WO2018072457A1 - 一种电化学碱活化法制备多离子嵌入式超级电容器的方法 - Google Patents
一种电化学碱活化法制备多离子嵌入式超级电容器的方法 Download PDFInfo
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
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- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/13—Energy storage using capacitors
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- the invention belongs to the field of synthesis of inorganic nano materials, and particularly relates to a more universal method for preparing multi-ion embedded supercapacitors by electrochemical alkali activation method.
- supercapacitors In order to enable energy storage equipment to have both high power density and energy density, as well as good cycle stability, researchers have proposed the concept of supercapacitors. It combines the advantages of traditional batteries and traditional capacitors. It has the characteristics of short charging time, long service life, good temperature characteristics, energy saving and environmental protection. It is expected to become an emerging high-efficiency energy storage device.
- Supercapacitors can be divided into electric double layer capacitors and tantalum capacitors from the energy storage mechanism.
- the supercapacitor electrode materials currently studied are mainly concentrated on carbon materials, conductive polymers, and inorganic metal oxides/hydroxides. Although supercapacitors have many attractive advantages, their further development and practicality still face enormous challenges.
- the electrolyte used in the ion-embedded supercapacitor is mainly a neutral metal salt electrolyte, so it has a higher energy storage potential window than the conventional supercapacitor.
- the research on ion-embedded supercapacitor electrode materials mainly focuses on metal carbide (MC X ), metal sulfide (MS X ) and metal oxide (MO X ), of which MXene is a new type with good electrical conductivity.
- Layered metal carbides attract the attention of researchers and have become the main force in the development of electrode materials for ion-embedded supercapacitors.
- Electrode material has low ability to store metal ions, poor conductivity, and preparation cost. Higher, these need to further develop new electrode materials with better performance suitable for rapid insertion/extraction of cations; 2. Most electrode materials have better embedding/extraction properties only for Li + , and for other metal cations (Na + , K + , Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , Zn 2+ , Al 3+ ) have no storage performance or poor performance. However, considering the content of the earth's crust, the content of Li + in the earth's crust is the lowest relative to other metal cations. Therefore, it is extremely urgent to develop electrode materials suitable for the embedding/extraction of other metal cations.
- the invention aims at the shortcomings of the current ion-intercalating electrode material in the low capacity of storing metal ions, poor conductivity, high preparation cost, etc., and proposes a metal hydroxide (MOH X ) as a novel ion-embedded supercapacitor electrode material through simple An electrochemical alkali activation method is used to improve the metal ion storage performance of the electrode material.
- MOH X metal hydroxide
- An electrochemical alkali activation method is used to improve the metal ion storage performance of the electrode material.
- Step 1) Activated cobalt or nickel-containing metal hydroxide nanomaterial as positive electrode, 20–50 mL of alkaline solution with a concentration of 1–5 g/L as electrolyte, by cyclic voltammetry, at 1 At a scan rate of –100mV s -1 , cyclically scan 1–50 times at a potential window of 0–(-0.1V) to 0–(-1.5V) for deactivation;
- the activated cobalt or nickel-containing metal hydroxide of step 1) or the deactivated cobalt or nickel-containing metal hydroxide of step 2) is used as a positive electrode, and 1–5 g/L
- the nitrate or sulfate electrolyte solution constitutes a multi-ion embedded supercapacitor for ion storage performance testing.
- the alkaline solution as the electrolyte described in the step 1) or 2) is one or more of KOH, NaOH, and LiOH.
- the cobalt-containing hydroxide used in the step 1) is one or more of Co(OH) 2 , CoNi-LDH, CoFe-LDH, CoAl-LDH, CoMn-LDH, and CoV-LDH.
- the nickel-containing hydroxide used in the step 1) is one or more of Ni(OH) 2 , NiFe-LDH, NiAl-LDH, NiMn-LDH, and NiV-LDH.
- the metal nitrate electrolyte used in the step 3) is: LiNO 3 , NaNO 3 , KNO 3 , Ca(NO 3 ) 2 , Mg(NO 3 ) 2 or Zn(NO 3 ) 2 .
