WO2018212038A1 - チタン酸リチウム焼結体板 - Google Patents
チタン酸リチウム焼結体板 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2018212038A1 WO2018212038A1 PCT/JP2018/017930 JP2018017930W WO2018212038A1 WO 2018212038 A1 WO2018212038 A1 WO 2018212038A1 JP 2018017930 W JP2018017930 W JP 2018017930W WO 2018212038 A1 WO2018212038 A1 WO 2018212038A1
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- lto
- sintered body
- negative electrode
- lithium
- pore
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a lithium titanate sintered body plate used for a negative electrode of a lithium secondary battery.
- lithium titanate Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 (hereinafter referred to as LTO) has attracted attention as a negative electrode material for lithium secondary batteries (also referred to as lithium ion secondary batteries).
- LTO lithium titanate Li 4 Ti 5 O 12
- advantages such as a small volume change accompanying insertion / extraction of lithium ions, a cycle life and safety superior to a carbon negative electrode, and excellent low-temperature operability. .
- Patent Document 1 Japanese Patent No. 5174283 discloses an average pore diameter of 0.10 to 0.20 ⁇ m, a specific surface area of 1.0 to 3.0 m 2 / g, and a relative density of 80 to 90%.
- Patent Document 2 Japanese Patent Laid-Open No.
- Patent Document 3 Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2015-185337 discloses an LTO sintered body having a relative density of 90% or more and a particle diameter of 50 nm or more.
- lithium titanate has remarkably low electronic conductivity and low ionic conductivity compared to lithium cobaltate, which is widely used. Therefore, when an LTO powder is mixed with a normal binder or a conductive aid to form an electrode, a powder having a small particle size is used.
- the negative electrode having such a configuration cannot obtain sufficient characteristics under specifications aiming at high-speed charge / discharge and high-temperature operation while increasing the energy density required for IoT applications.
- the LTO sintered body as disclosed in Patent Documents 1 to 3 has good electron conductivity due to the improvement of the density by sintering, and can be suitable for high temperature operation. Lithium ion conductivity is deteriorated due to lack of pores allowing permeation of lithium, and the rate performance can be insufficient.
- the inventor of the present invention is excellent in a case where an LTO sintered plate satisfying a predetermined particle size and pore condition is excellent in lithium ion conductivity and electronic conductivity and incorporated as a negative electrode in a lithium secondary battery.
- the knowledge that high-speed charge / discharge performance and high temperature operability are brought about was obtained.
- the object of the present invention is to provide excellent high-speed charge / discharge performance and high-temperature and low-temperature operability when it is excellent in lithium ion conductivity and electronic conductivity and is incorporated as a negative electrode in a lithium secondary battery. It is to provide an LTO sintered body plate.
- a lithium titanate (LTO) sintered body plate used for a negative electrode of a lithium secondary battery, wherein the LTO sintered body plate has a structure in which a plurality of primary particles are bonded.
- the thickness is 10 to 290 ⁇ m
- the primary particle size which is the average particle size of the plurality of primary particles, is 1.2 ⁇ m or less
- the porosity is 21-45%
- the open pore ratio is 60% or more
- the average pore aspect ratio is 1.15 or more
- the ratio of the pores having an aspect ratio of 1.30 or more to the total pores is 30% or more
- the average pore diameter is 0.70 ⁇ m or less
- a lithium secondary battery including a positive electrode, a negative electrode including the LTO sintered body plate, and an electrolytic solution.
- the “primary particle size” is an average particle size of a plurality of primary particles constituting the LTO sintered body plate.
- This primary particle size can be measured by image analysis of a cross-sectional SEM image of the sintered body plate.
- the sintered body plate is processed with a cross section polisher (CP) to expose the polished cross section.
- the polished cross section is observed with a SEM (scanning electron microscope) at a predetermined magnification (for example, 1000 times) and a predetermined field of view (for example, 125 ⁇ m ⁇ 125 ⁇ m).
- the visual field is set so that 20 or more primary particles exist in the visual field.
- the diameter of the circumscribed circle when the circumscribed circle is drawn for all the primary particles in the obtained SEM image is obtained, and the average value of these is used as the primary particle diameter.
- the “porosity” is a volume ratio of pores (including open pores and closed pores) in the LTO sintered body plate. This porosity can be measured by image analysis of a cross-sectional SEM image of the sintered body plate.
- the sintered body plate is processed with a cross section polisher (CP) to expose the polished cross section.
- the polished cross section is observed with a SEM (scanning electron microscope) at a predetermined magnification (for example, 1000 times) and a predetermined field of view (for example, 125 ⁇ m ⁇ 125 ⁇ m).
- the obtained SEM image was subjected to image analysis, the area of all pores in the field of view was divided by the area (cross-sectional area) of the sintered body plate in the field of view, and the resulting value was multiplied by 100 to obtain a porosity (% )
- the “open pore ratio” is a volume ratio (volume%) of open pores to the whole pores (including open pores and closed pores) contained in the LTO sintered body plate.
- Open pores refer to pores contained in a sintered body plate that communicate with the outside of the sintered body plate.
- Closed pores refers to pores contained in the sintered body plate that do not communicate with the outside of the sintered body plate.
- the open pore ratio can be obtained by calculation from the total porosity corresponding to the sum of the open pores and the closed pores determined from the bulk density and the closed porosity corresponding to the closed pores determined from the apparent density.
- the parameter used for calculation of the open pore ratio can be measured using Archimedes method or the like.
- the closed porosity (volume%) can be obtained from the apparent density measured by the Archimedes method, while the total porosity (volume%) can be obtained from the bulk density measured by the Archimedes method.
- an open pore ratio can be calculated
- the “average pore aspect ratio” is an average value of the aspect ratios of the pores contained in the LTO sintered body plate.
- the aspect ratio of the pore is the ratio of the length in the longitudinal direction of the pore to the length in the short direction of the pore.
- the average pore aspect ratio can be measured by image analysis of a cross-sectional SEM image of the sintered body plate.
- the sintered body plate is processed with a cross section polisher (CP) to expose the polished cross section.
- the polished cross section is observed with a SEM (scanning electron microscope) at a predetermined magnification (for example, 1000 times) and a predetermined field of view (for example, 125 ⁇ m ⁇ 125 ⁇ m).
- the obtained SEM image is binarized with image analysis software, and the pores are discriminated from the obtained binarized image.
- the aspect ratio is calculated by dividing the length in the longitudinal direction by the length in the short direction.
- the aspect ratios for all the pores in the binarized image are calculated, and the average value thereof is taken as the average aspect ratio.
- the “ratio of pores having an aspect ratio of 1.30 or more to the total pores” referred to in the present specification can also be determined according to the image analysis procedure.
- the “average pore diameter” is a pore diameter distribution (integrated distribution) measured for an LTO sintered body plate, with the horizontal axis representing pore diameter and the vertical axis representing cumulative volume% (relative to 100% total pore volume). ) Is a volume-based D50 pore diameter.
