Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G59/00—Polycondensates containing more than one epoxy group per molecule; Macromolecules obtained by polymerising compounds containing more than one epoxy group per molecule using curing agents or catalysts which react with the epoxy groups
  • C08G59/18—Macromolecules obtained by polymerising compounds containing more than one epoxy group per molecule using curing agents or catalysts which react with the epoxy groups ; e.g. general methods of curing
  • C08G59/40—Macromolecules obtained by polymerising compounds containing more than one epoxy group per molecule using curing agents or catalysts which react with the epoxy groups ; e.g. general methods of curing characterised by the curing agents used
  • C08G59/4007—Curing agents not provided for by the groups C08G59/42 - C08G59/66
  • C08G59/4064—Curing agents not provided for by the groups C08G59/42 - C08G59/66 sulfur containing compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G75/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a linkage containing sulfur with or without nitrogen, oxygen, or carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule
  • C08G75/02—Polythioethers
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G75/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a linkage containing sulfur with or without nitrogen, oxygen, or carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule
  • C08G75/02—Polythioethers
  • C08G75/04—Polythioethers from mercapto compounds or metallic derivatives thereof
  • C08G75/045—Polythioethers from mercapto compounds or metallic derivatives thereof from mercapto compounds and unsaturated compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L33/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical, or of salts, anhydrides, esters, amides, imides or nitriles thereof; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L63/00—Compositions of epoxy resins; Compositions of derivatives of epoxy resins
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L81/00—Compositions of macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming in the main chain of the macromolecule a linkage containing sulfur with or without nitrogen, oxygen or carbon only; Compositions of polysulfones; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
  • C09D11/00—Inks
  • C09D11/02—Printing inks
  • C09D11/10—Printing inks based on artificial resins
  • C09D11/102—Printing inks based on artificial resins containing macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions other than those only involving unsaturated carbon-to-carbon bonds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
  • C09D163/00—Coating compositions based on epoxy resins; Coating compositions based on derivatives of epoxy resins

Definitions

• This invention is in the field of monomers, oligomers, polymers, additive and composites and methods of making and using thereof.
• the invention includes solvent chemical compositions, polymeric formulations, methods of synthesis, and fabrication methods of polymers.
• Curable formulations which possess tunable chemical functionalities and physical properties that enable the syntheses of new materials, composites, and articles of manufacture have been developed. Specific embodiments include: Curable formulations which are formed from monomers, oligomers, and which can be cured, formed into blends or composites containing fillers and/or additives; Methods of making such curable formulations, cured formulations thereof, and composites thereof; (3) Methods of using and manufacturing articles formed from such curable formulations, cured formulations thereof, and composites thereof; and (4) Articles of manufacture formed from such compounds, materials, composites, and compositions thereof.
• curable formulations of monomeric and/or oligomeric precursors are formed via chemistries that enable desirable material performance and tunable physical and thermomechanical properties to be obtained.
• Desirable material performance and tunable physical and thermomechanical properties include, but are not limited to, high toughness, optical clarity, high tensile strength, good solvent resistance, good thermal resistance, tunable modulus, viscosity, tunable glass transition temperature, tunable cure time, and tunable surface adhesion.
• Composites and other compositions thereof can be formed from the curable formulations.
• the methods are low waste methods which generally do not require any or any significant purification of the formulations, composites, or of reaction products therein.
• the curable or cured formulations, composites, and other compositions thereof formed from the precursors as described above and as shown in the examples generally proceed in additive "one pot" steps.
• the curable formulations also permit for their use in methods of manufacture, such as thin-film deposition, 3-D printing, and coating of substrates.
• Methods that are used to manufacture materials from the curable formulations are significantly influenced by material processing capability, and processing capability often refers to a material's ability to be successfully and efficiently subjected to various methods of manufacture.
• analog refers to a chemical compound with a structure similar to that of another (reference compound) but differing from it in respect to a particular component, functional group, atom, etc.
• derivative refers to compounds which are formed from a parent compound by chemical reaction(s). These differences in suitable analogues and derivatives include, but are not limited to, replacement of one or more functional groups on the ring with one or more different functional groups or reacting one or more functional groups on the ring to introduce one or more substituents.
• Aryl refers to 5-, 6- and 7-membered aromatic, heterocyclic, fused aromatic, fused heterocyclic, biaromatic, or
• Ar includes 5-, 6- and 7-membered single-ring aromatic groups that may include from zero to four heteroatoms, for example, benzene, pyrrole, furan, thiophene, imidazole, oxazole, thiazole, triazole, pyrazole, pyridine, pyrazine, pyridazine and pyrimidine, and the like.
• aryl groups having heteroatoms in the ring structure may also be referred to as "aryl heterocycles" or "heteroaromatic s".
• the aromatic ring can be substituted at one or more ring positions with such substituents as described herein, for example, halogen, azide, alkyl, aralkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxyl, amino, nitro, sulfhydryl, imino, amido, phosphonate, phosphinate, carbonyl, carboxyl, silyl, ether, alkylthio, sulfonyl, sulfonamido, ketone, aldehyde, ester, heterocyclyl, aromatic or
• heteroaromatic moieties -CF3, -CN, or the like.
• the term “Ar” also includes polycyclic ring systems having two or more cyclic rings in which two or more carbons are common to two adjoining rings (the rings are "fused rings") where at least one of the rings is aromatic, e.g., the other cyclic rings can be cycloalkyls, cycloalkenyls, cycloalkynyls, aryls and/or heterocycles.
• heterocyclic ring include, but are not limited to,
• benzimidazolyl benzofuranyl, benzothiofuranyl, benzothiophenyl, benzoxazolyl, benzoxazolinyl, benzthiazolyl, benztriazolyl, benztetrazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, benzimidazolinyl, carbazolyl, 4aH carbazolyl, carbolinyl, chromanyl, chromenyl, cinnolinyl,
• Alkyl refers to the radical of saturated or unsaturated aliphatic groups, including straight-chain alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl groups, branched-chain alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl groups, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, or cycloalkynyl (alicyclic) groups, alkyl substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, or cycloalkynyl groups, and cycloalkyl substituted alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl groups.
• a straight chain or branched chain alkyl has 30 or fewer carbon atoms in its backbone (e.g., Ci- C30 for straight chain, C3-C30 for branched chain), and more preferably 20 or fewer.
• preferred cycloalkyls have from 3-10 carbon atoms in their ring structure, and more preferably have 5, 6 or 7 carbons in the ring structure.
• Alkylaryl refers to an alkyl group substituted with an aryl group (e.g., an aromatic or heteroaromatic group).
• Heterocycle refers to a cyclic radical attached via a ring carbon or nitrogen of a monocyclic or bicyclic ring containing 3-10 ring atoms, and preferably from 5-6 ring atoms, consisting of carbon and one to four heteroatoms each selected from the group consisting of non-peroxide oxygen, sulfur, and N(Y) where Y is absent or is H, O, (C ⁇ - 4)alkyl, phenyl or benzyl, and optionally containing
• heterocyclic ring examples include, but are not limited to,
• benzimidazolyl benzofuranyl, benzothiofuranyl, benzothiophenyl, benzoxazolyl, benzoxazolinyl, benzthiazolyl, benztriazolyl, benztetrazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, benzimidazolinyl, carbazolyl,
• tetrahydroisoquinolinyl tetrahydroquinolinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, tetrazolyl, 6H-1,2,5- thiadiazinyl, 1,2,3-thiadiazolyl, 1,2,4-thiadiazolyl, 1,2,5-thiadiazolyl, 1,3,4- thiadiazolyl, thianthrenyl, thiazolyl, thienyl, thienothiazolyl, thienooxazolyl, thienoimidazolyl, thiophenyl and xanthenyl.
• Heteroaryl refers to a monocyclic aromatic ring containing five or six ring atoms consisting of carbon and 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatoms each selected from the group consisting of non-peroxide oxygen, sulfur, and N(Y) where Y is absent or is H, O, (C 1 -C 8 )alkyl, phenyl or benzyl.
• heteroaryl groups include furyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, triazinyl, oxazoyl, isoxazoyl, thiazolyl, isothiazoyl, pyrazolyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazinyl, tetrazolyl, pyridyl, (or its N-oxide), thienyl, pyrimidinyl (or its N-oxide), indolyl, isoquinolyl (or its N-oxide), quinolyl (or its N-oxide) and the like.
• heteroaryl can include radicals of an ortho-fused bicyclic heterocycle of about eight to ten ring atoms derived therefrom, particularly a benz-derivative or one derived by fusing a propylene, trimethylene, or tetramethylene diradical thereto.
