WO2017200046A1 - 負極活物質材料、負極及び電池 - Google Patents
負極活物質材料、負極及び電池 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2017200046A1 WO2017200046A1 PCT/JP2017/018697 JP2017018697W WO2017200046A1 WO 2017200046 A1 WO2017200046 A1 WO 2017200046A1 JP 2017018697 W JP2017018697 W JP 2017018697W WO 2017200046 A1 WO2017200046 A1 WO 2017200046A1
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- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
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- C22C9/02—Alloys based on copper with tin as the next major constituent
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- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
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- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
- H01M4/387—Tin or alloys based on tin
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- B22F2009/048—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from solid material, e.g. by crushing, grinding or milling by pulverising a quenched ribbon
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- B22F2998/00—Supplementary information concerning processes or compositions relating to powder metallurgy
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- B22F3/02—Compacting only
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- C22C1/04—Making non-ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy
- C22C1/0425—Copper-based alloys
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C22C1/00—Making non-ferrous alloys
- C22C1/04—Making non-ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy
- C22C1/0483—Alloys based on the low melting point metals Zn, Pb, Sn, Cd, In or Ga
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/027—Negative electrodes
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a negative electrode active material, a negative electrode, and a battery.
- graphite-based negative electrode active material is used for lithium ion batteries.
- the graphite-based negative electrode active material has limitations in extending the life and reducing the size.
- an alloy-based negative electrode active material having a higher capacity than a graphite-based negative electrode active material has attracted attention.
- an alloy-based negative electrode active material a silicon (Si) -based negative electrode active material and a tin (Sn) -based negative electrode active material are known.
- Various studies have been made on alloy-based negative electrode active material materials for the practical use of more compact and long-life lithium ion batteries.
- the alloy-based negative electrode active material material repeats large expansion and contraction during charging and discharging. Therefore, the capacity of the alloy-based negative electrode active material is likely to deteriorate.
- the volume expansion coefficient of graphite accompanying charging is about 12%.
- the volume expansion coefficient of the Si simple substance or Sn simple substance accompanying charging is around 400%.
- the negative electrode plate of Si simple substance or Sn simple substance repeats charging and discharging, remarkable expansion and contraction occur.
- the negative electrode plate of Si simple substance or Sn simple substance cracks.
- the capacity of the negative electrode plate rapidly decreases. This is mainly due to part of the negative electrode active material peeling off due to volume expansion and contraction and the negative electrode plate losing electronic conductivity.
- Patent Document 1 includes porous silicon composite particles having a three-dimensional network structure. Patent Document 1 describes that the expansion and contraction change of the silicon particles can be suppressed by the voids of the three-dimensional network structure.
- Patent Document 1 only shows a capacity maintenance rate of up to 50 cycles as the charge / discharge cycle characteristics of the secondary battery, and its effect is limited.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a negative electrode active material that can be used in a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery typified by a lithium ion secondary battery and can improve capacity per volume and charge / discharge cycle characteristics.
- the negative electrode active material according to the present embodiment is at% and contains Sn: 13.0 to 24.5% and Si: 3.0 to 15.0%, with the balance being Cu and impurities.
- the alloy particles contain a phase in which the peak of the strongest diffraction line, which is the diffraction line having the maximum diffraction integrated intensity, appears in the range of 42.0 to 44.0 degrees of the diffraction angle 2 ⁇ in the X-ray diffraction profile.
- the full width at half maximum of the strongest diffraction line of the alloy particles is 0.15 to 2.5 degrees.
- the negative electrode active material according to the present embodiment can improve capacity per volume and charge / discharge cycle characteristics.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram showing changes in the X-ray diffraction profile and the strongest diffraction line after charge / discharge of test number 4 in the examples.
- Figure 2 is a diagram showing a crystal lattice of D0 3 structure in Strukturbericht notation.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram showing an apparatus for producing alloy particles according to the present embodiment.
- FIG. 4 is an enlarged view of a broken line region in FIG.
- FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram for explaining the positional relationship between the tundish and the blade member in FIG. 3.
- FIG. 6 is a Cu—Sn—Si ternary phase diagram obtained by thermodynamic calculation.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram showing changes in the X-ray diffraction profile and the strongest diffraction line after charge / discharge of test number 4 in the examples.
- Figure 2 is a diagram showing a crystal lattice of D0 3 structure in Strukturbericht notation.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram showing an apparatus for producing alloy particles according to the present
- FIG. 7 is a diagram showing an X-ray diffraction profile of “as-pulverized alloy particles (alloy particles obtained by pulverization before mechanical grinding)” of test number 4 in the examples, and a fitting result by the Rietveld method.
- FIG. 8 is an X-ray diffraction profile of “No. MG post-MG particles (alloy particles obtained by subjecting the alloy particles to mechanical grinding) as pulverized” of test number 4 in the Examples. It is a figure which shows the X-ray diffraction profile which has the strongest diffraction line to do.
- the negative electrode active material according to the present embodiment is at% and contains Sn: 13.0 to 24.5% and Si: 3.0 to 15.0%, with the balance being Cu and impurities.
- the alloy particles contain a phase in which the peak of the strongest diffraction line, which is the diffraction line having the maximum diffraction integrated intensity, appears in the range of 42.0 to 44.0 degrees of the diffraction angle 2 ⁇ in the X-ray diffraction profile.
- the full width at half maximum of the strongest diffraction line of the alloy particles is 0.15 to 2.5 degrees.
- the peak of the strongest diffraction line (hereinafter simply referred to as the strongest diffraction line) having the maximum integrated diffraction intensity is in the range of 42.0 to 44.0 degrees with a diffraction angle 2 ⁇ . If the half-width of the strongest diffraction line due to the appearing phase (hereinafter also referred to as a specific alloy phase) is 0.15 to 2.5 degrees, the crystallite size is appropriate. In this case, lithium ion storage sites are appropriately present, and lithium ions are difficult to stabilize in the boundary region of the crystallites. As a result, an excellent discharge capacity and capacity retention rate are easily obtained.
- the “negative electrode active material” referred to herein is preferably a negative electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery.
- Sn content and Si content are Sn: 15.5 to 22.5% and Si: 3.0 to 9.5%.
- the chemical composition further contains one or more selected from the group consisting of Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn, Al, B, and C instead of part of Cu. May be.
- the chemical composition is further replaced with a part of Cu: Ti: 2.0% or less, V: 2.0% or less, Cr: 2.0% or less, Mn: 2.0% or less, Fe: 2. 0% or less, Co: 2.0% or less, Ni: 3.0% or less, Zn: 3.0% or less, Al: 3.0% or less, B: 2.0% or less, and C: 2.
- the average particle diameter of the alloy particles is, for example, a median diameter of 0.1 to 25 ⁇ m. If the average particle diameter D50 of the alloy particles is 0.1 ⁇ m or more, the specific surface area of the alloy particles is sufficiently small. In this case, since the alloy particles are hardly oxidized, the initial efficiency is increased. On the other hand, when the average particle diameter D50 of the alloy particles is 25 ⁇ m or less, the reaction area of the alloy particles increases. Furthermore, lithium is easily occluded and released into the alloy particles. Therefore, it is easy to obtain a sufficient discharge capacity.
- the negative electrode according to the present embodiment contains the above-described negative electrode active material.
- the battery of this embodiment includes the above-described negative electrode.
- the negative electrode active material of this embodiment includes specific alloy particles (hereinafter referred to as specific alloy particles).
- the chemical composition of the specific alloy particles is at%, including Sn: 13.0 to 24.5% and Si: 3.0 to 15.0%, with the balance being Cu and impurities.
- a preferable content of Sn is 15.5 to 22.5%.
- a preferable content of Si is 3.0 to 9.5%.
- the specific alloy particle is a main component (main phase) of the negative electrode active material.
- the “main component” means that the specific alloy particles in the negative electrode active material are 50% or more by volume.
- the specific alloy particles may contain impurities as long as the gist of the present invention is not impaired. However, it is preferable to have as few impurities as possible.
- the specific alloy particles further contain a phase (specific alloy phase) in which the peak of the strongest diffraction line appears in the range of 42.0 to 44.0 degrees of the diffraction angle 2 ⁇ in the X-ray diffraction profile.