- the volume standard D50 pore diameter is synonymous with the volume standard D50 diameter widely known in the particle size distribution of the powder. Therefore, the volume standard D50 pore diameter means a pore diameter at which the cumulative pore volume is 50% of the total pore volume.
- the pore size distribution can be measured by a mercury intrusion method using a mercury porosimeter.
- volume reference D10 and D90 pore diameter means the pore diameter measured for the LTO sintered plate, with the horizontal axis representing the pore diameter and the vertical axis representing the cumulative volume% (relative to the total pore volume of 100%). Volume reference D10 and D90 pore sizes in the distribution (integrated distribution).
- the volume standard D10 and D90 pore diameters are synonymous with the volume standard D10 and D90 diameters widely known in the particle size distribution of the powder. Accordingly, the volume reference D10 and D90 pore diameters mean pore diameters where the cumulative pore volume is 10% and 90% of the total pore volume, respectively.
- the pore size distribution can be measured by a mercury intrusion method using a mercury porosimeter.
- LTO sintered plate according LTO sintered plate present invention is used for the negative electrode of a lithium secondary battery.
- the LTO sintered body plate has a structure in which a plurality of primary particles are bonded.
- the LTO sintered plate has a thickness of 10 to 290 ⁇ m, a primary particle size that is an average particle size of a plurality of primary particles is 1.2 ⁇ m or less, and a porosity of 21 to 45%.
- the LTO sintered plate has an open pore ratio of 60% or more, an average pore aspect ratio of 1.15 or more, and a ratio of pores having an aspect ratio of 1.30 or more to the total pores of 30% or more.
- the average pore diameter is 0.70 ⁇ m or less, and the volume standard D10 and D90 pore diameter satisfy the relationship of 4.0 ⁇ D90 / D10 ⁇ 50.
- the LTO sintered plate satisfying the predetermined particle size and pore condition is excellent in lithium ion conductivity and electronic conductivity, and has excellent high-speed charge / discharge performance when incorporated as a negative electrode in a lithium secondary battery.
- high temperature and low temperature operability can be provided.
- the low temperature operability is a generally known performance for the LTO negative electrode, but the high temperature operability is that the LTO sintered plate does not contain auxiliary components such as a binder that easily reacts with a high temperature electrolyte. It is the performance that is brought about.
- the LTO sintered body plate according to the present invention has a porosity of 21 to 45%, in terms of density, 55 to 79%.
- various dense LTO sintered plates are known (see, for example, Patent Documents 1 to 3), but the LTO sintered plate according to the present invention has a specific porosity or density selected.
- a specific range is selected for the pore size, shape, structure and distribution.
- the porosity or density can be studied mainly from the viewpoint of energy density and the viewpoint of electron conductivity.
- the high density (ie, low porosity) provided by sintering provides improved electron conductivity as well as increased energy density.
- high density (ie low porosity) can reduce lithium ion conductivity.
- the LTO sintered body plate has a structure in which a plurality of (that is, a large number) primary particles are bonded. Therefore, these primary particles are composed of lithium titanate Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 (LTO).
- LTO is typically known to have a spinel structure, but other structures may be employed during charge and discharge. For example, the reaction of LTO proceeds in a two-phase coexistence of Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 (spinel structure) and Li 7 Ti 5 O 12 (rock salt structure) during charge and discharge. Therefore, LTO is not limited to a spinel structure.
- the thickness of the LTO sintered body plate is 10 to 290 ⁇ m, preferably 10 to 200 ⁇ m, more preferably 40 to 200 ⁇ m, still more preferably 40 to 175 ⁇ m, and particularly preferably 50 to 160 ⁇ m.
- the thickness of the LTO sintered body plate is obtained, for example, by measuring the distance between the plate surfaces that are observed substantially in parallel when the cross section of the LTO sintered body plate is observed with an SEM (scanning electron microscope). .
- the primary particle size which is the average particle size of a plurality of primary particles constituting the LTO sintered body plate, is 1.2 ⁇ m or less, preferably 0.02 to 1.2 ⁇ m, more preferably 0.05 to 0.7 ⁇ m. is there. Within such a range, it is easy to achieve both lithium ion conductivity and electronic conductivity, which contributes to an improvement in rate performance.
- the LTO sintered body plate contains pores.
- the sintered body plate includes pores, particularly open pores, when it is incorporated into a battery as a negative electrode plate, the electrolyte solution can be infiltrated into the inside of the sintered body plate. Can be improved. This is because there are two types of conduction of lithium ions in the sintered body: conduction through the constituent particles of the sintered body and conduction through the electrolyte solution in the pores, and conduction through the electrolyte solution in the pores is better. This is because it is overwhelmingly fast.
- the porosity of the LTO sintered body plate is 21 to 45%, more preferably 22 to 40%, and still more preferably 25 to 35%. Within such a range, it is easy to achieve both lithium ion conductivity and electronic conductivity, which contributes to an improvement in rate performance.
- the open pore ratio of the LTO sintered body plate is 60% or more, more preferably 65% or more, still more preferably 70% or more, and particularly preferably 80% or more.
- the open pore ratio may be 100%, typically 98% or less, more typically 95% or less, and more typically 90% or less.
- the average pore aspect ratio of the LTO sintered plate is 1.15 or more, preferably 1.15 to 3.50, and more preferably 1.3 to 3.5. And, since the pore shape having anisotropy defined by such an aspect ratio exists inside the sintered body, the interface with the electrolyte can be made efficiently, contributing to the improvement of the rate performance. it is conceivable that.
- the ratio of the pores having an aspect ratio of 1.30 or more to the total pores is preferably 30% or more, more preferably 30 to 90%, and still more preferably 50 to 90%.
- the average pore diameter of the LTO sintered plate is 0.70 ⁇ m or less, preferably 0.02 to 0.70 ⁇ m, more preferably 0.15 to 0.60 ⁇ m. Within such a range, it is easy to achieve both lithium ion conductivity and electronic conductivity, which contributes to an improvement in rate performance.
- Volume reference D10 and D90 pore diameters in the LTO sintered plate satisfy 4.0 ⁇ D90 / D10 ⁇ 50, preferably 4.5 ⁇ D90 / D10 ⁇ 50, more preferably 5.0 ⁇ D90. / D10 ⁇ 40, particularly preferably 5.0 ⁇ D90 / D10 ⁇ 20.
- the above relationship means that the pore size distribution is a gentle (broad) distribution.
- the relationship D90 / D10 ⁇ 4.0 means that the D10 pore diameter and the D90 pore diameter are significantly separated. And it is thought that this characteristic pore size distribution contributes to the improvement of rate performance by assisting the penetration of the electrolyte into the sintered body.
- the LTO sintered body plate by this invention is used for the negative electrode of a lithium secondary battery. Therefore, according to the preferable aspect of this invention, the lithium secondary battery provided with the positive electrode, the negative electrode containing a LTO sintered compact board, and electrolyte solution is provided.