• heteroaryl can be furyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, triazinyl, oxazoyl, isoxazoyl, thiazolyl, isothiazoyl, pyraxolyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazinyl, tetrazolyl, pyridyl (or its N-oxide), thientyl, pyrimidinyl (or its N-oxide), indolyl, isoquinolyl (or its N-oxide), quinolyl (or its N-oxide), and the like.
• Halogen refers to fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine.
• alkenyl and alkynyl refer to unsaturated aliphatic groups analogous in length and possible substitution to the alkyls described above, but that contain at least one double or triple bond respectively.
• ortho, meta and para apply to 1,2-, 1,3- and 1,4- disubstituted benzenes, respectively.
• 1,2- dimethylbenzene and ortho-dimethylbenzene are synonymous.
• Substituted means that the functional group contains one or more substituents attached thereon including, but not limited to, hydrogen, halogen, cyano, alkoxyl, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, amine, hydroxyl, oxo, formyl, acyl, carboxylic acid (-COOH), -C(0)R' , -C(0)OR' , carboxylate (- COO-), primary amide (e.g. , -CONH2), secondary amide (e.g.
• R' and R" may each independently be hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocycloalkyl and heteroaryl; where each of R' and R' ' is optionally independently substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, hydroxyl, oxo, cyano, nitro, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, alkyl optionally substituted with one or more halogen or alkoxy or aryloxy, aryl optionally substituted with one or more halogen or alkoxy or alkyl or trihaloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl optionally substituted with aryl or heteroaryl or oxo or alkyl optionally substituted with hydroxyl, cycloalkyl optionally substituted with hydroxyl, heteroaryl optionally substituted with one or more halogen or alkoxy or alkyl or trihaloalkyl,
• dialkylaminocarbonyl or combinations thereof. In some instances,
• substituted also refers to one or more substitutions of one or more of the carbon atoms in a carbon chain (i.e., alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, and aryl groups) which can be substituted by a heteroatom, such as, but not limited to, a nitrogen or oxygen.
• a heteroatom such as, but not limited to, a nitrogen or oxygen.
• Rubber or “Elastomer,” as used herein, refer to a crosslinked network polymer, which has viscoelastic properties.
• network refers to a three dimensional substance having oligomeric and/or polymeric strands interconnected to one another by crosslinks.
• prepolymer refers to oligomeric or polymeric strands which have not undergone crosslinking to form a network.
• crosslink refers to a connection between two strands.
• the crosslink may either be a chemical bond, a single atom, or multiple atoms.
• the crosslink may be formed by reaction of a pendant group in one strand with the backbone of a different strand, or by reaction of one pendant group with another pendant group.
• Crosslinks may exist between separate strand molecules, and may also exist between different points of the same strand.
• “Curable,” as used herein, refers polymeric or oligomeric materials or compositions thereof capable of being toughened or hardened typically by cross-linking of polymer and/or oligomer chains therein.
• “Curing,” as used herein refers to the process of applying an external stimulus, such as, but not limited to, light, radiation, electron beams, heat, chemical additives, and combinations thereof which induce crosslinking to produce toughening or hardening of the materials.
• biocompatible is intended to describe materials that do not elicit a substantial detrimental response in vivo.
• biodegradable polymers are polymers that degrade to oligomeric and/or monomeric species under physiological or endosomal conditions.
• the polymers and polymer biodegradation byproducts are biocompatible.
• Biodegradable polymers are not necessarily hydrolytically degradable and may require enzymatic action to fully degrade.
• Catalysts or “Catalytic centers,” as used herein, refer to a molecular species or component thereof which lowers the activation energy of chemical reactions and is generally not destroyed or consumed by the chemical reaction and is or can be regenerated. Catalysts are often used to increase rates or yields of chemical reactions and may offer significant economic, efficiency and energy advantages to individuals or businesses that carry out these reactions.
• Viscosity refers to the resistance of a substance (typically a liquid) to flow. Viscosity is related to the concept of shear force; it can be understood as the effect of different layers of the fluid exerting shearing force on each other, or on other surfaces, as they move against each other. There are several measures of viscosity. The units of viscosity are Ns/m 2 , known as Pascal-seconds (Pa-s). Viscosity can be “kinematic” or “absolute”. Kinematic viscosity is a measure of the rate at which momentum is transferred through a fluid. It is measured in Stokes (St).
• the kinematic viscosity is a measure of the resistive flow of a fluid under the influence of gravity.
• the kinematic viscosity is a measure of the resistive flow of a fluid under the influence of gravity.
• the more viscous fluid takes longer than the less viscous fluid to flow through the capillary.
• the second fluid is called twice as viscous as the first on a kinematic viscosity scale.
• the dimension of kinematic viscosity is length 2 /time. Commonly, kinematic viscosity is expressed in centiStokes (cSt).
• the SI unit of kinematic viscosity is mm 2 /s, which is equal to 1 cSt.
• the "absolute viscosity”, sometimes called “dynamic viscosity” or “simple viscosity”, is the product of kinematic viscosity and fluid density. Absolute viscosity is expressed in units of centipoise (cP).
• a "zero-shear" viscosity can then be extrapolated by creating a best fit line of the four highest-shear points on a plot of dynamic viscosity versus shear rate, and linearly extrapolating viscosity back to zero shear.
• viscosity can be determined by averaging viscosity values at multiple shear rates. Viscosity can also be measured using a microfluidic viscometer at single or multiple shear rates (also called flow rates), wherein absolute viscosity is derived from a change in pressure as a liquid flows through a channel.
• Viscosity equals shear stress over shear rate. Viscosities measured with microfluidic viscometers can, in some embodiments, be directly compared to zero-shear viscosities, for example those extrapolated from viscosities measured at multiple shear rates using a cone and plate viscometer.
• jettable refers to curable suitable for 3-dimensional inkjet printing applications.
• oligomer and “polymers” each refer to a compound of a repeating monomeric subunit. Generally speaking, an "oligomer” contains fewer monomeric units than a “polymer.” Those of skill in the art will appreciate that whether a particular compound is designated an oligomer or polymer is dependent on both the identity of the compound and the context in which it is used.
• oligomeric and polymeric compounds are composed of a plurality of compounds having differing numbers of monomers. Such mixtures are often designated by the average molecular weight of the oligomeric or polymeric compounds in the mixture. As used herein, the use of the singular "compound" in reference to an oligomeric or polymeric compound includes such mixtures.
• oligomeric or polymeric material having any average molecular weight.
• Mean particle size generally refers to the statistical mean particle size (diameter) of the particles in a population of particles.
• the diameter of an essentially spherical particle may be referred to as the physical or hydrodynamic diameter.
• the diameter of a non-spherical particle may refer preferentially to the hydrodynamic diameter.
• the diameter of a non-spherical particle may refer to the largest linear distance between two points on the surface of the particle.
• Mean particle size can be measured using methods known in the art, such as dynamic light scattering.
• Numerical ranges include, but are not limited to, ranges of temperatures, ranges of pressures, ranges of molecular weights, ranges of integers, ranges of force values, ranges of times, ranges of thicknesses, and ranges of gas flow rates.
• the disclosed ranges include values that such a range could reasonably encompass, as well as sub-ranges and combinations of sub-ranges encompassed therein.
• disclosure of a temperature range is intended to disclose individually possible temperature values that such a range could encompass, consistent with the disclosure herein.
• an annealing step may be carried out for a period of time in the range of about 5 min to 30 min, also refers to time values that can be selected independently from about 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, and 30 minutes, as well as any range between these numbers (for example, 10 min to 20 min), and any possible combination of ranges between these time values.
• curable formulations of monomeric and/or oligomeric precursors are formed via chemistries that enable desirable material performance and tunable physical and thermomechanical properties to be obtained.
• Desirable material performance and tunable physical and thermomechanical properties include, but are not limited to, high toughness, optical clarity, high tensile strength, good solvent resistance, good thermal resistance, tunable modulus, viscosity, tunable glass transition temperature, tunable cure time, and tunable surface adhesion.
• compositions thereof can be formed from the curable formulations.
• the curable formulations include monomeric and/or oligomeric precursors.
• the curable formulations formed from monomeric and/or oligomeric precursors can be tuned, for example, by varying the degree of functionalization with one or more reactive functional groups used to prepare the precursors and formulations thereof.