- the specific alloy phase for example, a phase having a D0 3 structure Strukturbericht notation (hereinafter, referred to as D0 3 phase), and a ⁇ phase F-Cell structure.
- the specific alloy particles contain a specific alloy phase before occlusion of lithium ions and contain an alloy phase (occlusion phase) different from the specific alloy phase after occlusion of lithium ions. That is, the specific alloy particle repeats insertion and extraction of lithium ions during charging and discharging. Then, depending on the occlusion of lithium ions and releasing, the D0 3 phase of the specific alloy phase changing the crystalline structure storage phase.
- Such a change in crystal structure alleviates the distortion caused by the expansion and contraction of specific alloy particles during the insertion and release of lithium ions. Therefore, it can suppress that negative electrode active material material peels from the collector of a negative electrode by accumulation
- the crystal structure change is small when lithium ions are occluded and released. Due to the stability of the crystal structure, expansion and contraction during charging and discharging are suppressed. Therefore, superior charge / discharge cycle characteristics (capacity maintenance ratio) can be obtained as compared with the conventional alloy-based negative electrode active material.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram showing changes in the X-ray diffraction profile and the strongest diffraction line after charge / discharge in Test No. 4 in the examples described later.
- the X-ray diffraction profile of the MG powder in FIG. 1 is an X-ray diffraction profile of alloy particles treated with mechanical grinding (hereinafter referred to as MG).
- MG X-ray diffraction profile of alloy particles treated with mechanical grinding
- the specific alloy phase has a small change in crystal structure due to insertion and extraction of lithium ions.
- the negative electrode active material is difficult to peel from the current collector, and high charge / discharge cycle characteristics can be maintained.
- D0 3 phase is one of non-equilibrium phase.
- D0 3 structure is a regular structure shown in FIG. 2 is a cubic.
- Sn or Si is arranged at the atomic site M0 of the white circle in FIG.
- Cu is arranged at the atomic site M1 of the black circle.
- Cu or Si is arranged at the atomic site M2 of the black circle.
- Such a crystal structure is the same as that of International Table (Volume-A) No. This corresponds to 225 (Fm-3m).
- the elements arranged at the sites M0, M1, and M2 shown in Table 1 can be substituted according to the chemical composition of the alloy particles.
- M0 includes Sn-20 at% Cu.
- M1 can be Cu
- M2 can be Cu-12 at% Si.
- the numerical value of the lattice constant a described in Table 1 may vary depending on the chemical composition.
- the numerical values of the atomic coordinates and occupancy ratios of the respective sites shown in Table 1 may be changed depending on the chemical composition of the alloy.
- the crystal structure of the ⁇ phase is a cubic crystal, which corresponds to the crystal structure model of the ⁇ -Brass phase shown in Non-patent Document Boot, Acta Crystallographica, B 33, 1977, 30 and is classified into the International Table ( No. of Volume-A). This corresponds to 216 (F-43m).
- Table 2 shows an example of the lattice constant and atomic coordinates of the crystal structure of the ⁇ phase belonging to this space group number. The atomic coordinates and crystal axes were standardized by shifting the origin (1/2, 1/2, 1/2) with respect to the source information.
- Cu is arranged at each site of DCO, CCO, ACO, BOH, COH, AOH, CIT, DOT, DIT, AIT, BOT, BIT and COT, and BCO, DOH and Sn is arranged at each site of AOT.
- the elements arranged at each site can be replaced according to the chemical composition of the alloy particles.
- the chemical composition of the alloy particles is Cu-17 at% Sn-5 at% Si, as described in the "Atomic ratio in site" column of Table 2, DCO, CCO, ACO, BOH, COH , AOH, CIT, DOT, DIT, AIT, BOT, BIT, and COT sites have a Cu-9.5 at% Sn ratio, and BCO, DOH, and AOT sites have a Sn-31.2 at% Si ratio.
- the numerical value of the lattice constant a shown in Table 2 may vary depending on the chemical composition of the alloy.
- the numerical values of the atomic coordinates and the occupancy ratio of each site shown in Table 2 may also vary depending on the chemical composition of the alloy.
- the crystal structure of the phase (including the case where specific alloy particles are contained) contained in the negative electrode active material can be analyzed by the Rietveld method based on the X-ray diffraction profile obtained using an X-ray diffractometer. Specifically, the crystal structure is analyzed by the following method.
- (1) X-ray diffraction measurement is performed on the negative electrode active material before being used for the negative electrode, and actual measurement data of the X-ray diffraction profile is obtained. Specifically, based on an X-ray diffraction profile (actual measurement data) obtained by carrying out an X-ray diffraction measurement on alloy particles (hereinafter also referred to as “pulverized alloy particles”) obtained by pulverization before MG treatment. Then, the crystal structure of the phase in the negative electrode active material is analyzed by the Rietveld method. For the analysis by the Rietveld method, one of general-purpose analysis software “RIETA-2000” (program name) and “RIETAN-FP” (program name) is used.
- RIETA-2000 program name
- RIETAN-FP program name
- X-ray diffraction measurement is performed on the negative electrode active material in the negative electrode before charging in the battery to obtain actual measurement data of the X-ray diffraction profile.
- the battery is disassembled in a glove box in an argon atmosphere, and the negative electrode is taken out from the battery.
- the taken-out negative electrode is wrapped in mylar foil.
- the periphery of the mylar foil is sealed with a thermocompression bonding machine.
- the negative electrode sealed with Mylar foil is taken out of the glove box.
- the argon atmosphere in the glove box uses argon gas supplied from an ultra-high purity argon gas cylinder having a purity of 99.9999% or more.
- the dew point is controlled to be ⁇ 60 ° C. or lower to prevent the negative electrode active material from being deteriorated by nitrogen or moisture.
- the negative electrode is attached to a non-reflective sample plate (a plate cut out so that the specific crystal plane of the silicon single crystal is parallel to the measurement plane) with a hair spray to prepare a measurement sample.
- a measurement sample is set in an X-ray diffractometer, and X-ray diffraction measurement of the measurement sample is performed to obtain an X-ray diffraction profile. Based on the obtained X-ray diffraction profile, a constituent phase of the negative electrode active material in the negative electrode (hereinafter also simply referred to as a constituent phase) is identified.
- the X-ray diffraction profile of the negative electrode active material in the negative electrode after 1 to multiple times of charge and 1 to multiple times of discharge is also measured by the same method as in (3), and the negative electrode active material at the time of charge Specify the strongest diffraction line. If the peak of the strongest diffraction line appears in the range of 42.0 to 44.0 degrees before charging, and the peak of the strongest diffraction line is broader than the peak of the strongest diffraction line before charging, the specific alloy phase It can be determined that the phase is in the charged state.
- the peak position of the strongest diffraction line of the negative electrode active material at the time of discharge is specified, if the peak of the strongest diffraction line approaches the sharp state before charging, the specific alloy phase changes to the phase of the discharge state. Can be determined.
- the battery is fully charged in a charge / discharge test apparatus.
- the fully charged battery is disassembled in the glove box, and a measurement sample is prepared by the same method as (3).
- a measurement sample is set in an X-ray diffractometer and X-ray diffraction measurement is performed.
- the battery is completely discharged, the fully discharged battery is disassembled in the glove box, a measurement sample is prepared by the same method as (3), and X-ray diffraction measurement is performed.
- the X-ray diffraction measurement for analyzing the change of the constituent phase accompanying charging / discharging can also be performed by the following method.
- the coin battery Before charging or before and after charging / discharging, the coin battery is decomposed in an inert atmosphere other than nitrogen, such as argon, and the active material mixture (negative electrode active material) applied to the negative electrode plate is removed with a spatula Remove from the current collector foil.
- the peeled negative electrode active material is filled in an X-ray diffraction sample holder.
- the X-ray diffraction profile can be measured from different states of the crystal structure before and after charging and discharging of the negative electrode active material while eliminating the influence of the oxidizing action in the atmosphere.
- this method since diffraction lines derived from the copper foil of the current collector are excluded, there is an advantage that the diffraction lines derived from the active material can be easily identified in the analysis.
- the half-width of the strongest diffraction line (hereinafter simply referred to as half-width) is 0.15 to 2.5 degrees at a diffraction angle 2 ⁇ . is there.