- the positive electrode preferably contains a lithium composite oxide. Examples of lithium composite oxides include lithium cobaltate, lithium nickelate, lithium manganate, nickel / lithium manganate, nickel / lithium cobaltate, cobalt / nickel / lithium manganate, cobalt / lithium manganate, etc. .
- the lithium composite oxide includes Mg, Al, Si, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Fe, Cu, Zn, Ga, Ge, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ag, Sn, Sb, Te, Ba. , Bi, W, etc. may contain one or more elements.
- the most preferred lithium composite oxide is lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO 2 ). Therefore, a particularly preferable positive electrode is a lithium composite oxide sintered plate, and most preferably a lithium cobalt oxide sintered plate. What is necessary is just to use the well-known electrolyte solution generally used for a lithium secondary battery as electrolyte solution.
- the electrolytic solution may contain 96% by volume or more of one or more selected from ⁇ -butyrolactone, propylene carbonate, and ethylene carbonate.
- the lithium secondary battery produced using the LTO sintered body plate according to the present invention exhibits high reliability such as good cycle performance and good storage performance (low self-discharge). It is possible to
- the lithium secondary battery using the LTO sintered body plate according to the present invention as a negative electrode does not generate dendrites, it can be charged at a constant voltage (CV charge).
- Charging can be performed by constant current charging (CC charging), constant current constant voltage (CC-CV charging), or CV charging.
- CC charging constant current charging
- CC-CV charging constant current constant voltage
- CV charging When only CV charging is performed, there is no need to use a charging IC. Therefore, there are advantages such that the battery can be operated with simple control, and that the battery can be made thinner and smaller.
- the separator may be made of ceramics and the three electrode members may be integrated. For example, after preparing a ceramic positive electrode, a ceramic negative electrode, and a ceramic separator, these members may be bonded and integrated. Alternatively, before firing the ceramic member, three green sheets that respectively provide the positive electrode, the negative electrode, and the separator may be pressure-bonded to form a laminate, and the laminate may be fired to obtain an integrated ceramic member.
- the material constituting the ceramic separator include Al 2 O 3 , ZrO 2 , MgO, SiC, Si 3 N 4 and the like.
- a thin battery can be manufactured because the energy density of both electrode members is high.
- the thin battery can be charged by the CV described above, it is suitably used for a smart card or a battery for IoT.
- the LTO sintered body plate of the present invention may be manufactured by any method, but preferably manufactured through (a) preparation of an LTO-containing green sheet and (b) firing of an LTO-containing green sheet. Is done.
- LTO powder composed of lithium titanate Li 4 Ti 5 O 12
- the raw material powder commercially available LTO powder may be used, or newly synthesized.
- a powder obtained by hydrolyzing a mixture of titanium tetraisopropoxy alcohol and isopropoxy lithium may be used, or a mixture containing lithium carbonate, titania, or the like may be fired.
- the volume-based D50 particle size of the raw material powder is preferably 0.05 to 5.0 ⁇ m, more preferably 0.1 to 2.0 ⁇ m. When the particle size of the raw material powder is large, the pores tend to be large.
- pulverization treatment for example, pot mill pulverization, bead mill pulverization, jet mill pulverization, etc.
- the raw material powder is mixed with a dispersion medium and various additives (binder, plasticizer, dispersant, etc.) to form a slurry.
- a lithium compound for example, lithium carbonate
- LiMO 2 lithium carbonate
- the slurry is preferably defoamed by stirring under reduced pressure, and the viscosity is preferably adjusted to 4000 to 10000 cP.
- the obtained slurry is formed into a sheet to obtain an LTO-containing green sheet.
- the green sheet thus obtained is an independent sheet-like molded body.
- An independent sheet (sometimes referred to as “self-supporting film”) refers to a sheet that can be handled as a single unit independently of other supports (including flakes having an aspect ratio of 5 or more). That is, the independent sheet does not include a sheet fixed to another support (substrate or the like) and integrated with the support (unseparable or difficult to separate).
- Sheet forming can be performed by various known methods, but is preferably performed by a doctor blade method. What is necessary is just to set suitably the thickness of a LTO containing green sheet so that it may become the desired thickness as mentioned above after baking.
- (B) Firing of LTO-containing green sheet The LTO-containing green sheet is placed on a setter.
- the setter is made of ceramics, preferably zirconia or magnesia.
- the setter is preferably embossed.
- the green sheet thus placed on the setter is put in the sheath.
- the sheath is also made of ceramics, preferably made of alumina.
- an LTO sintered compact board is obtained by baking after degreasing as needed. This calcination is preferably performed at 600 to 900 ° C. for 1 to 50 hours, more preferably at 700 to 800 ° C. for 3 to 20 hours.
- the sintered body plate thus obtained is also an independent sheet.
- the temperature elevation rate during firing is preferably 100 to 1000 ° C./h, more preferably 100 to 600 ° C./h.
- this rate of temperature rise is preferably employed in the temperature raising process of 300 ° C. to 800 ° C., more preferably in the temperature raising process of 400 ° C. to 800 ° C.
- the LTO sintered body plate of the present invention can be preferably produced.
- it is effective to 1) adjust the particle size distribution of the LTO powder and / or 2) change the temperature rising rate during firing, which is the lithium composite oxide sintered body of the present invention.
- This is thought to contribute to the realization of various properties of the plate.
- Patent Document 2 it is considered that a lithium raw material and a titanium raw material are fired at 850 ° C. and then taped and fired without pulverization or pulverization, but the LTO sintered body plate of the present invention is manufactured.
- the particle size distribution of the LTO raw material is desirably adjusted as described above.
- a slurry was prepared by stirring the resulting mixture under reduced pressure to defoam and adjusting the viscosity to 4000 cP.
- the viscosity was measured with an LVT viscometer manufactured by Brookfield.
- the slurry thus prepared was formed into a sheet on a PET film by a doctor blade method to form a green sheet.
- the thickness of the LiCoO 2 green sheet was set to such a value that the thickness after firing was 7.5 ⁇ m.
- Li 2 CO 3 green sheet (excess lithium source) Li 2 CO 3 raw material powder (volume basis D50 particle size 2.5 ⁇ m, manufactured by Honjo Chemical Co., Ltd.) 100 parts by weight and binder (polyvinyl butyral: product number BM) -2, 5 parts by weight of Sekisui Chemical Co., Ltd., 2 parts by weight of a plasticizer (DOP: di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, manufactured by Kurokin Kasei Co., Ltd.), and a dispersant (Leodol SP-O30, Kao) 2 parts by weight) were mixed.
- DOP di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, manufactured by Kurokin Kasei Co., Ltd.
- a dispersant Leodol SP-O30, Kao
- the resulting mixture was stirred and degassed under reduced pressure, and the viscosity was adjusted to 4000 cP to prepare a Li 2 CO 3 slurry.
- the viscosity was measured with an LVT viscometer manufactured by Brookfield.
- the Li 2 CO 3 green sheet was formed by forming the Li 2 CO 3 slurry thus prepared into a sheet on a PET film by a doctor blade method.