• the properties of the precursors can be tuned via the inclusion of one or more moieties, such as cyclic aliphatic linkages/linker groups for toughness, rigidity, UV resistance and thermal resistance; sterically hindered moieties and/or substituents, which can inhibit/control macromolecular alignment to afford amorphous materials, composites, and other compositions thereof upon polymerization and which can afford high optical clarity.
• moieties such as cyclic aliphatic linkages/linker groups for toughness, rigidity, UV resistance and thermal resistance
• sterically hindered moieties and/or substituents which can inhibit/control macromolecular alignment to afford amorphous materials, composites, and other compositions thereof upon polymerization and which can afford high optical clarity.
• the precursors of the formulation or mixture include moieties and/or substituents that can form or contain linkages, such as urethane, amide, thiourethane and dithiourethane groups which allow for inter-chain hydrogen bonding and can be used to impart increased toughness and rigidity.
• linkages such as urethane, amide, thiourethane and dithiourethane groups which allow for inter-chain hydrogen bonding and can be used to impart increased toughness and rigidity.
• the selective incorporation of ester, beta-aminoester, carbonate, silyl ether linkages, or linker groups in the precursors can be used to control environmental degradation time and solvent uptake, which can also be tuned by incorporating pendant hydrophilic or hydrophobic groups into material compositions.
• the precursors of the curable formulations can be prepared, for example, from mercapto, alkene, (meth)acrylate, alkyne, amine and epoxy functionalized monomeric and oligomeric constituents, or combinations thereof.
• the stoichiometric ratios of monomeric and/or oligomeric precursors present in the curable formulations can be within the range from about 1.00:4.00, about 1.00:3.00, about 1.00:2.20, about 1.00:2.00, about 1.00:1.00, about 1.00:0.97, about 1.00:0.95, about 1.00:0.90, about
• the curable formulations formed of monomeric and/or oligomeric precursors can be cured by applying ultraviolent (UV) light, heat, acid or base catalyzed curing processes, or combinations thereof.
• UV ultraviolent
• the cured formulations are then subjected to performance characterization analysis and can be utilized, for example, in known additive manufacturing processes, such as stereolithography additive applications, and for coatings applications.
• Varying quantities of initiators or catalysts can be added to the formulations to catalyze addition reactions, between the monomeric and/or oligomeric precursors, prior to or during the application of an optional thermal aging process.
• Exemplary addition reactions include, but are not limited to, free radical initiated thiol-ene, base catalyzed Michael Addition and base catalyzed thiol-epoxy addition reactions.
• a photoinitiator can also be added.
• a free radical inhibitor can be added to acrylate containing formulations and select thiol-ene formulations.
• photoinitiators include, but are not limited to, 2,2-dimethoxy-2- phenylacetophenone (DMPA) and diphenyl(2,4,6- trimethylbenzoyl)phosphine oxide (TPO).
• DMPA 2,2-dimethoxy-2- phenylacetophenone
• TPO diphenyl(2,4,6- trimethylbenzoyl)phosphine oxide
• the amount of photoinitiator which can be added to form UV curable formulations can be within the range from about 0.001 wt% to 10 wt%.
• the amount of photoinitiator added to the curable formulations can be about 0.10 wt%, 0.20 wt%, 0.30 wt%, 0.40 wt%, 0.50 wt%, 1.00 wt%, 1.50 wt%, 2.00 wt%, 2.50 wt%, 3.00 wt%, 3.50 wt%, 4.00 wt%, 4.50 wt%, and 5.00 wt%.
• free radical inhibitors (which include, but are not limited to, 4- methoxyphenol and 1,4-hydroquinone) can be added to the curable formulations to a concentration in a range from 0.01 to 2000 ppm. In some embodiments, the concentration of free radical inhibitors added can be about 500 ppm, about 1000 ppm, or about 1500 ppm.
• thermal free-radical initiators or tertiary amine catalysts can be added to catalyze curing.
• thermal free- radical initiators include, but are not limited to, benzoyl peroxide (BPO) and azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN).
• BPO benzoyl peroxide
• AIBN azobisisobutyronitrile
• Thermal free radical initiators catalyze radical initiated addition reactions, such as during a thermal aging process, and the amounts added to the curable formulations can be within the range from about 0.001 wt% to 10 wt%.
• the amount of thermal free radical initiator added to the curable formulations can be about 0.10 wt%, 0.20 wt%, 0.30 wt%, 0.40 wt%, 0.50 wt%, 1.00 wt%, 1.50 wt%, 2.00 wt%, 2.50 wt%, 3.00 wt%, 3.50 wt%, 4.00 wt%, 4.50 wt%, or 5.00 wt%.
• Tertiary amine base catalysts can be used catalyze, for example, Michael Addition and/or thiol-epoxy reactions or related reactions, during thermal aging.
• the amounts of tertiary amine base catalyst(s) that can added to the curable formulations can be in the range from about 0.01 wt% to 10 wt%.
• the amount of tertiary amine base catalyst(s) which can be added to the curable formulations can be about 0.10 wt%, 0.20 wt%, 0.30 wt%, 0.40 wt%, 0.50 wt%, 1.00 wt%, 1.50 wt%, 2.00 wt%, 2.50 wt%, 3.00 wt%, 3.50 wt%, 4.00 wt%, 4.50 wt%, or 5.00 wt%.
• Curing reactions can be used to fully cure or a substantially cure the formulations, wherein substantially refers to a percentage of crosslinking of at least about 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%.
• the curable formulations are designed to be chemically curable using one or more chemical catalysts, such as acid or base catalysts, to cure the curable formulation over a period of time.
• the one or more chemical catalysts can be added at concentrations of about 0.10 wt%, 0.20 wt%, 0.30 wt%, 0.40 wt%, 0.50 wt%, 1.00 wt%, 1.50 wt%, 2.00 wt%, 2.50 wt%, 3.00 wt%, 3.50 wt%, 4.00 wt%, 4.50 wt%, or 5.00 wt%.
• the time needed to achieve full curing will be dependent on the
• Ceramic fillers can optionally be added to the formulations following a thermal aging process. Examples include Cabot CAB-O-SIL TS-720, TS- 610, TS-622, TS-530, EVONIK AEROSIL R8200, R106, R812S, R202, R208, R972, R974, R812S. In some embodiments, the amount of ceramic filler(s) added can be in the range of about 0.001 to 20.00 wt%.
• the amount of ceramic filler(s) is about 0.50 wt%, 1.00 wt%, 1.50 wt%, 2.00 wt%, 2.50 wt%, 3.00 wt%, 3.50 wt%, 4.00 wt%, 4.50 wt%, 5.00 wt%, 6.00 wt%, 7.00 wt%, 8.00 wt%, 9.00 wt%, or 10.00 wt%.
• Exemplary fumed silica additives include silica additives having an average particle size in the range of about 5 to 500 m 2 /g. In some embodiments, the fumed silica additives have an average particle size of about 50 m 2 /g, 75 m 2 /g, 100 m 2 /g, 120 m 2 /g, 150 m 2 /g, 200 m 2 /g, 250 m 2 /g, 300 m 2 /g, or 350 m 2 /g.
• Silanes can also be added to improve glass adhesion and adhesion to metals that include copper, zinc, iron, stainless steel, and aluminum.
• Examples include .vinylsilanes, mercaptosilanes, aminosilanes,
• methacrylosilanes added in 0.01 to 15 mole % equivalents to claimed formulations.
• Modifiers can be added to the curable formulations before or after applying a curing and/or thermal aging processing step in order to modify physical properties and/or curing profiles of the uncured formulations, as well as the physical or thermomechanical properties of cured formulations thereof.
• exemplary modifiers include, but are not limited to,
• modifiers include sand, polymer powders, hydroxyapatite nanopowder, tungsten powder, metal powders, and ceramic powders.
• the formulations can be stored without degradation or without substantial degradation (i.e., less than about 20%, 15%, 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, or 1% change in the any one or more properties of the material, as determined by known testing methods) over a period of time of about 1 day, to 5 days, to 10 days, to 20 days, to 30 days, to two months, three months, four months, five months, six months, one year, two years, three years, four years, five years, or longer.
• the formulations can be mixed with one or more other curable formulations as described herein. In yet some other embodiments, during or following a thermal aging step the formulations can be mixed with one or more modifiers as described herein.
• combinations of one or more curable formulations with a cured material can be used to afford tunable viscosity, toughness, good biocompatibility, tunable biodegradation time in multiple environments, unique and differentiating adhesion capabilities to selected substrate surfaces, advanced material capabilities, including but not limited to, shape memory and UV resistance.