- Diffraction line having the strongest diffraction line is mainly derived from D0 3 phase or ⁇ -phase. If the full width at half maximum is smaller than 0.15 degrees, the discharge capacity and the initial efficiency are lowered. On the other hand, if the full width at half maximum is greater than 2.5 degrees, the capacity retention rate decreases. If the full width at half maximum is 0.15 to 2.5 degrees, the capacity retention rate can be increased while the discharge capacity and initial efficiency are increased.
- the full width at half maximum is an index of the average size (crystallite diameter) of crystallites (minimum region that can be regarded as a single crystal).
- crystallite diameter average size of crystallites
- individual crystallites constituting powder particles can be regarded as a minimum unit region contributing to diffraction with respect to incident X-rays.
- the boundary region of the crystallite functions as a lithium diffusion path during charging and discharging.
- the boundary region of the crystallite further functions as a lithium storage site.
- the crystallite diameter is excessively large. In this case, the numerical density of the storage site is lowered and the discharge capacity is lowered. Furthermore, the initial efficiency often has a positive correlation with the discharge capacity. Therefore, as the crystallite diameter increases, the initial efficiency also decreases as the discharge capacity decreases. When the discharge capacity is small, the rate at which lithium once taken into the active material is stabilized by the first charge increases, and as a result, it is considered that lithium in the active material cannot be taken out during discharge.
- X-ray wavelength of (lambda) is measured in monochrome to Cu-K ⁇ 1.
- ⁇ 0.150401 nm.
- the mechanical half width b caused by the X-ray diffractometer is measured using a standard sample of LaB 6 crystal having a sufficiently large crystallite diameter.
- B 8.73 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 4 radian (0.05 degree) is used as a correction value in the vicinity of the target 2 ⁇ region.
- the preferable lower limit of the full width at half maximum is 0.3 degree, more preferably 0.5 degree, and further preferably 0.7 degree.
- the upper limit with preferable half value width is 2.2 degree
- the preferred range of the crystallite diameter is 3 to 90 nm.
- the minimum with a preferable crystallite diameter is 4 nm, More preferably, it is 5 nm.
- the upper limit with a preferable crystallite diameter is 40 nm, More preferably, it is 20 nm, More preferably, it is 15 nm.
- the specific alloy particles can contain a specific alloy phase
- the chemical composition of the specific alloy particles may be Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn, Al, B, and C instead of a part of Cu. You may contain 1 type, or 2 or more types selected from the group which consists of.
- the chemical composition is Ti: 2.0 at% or less, V: 2.0 at% or less, Cr: 2.0 at% or less, Mn: 2.0 at% or less, Fe: 2.0 at% or less, Co: 2.0 at% or less, Ni: 3.0 at% or less, Zn: 3.0 at% or less, Al: 3.0 at% or less, B: 2.0 at% or less, and C: You may contain 1 type, or 2 or more types selected from the group which consists of 2.0 at% or less. Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn, Al, B and C are optional elements.
- the preferable upper limit of the Ti content is 2.0 at% as described above.
- a more preferable upper limit of the Ti content is 1.0 at%, and more preferably 0.5 at%.
- the minimum with preferable Ti content is 0.01 at%, More preferably, it is 0.05 at%, More preferably, it is 0.1 at%.
- the preferable upper limit of the V content is 2.0 at% as described above.
- the upper limit with more preferable V content is 1.0 at%, More preferably, it is 0.5 at%.
- the minimum with preferable V content is 0.01 at%, More preferably, it is 0.05 at%, More preferably, it is 0.1 at%.
- the preferable upper limit of the Cr content is 2.0 at% as described above.
- a more preferable upper limit of the Cr content is 1.0 at%, and more preferably 0.5 at%.
- the minimum with preferable Cr content is 0.01 at%, More preferably, it is 0.05 at%, More preferably, it is 0.1 at%.
- the preferable upper limit of the Mn content is 2.0 at% as described above.
- the upper limit with more preferable Mn content is 1.0 at%, More preferably, it is 0.5 at%.
- the minimum with preferable Mn content is 0.01 at%, More preferably, it is 0.05 at%, More preferably, it is 0.1 at%.
- the preferable upper limit of the Fe content is 2.0 at% as described above.
- a more preferable upper limit of the Fe content is 1.0 at%, and more preferably 0.5 at%.
- the minimum with preferable Fe content is 0.01 at%, More preferably, it is 0.05 at%, More preferably, it is 0.1 at%.
- the preferable upper limit of the Co content is 2.0 at% as described above.
- a more preferable upper limit of the Co content is 1.0 at%, and more preferably 0.5 at%.
- the minimum with preferable Co content is 0.01 at%, More preferably, it is 0.05 at%, More preferably, it is 0.1 at%.
- the preferable upper limit of the Ni content is 3.0 at% as described above.
- the upper limit with more preferable Ni content is 2.0 at%.
- the minimum with preferable Ni content is 0.1 at%.
- the preferable upper limit of the Zn content is 3.0 at% as described above. A more preferable upper limit of the Zn content is 2.0 at%.
- the minimum with preferable Zn content is 0.1 at%, More preferably, it is 0.5 at%, More preferably, it is 1.0 at%.
- the preferable upper limit of the Al content is 3.0 at% as described above.
- a more preferable upper limit of the Al content is 2.0 at%, and more preferably 1.0 at%.
- the minimum with preferable Al content is 0.1%, More preferably, it is 0.5 at%, More preferably, it is 1.0 at%.
- the preferable upper limit of the B content is 2.0 at%.
- a more preferable upper limit of the B content is 1.0 at%, and more preferably 0.5 at%.
- the minimum with preferable B content is 0.01 at%, More preferably, it is 0.05 at%, More preferably, it is 0.1 at%.
- the preferable upper limit of the C content is 2.0 at%.
- the upper limit with more preferable C content is 1.0 at%, More preferably, it is 0.5 at%.
- the minimum with preferable C content is 0.01 at%, More preferably, it is 0.05 at%, More preferably, it is 0.1 at%.
- the particle size of the alloy particles affects the discharge capacity of the battery. The smaller the particle size, the better. This is because if the particle diameter is small, the total area of the negative electrode active material contained in the negative electrode plate can be increased. Therefore, the average particle diameter of the specific alloy particles is preferably 25 ⁇ m or less in terms of median diameter (D50). In this case, the reaction area of the particles increases. Furthermore, lithium is easily occluded and released to the inside of the particle. Therefore, it is easy to obtain a sufficient discharge capacity. On the other hand, if the average particle diameter is 0.1 ⁇ m or more in terms of median diameter (D50), the specific surface area of the particles is sufficiently small and oxidation is difficult. Therefore, the initial efficiency is particularly increased. Therefore, a preferable average particle diameter of the specific alloy particles is 0.1 to 25 ⁇ m in median diameter (D50).
- the preferable lower limit of the average particle diameter is 0.4 ⁇ m, more preferably 1.0 ⁇ m.
- the upper limit with a preferable average particle diameter is 22 micrometers, More preferably, it is 18 micrometers.
- the average particle size can be measured as follows. When the average particle diameter is 10 ⁇ m or more in terms of median diameter (D50), the average particle diameter is determined by an airflow high speed moving image analysis method. For the analysis, the product name: Camsizer X manufactured by Vander Scientific is used.
- the average particle diameter is less than 10 ⁇ m in median diameter (D50), it is measured using a laser particle size distribution meter.
- a laser particle size distribution meter a trade name: Microtrack particle size distribution meter manufactured by Nikkiso Co., Ltd. is used.
- the negative electrode active material described above may contain materials other than the specific alloy particles.
- the negative electrode active material may contain graphite as an active material together with specific alloy particles.
- the negative electrode active material manufacturing method includes a step of preparing a molten metal (preparation step), a step of rapidly cooling the molten metal to manufacture an alloy ribbon (alloy ribbon manufacturing step), and an MG treatment for the alloy ribbon. A process to be performed (MG treatment process).
- a molten metal having the chemical composition is manufactured.
- the molten metal is produced by melting raw materials by a known melting method such as arc melting or resistance heating melting.
- the manufacturing apparatus 1 includes a cooling roll 2, a tundish 4, and a blade member 5.
- the negative electrode active material manufacturing method of the present embodiment is, for example, a strip casting (SC) method including the blade member 5.
