1-オクタノールと水への分配係数Pの常用対数LogPを計算によって求めた値である。CLogP値の計算に用いる方法やソフトウェアについては公知のものを用いることができるが、特に断らない限り、PerkinElmer社のChemDrawを用いて構造を描画し、算出した値とする。
本発明の固体電解質組成物は、周期律表第1族又は第2族に属する金属元素のイオンの挿入放出が可能な活物質(D)を含有してもよい。以下、「周期律表第1族若しくは第2族に属する金属のイオンの挿入放出が可能な活物質(D)」を単に「活物質(D)」又は活物質とも称する。
活物質としては、正極活物質及び負極活物質が挙げられ、正極活物質である金属酸化物(好ましくは遷移金属酸化物)、又は、負極活物質である金属酸化物若しくはSn、Si、Al及びIn等のリチウムと合金形成可能な金属が好ましい。
本発明において、活物質(正極活物質、負極活物質)を含有する固体電解質組成物を、電極用組成物(正極用組成物、負極用組成物)ということがある。
本発明の固体電解質組成物が含有してもよい正極活物質は、可逆的にリチウムイオンを挿入及び放出できるものが好ましい。その材料は、上記特性を有するものであれば、特に制限はなく、遷移金属酸化物又は、有機物、硫黄などのLiと複合化できる元素や硫黄と金属の複合物などでもよい。
中でも、正極活物質としては、遷移金属酸化物を用いることが好ましく、遷移金属元素Ma(Co、Ni、Fe、Mn、Cu及びVから選択される1種以上の元素)を有する遷移金属酸化物がより好ましい。また、この遷移金属酸化物に元素Mb(リチウム以外の金属周期律表の第1(Ia)族の元素、第2(IIa)族の元素、Al、Ga、In、Ge、Sn、Pb、Sb、Bi、Si、P又はBなどの元素)を混合してもよい。混合量としては、遷移金属元素Maの量(100mol%)に対して0~30mol%が好ましい。Li/Maのモル比が0.3~2.2になるように混合して合成されたものが、より好ましい。
遷移金属酸化物の具体例としては、(MA)層状岩塩型構造を有する遷移金属酸化物、(MB)スピネル型構造を有する遷移金属酸化物、(MC)リチウム含有遷移金属リン酸化合物、(MD)リチウム含有遷移金属ハロゲン化リン酸化合物及び(ME)リチウム含有遷移金属ケイ酸化合物等が挙げられる。
(MB)スピネル型構造を有する遷移金属酸化物の具体例として、LiMn2O4(LMO)、LiCoMnO4、Li2FeMn3O8、Li2CuMn3O8、Li2CrMn3O8及びLi2NiMn3O8が挙げられる。
(MC)リチウム含有遷移金属リン酸化合物としては、例えば、LiFePO4及びLi3Fe2(PO4)3等のオリビン型リン酸鉄塩、LiFeP2O7等のピロリン酸鉄類、LiCoPO4等のリン酸コバルト類ならびにLi3V2(PO4)3(リン酸バナジウムリチウム)等の単斜晶ナシコン型リン酸バナジウム塩が挙げられる。
(MD)リチウム含有遷移金属ハロゲン化リン酸化合物としては、例えば、Li2FePO4F等のフッ化リン酸鉄塩、Li2MnPO4F等のフッ化リン酸マンガン塩及びLi2CoPO4F等のフッ化リン酸コバルト類が挙げられる。
(ME)リチウム含有遷移金属ケイ酸化合物としては、例えば、Li2FeSiO4、Li2MnSiO4及びLi2CoSiO4等が挙げられる。
本発明では、(MA)層状岩塩型構造を有する遷移金属酸化物が好ましく、LCO又はNMCがより好ましい。
正極活物質層を形成する場合、正極活物質層の単位面積(cm2)当たりの正極活物質の質量(mg)(目付量)は特に限定されるものではない。設計された電池容量に応じて、適宜に決めることができる。
本発明の固体電解質組成物が含有してもよい負極活物質は、可逆的にリチウムイオンを挿入及び放出できるものが好ましい。その材料は、上記特性を有するものであれば、特に制限はなく、炭素質材料、酸化錫等の金属酸化物、酸化ケイ素、金属複合酸化物、リチウム単体及びリチウムアルミニウム合金等のリチウム合金、並びに、Sn、Si、Al及びIn等のリチウムと合金形成可能な金属等が挙げられる。中でも、炭素質材料又はリチウム単体が好ましい。また、金属複合酸化物としては、リチウムを吸蔵及び放出可能であることが好ましい。その材料は、特には制限されないが、構成成分としてチタン及びリチウムの少なくとも一方を含有していることが、高電流密度充放電特性の観点で好ましい。
負極活物質層を形成する場合、負極活物質層の単位面積(cm2)当たりの負極活物質の質量(mg)(目付量)は特に限定されるものではない。設計された電池容量に応じて、適宜に決めることができる。
また、正極活物質又は負極活物質を含む電極表面は硫黄又はリンで表面処理されていてもよい。
さらに、正極活物質又は負極活物質の粒子表面は、上記表面被覆の前後において活性光線又は活性気体(プラズマ等)により表面処理を施されていても良い。
本発明の固体電解質組成物は分散剤を含有してもよい。分散剤を添加することで電極活物質及び無機固体電解質のいずれかの含有量が多い場合及び電極活物質及び無機固体電解質の粒子径が細かく表面積が増大する場合の少なくとも1つの場合においてもその凝集を抑制し、均一な活物質層及び固体電解質層を形成することができる。分散剤としては、全固体二次電池に通常使用されるものを適宜選定して用いることができる。一般的には粒子吸着と立体反発及び静電反発の少なくとも一方を意図した化合物が好適に使用される。