- the Li 2 CO 3 green sheet after drying has a Li / Co ratio of 1.05, which is the molar ratio of the Li content in the Li 2 CO 3 green sheet to the Co content in the LiCoO 2 green sheet.
- the green sheet was placed in a 120 mm square alumina sheath (Nikkato Co., Ltd.) with the setter sandwiched between them. At this time, the alumina sheath was not sealed, and a gap of 0.5 mm was left to cover.
- the obtained laminate was heated to 600 ° C. at a heating rate of 200 ° C./h and degreased for 3 hours, and then heated to 750 ° C. at 200 ° C./h and held for 20 hours. After firing, the temperature was lowered to room temperature, and then the fired body was taken out from the alumina sheath. Thus, a LiCoO 2 sintered body plate was obtained as a positive electrode plate.
- the obtained positive electrode plate was laser processed into a 9 mm ⁇ 9 mm square shape.
- a LiCoO 2 sintered body plate (positive electrode plate), a separator, and an LTO sintered body plate (negative electrode plate) were placed in this order to produce a laminate.
- a laminate type battery was produced by immersing this laminate in an electrolytic solution.
- an electrolytic solution a solution in which LiPF 6 was dissolved in an organic solvent in which propylene carbonate (PC) and diethyl carbonate (DEC) were mixed at a volume ratio of 1: 2 to a concentration of 1 mol / L was used.
- a polypropylene porous single layer film (Celgard, Celgard (registered trademark) 2500) having a thickness of 25 ⁇ m was used.
- the LTO sintered body plate (negative electrode plate) was polished with a cross section polisher (CP) (IB Electronics Co., Ltd., IB-15000CP), and the resulting negative electrode plate cross section was observed by SEM (JEOL Ltd., JSM6390LA). The thickness of the plate was measured. In addition, the thickness of the LTO green sheet after drying described above with respect to the step (1a) was also measured in the same manner as described above.
- CP cross section polisher
- ⁇ Primary particle size> The LTO sintered body plate was polished with a cross section polisher (CP) (IB-15000CP, manufactured by JEOL Ltd.), and the obtained negative electrode plate cross section was observed with a SEM (1000 ⁇ m ⁇ 125 ⁇ m) SEM (manufactured by JEOL Ltd.) JSM6390LA). At this time, the visual field was set so that 20 or more primary particles existed in the visual field. The diameter of the circumscribed circle when the circumscribed circle was drawn for all the primary particles in the obtained SEM image was determined, and the average value of these was used as the primary particle diameter.
- CP cross section polisher
- ⁇ Porosity> The LTO sintered body plate was polished with a cross section polisher (CP) (IB-15000CP, manufactured by JEOL Ltd.), and the obtained negative electrode plate cross section was observed with a SEM (1000 ⁇ m ⁇ 125 ⁇ m) SEM (manufactured by JEOL Ltd.) JSM6390LA).
- the obtained SEM image was subjected to image analysis, the area of all pores was divided by the area of the negative electrode, and the obtained value was multiplied by 100 to calculate the porosity (%).
- Open pore ratio The open pore ratio of the LTO sintered plate was determined by the Archimedes method. Specifically, the closed porosity was determined from the apparent density measured by the Archimedes method, while the total porosity was determined from the bulk density measured by the Archimedes method. And the open pore ratio was calculated
- ⁇ Average pore aspect ratio> The LTO sintered body plate was polished with a cross section polisher (CP) (IB-15000CP, manufactured by JEOL Ltd.), and the obtained positive electrode cross section was observed with a SEM (1000 ⁇ m ⁇ 125 ⁇ m) SEM observation (manufactured by JEOL) JSM6390LA).
- the obtained SEM image was binarized using image analysis software ImageJ, and pores were discriminated from the obtained binarized image.
- the aspect ratio was calculated by dividing the length in the longitudinal direction by the length in the short direction. The aspect ratios for all pores in the binarized image were calculated, and the average value thereof was taken as the average aspect ratio.
- ⁇ Pore diameter distribution D90 / D10> Using a mercury porosimeter (manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation, Autopore IV9510), the volume-based pore size distribution of the LTO sintered body plate was measured by a mercury intrusion method. From the pore diameter distribution curve in which the horizontal axis thus obtained was the pore diameter and the vertical axis was the cumulative volume%, the volume standard D10 and D90 pore diameters were obtained, and the ratio D90 / D10 was calculated.
- ⁇ Average pore diameter> Using a mercury porosimeter (manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation, Autopore IV9510), the volume-based pore size distribution of the LTO sintered body plate was measured by a mercury intrusion method. The volume-based D50 pore diameter was determined from a pore diameter distribution curve with the horizontal axis thus obtained as the pore diameter and the vertical axis as the cumulative volume%, and was defined as the average pore diameter.
- ⁇ Rate performance 2C / 0.2C> The rate performance of the battery was measured in the following procedure at a potential range of 2.7 V to 1.5 V at 25 ° C.
- (I) Constant current charging until the battery voltage reaches 2.7 V at 0.2 C rate, then constant voltage charging until the current value reaches 0.02 C rate, and then until 1.5 V at 0.2 C rate
- the discharge capacity was measured by repeating the charge / discharge cycle including discharging three times in total, and the average value thereof was set to 0.2 C discharge capacity.
- Example 2 A negative electrode plate, a positive electrode plate, and a battery were prepared and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the thickness of the negative electrode plate was 200 ⁇ m and the thickness of the positive electrode plate was 150 ⁇ m.
- Example 3 A negative electrode plate, a positive electrode plate, and a battery were prepared and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the thickness of the negative electrode plate was 100 ⁇ m and the thickness of the positive electrode plate was 75 ⁇ m. Further, when the battery was evaluated in the same manner as described above except that the temperature of the battery was 85 ° C., the rate performance 2C / 0.2C was 97%.
- Example 4 Instead of LTO powder A, titanium tetraisopropoxy alcohol (manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) and isopropoxy lithium (manufactured by Kojundo Chemical Laboratory Co., Ltd.) are mixed at a molar ratio of 1: 1 and hydrolyzed. A negative electrode plate, a positive electrode plate and a battery were prepared and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 3 except that the obtained LTO powder B was used.
- titanium tetraisopropoxy alcohol manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.
- isopropoxy lithium manufactured by Kojundo Chemical Laboratory Co., Ltd.
- Example 5 In the same manner as in Example 4, except that LTO powder B was obtained by heat-treating LTO powder B at 800 ° C. for 10 hours instead of LTO powder B, and crushing the heat-treated powder with a pot mill for 3 hours. A plate, a positive electrode plate, and a battery were prepared and evaluated.
- Example 6 A negative electrode plate, a positive electrode plate and a battery were produced and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 3 except that the LTO green sheet was fired at 850 ° C. for 3 hours.
- Example 7 A negative electrode plate, a positive electrode plate and a battery were prepared and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 3 except that the LTO green sheet was fired at 750 ° C. for 10 hours.