- the cooling roll 2 has an outer peripheral surface, and cools and solidifies the molten metal 3 on the outer peripheral surface while rotating.
- the cooling roll 2 includes a cylindrical body portion and a shaft portion (not shown).
- drum has the said outer peripheral surface.
- the shaft portion is disposed at the central axis position of the body portion and is attached to a drive source (not shown).
- the cooling roll 2 rotates around the central axis 9 of the cooling roll 2 by a driving source.
- the material of the cooling roll 2 is a material having high hardness and thermal conductivity.
- the material of the cooling roll 2 is, for example, copper or a copper alloy.
- the material of the cooling roll 2 is copper.
- the cooling roll 2 may further have a coating on the surface. Thereby, the hardness of the cooling roll 2 increases.
- the coating is, for example, a plating coating or a cermet coating.
- the plating film is, for example, chromium plating or nickel plating.
- Cermet coatings include, for example, tungsten (W), cobalt (Co), titanium (Ti), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), silicon (Si), aluminum (Al), boron (B), and these elements 1 type (s) or 2 or more types selected from the group consisting of carbides, nitrides and carbonitrides.
- the surface layer of the cooling roll 2 is copper, and the cooling roll 2 further has a chromium plating film on the surface.
- X shown in FIG. 3 is the rotation direction of the cooling roll 2.
- the cooling roll 2 rotates in a certain direction X.
- the molten metal 3 that has come into contact with the cooling roll 2 partially solidifies on the outer peripheral surface of the cooling roll 2 and moves as the cooling roll 2 rotates.
- the roll peripheral speed of the cooling roll 2 is appropriately set in consideration of the cooling speed of the molten metal 3 and the production efficiency. If the roll peripheral speed is slow, the production efficiency decreases. If the roll peripheral speed is fast, the alloy ribbon 6 tends to peel from the outer peripheral surface of the cooling roll 2. Therefore, the time during which the alloy ribbon 6 is in contact with the outer peripheral surface of the cooling roll 2 is shortened. In this case, the alloy ribbon 6 is not cooled by the cooling roll 2 but is cooled by air. When air-cooled, a sufficient cooling rate cannot be obtained. Therefore, the alloy ribbon 6 having fine crystallites may not be obtained.
- the lower limit of the roll peripheral speed is preferably 50 m / min, more preferably 80 m / min, and still more preferably 120 m / min.
- the upper limit of the roll peripheral speed is not particularly limited, but is, for example, 500 m / min in consideration of the facility capacity.
- the roll peripheral speed can be obtained from the roll diameter and the rotation speed.
- the inside of the cooling roll 2 may be filled with a heat removal solvent. Thereby, the molten metal 3 can be cooled efficiently.
- a solvent is 1 type, or 2 or more types selected from the group which consists of water, an organic solvent, and oil, for example.
- the solvent may stay inside the cooling roll 2 or may be circulated to the outside.
- the tundish 4 can store the molten metal 3 and supplies the molten metal 3 on the outer peripheral surface of the cooling roll 2.
- the shape of the tundish 4 is not particularly limited as long as the molten metal 3 can be supplied onto the outer peripheral surface of the cooling roll 2.
- the shape of the tundish 4 may be a box shape with an open top as shown in FIG. 3, or may be another shape.
- the tundish 4 includes a supply end 7 that guides the molten metal 3 on the outer peripheral surface of the cooling roll 2.
- the molten metal 3 is supplied from a crucible (not shown) to the tundish 4 and then supplied to the outer peripheral surface of the cooling roll 2 through the supply end 7.
- the shape of the supply end 7 is not particularly limited.
- the cross section of the supply end 7 may be rectangular as shown in FIG. 3, or may be inclined.
- the supply end 7 may be nozzle-shaped.
- the tundish 4 is disposed in the vicinity of the outer peripheral surface of the cooling roll 2.
- the molten metal 3 can be stably supplied on the outer peripheral surface of the cooling roll 2.
- the gap between the tundish 4 and the cooling roll 2 is set as appropriate as long as the molten metal 3 does not leak.
- the material of the tundish 4 is preferably a refractory material.
- the tundish 4 is, for example, aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ), silicon monoxide (SiO), silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ), chromium oxide (Cr 2 O 3 ), magnesium oxide (MgO), titanium oxide (TiO 2 ). And one or more selected from the group consisting of aluminum titanate (Al 2 TiO 5 ) and zirconium oxide (ZrO 2 ).
- the blade member 5 is disposed downstream of the tundish 4 in the rotation direction of the cooling roll 2 with a gap between the blade member 5 and the outer peripheral surface of the cooling roll 2.
- the blade member 5 is, for example, a plate-like member disposed in parallel with the axial direction of the cooling roll 2.
- FIG. 4 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of the vicinity of the tip of the blade member 5 of the manufacturing apparatus 1 (the range surrounded by the broken line in FIG. 3).
- blade member 5 is disposed with a gap A between the outer peripheral surface of cooling roll 2.
- the blade member 5 regulates the thickness of the molten metal 3 on the outer peripheral surface of the cooling roll 2 to the width of the gap A between the outer peripheral surface of the cooling roll 2 and the blade member 5.
- the molten metal 3 upstream of the blade member 5 in the rotation direction of the cooling roll 2 may be thicker than the width of the gap A. In this case, the molten metal 3 corresponding to the thickness exceeding the width of the gap A is blocked by the blade member 5.
- the thickness of the molten metal 3 is reduced to the width of the gap A.
- the cooling rate of the molten metal 3 is increased by reducing the thickness of the molten metal 3. For this reason, the crystal grains and crystallites of the alloy ribbon 6 are refined.
- the width of the gap A is preferably narrower than the blade member 5 than the thickness B of the molten metal 3 on the outer peripheral surface on the upstream side in the rotation direction of the cooling roll 2.
- the molten metal 3 on the outer peripheral surface of the cooling roll 2 becomes thinner. Therefore, the cooling rate of the molten metal 3 is further increased. As a result, the crystal grains and crystallites of the alloy ribbon 6 are further refined.
- the width of the gap A between the outer peripheral surface of the cooling roll 2 and the blade member 5 is the shortest distance between the blade member 5 and the outer peripheral surface of the cooling roll 2.
- the width of the gap A is appropriately set according to the intended cooling rate and production efficiency. The narrower the gap A, the thinner the molten metal 3 after thickness adjustment. For this reason, the cooling rate of the molten metal 3 is further increased. As a result, the crystal grains of the alloy ribbon 6 can be easily refined. Therefore, the upper limit of the gap A is preferably 100 ⁇ m, more preferably 50 ⁇ m.
- the distance between the point where the molten metal 3 is supplied from the tundish 4 and the point where the blade member 5 is disposed on the outer peripheral surface of the cooling roll 2 is appropriately set.
- the blade member 5 may be disposed within a range where the free surface of the molten metal 3 (the surface on the side where the molten metal 3 is not in contact with the cooling roll 2) is in contact with the blade member 5 in a liquid or semi-solid state.
- FIG. 5 is a view showing the mounting angle of the blade member 5.
- blade member 5 includes a surface PL ⁇ b> 1 including central axis 9 and supply end 7 of cooling roll 2, and a surface including central axis 9 of cooling roll 2 and the tip of blade member 5. It arrange
- the attachment angle ⁇ can be set as appropriate.
- the upper limit of the attachment angle ⁇ is, for example, 45 degrees.
- the upper limit of the mounting angle ⁇ is preferably 30 degrees.
- the lower limit of the attachment angle ⁇ is not particularly limited, but is preferably in a range where the blade member 5 does not directly contact the molten metal 3 on the tundish 4.
- the blade member 5 preferably has a heat removal surface 8.
- the heat removal surface 8 is disposed to face the outer peripheral surface of the cooling roll 2.
- the heat removal surface 8 is in contact with the molten metal 3 that passes through the gap between the outer peripheral surface of the cooling roll 2 and the blade member 5.
- the material of the blade member 5 is preferably a refractory material.
- the blade member 5 is, for example, aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ), silicon monoxide (SiO), silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ), chromium oxide (Cr 2 O 3 ), magnesium oxide (MgO), titanium oxide (TiO 2 ). And one or more selected from the group consisting of aluminum titanate (Al 2 TiO 5 ) and zirconium oxide (ZrO 2 ).