本発明の固体電解質組成物は、リチウム塩を含有してもよい。
リチウム塩としては、特に制限はなく、例えば、特開2015-088486号公報の段落0082~0085記載のリチウム塩が好ましい。
リチウム塩の含有量は、無機固体電解質100質量部に対して0質量部以上が好ましく、5質量部以上がより好ましい。上限としては、50質量部以下が好ましく、20質量部以下がより好ましい。
本発明の固体電解質組成物は、固体電解質含有シートないし全固体二次電池を構成する各層のイオン伝導度をより向上させるため、イオン液体を含有してもよい。イオン液体としては、特に限定されないが、イオン伝導度を効果的に向上させる観点から、上述したリチウム塩を溶解するものが好ましい。例えば、下記のカチオンと、アニオンとの組み合わせよりなる化合物が挙げられる。
カチオンとしては、イミダゾリウムカチオン、ピリジニウムカチオン、ピペリジニウムカチオン、ピロリジニウムカチオン、モルホリニウムカチオン、ホスホニウムカチオン及び第4級アンモニウムカチオン等が挙げられる。ただし、これらのカチオンは以下の置換基を有する。
カチオンとしては、これらのカチオンを1種単独で用いてもよく、2以上組み合わせて用いることもできる。
好ましくは、四級アンモニウムカチオン、ピペリジニウムカチオン又はピロリジニウムカチオンである。
上記カチオンが有する置換基としては、アルキル基(炭素数1~8のアルキル基が好ましく、炭素数1~4のアルキル基がより好ましい。)、ヒドロキシアルキル基(炭素数1~3のヒドロキシアルキル基が好ましい。)、アルキルオキシアルキル基(炭素数2~8のアルキルオキシアルキル基が好ましく、炭素数2~4のアルキルオキシアルキル基がより好ましい。)、エーテル基、アリル基、アミノアルキル基(炭素数1~8のアミノアルキル基が好ましく、炭素数1~4のアミノアルキル基が好ましい。)、アリール基(炭素数6~12のアリール基が好ましく、炭素数6~8のアリール基がより好ましい。)が挙げられる。上記置換基はカチオン部位を含有する形で環状構造を形成していてもよい。置換基はさらに上記分散媒で記載した置換基を有していてもよい。なお、上記エーテル基は、他の置換基と組み合わされて用いられる。このような置換基として、アルキルオキシ基、アリールオキシ基等が挙げられる。
アニオンとしては、塩化物イオン、臭化物イオン、ヨウ化物イオン、四フッ化ホウ素イオン、硝酸イオン、ジシアナミドイオン、酢酸イオン、四塩化鉄イオン、ビス(トリフルオロメタンスルホニル)イミドイオン、ビス(フルオロスルホニル)イミドイオン、ビス(パーフルオロブチルメタンスルホニル)イミドイオン、アリルスルホネートイオン、ヘキサフルオロリン酸イオン及びトリフルオロメタンスルホネートイオン等が挙げられる。
アニオンとしては、これらのアニオンを1種単独で用いてもよく、2種以上組み合わせて用いることもできる。
好ましくは、四フッ化ホウ素イオン、ビス(トリフルオロメタンスルホニル)イミドイオン、ビス(フルオロスルホニル)イミドイオン又はヘキサフルオロリン酸イオン、ジシアナミドイオン及びアリルスルホネートイオンであり、さらに好ましくはビス(トリフルオロメタンスルホニル)イミドイオン又はビス(フルオロスルホニル)イミドイオン及びアリルスルホネートイオンである。
イオン液体の含有量は、無機固体電解質100質量部に対して0質量部以上が好ましく、1質量部以上がより好ましく、2質量部以上が最も好ましい。上限としては、50質量部以下が好ましく、20質量部以下がより好ましく、10質量部以下が特に好ましい。
リチウム塩とイオン液体の質量比は、リチウム塩:イオン液体=1:20~20:1が好ましく、1:10~10:1がより好ましく、1:7~2:1が最も好ましい。
本発明の固体電解質組成物は、導電助剤を含有してもよい。導電助剤としては、特に制限はなく、一般的な導電助剤として知られているものを用いることができる。例えば、電子伝導性材料である、天然黒鉛、人造黒鉛などの黒鉛類、アセチレンブラック、ケッチェンブラック、ファーネスブラックなどのカーボンブラック類、ニードルコークスなどの無定形炭素、気相成長炭素繊維やカーボンナノチューブなどの炭素繊維類、グラフェンやフラーレンなどの炭素質材料であっても良いし、銅、ニッケルなどの金属粉、金属繊維でも良く、ポリアニリン、ポリピロール、ポリチオフェン、ポリアセチレン、ポリフェニレン誘導体など導電性高分子を用いても良い。またこれらの内1種を用いても良いし、2種以上を用いても良い。
本発明の固体電解質組成物は、無機固体電解質(A)及びポリマー(B)を分散媒(C)の存在下で分散して、スラリー化することで調製することができる。
スラリー化は、各種の混合機を用いて無機固体電解質(A)と、ポリマー(B)と、分散媒(C)とを混合することにより行うことができる。混合装置としては、特に限定されないが、例えば、ボールミル、ビーズミル、プラネタリミキサ―、ブレードミキサ―、ロールミル、ニーダー及びディスクミルが挙げられる。混合条件は特に制限されないが、例えば、ボールミルを用いた場合、150~700rpm(rotation per minute)で1時間~24時間混合することが好ましい。