- Example 8 A negative electrode plate and a positive electrode plate in the same manner as in Example 3 except that a particulate phenolic resin (Bellpearl R100, manufactured by Air Water Co., Ltd.) in an amount of 3 wt% with respect to the total amount of the mixture was added during preparation of the negative electrode raw material mixture And the battery was produced and evaluated.
- a particulate phenolic resin Bellpearl R100, manufactured by Air Water Co., Ltd.
- Example 9 A negative electrode plate, a positive electrode plate, and a battery were prepared and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 3 except that the step of holding at 600 ° C. for 10 hours at the time of temperature increase for firing the LTO green sheet was further performed.
- Example 10 A negative electrode plate, a positive electrode plate, and a battery were prepared and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 3 except that D50 obtained by spray-drying LTO powder A instead of LTO powder A was used, and DTO having a D50 of 10 ⁇ m was used. It was.
- Example 11 A negative electrode plate, a positive electrode plate and a battery were prepared and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 3 except that LTO powder E obtained by pulverizing LTO powder A for 20 hours in a pot mill was used instead of LTO powder A. .
- Example 12 A negative electrode plate and a positive electrode plate in the same manner as in Example 3 except that the heating rate during firing of the LTO green sheet was 100 ° C./h from room temperature to 400 ° C. and 150 ° C./h from 400 ° C. to 800 ° C. And the battery was produced and evaluated.
- Example 13 The negative electrode plate and the positive electrode plate were the same as in Example 3 except that the LTO green sheet was fired by holding at 850 ° C. for 10 minutes in an atmosphere with an oxygen concentration of 70% and then holding at 800 ° C. for 5 hours. And the battery was produced and evaluated.
- Example 14 1) The LTO green sheet was roll-pressed before firing, and 2) the Li 2 CO 3 sheet was placed on the LTO green sheet at 5 mol% with respect to the Li amount of the LTO green sheet during firing. Except for this, a negative electrode plate, a positive electrode plate and a battery were prepared and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 3.
- Example 15 In place of the LTO powder A, a negative electrode plate was obtained in the same manner as in Example 3, except that the LTO powder F obtained by subjecting a powder having a D50 of 10 ⁇ m obtained by spray-drying the LTO powder A to a heat treatment of 600 ° C. was used. A positive electrode plate and a battery were prepared and evaluated.
- Example 16 A negative electrode plate, a positive electrode plate and a battery were prepared in the same manner as in Example 3 except that LTO powder G having a particle size of 1 ⁇ m or less obtained by classifying LTO powder A at a classification point of 1 ⁇ m was used instead of LTO powder A. And evaluated.
- Example 17 A negative electrode plate, a positive electrode plate, and a battery were prepared in the same manner as in Examples 3 to 5 except that LTO powder H obtained by mixing LTO powders A, B, and C at the same magnification was used instead of LTO powder A. And evaluated.
- Example 18 (Comparison) A negative electrode plate, a positive electrode plate, and a battery were prepared and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the thickness of the negative electrode plate was 300 ⁇ m and the thickness of the positive electrode plate was 225 ⁇ m.
- Example 19 (Comparison) Instead of LTO powder B, LTO powder B was heat-treated at 900 ° C. for 10 hours, and LTO powder I obtained by crushing the heat-treated powder with a pot mill for 3 hours was used in the same manner as in Example 4 to obtain a negative electrode A plate, a positive electrode plate, and a battery were prepared and evaluated.
- Example 20 (Comparison) A negative electrode plate, a positive electrode plate and a battery were prepared and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 3 except that the LTO green sheet was fired at 900 ° C. for 2 hours.
- Example 21 (Comparison) A negative electrode plate, a positive electrode plate, and a battery were produced and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 3 except that the step of holding at 700 ° C. for 15 hours during the temperature increase for firing the LTO green sheet was further performed.
- Example 22 (Comparison) A negative electrode plate, a positive electrode plate and a battery were prepared and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 4 except that D50 obtained by spray-drying LTO powder B instead of LTO powder B and D50 having a D50 of 5 ⁇ m was used. It was.
- Example 23 (Comparison) A negative electrode plate, a positive electrode plate and a battery were prepared and evaluated in the same manner as in Examples 3 and 5, except that LTO powder K obtained by mixing LTO powders A and C at the same magnification was used instead of LTO powder A. Went.
- Example 24 (Comparison) A negative electrode plate, a positive electrode plate, and a battery were prepared and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 3 except that D50 obtained by spray-drying LTO powder A instead of LTO powder A was used and L50 powder L of 20 ⁇ m was used. It was.
- Example 25 (Comparison) Instead of the LTO powder A, the negative electrode plate, the positive electrode plate, and the positive electrode plate were obtained in the same manner as in Example 3 except that the LTO powder M obtained by classifying the LTO powder A with a classification point of 0.65 ⁇ m was used. A battery was prepared and evaluated.
- Example 26 The same as Example 3 except that 1.5 M LiBF 4 was dissolved as an electrolyte in a mixed solvent containing ethylene carbonate (EC) and ⁇ -butyrolactone (GBL) at a volume ratio of 1: 3. Thus, a battery was produced. When the battery was evaluated in the same manner as described above except that the temperature of the battery was 110 ° C., the rate performance 2C / 0.2C was 99%.
- EC ethylene carbonate
- GBL ⁇ -butyrolactone
- Example 27 1) The thickness of the negative electrode plate was 290 ⁇ m, 2) The LTO green sheet was fired while raising the temperature from 700 ° C. to 770 ° C. in 5 hours, and 3) The thickness of the positive electrode plate was 265 ⁇ m. Except for this, a negative electrode plate, a positive electrode plate, and a battery were prepared and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1.