- the metal sulfate electrolyte used in the step 3) is: Li 2 SO 4 , Na 2 SO 4 , K 2 SO 4 , CaSO 4 , MgSO 4 or ZnSO 4 .
- the invention has the advantages that the activation or deactivation treatment of the cobalt or nickel-containing hydroxide by a simple and rapid electrochemical alkali activation method realizes the storage capacity of the hydroxide electrode material for various metal cations.
- Intelligent regulation can be effectively applied to ion-embedded supercapacitors; it provides a new and more versatile method to greatly improve the energy storage performance of ion-embedded supercapacitor electrode materials; further broaden the transition metal hydroxide electrode The range of applications of materials in the field of energy storage.
- Figure 1 is a diagram showing the mechanism of electrochemical alkali activation and deactivation of a metal hydroxide in Example 1, and metal ion cation insertion and removal.
- Figure 2 is a cyclic voltammetry curve for the storage of different metal cations of cobalt iron hydrotalcite before and after electrochemical alkali activation treatment (represented by AA and BA, respectively) in Example 1.
- Figure 3 is a graph showing the charge and discharge curves of cobalt iron hydrotalcite for storage of different metal cations before and after electrochemical alkali activation treatment (represented by AA and BA, respectively) in Example 1.
- Figure 4 is an intelligently controlled cyclic voltammetry curve for lithium ion storage capacity of cobalt iron hydrotalcite treated by electrochemical alkali activation (denoted by AA) and deactivated (represented by DA) in Example 1.
- Fig. 5 is a graph showing the stability of the cobalt-iron hydrotalcite after the electrochemical alkali activation treatment in Example 1 after 10,000 consecutive charge and discharge tests.
- step b using the activated cobalt-hydrotalcite nano-array of step 1) as a positive electrode, by cyclic voltammetry, at a scanning rate of 100 mV s -1 , under a potential window of 0 - (-0.6 V), cyclic scanning 5 Deactivation treatment;
- the cobalt iron hydrotalcite subjected to the activation treatment or deactivation treatment in step 1) or 2) is used as a positive electrode at a concentration of 5 g/L of nitrate (LiNO 3 , NaNO 3 , KNO 3 , Ca(NO 3 ) 2 , Mg(NO). 3 ) 2 , Zn(NO 3 ) 2 ) or sulfate (Li 2 SO 4 , Na 2 SO 4 , K 2 SO 4 , CaSO 4 , MgSO 4 , ZnSO 4 ) electrolyte solution for ion storage performance test.
- nitrate LiNO 3 , NaNO 3 , KNO 3 , Ca(NO 3 ) 2 , Mg(NO). 3 ) 2 , Zn(NO 3 ) 2
- sulfate Li 2 SO 4 , Na 2 SO 4 , K 2 SO 4 , CaSO 4 , MgSO 4 , ZnSO 4
- step 1) using the activated cobalt-hydrotalcite nanocrystal array of step 1) as a positive electrode, cyclically scanning 10 by a cyclic voltammetry at a scanning rate of 50 mV s -1 at a potential window of 0 - (-0.5 V) Deactivation treatment;
- b using a cobalt hydroxide nano-array as a positive electrode, by cyclic voltammetry, at a scanning rate of 100 mV s -1 , under a potential window of 0 - 0.1 V, cyclic scanning 20 times, for activation treatment;
- step b using the activated cobalt oxide nano-array of step 1) as a positive electrode, cyclically scanning 10 by cyclic voltammetry at a scanning rate of 100 mV s -1 under a potential window of 0 - (-0.1 V) Deactivation treatment;
- the step 1) or 2) activated or deactivated cobalt hydroxide is used as the positive electrode at 5 g/L of nitrate (LiNO 3 , NaNO 3 , KNO 3 , Ca(NO 3 ) 2 , Mg(NO). 3 ) 2 , Zn(NO 3 ) 2 ) or sulfate (Li 2 SO 4 , Na 2 SO 4 , K 2 SO 4 , CaSO 4 , MgSO 4 , ZnSO 4 ) electrolyte solution for ion storage performance test.