活物質(D)、分散剤等の成分を含有する固体電解質組成物を調製する場合には、上記の無機固体電解質(A)及びポリマー(B)の分散工程と同時に添加及び混合してもよく、別途添加及び混合してもよい。
本発明の固体電解質含有シートは、全固体二次電池に好適に用いることができ、その用途に応じて種々の態様を含む。例えば、固体電解質層に好ましく用いられるシート(全固体二次電池用固体電解質シートともいう)、電極又は電極と固体電解質層との積層体に好ましく用いられるシート(全固体二次電池用電極シート)等が挙げられる。本発明において、これら各種のシートをまとめて全固体二次電池用シートということがある。
全固体二次電池用固体電解質シートとして、例えば、固体電解質層と保護層とを基材上に、この順で有するシート及び固体電解質層又は活物質層(電極層)からなるシート(基材を有さないシート)が挙げられる。
基材としては、固体電解質層又は活物質層を支持できるものであれば特に限定されず、後記集電体で説明した材料、有機材料及び無機材料等のシート体(板状体)等が挙げられる。有機材料としては、各種ポリマー等が挙げられ、具体的には、ポリエチレンテレフタレート、ポリプロピレン、ポリエチレン及びセルロース等が挙げられる。無機材料としては、例えば、ガラス及びセラミック等が挙げられる。
このシートは、本発明の固体電解質組成物を基材上(他の層を介していてもよい)に製膜(塗布乾燥)して、基材上に固体電解質層を形成することにより、得られる。基材は固体電解質層から剥された固体電解質層からなるシートとしてもよい。
ここで、本発明の固体電解質組成物は、上記の方法によって、調製できる。
電極シートを構成する各層の層厚は、後述の、本発明の全固体二次電池において説明した各層の層厚と同じである。
電極シートは、本発明の、活物質を含有する固体電解質組成物を金属箔上に製膜(塗布乾燥)して、金属箔上に活物質層を形成することにより、得られる。活物質を含有する固体電解質組成物を調製する方法は、活物質を用いること以外は、上記固体電解質組成物を調製する方法と同じである。
本発明の全固体二次電池は、正極と、この正極に対向する負極と、正極及び負極の間の固体電解質層とを有する。正極は、正極集電体上に正極活物質層を有する。負極は、負極集電体上に負極活物質層を有する。
負極活物質層、正極活物質層及び固体電解質層の少なくとも1つの層は、本発明の固体電解質組成物を用いて形成される。
固体電解質組成物で形成された活物質層及び固体電解質層の少なくとも1つは、好ましくは、含有する成分種及びその含有量比について、固体電解質組成物の固形分におけるものと同じである。
以下に、図1を参照して、本発明の好ましい実施形態に係る全固体二次電池について説明するが、本発明はこれに限定されない。
本明細書において、正極活物質層(以下、正極層とも称す。)と負極活物質層(以下、負極層とも称す。)をあわせて電極層又は活物質層と称することがある。
全固体二次電池10においては、正極活物質層、固体電解質層及び負極活物質層のいずれかが本発明の固体電解質組成物を用いて形成されている。
すなわち、固体電解質層3が本発明の固体電解質組成物で形成されている場合、固体電解質層3は、無機固体電解質(A)とポリマー(B)とを含む。固体電解質層は、通常、正極活物質及び負極活物質を含まない。固体電解質層3中では、ポリマー(B)が、無機固体電解質(A)及び隣接する活物質層中に含まれる活物質等の固体粒子の間に存在していると考えられる。そのため、固体粒子間の界面抵抗が低減され、結着性が高くなっている。
正極活物質層4、固体電解質層3及び負極活物質層2が含有する無機固体電解質(A)及びポリマー(B)は、それぞれ、互いに同種であっても異種であってもよい。
正極集電体5及び負極集電体1は、電子伝導体が好ましい。
本発明において、正極集電体及び負極集電体のいずれか、又は、両方を合わせて、単に、集電体と称することがある。
正極集電体を形成する材料としては、アルミニウム、アルミニウム合金、ステンレス鋼、ニッケル及びチタンなどの他に、アルミニウム又はステンレス鋼の表面にカーボン、ニッケル、チタンあるいは銀を処理させたもの(薄膜を形成したもの)が好ましく、その中でも、アルミニウム及びアルミニウム合金がより好ましい。
負極集電体を形成する材料としては、アルミニウム、銅、銅合金、ステンレス鋼、ニッケル及びチタンなどの他に、アルミニウム、銅、銅合金又はステンレス鋼の表面にカーボン、ニッケル、チタンあるいは銀を処理させたものが好ましく、アルミニウム、銅、銅合金及びステンレス鋼がより好ましい。
集電体の厚みは、特に限定されないが、1~500μmが好ましい。また、集電体表面は、表面処理により凹凸を付けることも好ましい。
上記の各層を配置して全固体二次電池の基本構造を作製することができる。用途によってはこのまま全固体二次電池として使用してもよいが、乾電池の形態とするためにはさらに適当な筐体に封入して用いる。筐体は、金属性のものであっても、樹脂(プラスチック)製のものであってもよい。金属性のものを用いる場合には、例えば、アルミニウム合金及びステンレス鋼製のものを挙げることができる。金属性の筐体は、正極側の筐体と負極側の筐体に分けて、それぞれ正極集電体及び負極集電体と電気的に接続させることが好ましい。正極側の筐体と負極側の筐体とは、短絡防止用のガスケットを介して接合され、一体化されることが好ましい。