• combinations of one or more curable formulations and a modifier material can be used to afford tunable viscosity, toughness, good biocompatibility, tunable biodegradation time in multiple environments, unique and differentiating adhesion capabilities to selected substrate surfaces, advanced material capabilities, including but not limited to, shape memory and UV resistance.
• the curable formulations have a viscosity between about 1.0 and 100.0 cP at about 20-25 °C. In certain embodiments, the cured formulations alone or as composites further containing one or more modifiers have a viscosity between about 10 and 100.0 cP at about 20-25°C.
• the cured formulations alone or as composites thereof demonstrate stable viscosities that do not increase after about 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 20 days, 30 days, 40 days, 60 days, 70 days, 80 days, 90 days, 100 days, or longer when stored at or near room temperature, optionally in light free conditions.
• the cured formulations alone or as composites thereof demonstrate stable viscosities that do not increase when exposed to elevated temperatures of about 30 °C to 50 °C, 30 °C to 60 °C, 30 °C to 70 °C, 30 °C to 80 °C, 30 °C to 90 °C, 30 °C to 100 °C, or 30 °C to 150 °C for periods of time of between 0.1 hours to 100 hours.
• the curable formulations or cured formulations therefrom, alone, as mixtures with other formulations, or containing one or more modifiers are characterized by a Young's modulus between 0.01 and 500.00 N/mm 2 , preferably between 0.01 and 100.00 N/mm 2 , more preferably between 0.01 and 50.00 N/mm 2 , even more preferably between 0.01 and 10.00 N/mm 2 , and especially preferably between 0.01 and 5.00 N/mm 2 .
• the Young's Modulus can be evaluated through mechanical testing such as compressive or tensile testing.
• the Young's Modulus can be evaluated using an Instron in tensile mode with uniaxial loading, testing a cast necked or dog-bone shaped sample.
• the curable formulations or cured formulations, alone, as mixtures with other formulations, or containing one or more modifiers are characterized by a tensile strength between 0.01 and 5.00 N/mm 2 .
• the tensile strength of a dynamic network material may be determined by measuring the force required to break a material extended in a unilateral direction by using an instrument such as an instron to calculate force required to break a standardized shape such as a dogbone shaped material.
• the dynamic network material is characterized by a cros slinking density between 1 and 75 mol/m 3 .
• the dynamic network material is
• the crosslinking density is between 5-70 mol/m 3 , preferably, between 5-40 mol/m 3 , and even more preferably between 5-20 mol/m 3 .
• the crosslinking density is between 1-15 mol/m 3 , preferably between 3-10 mol/m 3 , and especially preferably between 5-10 mol/m 3 .
• the crosslinking density is between 10-75 mol/m 3 , preferably between 10-65 mol/m 3 , even more preferably between 20-60 mol/m 3 and especially preferably between 30-50 mol/m 3 .
• Such reactions are often UV catalyzed but can also proceed under elevated temperature conditions, is highly efficient, tolerant of many functional groups, and capable of proceeding under mild conditions.
• the curable formulations can include one or more polythiol constituents obtained from mercaptan-containing terpenes (such as D-Limonene and/or L-Limonene, and/or derivatives or analogs thereof) and/or terpenoids.
• mercaptan-containing terpenes such as D-Limonene and/or L-Limonene, and/or derivatives or analogs thereof
• Exemplary polythiols derived from terpenes or terpenoids include, but are not limited to, dipentene dimercaptan, isoprene dimercaptan, farnesene dimercaptan, farnesene trimercaptan, farnesene tetramercaptan, myrcene dimercaptan, myrcene trimercaptan, bisabolene dimercaptan, bisabolene trimercaptan, linalool dimercaptan, terpinolene dimercaptan, terpinene dimercaptan, geraniol dimercapan, citral dimercaptan, retinol dimercaptan, retinol trimercaptan, retinol tetramercaptan, beta-carotene polymercaptans, or combinations thereof.
• the polythiols are derived from trimethylolpropane trithiol, pentaerithritiol trithiol, pentaerithritol tetrathiol, inositol di-, tri-, tetra-, penta- and hexathiols.
• the curable formulations can include one or more olythiol constituents obtained from mercaptan-containing cyclic, polycyclic, or linear aliphatic polyalkenes or alkynes.
• exemplary polythiols derived from these groups include, but are not limited to, trivinylcyclohexene dimercaptan, trivinylcyclohexene trimercaptan, dicyclopentadiene dimercaptan, vinylcyclohexene dimercaptan, triallylisocyanurate
• dimercaptan triallyl isocyanurate trimercaptan, phenylhepta-l,3,5-triyne polmercaptans, 2-butyne-l,4-diol dimercaptan, propargyl alcohol dimercaptan, dipropargyl sulfide polymercaptans, dipropargyl ether polymercaptans, propargylamine dimercaptan, dipropargylamine polymercaptans, tripropargylamine polymercaptans, tripropargyl isocyanurate polymercaptans, tripropargyl cyanurate polymercaptans.
• the curable formulations can include one or more polythiol constituents obtained from mercaptan-containing, unsaturated fatty acids or unsaturated fatty esters.
• Exemplary polythiols derived from these groups include, but are not limited to, arachidonic acid dimercaptan, arachidonic acid trimercaptan, arachidonic acid tetramercaptan, eleostearic acid dimercaptan, eleostearic acid trimercaptan, linoleic acid dimercaptan, linolenic acid dimercaptan, linolenic acid trimercaptan, mercaptanized linseed oil, mercaptanized tung oil, mercaptanized soybean oil,
• mercaptanized peanut oil mercaptanized walnut oil, mercaptanized avocado oil, mercaptanized sunflower oil, mercaptanized corn oil, mercaptanized cottonseed oil.
• cyclooctatriene cyclohexane diallyl ether, cyclohexane triallyl ether, cyclohexane tetraallyl ether, cyclohexane pentaallyl ether, cyclohexane hexaallyl ether, cyclohexane divinyl ether, cyclohexane trivinyl ether, cyclohexane tetravinyl ether, cyclohexane pentavinyl ether, cyclohexane hexavinyl ether, diclyclopentadiene, tricyclodecane dimethanol divinyl ether, tricyclodecane dimethanol diallyl ether, tricyclodecane dimethanol, norbornene capped, bicyclo[2.2.1]hepta-2,5-diene, norbornene-functionlized polyamide oligomers having "n" repeat units wherein "n
• the curable formulations can also include one or more acrylate or methacrylate-based constituents such as, but not limited to, neopentyl glycol diacrylate, glycerol diacrylate, glycerol triacrylate, ethylene glycol diacrylate, tetraethylene glycol diacrylate, trimethylolpropane triacrylate, tris[2-(acryloyloxy)ethyl] isocyanurate, pentaerithritol tetraacrylate, pentaerithritol triacrylate, ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate, ethyoxylated pentaerithritol triacrylate, ethoxylated pentaerithritol tetraacrylate, poly(dimethylsiloxane) diacrylate having "n" repeat units wherein "n" is 2 or more repeat units and less than 500,000 repeat units, poly(isoprene) diacrylate having "
• the curable formulations can also include one or more epoxy-based constituents such as, but not limited to, epoxidized terpenes or terpenoids, epoxidized dimerized terpenes or terpenoids, epoxidized trimerized terpenes or terpenoids, epoxidized oligomeric terpenes or terpenoids or polymerized terpenes or terpenoids, limonene oxide, limonene dioxide, poly(limonene oxide) having "n” repeat units wherein "n” is 2 or more repeat units and less than 500,000 repeat units, poly(isoprene oxide)-co-polyisoprene copolymers having "n” repeat units wherein "n” is 2 or more repeat units and less than 500,000 repeat units, poly(butadiene oxide)-co-polybutadiene copolymers having "n” repeat units wherein "n” is 2 or more repeat units and less than 500,000 repeat units,
• the curable formulations can also include one or more alkyne-based constituents such as, but not limited to, acetylene, supercritical acetylene, propargyl alcohol, 2-butyne-l,4-diol, phenylhepta-l,3,5-triyne, dipropargyl sulfide, dipropargyl ether, propargylamine, dipropargylamine,
• alkyne-based constituents such as, but not limited to, acetylene, supercritical acetylene, propargyl alcohol, 2-butyne-l,4-diol, phenylhepta-l,3,5-triyne, dipropargyl sulfide, dipropargyl ether, propargylamine, dipropargylamine,
• tripropargylamine tripropargyl isocyanurate, tripropargyl cyanurate, propargyl inositol, dipropargyl inositol, tripropargyl inositol, tetrapropargyl inositol, pentapropargyl inositol, hexapropargyl inositol,
• cyclohexanedimethanol propargyl ether cyclohexanedimethanol dipropargyl ether, quinic acid lactone propargyl ether, quinic acid lactone dipropargyl ether, quinic acid lactone tripropargyl ether, tricyclodecanedimethanol propargyl ether, tricyclodecanedimethanol dipropargyl ether, bisphenol A bis(propargyl ether), hydrogenated bisphenol A bis(propargyl ether), cyclohexane dipropargyl ether, cyclohexane tripropargyl ether, cyclohexane tetrapropargyl ether, cyclohexane pentapropargyl ether, cyclohexane hexapropargyl ether, propargyl resorcinol, dipropargyl resorcinol.