- nitrate LiNO 3 , NaNO 3 , KNO 3 , Ca(NO 3 ) 2 , Mg(NO). 3 ) 2 , Zn(NO 3 ) 2
- sulfate Li 2 SO 4 , Na 2 SO 4 , K 2 SO 4 , CaSO 4 , MgSO 4 , ZnSO 4
- b using a nickel hydroxide nano-array as a positive electrode, by cyclic voltammetry, at a scanning rate of 1-100 mV s -1 , under a potential window of 0-0.1 V, cyclically scanning 5 times for activation treatment;
- step b using the activated nickel hydroxide nano-array of step 1) as a positive electrode, by cyclic voltammetry, at a scanning rate of 100 mV s -1 , under a potential window of 0 - (-0.1 V), cyclic scanning 5 Deactivation treatment;
- Step 1) or 2) Activated or deactivated nickel hydroxide is used as the positive electrode at 5 g/L of nitrate (LiNO 3 , NaNO 3 , KNO 3 , Ca(NO 3 ) 2 , Mg ( The ion storage performance test was carried out in an electrolyte solution of NO 3 ) 2 , Zn(NO 3 ) 2 ) or sulfate (Li 2 SO 4 , Na 2 SO 4 , K 2 SO 4 , CaSO 4 , MgSO 4 , ZnSO 4 ).
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Abstract
一种电化学碱活化法制备多离子嵌入式超级电容器的方法。采用简单快速的电化学碱活化方法对含钴或镍的过渡金属氢氧化物进行活化或去活化处理,实现该氢氧化物类电极材料对多种金属阳离子存储能力的智能调控,应用于离子嵌入式超级电容器。提供了一种能够提高离子嵌入式超级电容器电极材料储能性能的较为普适的方法,并且进一步拓宽了过渡金属氢氧化物类电极材料在能量存储领域的应用范围。
Description
本发明属于无机纳米材料合成领域,特别涉及一种电化学碱活化法制备多离子嵌入式超级电容器的较为普适的方法。
随着科学技术的不断进步和人类生活水平的不断提高,人们对于物质生活的需求已经不仅仅局限于解决温饱问题,而是追求更为便捷、更为高效、更为多彩的生活。现如今形形色色的电力驱动设备正在不断丰富人们的视野,然而这些设备,大到电动起重机、电动汽车,小到手机、笔记本电脑、mp3等,无不面临着相同的问题,即需要更为高效的储能和供能设备。伴随着近年来电池技术的发展,特别是锂离子电池的广泛应用,电池的容量越来越高,电子产品充一次电所能够续航的时间也越来越长。但在电动汽车、家用电气、航天设施等需要较大瞬间电流的电子产品领域,传统电池由于功率密度低而在使用上面临瓶颈。于此同时,传统电容器虽然充放电速率快、循环寿命长,但也存在诸多缺点。比如容量密度太低、自放电现象严重、工作电压低等,这些都大大限制了其实用性。因此寻求同时具有高比容量和高比功率、循环寿命长等性能优异且廉价、清洁的新能源装置,是世界范围内能源领域的科学家们最关心的课题之一。