本発明の固体電解質含有シートは、例えば、本発明の固体電解質組成物を基材上(他の層を介していてもよい)に製膜(塗布乾燥)して、基材上に固体電解質層若しくは活物質層(塗布乾燥層)を形成することにより、得られる。
上記態様により、基材と塗布乾燥層とを有するシートである全固体二次電池用シートを作製することができる。ここで、塗布乾燥層とは、本発明の固体電解質組成物を塗布し、分散媒を乾燥させることにより形成される層(すなわち、本発明の固体電解質組成物を用いてなり、本発明の固体電解質組成物から分散溶媒を除いた組成からなる層)をいう。
その他、塗布等の工程については、下記全固体二次電池の製造に記載の方法を使用することができる。
なお、固体電解質含有シートは、電池性能に影響を与えない範囲内で各層中に分散媒を含有してもよい。具体的には、各層の全質量中1ppm以上10000ppm以下含有してもよい。
全固体二次電池及び全固体二次電池用電極シートの製造は、常法によって行うことができる。具体的には、全固体二次電池及び全固体二次電池用電極シートは、本発明の固体電解質組成物等を用いて、上記の各層を形成することにより、製造できる。以下、詳述する。
例えば、正極集電体である金属箔上に、正極用材料(正極用組成物)として、正極活物質を含有する固体電解質組成物を塗布して正極活物質層を形成し、全固体二次電池用正極シートを作製する。次いで、この正極活物質層の上に、固体電解質層を形成するための固体電解質組成物を塗布して、固体電解質層を形成する。さらに、固体電解質層の上に、負極用材料(負極用組成物)として、負極活物質を含有する固体電解質組成物を塗布して、負極活物質層を形成する。負極活物質層の上に、負極集電体(金属箔)を重ねることにより、正極活物質層と負極活物質層の間に固体電解質層が挟まれた構造の全固体二次電池を得ることができる。必要によりこれを筐体に封入して所望の全固体二次電池とすることができる。
また、各層の形成方法を逆にして、負極集電体上に、負極活物質層、固体電解質層及び正極活物質層を形成し、正極集電体を重ねて、全固体二次電池を製造することもできる。
また別の方法として、次の方法が挙げられる。すなわち、上記のようにして、全固体二次電池用正極シート及び全固体二次電池用負極シートを作製する。また、これとは別に、固体電解質組成物を基材上に塗布して、固体電解質層からなる全固体二次電池用固体電解質シートを作製する。さらに、全固体二次電池用正極シート及び全固体二次電池用負極シートで、基材から剥がした固体電解質層を挟むように積層する。このようにして、全固体二次電池を製造することができる。
固体電解質組成物の塗布方法は、特に限定されず、適宜に選択できる。例えば、塗布(好ましくは湿式塗布)、スプレー塗布、スピンコート塗布、ディップコート、スリット塗布、ストライプ塗布及びバーコート塗布が挙げられる。
このとき、固体電解質組成物は、それぞれ塗布した後に乾燥処理を施してもよいし、重層塗布した後に乾燥処理をしてもよい。乾燥温度は特に限定されない。下限は30℃以上が好ましく、60℃以上がより好ましく、80℃以上がさらに好ましい。上限は、300℃以下が好ましく、250℃以下がより好ましく、200℃以下がさらに好ましい。このような温度範囲で加熱することで、分散媒を除去し、固体状態にすることができる。また、温度を高くしすぎず、全固体二次電池の各部材を損傷せずに済むため好ましい。これにより、全固体二次電池において、優れた総合性能を示し、かつ良好な結着性を得ることができる。
また、塗布した固体電解質組成物は、加圧と同時に加熱してもよい。加熱温度としては、特に限定されず、一般的には30~300℃の範囲である。無機固体電解質のガラス転移温度よりも高い温度でプレスすることもできる。
加圧は塗布溶媒又は分散媒をあらかじめ乾燥させた状態で行ってもよいし、溶媒又は分散媒が残存している状態で行ってもよい。
なお、各組成物は同時に塗布しても良いし、塗布乾燥プレスを同時に行ってもよく、逐次行っても良い。別々の基材に塗布した後に、転写により積層してもよい。
プレス時間は短時間(例えば数時間以内)で高い圧力をかけてもよいし、長時間(1日以上)かけて中程度の圧力をかけてもよい。全固体二次電池用シート以外、例えば全固体二次電池の場合には、中程度の圧力をかけ続けるために、全固体二次電池の拘束具(ネジ締め圧等)を用いることもできる。
プレス圧はシート面等の被圧部に対して均一であっても異なる圧であってもよい。
プレス圧は被圧部の面積や膜厚に応じて変化させることができる。また同一部位を段階的に異なる圧力で変えることもできる。
プレス面は平滑であっても粗面化されていてもよい。
上記のようにして製造した全固体二次電池は、製造後又は使用前に初期化を行うことが好ましい。初期化は、特に限定されず、例えば、プレス圧を高めた状態で初充放電を行い、その後、全固体二次電池の一般使用圧力になるまで圧力を開放することにより、行うことができる。