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Abstract
Description
厚さが10~290μmであり、
前記複数の一次粒子の平均粒径である一次粒径が1.2μm以下であり、
気孔率が21~45%であり、
開気孔比率が60%以上であり、
平均気孔アスペクト比が1.15以上であり、
アスペクト比が1.30以上の気孔の全気孔に占める割合が30%以上であり、
平均気孔径が0.70μm以下であり、
体積基準D10及びD90気孔径が、4.0≦D90/D10≦50の関係を満たす、LTO焼結体板が提供される。
本発明を特定するために用いられるパラメータの定義を以下に示す。
(開気孔比率)=(開気孔率)/(全気孔率)
=(開気孔率)/[(開気孔率)+(閉気孔率)]
=[(全気孔率)-(閉気孔率)]/(全気孔率)
本発明によるLTO焼結体板は、リチウム二次電池の負極に用いられるものである。このLTO焼結体板は、複数の一次粒子が結合した構造を有している。また、LTO焼結体板は、厚さが10~290μmであり、複数の一次粒子の平均粒径である一次粒径が1.2μm以下であり、気孔率が21~45%である。さらに、LTO焼結体板は、開気孔比率が60%以上であり、平均気孔アスペクト比が1.15以上であり、アスペクト比が1.30以上の気孔の全気孔に占める割合が30%以上であり、平均気孔径が0.70μm以下であり、体積基準D10及びD90気孔径が、4.0≦D90/D10≦50の関係を満たす。このように所定の粒径及び気孔条件を満たすLTO焼結体板は、リチウムイオン伝導性及び電子伝導性に優れ、かつ、リチウム二次電池に負極として組み込まれた場合に優れた高速充放電性能及び高温低温動作性をもたらすことが可能となる。なお、低温動作性はLTO負極について一般的に知られる性能であるが、高温動作性はLTO焼結体板が、高温用の電解液との反応しやすいバインダー等の補助成分を含まないことでもたらされる性能である。
本発明のLTO焼結体板はいかなる方法で製造されたものであってもよいが、好ましくは、(a)LTO含有グリーンシートの作製及び(b)LTO含有グリーンシートの焼成を経て製造される。
まず、チタン酸リチウムLi4Ti5O12で構成される原料粉末(LTO粉末)を用意する。原料粉末は市販のLTO粉末を使用してもよいし、新たに合成してもよい。例えば、チタンテトライソプロポキシアルコールとイソプロポキシリチウムの混合物を加水分解して得た粉末を用いてもよいし、炭酸リチウム、チタニア等を含む混合物を焼成してもよい。原料粉末の体積基準D50粒径は0.05~5.0μmが好ましく、より好ましくは0.1~2.0μmである。原料粉末の粒径が大きいと気孔が大きくなる傾向がある。また、原料粒径が大きい場合、所望の粒径となるように粉砕処理(例えばポットミル粉砕、ビーズミル粉砕、ジェットミル粉砕等)を行ってもよい。そして、原料粉末を、分散媒及び各種添加剤(バインダー、可塑剤、分散剤等)と混合してスラリーを形成する。スラリーには、後述する焼成工程中における粒成長の促進ないし揮発分の補償の目的で、LiMO2以外のリチウム化合物(例えば炭酸リチウム)が0.5~30mol%程度過剰に添加されてもよい。スラリーには造孔材を添加しないのが望ましい。スラリーは減圧下で撹拌して脱泡するとともに、粘度を4000~10000cPに調整するのが好ましい。得られたスラリーをシート状に成形してLTO含有グリーンシートを得る。こうして得られるグリーンシートは独立したシート状の成形体である。独立したシート(「自立膜」と称されることもある)とは、他の支持体から独立して単体で取り扱い可能なシートのことをいう(アスペクト比が5以上の薄片も含む)。すなわち、独立したシートには、他の支持体(基板等)に固着されて当該支持体と一体化された(分離不能ないし分離困難となった)ものは含まれない。シート成形は、周知の様々な方法で行いうるが、ドクターブレード法により行うのが好ましい。LTO含有グリーンシートの厚さは、焼成後に上述したような所望の厚さとなるように、適宜設定すればよい。
セッターにLTO含有グリーンシート載置する。セッターはセラミックス製であり、好ましくはジルコニア製又ははマグネシア製である。セッターにはエンボス加工が施されているのが好ましい。こうしてセッター上に載置されたグリーンシートを鞘に入れる。鞘もセラミックス製であり、好ましくはアルミナ製である。そして、この状態で、所望により脱脂した後、焼成することで、LTO焼結体板が得られる。この焼成は600~900℃で1~50時間行うのが好ましく、より好ましくは700~800℃で3~20時間である。こうして得られる焼結体板もまた独立したシート状である。焼成時の昇温速度は100~1000℃/hが好ましく、より好ましくは100~600℃/hである。特に、この昇温速度は、300℃~800℃の昇温過程で採用されるのが好ましく、より好ましくは400℃~800℃の昇温過程で採用される。
上述のようにして本発明のLTO焼結体板を好ましく製造することができる。この好ましい製造方法においては、1)LTO粉末の粒度分布を調整する、及び/又は2)焼成時の昇温速度を変えるのが効果的であり、これらが本発明のリチウム複合酸化物焼結体板の諸特性の実現に寄与するものと考えられる。例えば、特許文献2ではリチウム原料とチタン原料を850℃にて焼成後、解砕や粉砕等を行わずにテープ化し焼成していると見受けられるが、本発明のLTO焼結体板を製造する方法ではLTO原料の粒度分布は上述したように調整されるのが望ましい。
(1)負極板の作製
(1a)LTOグリーンシートの作製
まず、LTO粉末A(体積基準D50粒径0.06μm、シグマアルドリッチジャパン合同会社製)100重量部と、分散媒(トルエン:イソプロパノール=1:1)100重量部と、バインダー(ポリビニルブチラール:品番BM-2、積水化学工業株式会社製)20重量部と、可塑剤(DOP:Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate、黒金化成株式会社製)4重量部と、分散剤(製品名レオドールSP-O30、花王株式会社製)2重量部とを混合した。得られた負極原料混合物を減圧下で撹拌して脱泡するとともに、粘度を4000cPに調整することによって、LTOスラリーを調製した。粘度は、ブルックフィールド社製LVT型粘度計で測定した。こうして調製されたスラリーを、ドクターブレード法によって、PETフィルム上にシート状に成形することによって、LTOグリーンシートを形成した。乾燥後のLTOグリーンシートの厚さは焼成後の厚さが10μmとなるような値とした。
得られたグリーンシートを25mm角にカッターナイフで切り出し、エンボス加工されたジルコニア製セッター上に載置した。セッター上のグリーンシートをアルミナ製鞘に入れて500℃で5時間保持した後に、昇温速度200℃/hにて昇温し、800℃で5時間焼成を行なった。得られたLTO焼結体板のセッターに接触していた面にスパッタリングによりAu膜(厚さ100nm)を集電層として形成した後、10mm×10mm平方の形状にレーザー加工した。
(2a)LiCoO2グリーンシートの作製