为了使储能设备能够同时拥有高的功率密度和能量密度,以及良好的循环稳定性,科研人员提出超级电容器的概念。它结合了传统电池和传统电容器的优点,具有充电时间短、使用寿命长、温度特性好、节约能源和绿色环保等特点,有望成为一种新兴高效储能装置。超级电容器从储能机理上可分为双电层电容器和赝电容器。目前研究的超级电容器电极材料主要集中在碳材料、导电聚合物以及无机金属氧化物/氢氧化物等。虽然超级电容器具有诸多诱人的优点,但其进一步发展及实用化依然面临着巨大的挑战。这主要集中在:一、电极材料在实际应用中很难同时满足高能量密度,快速充放电以及长的使用寿命的需求。尽管通过材料复合或微纳结构调控,人们在超级电容器材料研究领域取得了一定的进展,但寻求高效、低成本超级电容器电极材料仍然面临挑战;二、以碱性电解质为主的超
级电容器依然面临着储能电位窗口低的缺点,这些都制约着超级电容器的实用化进程。
为了解决这些问题,科研人员在原先超级电容器的基础上,提出了离子嵌入型超级电容器的概念。它不同于双电层电容器和赝电容电容器,主要依靠金属阳离子在电极材料表面或内部的快速嵌入/脱出来存储和释放电荷。在这一过程中,由于金属阳离子在嵌入/脱出时并没有与电极材料发生氧化还原反应,因此它相对于传统金属离子电池拥有更高的功率密度,即可实现更加快速的充放电。另外离子嵌入型超级电容器所用的电解质主要是中性金属盐电解质,因此它相对于传统的超级电容器拥有更高的储能电位窗口。目前对于离子嵌入型超级电容器电极材料的研究主要集中在金属碳化物(MCX)、金属硫化物(MSX)和金属氧化物(MOX)上,其中MXene作为一种新型具有良好导电性的层状金属碳化物,吸引着科研人员的不断关注,已经成为引领离子嵌入型超级电容器电极材料发展的主力军。虽然科研人员在针对离子嵌入型超级电容器电极材料的研究上已经取得了很大的进步,但整体上还面临着诸多问题,比如:一、电极材料存储金属离子的能力低、导电性差、制备成本高等,这些都需要进一步发展适合阳离子快速嵌入/脱出的拥有更好性能的新型电极材料;二、大部分电极材料只针对Li+具有较好的嵌入/脱出性能,而对于其它金属阳离子(Na+、K+、Ca2+、Mg2+、Zn2+、Al3+)不具有存储性能或性能很差。但从地壳含量上来考虑,Li+在地壳中的含量相对与其它金属阳离子最低,因此开发适合其它金属阳离子嵌入/脱出的电极材料迫在眉睫。
发明内容
本发明针对目前离子嵌入型电极材料在存储金属离子的能力低、导电性差、制备成本高等方面的不足,提出以金属氢氧化物(MOHX)作为新型离子嵌入型超级电容器电极材料,通过简单的电化学碱活化方法来提高电极材料的金属离子存储性能。本发明的基于简单快速的电化学碱活化方法制备多离子嵌入式超级电容器的具体操作步骤如下:
1).以含钴或镍的金属氢氧化物纳米材料作为正极,20–50mL浓度为1–5g/L的碱性溶液作为电解质,通过循环伏安法,在1–100mV s-1的扫描速率下,在0–0.1V至0–0.8V的电位窗口下,循环扫描1–50次,进行活化处理;
2).把步骤1)经过活化处理的含钴或镍的金属氢氧化物纳米材料作为正极,20–50mL浓度为1–5g/L的碱性溶液作为电解质,通过循环伏安法,在1–100mV s-1的扫描速率下,在0–(-0.1V)至0–(-1.5V)的电位窗口下,循环扫描1–50次,进行去活化处理;
3).把步骤1)的经过活化处理的含钴或镍的金属氢氧化物或步骤2)的经过去活化处理的含钴或镍的金属氢氧化物作为正极,与1–5g/L的硝酸盐或硫酸盐电解质溶液组成多离子嵌入式超级电容器,进行离子存储性能测试。
步骤1)或2)中所述的作为电解质的碱性溶液为:KOH、NaOH、LiOH中的一种或几种。
步骤1)中所用的含钴氢氧化物为:Co(OH)2、CoNi-LDH、CoFe-LDH、CoAl-LDH、CoMn-LDH、CoV-LDH中的一种或几种。