本発明の全固体二次電池は種々の用途に適用することができる。適用態様には特に限定はないが、例えば、電子機器に搭載する場合、ノートパソコン、ペン入力パソコン、モバイルパソコン、電子ブックプレーヤー、携帯電話、コードレスフォン子機、ページャー、ハンディーターミナル、携帯ファックス、携帯コピー、携帯プリンター、ヘッドフォンステレオ、ビデオムービー、液晶テレビ、ハンディークリーナー、ポータブルCD、ミニディスク、電気シェーバー、トランシーバー、電子手帳、電卓、携帯テープレコーダー、ラジオ、バックアップ電源、メモリーカードなどが挙げられる。その他民生用として、自動車(電気自動車等)、電動車両、モーター、照明器具、玩具、ゲーム機器、ロードコンディショナー、時計、ストロボ、カメラ、医療機器(ペースメーカー、補聴器、肩もみ機など)などが挙げられる。更に、各種軍需用、宇宙用として用いることができる。また、太陽電池と組み合わせることもできる。
〔1〕正極活物質層、固体電解質層及び負極活物質層の全ての層が、本発明の固体電解質組成物で構成された層である全固体二次電池。
〔2〕固体電解質層が、2種類のポリマー(B)が分散されたスラリーを湿式塗布し製膜される全固体二次電池の製造方法。
〔3〕上記全固体二次電池作製用の活物質を含有する固体電解質組成物。
〔4〕上記固体電解質組成物を金属箔上に適用し、製膜してなる電池用電極シート。
〔5〕上記固体電解質組成物を金属箔上に適用し、製膜する電池用電極シートの製造方法。
無機固体電解質とは、上述した高分子化合物をイオン伝導媒体とする電解質(高分子電解質)とは区別されるものであり、無機化合物がイオン伝導媒体となるものである。具体例としては、上記のLi-P-S系ガラス、LLTやLLZが挙げられる。無機固体電解質は、それ自体が陽イオン(Liイオン)を放出するものではなく、イオンの輸送機能を示すものである。これに対して、電解液ないし固体電解質層に添加して陽イオン(Liイオン)を放出するイオンの供給源となる材料を電解質と呼ぶことがある。上記のイオン輸送材料としての電解質と区別する際には、これを「電解質塩」又は「支持電解質」と呼ぶ。電解質塩としては、例えばLiTFSIが挙げられる。
本発明において「組成物」というときには、2種以上の成分が均一に混合された混合物を意味する。ただし、実質的に均一性が維持されていればよく、所望の効果を奏する範囲で、一部において凝集や偏在が生じていてもよい。
(マクロモノマーMM-1の合成)
還流冷却管、ガス導入コックを付した1L三口フラスコにTHF(テトラヒドロフラン)を250質量部、両末端ヒドロキシ基変性水添ポリイソプレン(EPOL2500(商品名)、出光興産社製、質量平均分子量:2500)を加え、溶解させた。得られた溶液にメタクリル酸クロライド(和光純薬工業社製)14質量部、トリエチルアミン(和光純薬工業社製)20質量部、2,2,6,6-テトラメチルピペリジン-1-オキシル(東京化成工業社製)を0.05質量部加えて溶解させた。得られた溶液を攪拌しながら別容器にて調製した液(ピリジン11質量部、THF130質量部の溶液)を1時間かけて滴下し、その後40℃で4時間攪拌した。得られた混合物を室温まで冷却したのちメタノールに加えて沈殿させ、デカンテーションを行い、メタノールで2回洗浄後、ヘプタン60質量部を加えて溶解させた。得られた溶液を減圧化で濃縮することでマクロモノマーMM-1の溶液を得た。質量平均分子量は3000であった。
両末端ヒドロキシ基変性水添ポリイソプレンを両末端ヒドロキシ基変性ポリブタジエン(NISSO-PB G-3000(商品名)、日本曹達社製、質量平均分子量:6000)に変えたこと以外はマクロモノマーMM-1と同様の方法で、マクロモノマーMM-2を合成した。マクロモノマーMM-2の質量平均分子量は、6200であった。
メタクリル酸クロライドを2-イソシアナトエチルアクリラート(和光純薬工業社製)に変え、トリエチルアミンを加えなかったこと以外はマクロモノマーMM-1と同様の方法で、マクロモノマーMM-3を合成した。マクロモノマーMM-3の質量平均分子量は、3000であった。
両末端ヒドロキシ基変性ポリイソプレンを両末端ヒドロキシ基変性ポリジメチルシロキサン(KF-6003(商品名)、信越化学社製、質量平均分子量:10000)に変えたこと以外はマクロモノマーMM-1と同様の方法で、マクロモノマーMM-4を合成した。マクロモノマーMM-4の質量平均分子量は、10500であった。
両末端ヒドロキシ基変性ポリイソプレンを両末端ヒドロキシ基変性水素化ポリブタジエン(NISSO-PB GI-1000(商品名)、日本曹達社製、質量平均分子量:2000)に変えたこと以外はマクロモノマーMM-1と同様の方法で、マクロモノマーMM-5を合成した。マクロモノマーMM-5の質量平均分子量は、2200であった。
<ポリマーB-1の合成(ポリマーB-1分散液の調製)>
還流冷却管、ガス導入コックを付した1L三口フラスコにヘプタンを200質量部加え、流速200mL/minにて窒素ガスを10分間導入した後に80℃に昇温した。これに、別容器にて調製した液(2-ヒドロキシエチルアクリレート(下記表1のM1)(和光純薬工業社製)140質量部、アクリル酸(下記表1のM2)(和光純薬工業社製)20質量部、マクロモノマーMM-1(下記表1のMM)を40質量部(固形分量)、重合開始剤V-601(商品名、和光純薬工業社製)を2.0質量部混合した液)を2時間かけて滴下し、その後80℃で2時間攪拌した。その後、得られた混合物にV-601を1.0g添加し、さらに90℃で2時間攪拌した。得られた溶液をヘプタンで希釈することで、ポリマー粒子であるポリマーB-1の分散液を得た。