• the curable formulations once cured can have unreacted, partially reacted, or fully reacted functional
• exemplary functional groups include, but are not limited to, thiol, alkene, alkyne, hydroxyl, carboxylic acid, acrylate, isocyanate, isothiocyanate, amine, epoxy, diene/dienophile, alkyl halide, carboxylic acid anhydride, aldehyde and phenol groups.
• the methods are low waste methods which generally do not require any or any significant purification of the formulations, composites, or reaction products therein.
• the curable or cured formulations, composites, and other compositions thereof formed from the precursors as described above and as shown in the examples generally proceed in additive "one pot" steps. In some embodiments, these methods do not require the presence of any added solvents.
• the methods of making the formulations include use of one or more aqueous or organic solvents, or combinations thereof which can be removed, as needed.
• Such chemistries include, but are not limited to, thiol-ene/thiol-yne/thiol-acrylate thermally induced free radical addition chemistry, which can be used to build molecular weight between thiol- and alkene/acrylate/alkyne-functionalized and epoxy-containing constituents.
• the reactions described herein can include an initiator, such as, but not limited to, a thermal free radical initiator, such as AIBN, or a photoinitiator such as DMPA, which can be used in the presence of heat/UV to produce monomers, oligomers or polymers which will not or are not cured products and will remain stable until additional reagents are added to induce curing.
• Curing reactions can be used to form a fully crosslinked network polymer or a substantially crosslinked network polymer, wherein substantially refers to a percentage of crosslinking of at least about 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%.
• base catalyzed thiol-epoxy, thiol-acrylate, amine-epoxy and other similar reactions can afford alternative routes to constructing monomers/oligomers/polymers as described herein.
• monomers/oligomers/polymers before curing include, but are not limited to, acrylate- amine and thiol-acrylate Michael Additions and isocyanate and isothiocyanate reactions with hydroxyl, thiol, amine and other related groups.
• a non-limiting method of making a curable formulation includes the steps of:
• the polythiol constituent is derived from a mercaptan-containing terpene or terpenoid, a mercaptan-containing cyclic alkene, a mercaptan-containing polycyclic alkene, a linear alkene, a mercaptan-containing alkyne, a mercaptan-containing unsaturated fatty acid, a mercaptan-containing unsaturated fatty ester, or a mercaptan-containing polyalkene.
• the polythiol constituent is derived from trimethylolpropane trithiol, pentaerithritiol trithiol, pentaerithritol tetrathiol, inositol, and dithiols, trithiols, tetrathiols, pentathiols, hexathiols, or combinations thereof.
• the mercaptan-containing terpene or terpenoid is dipentene dimercaptan, isoprene dimercaptan, farnesene dimercaptan, farnesene trimercaptan, farnesene tetramercaptan, myrcene dimercaptan, myrcene trimercaptan, bisabolene dimercaptan, bisabolene trimercaptan, linalool dimercaptan, terpinolene dimercaptan, terpinene dimercaptan, geraniol dimercapan, citral dimercaptan, retinol dimercaptan, retinol trimercaptan, retinol tetramercaptan, beta-carotene polymercaptans, or a combination thereof.
• the mercaptan-containing cyclic alkene, mercaptan-containing polycyclic alkene, or linear aliphatic alkene is trivinylcyclohexene dimercaptan, trivinylcyclohexene trimercaptan, dicyclopentadiene dimercaptan, vinylcyclohexene dimercaptan, triallylisocyanurate dimercaptan, triallyl isocyanurate trimercaptan, or a combination thereof.
• the mercaptan-containing alkyne is phenylhepta-l,3,5-triyne polymercaptans, 2-butyne-l,4-diol dimercaptan, propargyl alcohol dimercaptan, dipropargyl sulfide polymercaptans, dipropargyl ether polymercaptans, propargylamine dimercaptan, dipropargylamine polymercaptans, tripropargylamine polymercaptans, tripropargyl isocyanurate polymercaptans, tripropargyl cyanurate polymercaptans, or a combination thereof.
• the mercaptan-containing fatty acids or fatty acid esters are arachidonic acid dimercaptan, arachidonic acid trimercaptan, arachidonic acid tetramercaptan, eleostearic acid dimercaptan, eleostearic acid trimercaptan, linoleic acid dimercaptan, linolenic acid dimercaptan, linolenic acid trimercaptan, mercaptanized linseed oil, mercaptanized tung oil, mercaptanized soybean oil, mercaptanized peanut oil, mercaptanized walnut oil, mercaptanized avocado oil, mercaptanized sunflower oil, mercaptanized corn oil, mercaptanized cottonseed oil, or a combination thereof.
• the alkene constituent is one or more of terpenes, terpenoids, dimerized terpene, dimerized terpenoids, trimerized terpenes, trimerized terpenoids, oligomeric terpenes or terpenoids, polymerized terpenes, polymerized terpenoids, polymerized terpenoids, limonene, D-limonene, L- limonene, poly (limonene), farnesene, myrcene, bisabolene, linalool, terpinolene, terpinene, geraniol, citral, retinol, beta-carotene, triallyl isocyanurate, 1 ,2,4-trivinyl cyclohexane, norbornene functionalized poly(terpene) oligomers, norbornene-functionalized polydimethylsiloxane, norbornene-functionalized poly (butadiene), norborn
• cyclooctatriene cyclohexane diallyl ether, cyclohexane triallyl ether, cyclohexane tetraallyl ether, cyclohexane pentaallyl ether, cyclohexane hexaallyl ether, cyclohexane divinyl ether, cyclohexane trivinyl ether, cyclohexane tetravinyl ether, cyclohexane pentavinyl ether, cyclohexane hexavinyl ether, diclyclopentadiene, tricyclodecane dimethanol divinyl ether, tricyclodecane dimethanol diallyl ether, tricyclodecane dimethanol, norbornene capped, bicyclo[2.2.1]hepta-2,5-diene, norbornene-functionlized polyamide oligomers, allyl ether-functionlized
• the alkene constituent is an acrylate or methacrylate group, wherein the acrylate or methacrylate group is neopentyl glycol diacrylate, glycerol diacrylate, glycerol triacrylate, ethylene glycol diacrylate, tetraethylene glycol diacrylate, trimethylolpropane triacrylate, tris[2-(acryloyloxy)ethyl] isocyanurate, pentaerithritol tetraacrylate, pentaerithritol triacrylate, ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate, ethyoxylated pentaerithritol triacrylate, ethoxylated pentaerithritol tetraacrylate, poly(dimethylsiloxane) diacrylate, poly(isoprene) diacrylate, poly(butadiene-co-nitrile) diacrylate, polyethyleneglycol
• the alkyne constituent is acetylene, propargyl alcohol, 2-butyne-l,4-diol, phenylhepta-l,3,5-triyne, dipropargyl sulfide, dipropargyl ether, propargylamine, dipropargylamine, tripropargylamine, tripropargyl isocyanurate, tripropargyl cyanurate, propargyl inositol, dipropargyl inositol, tripropargyl inositol, tetrapropargyl inositol, pentapropargyl inositol, hexapropargyl inositol, dipropargylpiperazine, dipropargyl citrate, tripropargyl citrate, cyclohexanedimethanol propargyl ether, cyclohexanedimethanol dipropargyl ether,
• the epoxy-containing constituent is one or more of epoxidized terpenes, epoxidized terpenoids, epoxidized dimerized terpenes, epoxidized dimerized terpenoids, epoxidized trimerized terpenes, epoxidized trimerized terpenoids, epoxidized oligomeric terpenes, epoxidized oligomeric terpenoids, epoxidized polymerized terpenes, epoxidized polymerized terpenoids, limonene oxide, limonene dioxide, poly(limonene oxide), poly(isoprene oxide)-co-polyisoprene copolymers, poly(butadiene oxide)-co-polybutadiene copolymers, epoxidized farnesene, epoxidized farnesene, epoxidized myrcene, epoxidized bisabolene,
• the method of making the curable formulation includes the addition of one or more modifiers to the mixture of step (a) prior to step (b) or during step (b), where the modifiers are one or more of trimethylolpropane tris(3-mercaptopropionate), pentaerithritol tetrakis(3- mercaptopropionate), dipentaerithritol hexakis(3-mercaptopropionate), tris[2-(3-mercaptopropionyloxy)ethyl]isocyanurate, tetraethylene glycol bis(3-mercaptopropionate), 1,10-decanedithiol, ethylene glycol bis(3- mercaptopropionate), 1,2-ethanedithiol, 1,3-propanedithiol, 1,4- butanedithiol, 1,6-hexanedithiol, 1,8-octanedithiol, 2-mercaptoethanol,
• the method of making the curable formulation includes the addition of one or more modifiers to the mixture of step (a) prior to step (b) or during step (b), where the one or more modifiers are sand, polymer powders, hydroxyapatite nanopowder, tungsten powder, metal powders, ceramic powders, and combinations thereof.