步骤1)中所用的含镍氢氧化物为:Ni(OH)2、NiFe-LDH、NiAl-LDH、NiMn-LDH、NiV-LDH中的一种或几种。
步骤3)中所用的金属硝酸盐电解质为:LiNO3、NaNO3、KNO3、Ca(NO3)2、Mg(NO3)2或Zn(NO3)2。
步骤3)中所用的金属硫酸盐电解质为:Li2SO4、Na2SO4、K2SO4、CaSO4、MgSO4或ZnSO4。
本发明的优点在于:通过一种简单快速的电化学碱活化法对含钴或镍的氢氧化物进行活化或去活化处理,实现了该类氢氧化物电极材料对多种金属阳离子存储能力的智能调控,可以有效应用于离子嵌入式超级电容器;提供了一种全新的能够大幅度提高离子嵌入式超级电容器电极材料储能性能的较为普适的方法;进一步拓宽了过渡金属氢氧化物类电极材料在能量存储领域的应用范围。
图1是实施例1中的金属氢氧化物电化学碱活化和去活化、以及金属阳离子嵌入脱出机理图。
图2是实施例1中经过电化学碱活化处理前后(分别用AA和BA表示)的钴铁水滑石对不同金属阳离子存储的循环伏安曲线。
图3是实施例1中经过电化学碱活化处理前后(分别用AA和BA表示)的钴铁水滑石对不同金属阳离子存储的充放电曲线。
图4是实施例1中经过电化学碱活化(用AA表示)和去活化(用DA表示)处理后的钴铁水滑石对锂离子存储能力的智能调控循环伏安曲线。
图5是实施例1中经过电化学碱活化处理后的钴铁水滑石经过连续10000次的充放电测试后的稳定性曲线。
实施例1
1).对钴铁水滑石进行活化处理:
a:配制50ml浓度为5g/L的KOH溶液作为电解质;
b:以钴铁水滑石纳米阵列作为正极,通过循环伏安法,在100mV s-1的扫描速率下,0–0.6V的电位窗口下,循环扫描5次,进行活化处理;
2).对钴铁水滑石进行去活化处理:
a:配制50ml浓度为5g/L的KOH溶液作为电解质;
b:以步骤1)的经过活化处理的钴铁水滑石纳米阵列作为正极,通过循环伏安法,在100mV s-1的扫描速率下,0–(-0.6V)的电位窗口下,循环扫描5次,进行去活化处理;
3).中性电解质溶液电化学储能性能探究
把步骤1)或2)经过活化处理或去活化处理的钴铁水滑石作为正极,分别在在5g/L的硝酸盐(LiNO3、NaNO3、KNO3、Ca(NO3)2、Mg(NO3)2、Zn(NO3)2)或硫酸盐(Li2SO4、Na2SO4、K2SO4、CaSO4、MgSO4、ZnSO4)电解质溶液中进行离子存储性能测试。
实施例2
1).对钴铝水滑石进行活化处理:
a:配制50ml浓度为4g/L的NaOH溶液作为电解质;
b:以钴铝水滑石纳米阵列作为正极,通过循环伏安法,在100mV s-1的扫描速率下,0–0.5V的电位窗口下,循环扫描10次,进行活化处理;
2).对钴铁水滑石进行去活化处理:
a:配制50ml浓度为4g/L的NaOH溶液作为电解质;
b:以步骤1)的经过活化处理的钴铁水滑石纳米阵列作为正极,通过循环伏安法,在50mV s-1的扫描速率下,0–(-0.5V)的电位窗口下,循环扫描10次,进行去活化处理;
3).中性电解质溶液电化学储能性能探究
把步骤1)或2)经过活化处理或去活化处理的钴铝水滑石作为正极,分别在在5g/L的硝酸盐(LiNO3、NaNO3、KNO3、Ca(NO3)2、Mg(NO3)2、Zn(NO3)2)或硫酸盐(Li2SO4、Na2SO4、K2SO4、CaSO4、MgSO4、ZnSO4)电解质溶液中进行离子存储性能测试。
实施例3
1).对氢氧化钴进行活化处理:
a:配制50ml浓度为6g/L的LiOH溶液作为电解质;
b:以氢氧化钴纳米阵列作为正极,通过循环伏安法,在100mV s-1的扫描速率下,0–0.1V的电位窗口下,循环扫描20次,进行活化处理;
2).对氢氧化钴进行去活化处理:
a:配制50ml浓度为6g/L的LiOH溶液作为电解质;