HEA:2-ヒドロキシエチルアクリレート(和光純薬工業社製)、上記例示化合物A-10
AA:アクリル酸(和光純薬工業社製)、上記例示化合物A-1
MMA:メタクリル酸メチル(和光純薬工業社製)、上記例示化合物A-4
St:スチレン(和光純薬工業社製)、上記例示化合物A-39
PEGAA:ポリエチレングリコールメチルエーテルアクリレート(Mn=2000、和光純薬工業社製)、上記例示化合物A-14
NP-PEGAA:ノニルフェノキシポリエチレングリコールアクリレート(商品名:FA-314A、日立化成社製)
BA:ブチルアクリレート(和光純薬工業社製)、上記例示化合物A-5
AS-6:マクロモノマーAS-6(東亜合成社製)
MA:メチルアクリレート(和光純薬工業社製)、上記例示化合物A-3
PEGDA:ポリエチレングリコールジアクリレート(Mn=2000、アルドリッチ社製)、上記例示化合物A-50
AEHS:こはく酸モノ(2-アクリロイルオキシエチル)、上記例示化合物A-24
SP値単位 MPa1/2
「-」はその組成を含有しないことを示す。
硫化物系無機固体電解質として、T.Ohtomo,A.Hayashi,M.Tatsumisago,Y.Tsuchida,S.HamGa,K.Kawamoto,Journal of Power Sources,233,(2013),pp231-235及びA.Hayashi,S.Hama,H.Morimoto,M.Tatsumisago,T.Minami,Chem.Lett.,(2001),pp872-873の非特許文献を参考にして、Li-P-S系ガラスを合成した。
ジルコニア製45mL容器(フリッチュ社製)に、直径5mmのジルコニアビーズを66g投入し、上記混合物全量を投入し、アルゴン雰囲気下で容器を密閉した。フリッチュ社製遊星ボールミルP-7(商品名)に容器をセットし、25℃で、回転数510rpmで20時間メカニカルミリングを行うことで黄色粉体の硫化物系無機固体電解質(Li-P-S系ガラス、LPS)6.20gを得た。体積平均粒子径は15μmであった。
ジルコニア製45mL容器(フリッチュ社製)に、直径5mmのジルコニアビーズを180個投入し、上記で合成したLPS4.85g、ポリマーB-1を0.15g(固形成分質量)、THFを16.0g投入した。その後に、この容器をフリッチュ社製遊星ボールミルP-7にセットし、温度25℃、回転数300rpmで2時間混合を続け、固体電解質組成物S-1を得た。
固体電解質組成物を10mmΦ、高さ15cmのガラス試験管に高さ10cmまで加え、25℃で2時間静置した後に分離した上澄みの高さを測ることで分散性(分散安定性)を目視で下記評価基準により評価した。「4」以上が本試験の合格である。結果を下記表2に示す。
8:上澄みの高さ/全量の高さ<0.1
7:0.1≦上澄みの高さ/全量の高さ<0.2
6:0.2≦上澄みの高さ/全量の高さ<0.3
5:0.3≦上澄みの高さ/全量の高さ<0.4
4:0.4≦上澄みの高さ/全量の高さ<0.5
3:0.5≦上澄みの高さ/全量の高さ<0.7
2:0.7≦上澄みの高さ/全量の高さ<0.9
1:0.9≦上澄みの高さ/全量の高さ
[全量:スラリーである固体電解質組成物全量、上澄み:固体電解質組成物の固形成分が沈降して生成した上澄み液]
上記で得られた各固体電解質組成物を厚み20μmのアルミ箔上に、アプリケーター(商品名:SA-201ベーカー式アプリケーター、テスター産業社製)により塗布し、80℃で2時間加熱し、固体電解質組成物を乾燥させた。その後、ヒートプレス機を用いて、120℃の温度及び600MPaの圧力で10秒間、乾燥させた固体電解質組成物を加熱及び加圧し、各全固体二次電池用固体電解質シートNo.101~113及びc11~c13を得た。固体電解質層の膜厚はいずれも50μmであった。
作製した全固体二次電池用固体電解質シートについて、以下の試験を行い、結果を後記表2に記載した。
全固体二次電池用固体電解質シートを、径の異なる棒にアルミ箔が接するように巻きつけ、固体電解質層の欠けや割れ、ヒビの有無、及び、固体電解質層のアルミ箔(集電体)からの剥がれの有無を確認し、異常なく巻きつけられた最小の径を確認し、以下の評価基準で評価した。「5」以上が本試験の合格である。結果を下記表2に示す。
8:剥がれない最少の径<2mm
7:2mm≦剥がれない最少の径<4mm
6:4mm≦剥がれない最少の径<6mm
5:6mm≦剥がれない最少の径<10mm
4:10mm≦剥がれない最少の径<14mm
3:14mm≦剥がれない最少の径<20mm
2:20mm≦剥がれない最少の径<32mm
1:32mm≦剥がれない最少の径
上記で得られた全固体二次電池用固体電解質シートを直径14.5mmの円板状に切り出し、この全固体二次電池用固体電解質シート12を図2に示す2032型コインケース11に入れた。具体的には、直径15mmの円板状に切り出したアルミ箔(図2に図示しない)を固体電解質層と接触させ、スペーサーとワッシャー(ともに図2において図示しない)を組み込んで、ステンレス製の2032型コインケース11に入れた。2032型コインケース11をかしめることでイオン伝導度測定用治具13を作製した。