- the blade member 5 is one or two selected from the group consisting of aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ), silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ), aluminum titanate (Al 2 TiO 5 ), and magnesium oxide (MgO). Contains more than seeds.
- a plurality of blade members 5 may be continuously arranged in the rotation direction of the cooling roll 2. In this case, the burden on one blade member 5 is reduced. Furthermore, the accuracy of the thickness of the molten metal 3 can be increased.
- the blade member 5 regulates the thickness of the molten metal 3 on the outer peripheral surface of the cooling roll 2. Therefore, the molten metal 3 on the outer peripheral surface of the cooling roll 2 becomes thin. When the molten metal 3 becomes thin, the cooling rate of the molten metal 3 increases. Therefore, if an alloy ribbon is manufactured using the manufacturing apparatus 1, an alloy ribbon 6 having finer crystallites can be manufactured.
- the thickness of the molten metal 3 on the outer peripheral surface of the cooling roll 2 cannot be regulated thinly.
- the cooling rate of the molten metal 3 decreases. Therefore, the alloy ribbon 6 having fine crystallites cannot be obtained even if the MG treatment described later is performed. That is, the full width at half maximum of the strongest diffraction line of the alloy particles is less than 0.15 degrees. If the cooling rate decreases, the alloy particles may not contain a phase in which the peak of the strongest diffraction line appears in the range of 42.0 to 44.0 degrees of the diffraction angle 2 ⁇ .
- the roll peripheral speed of the cooling roll 2 needs to be increased in order to reduce the thickness of the molten metal 3 on the outer peripheral surface of the cooling roll 2. If the roll peripheral speed is fast, the alloy ribbon 6 peels off from the outer peripheral surface of the cooling roll 2 quickly. That is, the time during which the alloy ribbon 6 is in contact with the outer peripheral surface of the cooling roll 2 is shortened. In this case, the alloy ribbon 6 is not cooled by the cooling roll 2 but is cooled by air. When air-cooled, a sufficient average cooling rate cannot be obtained. Therefore, the alloy ribbon 6 having fine crystallites cannot be obtained. That is, the full width at half maximum of the strongest diffraction line of the alloy particles is less than 0.15 degrees. Further, when a sufficient average cooling rate cannot be obtained, the alloy particles may not contain a phase in which the peak of the strongest diffraction line appears in the range of 42.0 to 44.0 degrees of the diffraction angle 2 ⁇ .
- the specific alloy particles are manufactured by performing MG treatment on a specific alloy ribbon manufactured by using the manufacturing apparatus 1. Thereby, the crystallite of the alloy ribbon manufactured by the rapid solidification process is further reduced and adjusted to the above-described half-value width.
- the alloy ribbon may be pre-ground before the MG treatment.
- a normal ball mill, vibration ball mill, attritor, pin mill, or disk mill may be used.
- An example of a vibrating ball mill is a trade name mixer mill MM400 manufactured by Vander Scientific.
- the alloy ribbon is introduced into an MG device such as an attritor or a vibration ball mill together with the balls.
- An additive for preventing granulation may be added to the MG device together with the balls.
- MG equipment is, for example, a high-speed planetary mill.
- An example of a high-speed planetary mill is the trade name “Hiji BX” manufactured by Kurimoto Steel Works.
- the preferable manufacturing conditions in the MG apparatus are as follows.
- a preferable ball ratio is 5 to 80.
- a more preferred lower limit of the ball ratio is 10, more preferably 12.
- a more preferable upper limit of the ball ratio is 60, and more preferably 40.
- SUJ2 defined by the JIS standard is used as the ball material.
- the diameter of the ball is, for example, 0.8 mm to 10 mm.
- the MG treatment time 1 to 48 hours If the MG treatment time is short, the full width at half maximum is reduced and the crystallite diameter is increased. On the other hand, if the MG treatment time is long, the full width at half maximum increases and the crystallite diameter decreases. Therefore, the preferred MG treatment time is 1 to 48 hours.
- the preferable lower limit of the MG treatment time is 2 hours, and more preferably 4 hours.
- the upper limit with the preferable MG processing time is 36 hours, More preferably, it is 24 hours. Note that the unit stop time described later is not included in the MG processing time.
- Cooling condition during MG treatment Stop for 30 minutes or more per 3 hours of MG treatment (intermittent operation) If the temperature of the alloy particles during MG treatment becomes too high, the crystallites will increase.
- the preferred temperature of chiller cooling water for equipment during MG treatment is 1-25 ° C.
- the total stop time per 3 hours of MG processing (hereinafter referred to as unit stop time) is set to 30 minutes or more.
- unit stop time is set to 30 minutes or more.
- polyvinyl pyrrolidone can be added as an additive for preventing granulation.
- a preferable addition amount of PVP is 0.5 to 8 mass%, more preferably 2 to 5 mass% with respect to the mass of the alloy ribbon (raw material). If the amount is within the above range, the average particle diameter of the alloy particles can be easily adjusted to an appropriate range, and the average particle diameter of the alloy particles can be easily adjusted to 0.1 to 25 ⁇ m by the median diameter (D50). . However, in the MG treatment, the average particle diameter of the alloy particles can be adjusted to the above range without adding an additive.
- the negative electrode active material is manufactured through the above steps.
- the negative electrode active material may be composed of specific alloy particles and impurities, or may contain specific alloy particles and other active material (for example, graphite).
- the negative electrode using the negative electrode active material according to the present embodiment can be manufactured by, for example, the following well-known method.
- a mixture in which a binder such as polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) is mixed with the negative electrode active material is manufactured.
- a carbon material powder such as natural graphite, artificial graphite or acetylene black is mixed with this mixture to produce a negative electrode mixture.
- a solvent such as N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP), dimethylformamide (DMF), or water is added to dissolve the binder, and if necessary, the mixture is sufficiently stirred using a homogenizer and glass beads to remove the negative electrode mixture. Shape.
- NMP N-methylpyrrolidone
- DMF dimethylformamide
- This slurry is applied to a support such as rolled copper foil or electrodeposited copper foil and dried. Thereafter, the dried product is pressed.
- a negative electrode is manufactured by the above process.
- the binder is preferably 1 to 10% by mass with respect to the total amount of the negative electrode mixture from the viewpoint of the mechanical strength of the negative electrode and battery characteristics.
- the support is not limited to copper foil.
- the support may be, for example, a thin foil of another metal such as stainless steel or nickel, a net-like sheet punching plate, a mesh knitted with a metal wire, or the like.
- the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to the present embodiment includes the above-described negative electrode, positive electrode, separator, and electrolytic solution or electrolyte.
- the shape of the battery may be a cylindrical shape, a square shape, a coin shape, a sheet shape, or the like.
- the battery of this embodiment may be a battery using a solid electrolyte such as a polymer battery.
- the negative electrode active material in a discharged state satisfies the requirements specified as the negative electrode active material of the present invention.
- the positive electrode of the battery of this embodiment preferably contains a lithium (Li) -containing transition metal compound as an active material.
- the Li-containing transition metal compound is, for example, LiM 1-x M ′ x O 2 or LiM 2 yM′O 4 .
- M and M ′ are barium (Ba), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn), chromium (Cr), titanium (Ti), respectively.
- the battery of this embodiment includes a transition metal chalcogenide; a vanadium oxide and its lithium (Li) compound; a niobium oxide and its lithium compound; a conjugated polymer using an organic conductive material; a sheprel phase compound; Other positive electrode materials such as fibers may be used.
- the battery electrolyte of the present embodiment is generally a non-aqueous electrolyte obtained by dissolving a lithium salt as a supporting electrolyte in an organic solvent.
- the lithium salt include LiClO 4 , LiBF 4 , LiPF 6 , LiAsF 6 , LiB (C 6 H 5 ), LiCF 3 SO 3 , LiCH 3 SO 3 , Li (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 N, LiC 4 F 9 SO 3 , Li (CF 2 SO 2 ) 2 , LiCl, LiBr, LiI or the like. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the organic solvent is preferably a carbonic acid ester such as propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, or diethyl carbonate.
- a carbonic acid ester such as propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, or diethyl carbonate.