b:以步骤1)的经过活化处理的氢氧化钴纳米阵列作为正极,通过循环伏安法,在100mV s-1的扫描速率下,0–(-0.1V)的电位窗口下,循环扫描10次,进行去活化处理;
3).中性电解质溶液电化学储能性能探究
把步骤1)或2)经过活化处理或去活化处理的氢氧化钴作为正极,分别在在5g/L的硝酸盐(LiNO3、NaNO3、KNO3、Ca(NO3)2、Mg(NO3)2、Zn(NO3)2)或硫酸盐(Li2SO4、Na2SO4、K2SO4、CaSO4、MgSO4、ZnSO4)电解质溶液中进行离子存储性能测试。
实施例4
1).对氢氧化镍进行活化处理:
a:配制50ml浓度为5g/L的KOH溶液作为电解质;
b:以氢氧化镍纳米阵列作为正极,通过循环伏安法,在1-100mV s-1的扫描速率下,0–0.1V的电位窗口下,循环扫描5次,进行活化处理;
2).对氢氧化镍进行去活化处理:
a:配制50ml浓度为5g/L的KOH溶液作为电解质;
b:以步骤1)的经过活化处理的氢氧化镍纳米阵列作为正极,通过循环伏安法,在100mV s-1的扫描速率下,0–(-0.1V)的电位窗口下,循环扫描5次,进行去活化处理;
3).中性电解质溶液电化学储能性能探究
把步骤1)或2)经过活化处理或去活化处理的氢氧化镍作为正极,分别在在5
g/L的硝酸盐(LiNO3、NaNO3、KNO3、Ca(NO3)2、Mg(NO3)2、Zn(NO3)2)或硫酸盐(Li2SO4、Na2SO4、K2SO4、CaSO4、MgSO4、ZnSO4)电解质溶液中进行离子存储性能测试。
Claims (6)
- 一种电化学碱活化法制备多离子嵌入式超级电容器的方法,其特征在于,具体操作步骤如下:1).以含钴或镍的金属氢氧化物纳米材料作为正极,20–50mL浓度为1–5g/L的碱性溶液作为电解质,通过循环伏安法,在1–100mV s-1的扫描速率下,在0–0.1V至0–0.8V的电位窗口下,循环扫描1–50次,进行活化处理;2).把步骤1)经过活化处理的含钴或镍的金属氢氧化物纳米材料作为正极,20–50mL浓度为1–5g/L的碱性溶液作为电解质,通过循环伏安法,在1–100mV s-1的扫描速率下,在0–(-0.1V)至0–(-1.5V)的电位窗口下,循环扫描1–50次,进行去活化处理;3).把步骤1)的经过活化处理的含钴或镍的金属氢氧化物或步骤2)的经过去活化处理的含钴或镍的金属氢氧化物作为正极,与1–5g/L的硝酸盐或硫酸盐电解质溶液组成多离子嵌入式超级电容器,进行离子存储性能测试。
- 根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于步骤1)或2)中所述的作为电解质的碱性溶液为:KOH、NaOH、LiOH中的一种或几种。
- 根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于步骤1)中所用的含钴氢氧化物为:Co(OH)2、CoNi-LDH、CoFe-LDH、CoAl-LDH、CoMn-LDH、CoV-LDH中的一种或几种。
- 根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于步骤1)中所用的含镍氢氧化物为:Ni(OH)2、NiFe-LDH、NiAl-LDH、NiMn-LDH、NiV-LDH中的一种或几种。
- 根据权利要求1所述的电极材料的制备方法,其特征在于步骤3)中所用的金属硝酸盐电解质为:LiNO3、NaNO3、KNO3、Ca(NO3)2、Mg(NO3)2或Zn(NO3)2。
- 根据权利要求1所述的电极材料的制备方法,其特征在于步骤3)中所用的金属硫酸盐电解质为:Li2SO4、Na2SO4、K2SO4、CaSO4、MgSO4或ZnSO4。
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