イオン伝導度(mS/cm)=
1000×試料膜厚(cm)/(抵抗(Ω)×試料面積(cm2))・・・式(1)
8:0.5mS/cm≦イオン伝導度
7:0.4mS/cm≦イオン伝導度<0.5mS/cm
6:0.3mS/cm≦イオン伝導度<0.4mS/cm
5:0.2mS/cm≦イオン伝導度<0.3mS/cm
4:0.1mS/cm≦イオン伝導度<0.2mS/cm
3:0.05mS/cm≦イオン伝導度<0.1mS/cm
2:0.01mS/cm≦イオン伝導度<0.05mS/cm
1:イオン伝導度<0.01mS/cm
これに対して、No.101~113は分散性、結着性及びイオン伝導度が全て合格であった。
LPS:上記合成した硫化物系無機固体電解質
シートNo.:全固体二次電池用固体電解質シートのNo.を示す。例えば、全固体二次電池用固体電解質シート101は、固体電解質組成物S-1を用いて作製されたシートであることを示す。
組成物No.:固体電解質組成物のNo.
(A):無機固体電解質(A)
(B):ポリマー(B)
(C):分散媒(C)
ジルコニア製45mL容器(フリッチュ社製)に、直径5mmのジルコニアビーズを180個投入し、LPSを2.7g、ポリマーB-1分散液を、ポリマーB-1(固形成分質量)が0.3gになる量、THFを22g投入した。その後に、フリッチュ社製遊星ボールミルP-7(商品名)に容器をセットし、25℃で、回転数300rpmで2時間攪拌した。その後、活物質としてNMC(日本化学工業社製)7.0gを投入し、同様に、遊星ボールミルP-7に容器をセットし、25℃、回転数100rpmで15分間混合を続け、正極用組成物U-1を得た。
上記で得られた正極用組成物U-1を厚み20μmのアルミ箔上に、ベーカー式アプリケーター(商品名SA-201、テスター産業社製)により塗布し、80℃で2時間加熱し、正極用組成物を乾燥させた。その後、ヒートプレス機を用いて、乾燥させた正極用組成物U-1を加熱(80℃)しながら加圧(600MPa、1分)し、膜厚80μmの正極活物質層を有する全固体二次電池用正極シートを作製した。
次いで、得られた正極活物質層上に、固体電解質組成物S-1を、上記ベーカー式アプリケーターにより塗布し、80℃で2時間加熱し、固体電解質組成物を乾燥させた。その後、ヒートプレス機を用いて、乾燥させた固体電解質組成物S-1を加熱(80℃)しながら加圧(600MPa、10秒)し、膜厚30μmの固体電解質層を備えた全固体二次電池用正極シートを作製した。
上記で得られた全固体二次電池用正極シートを直径14.5mmの円板状に切り出し、スペーサーとワッシャー(図2において図示せず)を組み込んだステンレス製の2032型コインケース11に入れ、固体電解質層上に15mmφに切り出したリチウム箔を重ねた。その上にさらにステンレス箔を重ねた後、2032型コインケース11をかしめることで、図2に示すNo.201の全固体二次電池13を作製した。
このようにして製造した全固体二次電池は、図1に示す層構成を有する。
正極活物質層および固体電解質層を形成するための組成物をそれぞれ後記表4の組成物に変えた以外は、全固体二次電池No.201と同様にして、全固体二次電池No.202~213およびc21~c23を作製した。
上記で得られた全固体二次電池の放電容量維持率を東洋システム社製充放電評価装置TOSCAT-3000(商品名)により測定した。充電は電流密度0.1mA/cm2で電池電圧が3.6Vに達するまで行った。放電は電流密度0.1mA/cm2で電池電圧が2.5Vに達するまで行った。上記条件で3サイクル充放電を繰り返すことで初期化を行った。初期化後1サイクル目の放電容量を100%とし、放電容量維持率が80%に達した際のサイクル数を以下の基準で評価を実施した。評価基準「4」以上が合格である。結果を後記表4に示す。
8:500サイクル以上
7:300サイクル以上500サイクル未満
6:200サイクル以上300サイクル未満
5:150サイクル以上200サイクル未満
4:80サイクル以上150サイクル未満
3:40サイクル以上80サイクル未満
2:20サイクル以上40サイクル未満
1:20サイクル未満
上記で得られた全固体二次電池の抵抗を東洋システム社製充放電評価装置TOSCAT-3000(商品名)により評価した。充電は電流密度0.1mA/cm2で電池電圧が4.2Vに達するまで行なった。放電は電流密度0.2mA/cm2で電池電圧が2.5Vに達するまで行った。これを繰り返し、3サイクル目の5mAh/g(活物質質量1g当たりの電気量)放電後の電池電圧を以下の基準で読み取り、抵抗を評価した。電池電圧が高いほど低抵抗であることを示す。評価基準「4」以上が合格である。結果を後記表4に示す。
8:4.1V以上
7:4.0V以上4.1V未満
6:3.9V以上4.0V未満
5:3.7V以上3.9V未満
4:3.5V以上3.7V未満
3:3.2V以上3.5V未満
2:2.5V以上3.2V未満
1:充放電できず
これに対して、No.201~213は放電容量維持率及び抵抗がいずれも合格であった。
2 負極活物質層
3 固体電解質層
4 正極活物質層
5 正極集電体
6 作動部位
10 全固体二次電池
11 2032型コインケース