• the thermal aging step (step (b)) includes the application of heat to the mixture at a temperature in the range between about 0 °C to about 150 °C, 10 °C to about 100 °C, 20 °C to about 100 °C, 20 °C to about 75 °C.
• the thermal aging step can be applied for a suitable period of time of between about 0.01 hours to about 24 hours, about 0.01 hours to about 20 hours, about 0.01 hours to about 15 hours, about 0.01 hours to about 10 hours, about 0.01 hours to about 5 hours, about 0.01 hours to about 3 hours, about 0.01 hours to about 2 hours, or about 0.01 hours to about 1 hours.
• the thermal aging step includes the application of agitation to the mixture during all of step (b) or at least some portion of step (b).
• the resulting curable formulation can be stored.
• the curable formulations described are uncured as synthesized and additional chemicals can be added to allow or promote curing and an additional step of curing (step (c)) is performed.
• the mixture of step (a) further includes free radical initiators, catalysts, or additives that can controllably (i.e., by exposure to an external stimulus) induce or promote curing of the formulation.
• Exemplary curing processes include, but are not limited to, UV curing, electron beam curing, thermal curing capability, acid and base catalyzed curing and polycondensation reactions.
• Curing reactions can be used to form a fully crosslinked network polymer or a substantially crosslinked network polymer, wherein substantially refers to a percentage of crosslinking of at least about 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%.
• Such processes can generally proceed in additive one-pot steps and do not require any purification or any significant purification after reaction completion.
• Exemplary reactions which may occur during curing such as, thiol-ene/thiol-yne/thiol-acrylate, allyl, vinyl and other chemistries allow for reactions to occur under UV, e-beam, and thermally driven reaction conditions, thiol-epoxy, thiol- acrylate, amine- epoxy, as well as other base-catalyzed reactions that can be processed with or without heating, Michael additions that include acrylate-amine and thiol- acrylate reactions, isocyanate and isothiocyanate reactions with hydroxyl, thiol, amine and other groups.
• irradiation energies ranging from 0.15 mJ/cm 2 to 5.0 J/cm 2 for a period of time in the range of 0.01 seconds to 1 hour can be applied to the curable formulations or mixtures thereof containing a suitable photoinitiator.
• the curable formulations described are uncured as synthesized and additional chemicals can be added to allow or promote curing upon standing for a period of time. It is believed that the addition of chemical agents, such as acid or base catalysts, can promote crosslinking chemistries which result in a cured material over time.
• the time required to achieve complete or high degree of curing (such as > 90% curing) will depend on the amount of chemical agents added and the nature of the reaction chemistries which occur in the formulation.
• the curable formulations can be used in new methods of
• Methods that are used to manufacture materials from the curable formulations are significantly influenced by material processing capability, and processing capability often refers to a material's ability to be successfully and efficiently subjected to various methods of manufacture.
• curable formulations and cured formulations thereof described herein can also be used in processes for fabricating articles from these compositions, and articles fabricated from these compositions.
• the curable formulations can be used to form films and/ or slabs on substrates using known techniques.
• a thermally or chemically curable formulation or mixture thereof can be deposited into a mold and cured at a temperature in the range of about 10 °C to about 150 °C, 20 °C to about 130 °C, 20 °C to about 120 °C, 20 °C to about 100 °C, 20 °C to about 75 °C, 20 °C to about 50 °C.
• the curing time applied may be from about 10 seconds to 10 days, 10 seconds to 5 days, 10 seconds to 3 days, 10 seconds to 2 days, 10 seconds to 1 day, 10 seconds to 10 hours, 10 seconds to 5 hours, 10 seconds to 1 hours, 10 seconds to 50 minutes, 10 seconds to 40 minutes, 10 seconds to 30 minutes, 10 seconds to 20 minutes, 10 seconds to 10 minutes, 10 seconds to 5 minutes, 10 seconds to 4 minutes, 10 seconds to 3 minutes, 10 seconds to 2 minutes, or 10 seconds to 1 minute.
• composites can be formed from the curable formulations by addition of modifiers and/or fillers as described above.
• a curable formulation or mixture thereof can be mixed with a modifier and/or filler (i.e., fumed silica) to produce a mixture or dispersion which is then cured under appropriate conditions as described herein.
• a modifier and/or filler i.e., fumed silica
• the mixtures can also be used as inks for printing processes as described below.
• Curable formulations, mixtures thereof, and composites thereof can be used as inks for a variety of printing applications, such as 3-D printing.
• a printing method can include the steps of:
• step (a) wherein the curing step is performed simultaneously with the printing of the thermally aged curable formulation of step (a).
• the thermally aged curable formulation further includes an initiator or catalyst which can be decomposed by an external stimulus (i.e., light or heating) to induce curing.
• an external stimulus i.e., light or heating
• the printing can performed using known techniques such as, but not limited to, stereolithographic additive printing, dynamic light projection printing, an inkjet printing apparatus, a photojet printing, or a direct write process.
• the printing step includes jetting the thermally aged curable formulation into one or more powders such as sand, polymer powders, hydroxyapatite powders, and tungsten powders which then harden into powder-rich composite materials.
• Hardening time can be tuned by varying the amount of initiator or catalyst concentration in the formulation).
• Composite materials with geometric configurations patterned by inkjet deposition can also be cured around powder particles and then removed from the powder-containing glass trays. These patterned composites could then be built upon by further printing (for 3-D inkjet additive manufacturing process) if desired and/or subsequently utilized in a wide number of processing techniques, including the following exemplary processes:
• Ceramic/Metal Sintering Heating patterned composites to sufficient temperatures to fuse ceramic or metal particles and burn out cured thiol-epoxy polymeric binder constituents.
• the advantages of the jettable formulations include the lower toxicities of uncured formulations, as compared to analogous resins like furan-based resins and certain phenolic resins, the excellent wetting to a number of substrates after jetting (wetting is hypothesized to be in part facilitated by sulfur constituency), tunable cure time based on catalyst concentration for powder/catalyst blends onto which resins were jetted, and superior stability in comparison with other epoxy based resins (for example, an epoxy-amine control resin comprised of neopentyl glycol diglycidyl ether and xylylene diamine underwent a substantial viscosity increase at 20 °C only 1-2 h after mixing of epoxy and amine constituents and was consequently shown to be unsuitable for inkjet processing).
• an epoxy-amine control resin comprised of neopentyl glycol diglycidyl ether and xylylene diamine underwent a substantial viscosity increase at 20 °C only 1-2 h after mixing of
• Additional polythiol monomers that are hypothesized to be ideal for the formulation of low viscosity, epoxy-stable, jettable thiol-epoxy resins include pentaerithritol tetrathiol, farnesene tetrathiol, 1,2,4-trivinylcyclohexanetrimercaptan, linalool dimercaptan and inositol hexathiol.
• curable formulations or mixtures thereof, neat, or dissolved or dispersed in water and/or organic solvent can be applied to a substrate material including, but not limited to, materials made of wood, wire, glass, aluminum, steel, zinc, iron, other metals, metal alloys, ceramics, or combinations thereof, as one or more coatings.
• the one or more coatings alone or together may be applied to afford a thickness varying from about 0.01 micron to 500 microns, about 0.01 micron to 300 microns, or about 0.01 micron to 100 microns.
• Exemplary methods including, but not limited to, roll coating, spray coating, brush coating and hot melt coating techniques.