まず、Co3O4(正同化学工業株式会社製)原料粉末100重量部と、分散媒(トルエン:イソプロパノール=1:1)100重量部と、バインダー(ポリビニルブチラール:品番BM-2、積水化学工業株式会社製)10重量部と、可塑剤(DOP:Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate、黒金化成株式会社製)4重量部と、分散剤(製品名レオドールSP-O30、花王株式会社製)2重量部とを混合した。得られた混合物を減圧下で撹拌して脱泡するとともに、粘度を4000cPに調整することによって、スラリーを調製した。粘度は、ブルックフィールド社製LVT型粘度計で測定した。こうして調製されたスラリーを、ドクターブレード法によって、PETフィルム上にシート状に成形することによって、グリーンシートを形成した。LiCoO2グリーンシートの厚さは焼成後の厚さが7.5μmとなるような値とした。
Li2CO3原料粉末(体積基準D50粒径2.5μm、本荘ケミカル株式会社製)100重量部と、バインダー(ポリビニルブチラール:品番BM-2、積水化学工業株式会社製)5重量部と、可塑剤(DOP:フタル酸ジ(2-エチルヘキシル)、黒金化成株式会社製)2重量部と、分散剤(レオドールSP-O30、花王株式会社製)2重量部とを混合した。得られた混合物を減圧下で撹拌して脱泡するとともに、粘度を4000cPに調整することによって、Li2CO3スラリーを調製した。粘度は、ブルックフィールド社製LVT型粘度計で測定した。こうして調製されたLi2CO3スラリーを、ドクターブレード法によって、PETフィルム上にシート状に成形することによって、Li2CO3グリーンシートを形成した。乾燥後のLi2CO3グリーンシートの厚さは、LiCoO2グリーンシートにおけるCo含有量に対する、Li2CO3グリーンシートにおけるLi含有量のモル比である、Li/Co比が1.05となるように設定した。
PETフィルムから剥がしたCo3O4グリーンシートをカッターで25mm角に切り出し、下部セッターとしてのジルコニア製セッター(寸法90mm角、高さ1mm)の中央に載置した。セッター上のグリーンシートを1100℃で5時間焼成した後に、750℃で20時間保持して、Co3O4焼結体板を得た。得られたCo3O4焼結体板上にリチウム源としてのLi2CO3グリーンシートをLi/Co比(モル比)が1.05となるように載置し、その上に上部セッターとしての多孔質ジルコニア製セッターを載置した。このグリーンシートをセッターで挟んだ状態で、120mm角のアルミナ鞘(株式会社ニッカトー製)内に載置した。このとき、アルミナ鞘を密閉せず、0.5mmの隙間を空けて蓋をした。得られた積層物を昇温速度200℃/hで600℃まで昇温して3時間脱脂した後に、750℃まで200℃/hで昇温して20時間保持することで焼成した。焼成後、室温まで降温させた後に焼成体をアルミナ鞘より取り出した。こうしてLiCoO2焼結体板を正極板として得た。得られた正極板を9mm×9mm平方の形状にレーザー加工した。
LiCoO2焼結体板(正極板)、セパレータ、及びLTO焼結体板(負極板)を順に載置して積層体を作製した。この積層体を電解液に浸すことにより、ラミネート型電池を作製した。電解液としては、プロピレンカーボネート(PC)及びジエチルカーボネート(DEC)を1:2に体積比で混合した有機溶媒にLiPF6を1mol/Lの濃度となるように溶解させたものを用いた。セパレータとしては、厚さ25μmのポリプロピレン製多孔質単層膜(Celgard社製、Celgard(登録商標)2500)を用いた。
上記(1)で合成されたLTO焼結体板(負極板)及び上記(2)で作製された電池について、以下に示されるとおり各種の評価を行った。
LTO焼結体板(負極板)をクロスセクションポリッシャ(CP)(日本電子株式会社製、IB-15000CP)により研磨し、得られた負極板断面をSEM観察(日本電子製、JSM6390LA)して負極板の厚さを測定した。なお、工程(1a)に関して前述した乾燥後のLTOグリーンシートの厚さも、上記同様にして測定されたものである。
LTO焼結体板をクロスセクションポリッシャ(CP)(日本電子株式会社製、IB-15000CP)により研磨し、得られた負極板断面を1000倍の視野(125μm×125μm)でSEM観察(日本電子製、JSM6390LA)した。このとき、視野内に20個以上の一次粒子が存在するように視野を設定した。得られたSEM像中の全ての一次粒子について外接円を描いたときの当該外接円の直径を求め、これらの平均値を一次粒径とした。
LTO焼結体板をクロスセクションポリッシャ(CP)(日本電子株式会社製、IB-15000CP)により研磨し、得られた負極板断面を1000倍の視野(125μm×125μm)でSEM観察(日本電子製、JSM6390LA)した。得られたSEM像を画像解析し、全ての気孔の面積を負極の面積で除し、得られた値に100を乗じることにより気孔率(%)を算出した。
LTO焼結体板の開気孔比率をアルキメデス法により求めた。具体的には、閉気孔率をアルキメデス法で測定した見かけ密度より求める一方、全気孔率をアルキメデス法で測定した嵩密度より求めた。そして、開気孔比率を、閉気孔率と全気孔率から以下の計算によって求めた。
(開気孔比率)=(開気孔率)/(全気孔率)
=(開気孔率)/[(開気孔率)+(閉気孔率)]
=[(全気孔率)-(閉気孔率)]/(全気孔率)
LTO焼結体板をクロスセクションポリッシャ(CP)(日本電子株式会社製、IB-15000CP)により研磨し、得られた正極板断面を1000倍の視野(125μm×125μm)でSEM観察(日本電子製、JSM6390LA)した。得られたSEM像を画像解析ソフトImageJを用いて二値化し、得られた二値化画像から気孔を判別した。二値化画像において判別した個々の気孔について、長手方向の長さを短手方向の長さで除することによりアスペクト比を算出した。二値化画像中の全ての気孔についてのアスペクト比を算出し、それらの平均値を平均アスペクト比とした。
水銀ポロシメーター(島津製作所製、オートポアIV9510)を用いて水銀圧入法によりLTO焼結体板の体積基準の気孔径分布を測定した。こうして得られた横軸を気孔径、縦軸を累積体積%とした気孔径分布曲線から体積基準D10及びD90気孔径を求め、D90/D10の比率を算出した。
水銀ポロシメーター(島津製作所製、オートポアIV9510)を用いて水銀圧入法によりLTO焼結体板の体積基準の気孔径分布を測定した。こうして得られた横軸を気孔径、縦軸を累積体積%とした気孔径分布曲線から体積基準D50気孔径を求め、平均気孔径とした。
電池のレート性能を25℃にて2.7V-1.5Vの電位範囲において以下の手順で測定した。
(i)0.2Cレートで電池電圧が2.7Vとなるまで定電流充電し、引き続き電流値が0.02Cレートになるまで定電圧充電した後、0.2Cレートで1.5Vになるまで放電することを含む充放電サイクルを合計3回繰り返すことにより放電容量の測定を行い、それらの平均値を0.2C放電容量とした。
(ii)2Cレートで電池電圧が2.7Vとなるまで定電流充電し、引き続き電流値が0.2Cレートになるまで定電圧充電した後、0.2Cレートで1.5Vになるまで放電することを含む充放電サイクルを合計3回繰り返すことにより放電容量の測定を行い、それらの平均値を2C放電容量とした。
(iii)2C放電容量を0.2C放電容量で除して100を乗じることにより、レート性能(%)を得た。
負極板の厚さを200μm、正極板の厚さを150μmとしたこと以外、例1と同様にして負極板、正極板及び電池を作製し、評価を行った。