- various other organic solvents including carboxylic acid esters and ethers can also be used. These organic solvents may be used independently and may be used in combination of 2 or more type.
- the separator is installed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
- the separator serves as an insulator. Further, the separator greatly contributes to the retention of the electrolyte.
- the battery of this embodiment may be provided with a known separator.
- the separator is, for example, a polyolefin material such as polypropylene, polyethylene, a mixed cloth of both, or a porous body such as a glass filter.
- a battery is manufactured by enclosing the above-described negative electrode, positive electrode, separator, and electrolyte or electrolyte in a battery container.
- the negative electrode active material, the negative electrode, and the battery of the present embodiment will be described in more detail using examples. Note that the negative electrode active material, the negative electrode, and the battery of the present embodiment are not limited to the following examples.
- alloy particles, a negative electrode active material, a negative electrode, a coin battery, and a laminated cell battery were manufactured under the conditions shown in Tables 4 and 5.
- Tables 4 and 5 For each test number shown in Tables 4 and 5, (I) as-pulverized alloy particles, (II) post-MG alloy particles, (III) negative electrode active material before charging, (IV) after initial charging, (V) initial X-ray diffraction measurement was performed after discharge, (VI) after 20 cycles of charge, and (VII) after 20 cycles of discharge. From the obtained X-ray profile, the crystal structure of (I) was specified.
- the manufacturing method of alloy particles, negative electrode active material, negative electrode, coin battery and laminate cell battery of each test number other than test number 23 was performed as follows.
- Test No. 23 except for using pure Si powder reagent as a negative electrode active material material in an automatic mortar and using it as alloy particles, the manufacturing method of the negative electrode active material, negative electrode, coin battery and laminate cell battery is as follows: It was as follows.
- the molten metal was manufactured so that the chemical composition of the particulate alloy particles was the chemical composition shown in Table 3.
- the chemical composition of the powdered alloy particles is Cu-16.0 at% Sn-9.0 at% Si, that is, 16.0 at% Sn and 9.0 at%.
- the molten metal was manufactured so as to contain Si and the balance being Cu and impurities.
- the molten metal was produced by high-frequency melting a raw material containing a metal (unit: g) shown in the “molten raw material” column of Table 3.
- condition 1 in the “SC condition” column of Table 4 it was manufactured by the strip casting (SC) method of the above-described embodiment using the manufacturing apparatus shown in FIG. Specifically, a water-cooled copper cooling roll was used. The rotation speed of the cooling roll was set to 300 m / min as the peripheral speed of the roll surface.
- the above-described molten metal was supplied to a rotating water-cooled roll through a horizontal tundish (made of alumina) in an argon atmosphere. The molten metal was rapidly solidified by being pulled up to a rotating water cooling roll. The width of the gap between the blade member and the water-cooled roll was 80 ⁇ m.
- the blade member was made of alumina.
- condition 2 in the “SC condition” column of Table 4 unlike condition 1, the blade member was not used and the rotation speed of the cooling roll was 120 m / min as the peripheral speed of the roll surface.
- Other conditions were the same as Condition 1. That is, in condition 2, an alloy ribbon was produced by the conventional SC method.
- the obtained alloy ribbon was subjected to pulverization and MG treatment to produce alloy particles as a negative electrode active material.
- the MG treatment was not performed after the pulverization treatment.
- the manufactured alloy ribbon other than the test number 23 was pulverized using a mixer mill. Specifically, the alloy ribbon was pulverized using a mixer mill (apparatus model number: MM400) manufactured by Vander Scientific. The crushed container was made of stainless steel with an internal volume of 25 cm 3 . Two balls having the same material as the pulverization vessel and a diameter of 15 mm and an alloy ribbon 3 g were charged, and the setting value of the frequency was set to 25 rps, and the operation was performed for 240 seconds to produce alloy particles. The amount necessary for MG treatment was secured. For example, in MG condition 2, 14 treatment materials were required in the mixer mill grinding container.
- the alloy particles obtained in this step were used.
- the specific alloy powders used in the analysis of Tables 1 and 2 were also pulverized alloy particles, and those recovered under a 45 ⁇ m sieve were used for X-ray diffraction measurement.
- the chiller cooling water under each condition during the MG treatment was 1 to 25 ° C.
- alloy particles as negative electrode active material were produced.
- the analysis method of the crystal structure will be described below by taking the analysis of the alloy particle of test number 4 as an example.
- FIG. 6 is a Cu—Sn—Si ternary phase diagram obtained by thermodynamic calculation. From FIG. 6, it can be seen that the Cu-20.0 at% Sn-8.0 at% Si alloy at 725 ° C. is a ⁇ phase having a bcc structure. Therefore, when the molten metal having this composition is rapidly solidified, it inevitably passes through the ⁇ phase region. almost all the constituent phases cooling rate passing through the ⁇ -phase region consisting of D0 3 phase and / or ⁇ phases if sufficiently large, is expected to easily produce a metastable phase.
- Cu—Sn—Si ternary alloys contain at least Sn: 13.0-24.5% and Si: 3.0-15.0%, with the balance being Cu and impurities. when having a composition, almost all the constituent phases consisting of D0 3 phase and / or ⁇ phases when allowed to rapidly solidified at a sufficiently high cooling rate was experimentally confirmed that it is possible to produce a metastable state.
- D0 crystal structure of 3-phase is cubic, as described above, the classification of the space group, No. of International Table (Volume-A) 225 (Fm-3m).
- the crystal structure of the ⁇ phase is also cubic, and in the classification of the space group, No. of International Table (Volume-A). 216 (F-43m).
- the structure model of this space group number is used as the initial structure model of Rietveld analysis, and the calculated value of the diffraction profile of the as-pulverized alloy particles of the corresponding test number (here, test number 4) is obtained by Rietveld analysis (hereinafter calculated). Called a profile). Rietan-2000 (program name) was used for Rietveld analysis.
- FIG. 7 is a view showing an X-ray diffraction profile of “as-pulverized alloy particles” of test number 4 in the Examples and a fitting result by the Rietveld method (after structural refinement analysis).
- (B) in FIG. 7 is a calculated profile of D0 3 structure.
- the diffraction peak of the actually measured X-ray diffraction profile ((a) in the figure) mainly coincided with the calculated profile of (b). Therefore, the alloy particles of Test No. 4 (negative electrode active material material) was identified as almost all composed of D0 3 phase.
- their crystal structures and constituent phases were identified by the same method (shown in Table 4).
- FIG. 8 is an X-ray diffraction profile of “MG post-alloy particle” of test number 4 in the example, and is a diagram showing an X-ray diffraction profile having the strongest diffraction line to be analyzed with a half width.
- the half-value width ⁇ 2 ⁇ B (degrees) of the diffraction line was 1.06 degrees after correcting the device-derived component.
- the powder particle size distribution of the alloy particles (MG particles after MG) manufactured by performing the MG treatment after the pulverization treatment was measured with a laser particle size distribution meter (Microtrac particle size distribution meter manufactured by Nikkiso Co., Ltd.). Based on the measured powder particle size distribution, the average particle diameter (median diameter D50) was determined. Table 4 shows the obtained results. In addition, about the average particle diameter of the alloy particle of test number 8E, 9B, and 23, it is a numerical value in the state which has not implemented MG process after a grinding
- a negative electrode mixture slurry containing the negative electrode active material was prepared using the alloy particles as a negative electrode active material. Specifically, powdered alloy particles, acetylene black (AB) as a conductive additive, styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) (double dilution) as a binder, and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as a thickener. ) In a mass ratio of 75: 15: 10: 5 (mixing amount is 1 g: 0.2 g: 0.134 g: 0.067 g).
- distilled water was added to the mixture so that the slurry concentration was 27.2% to produce a negative electrode mixture slurry. Since the styrene butadiene rubber used was diluted twice with water, 0.134 g of styrene butadiene rubber was blended for weighing.
- the produced negative electrode mixture slurry was applied onto a copper foil using an applicator (150 ⁇ m).
- the copper foil coated with the slurry was dried at 100 ° C. for 20 minutes.
- the copper foil after drying had a coating film made of a negative electrode active material film on the surface.
- the copper foil having the negative electrode active material film was punched to produce a disc-shaped copper foil having a diameter of 13 mm.