12 全固体二次電池用シート
13 イオン伝導度測定用治具又は全固体二次電池
Claims (14)
- 前記分散媒(C)のClogPが3以上である、請求項1又は2に記載の固体電解質組成物。
- 前記ポリマー(B)が平均粒子径10~1000nmの粒子である、請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載の固体電解質組成物。
- 前記無機固体電解質(A)が下記式(I)で表される、請求項1~4のいずれか1項に記載の固体電解質組成物。
La1Mb1Pc1Sd1Ae1 式(I)
式中、LはLi、Na及びKから選択される元素を示す。Mは、B、Zn、Sn、Si、Cu、Ga、Sb、Al及びGeから選択される元素を示す。Aは、I、Br、Cl及びFから選択される元素を示す。a1~e1は各元素の組成比を示し、a1:b1:c1:d1:e1は1~12:0~5:1:2~12:0~10を満たす。 - 前記ポリマー(B)の全構成成分中に占める、前記マクロモノマー由来の構成成分の割合が、15質量%以上40質量%未満である、請求項1~5のいずれか1項に記載の固体電解質組成物。
- 前記ポリマー(B)が、SP値21.5MPa1/2以上のモノマー由来の繰り返し単位を30質量%以上含有する、請求項1~7のいずれか1項に記載の固体電解質組成物。
- 前記分散媒(C)が、ケトン化合物溶媒、エーテル化合物溶媒、エステル化合物溶媒及び脂肪族化合物溶媒の少なくとも1種である、請求項1~8のいずれか1項に記載の固体電解質組成物。
- 周期律表第1族若しくは第2族に属する金属のイオンの挿入放出が可能な活物質(D)を含む、請求項1~9のいずれか1項に記載の固体電解質組成物。
- 請求項1~10のいずれか1項に記載の固体電解質組成物で構成した層を有する固体電解質含有シート。
- 正極活物質層と負極活物質層と固体電解質層とを具備する全固体二次電池であって、前記正極活物質層、前記負極活物質層及び前記固体電解質層の少なくともいずれかを請求項1~10のいずれか1項に記載の固体電解質組成物で構成した層とした全固体二次電池。
- 請求項1~10のいずれか1項に記載の固体電解質組成物を基材上に塗布する工程を含む固体電解質含有シートの製造方法。
- 請求項13に記載の製造方法により、正極活物質層、負極活物質層及び固体電解質層の少なくとも1層を形成する工程を含む全固体二次電池の製造方法。
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JP2019542292A JP6868113B2 (ja) | 2017-09-15 | 2018-09-13 | 固体電解質組成物、固体電解質含有シート及び全固体二次電池、並びに、固体電解質含有シート及び全固体二次電池の製造方法 |
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US16/813,759 US20200212480A1 (en) | 2017-09-15 | 2020-03-10 | Solid electrolyte composition, solid electrolyte-containing sheet, all-solid state secondary battery, and methods for manufacturing solid electrolyte-containing sheet and all-solid state secondary battery |
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WO2022071392A1 (ja) * | 2020-09-30 | 2022-04-07 | 富士フイルム株式会社 | 無機固体電解質含有組成物、全固体二次電池用シート及び全固体二次電池、並びに、全固体二次電池用シート及び全固体二次電池の製造方法 |
EP4199142A1 (en) | 2021-12-16 | 2023-06-21 | Ricoh Company, Ltd. | Liquid composition, storage container, and apparatus and method for producing solid electrolyte layer or electrode mixture layer |
WO2023112517A1 (en) | 2021-12-16 | 2023-06-22 | Ricoh Company, Ltd. | Liquid composition, storage container, and apparatus and method for producing solid electrolyte layer or electrode mixture layer |
JP7513794B2 (ja) | 2015-11-16 | 2024-07-09 | ヒーリー,エルエルシー | エネルギー貯蔵、触媒、光電池およびセンサーの用途のための合成された表面官能化・酸性化金属酸化物材料 |
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