負極板の厚さを100μm、正極板の厚さを75μmとしたこと以外、例1と同様にして負極板、正極板及び電池を作製し、評価を行った。また、この電池を85℃にしたこと以外は上記同様に電池評価を行ったところ、レート性能2C/0.2Cは97%であった。
LTO粉末Aの代わりに、チタンテトライソプロポキシアルコール(和光純薬工業株式会社製)とイソプロポキシリチウム(株式会社高純度化学研究所製)を1:1のモル比で混合し、加水分解して得たLTO粉末Bを用いたこと以外、例3と同様にして負極板、正極板及び電池を作製し、評価を行った。
LTO粉末Bの代わりに、LTO粉末Bを800℃で10時間熱処理し、熱処理後の粉末をポットミルで3時間解砕して得たLTO粉末Cを使用したこと以外、例4と同様にして負極板、正極板及び電池を作製し、評価を行った。
LTOグリーンシートの焼成を850℃で3時間行ったこと以外、例3と同様にして負極板、正極板及び電池を作製し、評価を行った。
LTOグリーンシートの焼成を750℃で10時間行ったこと以外、例3と同様にして負極板、正極板及び電池を作製し、評価を行った。
負極原料混合物の調製時に、混合物総量に対して3wt%の量の微粒子状フェノール樹脂(エア・ウォーター株式会社製、ベルパールR100)をさらに加えたこと以外、例3と同様にして負極板、正極板及び電池を作製し、評価を行った。
LTOグリーンシートの焼成のための昇温時に600℃で10時間保持する工程をさらに行ったこと以外、例3と同様にして負極板、正極板及び電池を作製し、評価を行った。
LTO粉末Aの代わりに、LTO粉末Aをスプレードライして得たD50が10μmのLTO粉末Dを使用したこと以外、例3と同様にして負極板、正極板及び電池を作製し、評価を行った。
LTO粉末Aの代わりに、LTO粉末Aをポットミルで20時間粉砕して得たLTO粉末Eを使用したこと以外、例3と同様にして負極板、正極板及び電池を作製し、評価を行った。
LTOグリーンシートの焼成時の昇温速度を、室温から400℃までは100℃/h、400℃から800℃までは150℃/hとしたこと以外、例3と同様にして負極板、正極板及び電池を作製し、評価を行った。
LTOグリーンシートの焼成を、酸素濃度70%の雰囲気下にて850℃で10分間保持した後に、800℃で5時間保持することにより行ったこと以外、例3と同様にして負極板、正極板及び電池を作製し、評価を行った。
1)焼成前にLTOグリーンシートをロールプレスしたこと、及び2)焼成時にLi2CO3シートを、LTOグリーンシートのLi量に対して5mol%となるように、LTOグリーンシート上に載置したこと以外、例3と同様にして負極板、正極板及び電池を作製し、評価を行った。
LTO粉末Aの代わりに、LTO粉末Aをスプレードライして得たD50が10μmの粉末に600℃の熱処理を施して得たLTO粉末Fを使用したこと以外、例3と同様にして負極板、正極板及び電池を作製し、評価を行った。
LTO粉末Aの代わりに、LTO粉末Aを分級点1μmで分級して得た粒径1μm以下のLTO粉末Gを使用したこと以外、例3と同様にして負極板、正極板及び電池を作製し、評価を行った。
LTO粉末Aの代わりに、LTO粉末A、B及びCを等倍で混合して得たLTO粉末Hを使用したこと以外、例3~5と同様にして負極板、正極板及び電池を作製し、評価を行った。
負極板の厚さを300μm、正極板の厚さを225μmとしたこと以外、例1と同様にして負極板、正極板及び電池を作製し、評価を行った。
LTO粉末Bの代わりに、LTO粉末Bを900℃で10時間熱処理し、熱処理後の粉末をポットミルで3時間解砕して得たLTO粉末Iを使用したこと以外、例4と同様にして負極板、正極板及び電池を作製し、評価を行った。
LTOグリーンシートの焼成を900℃で2時間行ったこと以外、例3と同様にして負極板、正極板及び電池を作製し、評価を行った。
LTOグリーンシートの焼成のための昇温時に700℃で15時間保持する工程をさらに行ったこと以外、例3と同様にして負極板、正極板及び電池を作製し、評価を行った。
LTO粉末Bの代わりに、LTO粉末Bをスプレードライして得たD50が5μmのLTO粉末Jを使用したこと以外、例4と同様にして負極板、正極板及び電池を作製し、評価を行った。
LTO粉末Aの代わりに、LTO粉末A及びCを等倍で混合して得たLTO粉末Kを使用したこと以外、例3及び5と同様にして負極板、正極板及び電池を作製し、評価を行った。
LTO粉末Aの代わりに、LTO粉末Aをスプレードライして得たD50が20μmのLTO粉末Lを使用したこと以外、例3と同様にして負極板、正極板及び電池を作製し、評価を行った。
LTO粉末Aの代わりに、LTO粉末Aを分級点0.65μmで分級して得た粒径0.65μm以下のLTO粉末Mを使用したこと以外、例3と同様にして負極板、正極板及び電池を作製し、評価を行った。
電解液として、エチレンカーボネート(EC)とγ-ブチロラクトン(GBL)を体積比1:3で含む混合溶媒に電解質として1.5MのLiBF4を溶解させたものを用いたこと以外、例3と同様にして電池を作製した。この電池を110℃にしたこと以外は上記同様に電池評価を行ったところ、レート性能2C/0.2Cは99%であった。
1)負極板の厚さを290μmとしたこと、2)LTOグリーンシートの焼成を700℃から770℃まで5時間で昇温しながら行ったこと、及び3)正極板の厚さを265μmとしたこと以外、例1と同様にして負極板、正極板及び電池を作製し、評価を行った。
Claims (4)
- リチウム二次電池の負極に用いられるチタン酸リチウム焼結体板であって、前記チタン酸リチウム焼結体板は、複数の一次粒子が結合した構造を有しており、かつ、
厚さが10~290μmであり、
前記複数の一次粒子の平均粒径である一次粒径が1.2μm以下であり、
気孔率が21~45%であり、
開気孔比率が60%以上であり、
平均気孔アスペクト比が1.15以上であり、
アスペクト比が1.30以上の気孔の全気孔に占める割合が30%以上であり、
平均気孔径が0.70μm以下であり、
体積基準D10及びD90気孔径が、4.0≦D90/D10≦50の関係を満たす、チタン酸リチウム焼結体板。 - 前記複数の一次粒子の平均粒径である一次粒径が0.02~1.2であり、
前記開気孔比率が65~90%であり、
前記平均気孔アスペクト比が1.15~3.50であり、
前記アスペクト比が1.30以上の気孔の全気孔に占める割合が30~90%であり、
前記平均気孔径が0.02~0.70μmであり、
体積基準D10及びD90気孔径が、4.5≦D90/D10≦50の関係を満たす、請求項1に記載のチタン酸リチウム焼結体板。 - 前記厚さが40~200μmである、請求項1又は2に記載のチタン酸リチウム焼結体板。
- 正極と、請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載のチタン酸リチウム焼結体板を含む負極と、電解液とを備えた、リチウム二次電池。
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JP2021033940A (ja) * | 2019-08-29 | 2021-03-01 | 日本碍子株式会社 | 自動車用多機能カード及びその使用方法 |
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