• a drying time can be applied which is between 0.1 min and 5 days.
• full or partial curing can be induced by exposure to irradiation energies ranging from 0.15 mJ/cm 2 to 5.0 J/cm 2 for a period of time in the range of 0.01 seconds to 1 hour.
• GPC Gel permeation chromatography
• the system was equilibrated at 35 °C in tetrahydrofuran, which served as the polymer solvent and eluent (flow rate set to 1.00 mL/min).
• Polymer solutions were prepared at a known concentration (about 3 mg/mL), filtered with a 0.2 micron PTFE mesh filter, and an injection volume of 200 was used.
• Data collection and analyses were performed with Precision Acquire software and Discovery 32 software (PrecisionDetectors).
• the differential refractometer was calibrated with standard polystyrene materials (SRM 706 NIST). The corresponding molecular weight data are provided in Table 1 below.
• EPS cups were broken down in a professional grade blender to a fine powder, washed with water, and dried in an oven at 100 °C over three days. The powder was used for gel permeation chromatography (vide supra) and solubility tests. EPS solubility tests were conducted for dichloromethane, d-limonene, styrene, ethyl acetate, acetone, petroleum ether, and gasoline (87 octane rating). 5 mL of each solvent was measured and poured into a 20 mL dram vial with a PTFE stir bar.
• EPS and more polar solvents were not as successful at dissolving similar amounts of polymer (acetone, petroleum ether). D-limonene and styrene also performed well, dissolving nearly as much as dichloromethane and ethyl acetate. 87 octane gasoline was a poor solvent choice for dissolving EPS. Very little of the EPS went into solution, and instead, the EPS mainly swelled. This behavior remained consistent even after one day of stirring at 25 °C. The same also occurred for acetone and petroleum ether.
• the EPS cup containing the 100 mL Coca-Cola® was then inserted in the beaker that contained the 200 mL d- limonene, and the solution was stirred at a stir setting of 2 (out of 10). After 20-30 seconds, the cup began to dissolve, and after 45 seconds, the cup burst open, and the Coca-Cola® spilled into the beaker of d-limonene. The EPS cup was stirred in the d-limonene/Coca-Cola® mixture for an additional 4 min, after which it was determined to be completely dissolved.
• PETMP tetrathiol pentaerythritol tetrakis(3-mercaptopropionate)
• DMPA 2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone
• the viscous solution was then pipetted out of the glass vial and injected between two 2"x3" glass microscope slides separated by two 1 mm-thick glass spacers and held together using binder clips.
• the glass slides containing the injected solution were then placed in the UVP Crosslinking Chamber, exposed to 365 nm UV light for 30 min, and subsequently removed from the chamber.
• an elastomeric film with sufficient mechanical integrity to handle was observed to have formed.
• the film was post-cured at 120 °C at 1 torr for 12 hours, after which it was removed, handled, and subjected to thermo-mechanical characterization experiments. Because the EPS composition in this mixture was very low in this example ( ⁇ 0.5 wt %), minimal phase separation was observed in the resulting rubber.
• EPS powder which was ground from EPS cups provided by Chick-fil-A, Inc. (CFA), was added to the monomer mixtures in varying quantities so as to formulate mixtures with polystyrene compositions of 0, 10, 20, and 30% overall weight fraction.
• the monomer and EPS mixtures were not miscible initially and were heated to 140 °C for 2 hours, after which the formation of homogeneous solutions occurred.
• Neat films were cast by injecting the hot solutions inside glass molds pre-heated to 140 °C. The injections were carried out inside a vacuum oven heated to 140 °C. The hot glass molds were then immediately removed from the oven, placed in a UVP CL-1000L 365 nm UV Crosslinking Chamber, and exposed to 365 nm UV irradiation for 1 hour. Within 10-20 seconds of UV exposure, the clear homogeneous solutions inside the glass molds began to turn white, apparently undergoing polystyrene phase separation brought on by either poly(thioether) network formation, cooling temperatures, or both factors. The resulting films became completely white within 1-2 min.
• the cured films were post-cured at 130 °C at 1 torr for 24 hours.
• the poly(thioether) networks were amorphous, optically clear rubbers, and the addition of PS resulted in the formation of opaque materials.
• SEM imaging was used to understand the effects of increasing PS composition on microstructural morphology.
• SEM samples were prepared by immersion of -100 mg samples in liquid nitrogen for 30 s, cold fracturing by hand, attempted thermoplastic PS phase extraction by immersion of fractured -50 mg samples in 100 mL dicholoromethane and light vortexing for 48 nr.
• AFM micrographs of the system were taken with an Asylum 3D-SA atomic force microscope operated in tapping mode at 142 kHz, a nominal drive voltage of 500 mV.
• Sample preparation included a fast rinse of the samples (0%, 10%, 20% and 30% PS) with a 25% by volume aqueous ethanol solution ( ⁇ 5 seconds) followed immediately by drying under a dry, filtered nitrogen gas flow for ca. 10 minutes and fixture to a glass slide.
• Multifrequency/S train mode in tension using a deformation of 0.1% strain, a frequency of 1 Hz, a force track of 150%, and a preload force of 0.01 N.
• An Instron Advanced Video Extensometer with a 60 mm field-of-view lens optically measured the deformation of the samples by tracking parallel lines applied at the ends of the gauge length.
• the samples were heated to 25 °C under zero load (undamped bottom grip). The temperature was held for 10 min to allow for thermal equilibrium to be reached, after which the bottom grip was clamped, and then experiments were started thereafter using a deformation rate of 10 mm/min. Data were recorded using Instron Bluehill 3 software.
• the drive force was set to zero after equilibration at Tg-50 °C, the samples were re-heated to T g +50 °C at 2 °C/min, and the free strain recovery experiments were repeated over four or five cycles.
• the amount of recoverable deformation was recorded using TA Instruments QSeries software and analyzed using TA Instruments Universal Analysis software.
• dipentaerithritol hexakis(3-mercaptopropionate) (Wako, >97%) were massed in glass vials, and 1 wt % 2,2'-dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone (DMPA) (Sigma Aldrich, >99%) photoinitiator was added.
• DMPA 2,2'-dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone
• the mixtures were sonicated at 40 °C until the DMPA dissolved in the TMPTMP layer. Heating the immiscible mixtures to 100 °C for 3 min resulted in the formation of a homogeneous solution, which remained homogeneous after cooling to 25 °C.
• the cooled solution was then added in 5 g quantities to FlackTek Max 15 polypropylene mixer cups.
• a positive mold with geometric dimensions approximately representative of those of a protective case made to fit an APPLE IPHONE 4® cellular device was designed using SolidWorks software. Using a Stratasys Fortus 360 mc 3D printer, positive molds were printed using the Stratasys base-soluble resin. Each printed positive molds was then placed in pre-assembled 2"x6"x4" acrylic molds and attached to the bottom of the mold using super glue. Pre-mixed silicone Sylgard 184® base and curing agent were then poured over the printed molds and evacuated at 1 torr at 25 °C for 5 min, after which a smooth surface layer was observed. The silicone mold was then cured at 50°C for 4 h.
• the printed resin was dissolved out of the silicone mold by etching in 0.1 N NaOH solution using the Stratasys base bath for 72 h.
• the resulting silicone mold contained a negative image of an APPLE IPHONE 4® case.
• This silicone mold and 50 g of functional equivalents of limonene and TMPTMP with 30 wt % PS additive were preheated to 140 °C for 2 h.
• the dissolved PS solution was then poured in the oven into the silicone mold.
• the molded solution was then moved into a UVP CL-1000L 365 nm UV crosslinking chamber, exposed to UV irradiation for 1 h, and post-cured at 130 °C at 1 torr for 24 hours.
• EPS powder which was ground from EPS cups provided by Chick-fil-A, Inc. (CFA), was added to the monomer mixtures in varying quantities so as to formulate mixtures with polystyrene compositions of 0, 10, 20, and 30% overall weight fraction.
• the monomer and EPS mixtures were not miscible initially and were heated to 140 °C for 2 hours, after which the formation of homogeneous solutions occurred.
• the homogeneous mixtures were then cooled to 25 °C and subsequently exhibited transitions from transparency to opacity.
• the opaque, uncured products were soft, putty-like resins that could be molded into desired geometries and subsequently cured either at 25 °C or by re-heating to elevated temperatures in the range of 140 to 180 °C to re-afford
• the "putty” like product claimed herein is a metastable all-in- one A+B resin that could be packaged as such and sold as a commercial product fur subsequent curing at a later, desired time.