- the copper foil after punching was pressed with a press pressure of 500 kgf / cm 2 to produce a plate-like negative electrode.
- a manufactured negative electrode, EC-DMC-EMC-VC-FEC as an electrolytic solution, a polyolefin separator ( ⁇ 17 mm) as a separator, and plate-like metal Li ( ⁇ 19 ⁇ 1 mmt) as a positive electrode material were prepared.
- a 2016-type coin battery was manufactured using the prepared negative electrode material, electrolytic solution, separator, and positive electrode material. The coin battery was assembled in a glove box in an argon atmosphere.
- Doping capacity and dedoping capacity correspond to charge capacity and discharge capacity when this electrode is used as a negative electrode of a lithium ion secondary battery. Therefore, the measured doping capacity was defined as “charging capacity” and the measured dedoping capacity was defined as “discharging capacity”.
- the charge and discharge were repeated for the coin battery. For each charge and discharge in each cycle, the doping capacity and the dedoping capacity were measured. Using the measurement results, charge / discharge cycle characteristics were obtained. Specifically, the charge capacity and discharge capacity (mAh / cm 3 ) of the first cycle (first time) and the initial efficiency were determined. The initial efficiency is expressed as a percentage obtained by dividing the initial discharge capacity by the initial charge capacity. The initial efficiency can be regarded as a ratio at which lithium used when the alloy particles as the negative electrode active material are charged can be reversibly extracted.
- the discharge capacity (mAh / cm 3 ) after 100 cycles and the capacity retention rate were determined.
- the capacity maintenance rate was expressed as a percentage obtained by dividing the discharge capacity after 100 cycles by the initial discharge capacity.
- the capacity of the coin battery was calculated as a value converted into the capacity of a single alloy by subtracting the capacity of the conductive auxiliary agent (acetylene black: AB) and then dividing by the ratio of the alloy in the negative electrode mixture.
- a negative electrode for a laminate cell was produced.
- a negative electrode active material containing alloy particles of each test number described in Table 2 and graphite powder particles was used as the negative electrode for a laminate cell.
- the alloy particles used here were as-pulverized alloy particles in Test Nos. 8E, 9B and 23, and post-MG alloy particles in other test numbers.
- Graphite powder particles were produced by the following method. A mixture in which 2% by mass of pitch powder was mixed with spheroidized natural graphite was produced. The mixture was fired at 1000 ° C. in a nitrogen stream to produce graphite powder particles. The average particle diameter D50 (median diameter) of the obtained graphite powder particles was 22 ⁇ m.
- the content of the alloy particles was 20% by mass, and the content of the graphite powder particles was 80% by mass.
- a negative electrode mixture slurry containing this negative electrode active material was produced by the following method. The above mixed active material, acetylene black (AB) as a conductive additive, styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) (double dilution) as a binder, and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as a thickener, The ratio was 75: 15: 10: 5 (mixing amount was 1 g: 0.2 g: 0.134 g: 0.067 g).
- distilled water was added to the mixture so that the slurry concentration was 27.2% to produce a negative electrode mixture slurry. Since the styrene butadiene rubber used was diluted twice with water, 0.134 g of styrene butadiene rubber was blended for weighing.
- the produced negative electrode mixture slurry was applied onto a copper foil using an applicator (150 ⁇ m).
- the copper foil coated with the slurry was dried at 100 ° C. for 20 minutes.
- the copper foil after drying had a coating film (negative electrode active material film) made of a negative electrode active material on the surface.
- a 2.5 cm ⁇ 2.5 cm negative electrode plate was cut out from the copper foil having the negative electrode active material film.
- the copper foil after cutting was pressed at a press pressure of 500 kgf / cm 2 to produce a negative electrode material.
- Lithium cobaltate was used as the active material for the positive electrode of the laminate cell.
- This active material, acetylene black (AB) as a conductive additive, and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF) as a binder are in a mass ratio of 80:10:10 (the blending amount is 0.8 g: 0.1 g: 0). 1 g).
- the slurry concentration was adjusted using N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) to produce a positive electrode mixture slurry.
- NMP N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone
- the produced positive electrode mixture slurry was applied onto an aluminum foil using an applicator (150 ⁇ m).
- the aluminum foil coated with the slurry was dried at 100 ° C. for 20 minutes.
- the aluminum foil after drying had a coating film made of a positive electrode active material on the surface.
- a 2.3 cm ⁇ 2.3 mm positive electrode plate was cut out from the aluminum foil having the coating film.
- the cut aluminum foil was pressed at a press pressure of 500 kgf / cm 2 to produce a positive electrode material.
- a laminate cell battery was manufactured using this negative electrode plate and positive electrode plate.
- An aluminum tab and a nickel tab were prepared for the negative electrode.
- a laminated cell battery was manufactured using the prepared negative electrode plate, electrolytic solution, separator, positive electrode plate, aluminum laminate sheet, aluminum tab, and nickel tab. The configuration until the electrolyte solution was injected was performed in the atmosphere, and the final assembly for injecting and sealing the electrolyte solution was performed in a glove box in an argon atmosphere.
- the thickness of the negative electrode active material film applied to the negative electrode during charging was measured.
- the film thickness T 0 of the negative electrode active material film of the laminate cell was 52 ⁇ m.
- the thickness increase amount ⁇ T during charging of the laminate cell was 10 ⁇ m, which is an average value of 5 times of charge and discharge cycles in which the capacity is stabilized. Therefore, the expansion rate was 19%.
- the volume density of the negative electrode mixture obtained from the coating mass per unit area and the film thickness T 0 was 4.4 g / cm 3 .
- the initial charge capacity per mass of this laminate cell was 470 mAh / g, and the measured value of the initial discharge capacity was 420 mAh / g. Therefore, the initial charge capacity per volume was 2067 mAh / cm 3 , the discharge capacity was calculated as 1846 mAh / cm 3, and the initial efficiency was 89%.
- the discharge capacity after 100 cycles of test number 4 was calculated to be 1709 mAh / cm 3 and the capacity retention rate was 93%.
- the other test number laminates were similarly determined.
- the discharge capacity at the first time and 100 cycles was 1200 mAh / cm 3 or more, the initial efficiency was 80% or more, and the capacity maintenance rate was 84% or more. Furthermore, the expansion rate was 25% or less in all cases.
- the half width in the X-ray diffraction profile of the negative electrode active material in the battery before charging and in the battery after 20 cycle discharges is substantially the same as that of the alloy particles after MG. there were.
- the half width in the X-ray diffraction profile of the negative electrode active material in the battery after 20 cycles of charging was larger than that of the post-MG alloy particles.
- test number 8E an alloy ribbon was manufactured by the conventional SC method.
- the alloy particles did not contain a specific alloy phase, and an ⁇ phase and an ⁇ ′ phase, which were equilibrium phases, were generated. Further, the average particle diameter of the alloy particles exceeded 25 ⁇ m as pulverized.
- the initial discharge capacity exceeded the theoretical capacity of graphite (833 mAh / cm 3 )
- the initial efficiency was 65% and the discharge capacity at 100 cycles was 807 mAh / cm 3 , and the capacity retention rate was as low as 41%.
- the initial discharge capacity was less than 1200 mAh / cm 3 , the initial efficiency was 65%, the discharge capacity at 100 cycles was 558 mAh / cm 3 , and the capacity retention rate was 51%. Furthermore, the expansion rate was as high as 52%.
- test number 8I there was no unit stop time. Therefore, the half width was as narrow as 0.14 and the crystallite diameter was too large. Therefore, both the coin battery characteristics and the laminate cell battery characteristics had low initial discharge capacity, low initial efficiency, and low 100-cycle discharge capacity.
- test number 9B an alloy ribbon was produced by the conventional SC method.
- the alloy particles did not contain a specific alloy phase, and an ⁇ phase and an ⁇ ′ phase, which were equilibrium phases, were generated. Therefore, the average particle diameter of the post-MG alloy particles exceeded 25 ⁇ m.
- the initial discharge capacity exceeded the theoretical capacity of graphite (833 mAh / cm 3 ), but the initial efficiency was 62% and the discharge capacity at 100 cycles was 672 mAh / cm 3 , and the capacity retention rate was as low as 45%.