• the processable putty was molded from an undefined geometric state into a spherical geometric state using applied shear stress/pressure at 25 °C.
• shear stress/pressure was applied, the putty resin began to flow.
• the putty resin ceased flowing and maintained the geometry into which it was processed.
• the polystyrene precipitated phases act as fillers that stabilize resin mixtures and afford a rheological profile that includes a yield stress, above which flow occurs and below which processed geometry is maintained.
• Such rheological behavior is consistent with that of a 3D printable or otherwise moldable resin, and upon printing a putting resin the resin could be cured using UV light to fix printed geometries.
• silica-containing monomer mixtures were removed from the FlackTek Max 15 cups after mixing using a spatula and were transferred to 3 mL polypropylene syringes fitted with 18 gauge needles. Both the unmodified and fumed 10% silica-containing samples flowed from the needle tips and maintained their extruded geometries as observable by unmagnified inspection. Increasing the fumed silica composition to 15% resulted in more difficult needle extrusion but better fixity of extruded filament geometry. These silica-containing inks were then UV cured at 365 nm for 2 h and post-cured at 120 °C for 24 h. When some loss of printed geometry was observed after post-curing, DMPA
• photoinitiator composition was increased to 5 wt % for the 15 wt % fumed silica sample, and the above process was repeated, after which the syringe- printed geometries were fixed and maintained.
• Dipentene dimercaptan-co-resorcinol diglycidyl ether (denoted DPDM-co-RDGE) were prepared from a mercaptanized terpene, dipentene dimercaptan, and a variety of non-mercaptinized constituents having varying chemical functionalities using one -pot synthetic processes by adding the respective constituents to a sealable glass reaction jars (40 mL up to 1L in size) with thermosetting caps rated up to 150 °C.
• the modifiers were added in concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 90 mole % to modify the physical and/or thermomechanical properties of the uncured formulations and the cured formulations and mixtures thereof.
• the formulations with or without added modifiers were subjected to a thermal aging processes by heating the prepared formulations in sealed containers to temperatures ranging from about 0 °C to 80 °C for times ranging from 0.01 h to 24 h, optionally under a gentle vortex agitation using a LabConco RapidVap instrument at a vortex speed of 15. Thermal aging is not essential to this method but can be beneficial.
• Chemical addition reactions carried out during the thermal aging processes included free radical-initiated thiol-ene addition by using thermal initiators, such as AIBN in 0.01 to 10 wt% concentrations, base catalyzed thiol-acrylate and amine- acrylate Michael Additions using tertiary amine catalysts such as triethylene diamine in 0.001 to 10 wt% concentrations, base catalyzed thiol-epoxy and thiol-amine reactions using tertiary amine catalysts such as triethylene diamine in 0.001 to 10 wt% concentrations.
• thermal initiators such as AIBN in 0.01 to 10 wt% concentrations
• tertiary amine catalysts such as triethylene diamine in 0.001 to 10 wt% concentrations
• base catalyzed thiol-epoxy and thiol-amine reactions using tertiary amine catalysts such as triethylene diamine in 0.001 to 10 wt% concentrations
• Good toughness is defined as an approximate toughness of 2.50 MJ/m 3 to 4.99 MJ/m 3 .
• Excellent toughness is defined as an approximate toughness of 5.0 J/m 3 to 50.00 MJ/m 3 .
• High rigidity refers to an approximate storage modulus of 900 MPa at 1 Hz and 25 °C.
• High recoverable viscolelastic deformation refers to an approximate recoverable deformation of 20% to 500%.
• liquid formulations were injected by pipet into 2.0" x 3.0" x 1.0 mm glass molds and then subjected to 365 nm or 410 nm UV irradiation at energy doses ranging from 0.001 J/cm 2 to 60 J/cm 2 .
• films for each formulation were cut into two separate 1.5" x 1.0" x 1.0 mm films, of which one film of each formulation was stored without post-curing and the other film of each formulation was post-cured at 200 °C for 5 min.
• thermally curable or base curable film samples were prepared in desired ratios, and then 5 g of each formulation or mixture was poured into a polypropylene mold and cured using temperatures ranging from 20 °C to 120 °C for times ranging from 10 seconds to 14 days.
• Fumed silica nanoparticles were added to selected curable formulations, including DPDM-co-TAIC.
• a 20 g scale of 3 wt% mixture of fumed silica nanoparticles with an average particle size of 200 m 2 and an uncured DPDM-co-TAIC formulation with 2 wt% DMPA photoinitiator was heated to 80 C for 1 h in a 40 mL glass vial and shaken twice by hand during heating. After 1 h, fumed silica dispersion appeared to be homogeneous, and the silica/uncured formulation mixture was translucent with a viscosity at 25 C that appeared suitable for low- viscosity manufacturing processes including DLP and SLA 3D printing.
• Fumed silica was added both to modify rheology of uncured formulations and to tailor mechanical strength of cured materials. Specifically, fumed silica was added to increase the toughness of cured materials at temperatures significantly above glass transition but below thermal decomposition.
• UV curable formulations above were subjected to photojet and stereolithography additive (SLA) manufacturing techniques.
• DPDM dipentene dimercaptan
• DPDM-co-TAIC dipentene dimercaptan-co-triallyl isocyanurate
• up to 500 ppm 4-methoxyphenol free radical inhibitor This cured formulation exhibited
• This cured formulation exhibited a viscosity of -20 cP at 50°C and was also jettable.
• Photojet additive manufacturing was carried out using a proprietary inkjet 3D printer that uses 365 nm UV irradiation to harden low viscosity photocurable resins immediately after jetting.
• a printed scaffold structure with approximately a 200 micron scaffold strut feature resolution (not shown) formed of the above D-limonene-co-[0.50 TMPTMP : 0.50 1,10- decanedithiol] was achieved.
• formulations were printed using a FORMLABS® Form2 commercially available 3-D printer.
• An exemplary formulation for SLA 3-D printing is dipentene dimercaptan- co-trimethylolpropane triacrylate (DPDM-co-TMPTA), using a 1.0:2.0 acrylate:SH stoichiometric ratio, 0.40 wt% TPO photoinitiator (2,4,6- Trimethylbenzoyl-diphenyl-phosphineoxide), 0.16 wt% OB + UV blocker (2,2'-(2,5-thiophenediyl)bis(5-tert-butylbenzoxazole)), and up to 500 ppm 4- methoxyphenol free radical inhibitor.
• DPDM-co-TMPTA dipentene dimercaptan- co-trimethylolpropane triacrylate
• SH stoichiometric ratio
• 0.40 wt% TPO photoinitiator 2,4,6- Trimethylbenzoyl
• a standard support base was printed using a 0.1 mm layer thickness, a density of 1.00, a point size of 0.60 mm, a flat spacing of 5.00 mm, a slope multiplier of 1.00 and a base thickness of 2.00 mm.
• the 3D printed base was washed in isopropanol for 5 min and then post-cured using a DYMAX® -405 nm UV cure chamber for 2 min.
• the post-cured 3D printed part was again washed in isopropanol for an additional 60 sec and patted dry using a paper towel.
• DABCO triethylene diamine
• Amine catalyst-impregnated sebacic acid powders were poured into and spread evenly throughout 8" x 12" x 2" glass pans, and formulated thiol-epoxy mixtures were jetted onto the powder surfaces from 25, 50, 100, 150 and 250 ⁇ nozzles in a controlled manner representative of that of a printhead used in inkjet printing processes to form pre-designed shapes.
• Uncured formulations (neat, or dissolved or dispersed in a solvent or water) were applied as coatings between 1 micron to 300 microns in thickness using roll coating, spray coating, brush coating and hot melt coating techniques.
• solvent/water dissolved/dispersed coatings drying time was tunable between 5 min and 5 days.
• 100% solids UV curable coatings full cure occurred with irradiation energies ranging from 0.15 mJ/cm 2 to 5.0 J/cm 2 .
• a dipentene dimercaptan (DPDM)-co-triallyl isocyanurate coating with 3.0 wt% EVONIK® Aerosil R972 fumed silica (varying photoinitiator, 0.1 to 5.0 wt%, DMPA and TPO photonitiator) was prepared by mixing DPDM/TAIC and fumed silica in a FlackTek® speed mixer at a 3000 RPM for 90 seconds. The resulting mixture's viscosity remained very low, approximately 20-60 cP at 25 C.
• This DPDM-co-TAIC + 3.0 wt% Aerosil R972 UV cured formulation passed a proprietary glass adhesion test administered within the printing industry.

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