- the initial discharge capacity was less than 1200 mAh / cm 3 , the initial efficiency was 52%, the discharge capacity at 100 cycles was 271 mAh / cm 3 , and the capacity retention rate was as low as 43%. Furthermore, the expansion rate was as high as 41%.
- test numbers 24-31 the chemical composition was not appropriate. Therefore, the crystal structure of these alloy particles did not contain a specific alloy phase. Specifically, the test numbers 24 to 26, 30 and 31 mainly consisted of ⁇ ′, ⁇ , Sn phase and the like.
- the crystal structure of the alloy particles of test numbers 27 to 29 is presumed to be a solid solution of Cu or a Cu—Si based compound.
- the initial discharge capacity was low. Furthermore, the initial efficiency was less than 80% (excluding test numbers 27 to 29), the discharge capacity at 100 cycles was less than 833 mAh / cm 3 (excluding test number 26), and the capacity retention rate was low at less than 80% (test number). Excluding 26 coin batteries and laminate cell batteries with test numbers 27-29). Further, the expansion rate exceeded 25% (excluding test numbers 27 to 29).
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Abstract
Description
本実施形態の負極活物質材料は、特定の合金粒子(以下、特定合金粒子という)を含む。特定合金粒子の化学組成は、at%で、Sn:13.0~24.5%、及び、Si:3.0~15.0%を含有し、残部はCu及び不純物からなる。Snの好ましい含有量は、15.5~22.5%である。Siの好ましい含有量は、3.0~9.5%である。
負極活物質材料が含有する相(特定合金粒子が含有される場合も含む)の結晶構造は、X線回折装置を用いて得られたX線回折プロファイルに基づいて、リートベルト法により解析できる。具体的には、次の方法により、結晶構造を解析する。
上述の負極活物質材料ではさらに、MG後合金粒子のX線回折プロファイルにおいて、最強回折線の半値幅(以下、単に半値幅という)が、回折角2θで、0.15~2.5度である。最強回折線を有する回折線は、主にD03相又はδ相に由来する。半値幅が0.15度よりも小さければ、放電容量と初回効率が低下する。一方、半値幅が2.5度よりも大きければ、容量維持率が低下する。半値幅が0.15~2.5度であれば、放電容量と初回効率を高めつつ、容量維持率も高めることができる。
D:結晶子径(nm)
K:シェラー定数(無次元)
λ:X線の波長(nm)
B:材料由来の半値幅(radian)
B=Bobs-b
Bobs:実測された半値幅(radian)
b:X線回折装置に起因する機械的な半値幅(radian)
θ:θ-2θ法によるX線回折測定時の回折角(radian)
上記特定合金粒子が特定合金相を含有できれば、特定合金粒子の化学組成は、Cuの一部に代えて、Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Zn、Al、B及びCからなる群から選択される1種又は2種以上を含有してもよい。
合金粒子の粒子径は、電池の放電容量に影響を及ぼす。粒子径は小さければ小さい程よい。粒子径が小さければ、負極板に含まれる負極活物質材料の総面積を大きくすることができるからである。そのため、特定合金粒子の平均粒子径はメディアン径(D50)で25μm以下が好ましい。この場合、その粒子の反応面積が増大する。さらに、粒子内部までリチウムが吸蔵及び放出されやすい。そのため、十分な放電容量が得られやすい。一方、平均粒子径がメディアン径(D50)で0.1μm以上であれば、粒子の比表面積が十分に小さく、酸化しにくい。そのため、特に初回効率が高まる。したがって、特定合金粒子の好ましい平均粒子径はメディアン径(D50)で0.1~25μmである。
上述の負極活物質材料には、特定合金粒子以外のものを含有してもよい。たとえば、負極活物質材料は、特定合金粒子とともに、活物質としての黒鉛を含有してもよい。
上記特定合金粒子を含有する負極活物質材料、及び、その負極活物質材料を用いた負極及び電池の製造方法について説明する。負極活物質材料の製造方法は、溶湯を準備する工程(準備工程)と、溶湯を急冷して合金薄帯を製造する工程(合金薄帯製造工程)と、合金薄帯に対してMG処理を実施する工程(MG処理工程)とを備える。
準備工程では、上記化学組成を有する溶湯を製造する。溶湯は、アーク溶解、抵抗加熱溶解等の周知の溶解方法で原料を溶解して製造される。
続いて、図3に示す製造装置を用いて、合金薄帯を製造する。製造装置1は、冷却ロール2と、タンディッシュ4と、ブレード部材5とを備える。本実施形態の負極活物質材料の製造方法はたとえば、ブレード部材5を備えるストリップキャスティング(SC)法である。
冷却ロール2は、外周面を有し、回転しながら外周面上の溶湯3を冷却して凝固させる。冷却ロール2は円柱状の胴部と、図示しない軸部とを備える。胴部は上記外周面を有する。軸部は上記胴部の中心軸位置に配置され、図示しない駆動源に取り付けられている。冷却ロール2は、駆動源により冷却ロール2の中心軸9周りに回転する。
タンディッシュ4は、溶湯3を収納可能であり、冷却ロール2の外周面上に溶湯3を供給する。
ブレード部材5は、タンディッシュ4よりも冷却ロール2の回転方向下流に、冷却ロール2の外周面との間に隙間を設けて配置される。ブレード部材5はたとえば、冷却ロール2の軸方向と平行に配置される板状の部材である。
平均冷却速度=(溶湯温度-急冷終了時の合金薄帯の温度)/急冷時間
特定合金粒子は、製造装置1を用いて製造された特定の合金薄帯に対して、MG処理を実施することにより製造される。これにより、急冷凝固工程で製造された合金薄帯の結晶子をさらに小さくし、上述の半値幅に調整する。
ボール比とは、ボールの、原料となる合金薄帯に対する質量比であり、次の式で定義される。
ボール比=ボール質量/合金薄帯質量
MG処理時間が短ければ半値幅が小さくなり、結晶子径が大きくなる。一方、MG処理時間が長ければ半値幅が大きくなり、結晶子径が小さくなる。したがって、好ましいMG処理時間は1~48時間である。MG処理時間の好ましい下限は2時間であり、さらに好ましくは4時間である。MG処理時間の好ましい上限は36時間であり、さらに好ましくは24時間である。なお、MG処理時間に、後述の単位停止時間は含めない。
MG処理中の合金粒子の温度が高くなりすぎれば、結晶子が大きくなる。MG処理中の機器のチラー冷却水の好ましい温度は1~25℃である。
本実施形態による負極活物質材料を用いた負極はたとえば、次の周知の方法で製造できる。
本実施形態による非水電解質二次電池は、上述の負極と、正極と、セパレータと、電解液又は電解質とを備える。電池の形状は、円筒型、角形であってもよいし、コイン型、シート型等でもよい。本実施形態の電池は、ポリマー電池等の固体電解質を利用した電池でもよい。
粒子状の合金粒子の化学組成が、表3中の化学組成となるように、溶湯を製造した。たとえば、試験番号1の場合、粉末状の合金粒子の化学組成が、Cu-16.0at%Sn-9.0at%Siとなるように、つまり、16.0at%のSnと9.0at%のSiを含有し、残部がCu及び不純物からなるように、溶湯を製造した。溶湯は、表3中の「溶融原料」欄に示す金属(単位はg)を含有する原料を、高周波溶解して製造した。
試験番号23以外の、製造された合金薄帯に対して、ミキサーミルを用いた粉砕処理を実施した。具体的には、合金薄帯を、ヴァーダー・サイエンティフィック社製のミキサーミル(装置型番:MM400)を用いて粉砕処理した。粉砕容器には内容積が25cm3のステンレス製を用いた。粉砕容器と同じ材質で直径が15mmのボール2個と合金薄帯3gを投入し、振動数の設定値を25rpsとして、240秒間運転して、合金粒子を製造した。MG処理に必要な量を確保した。例えば、MG条件2では、ミキサーミル粉砕容器で14個分の処理材を必要とした。また、表4中の「粉砕まま合金粒子生成相」の同定には、この工程で得られた合金粒子(粉砕まま合金粒子)を使用した。表1及び表2の解析に用いた特定合金粉末もこの粉砕まま合金粒子であり、45μmの篩下に回収されたものをX線回折測定に使用した。
粉砕処理後、試験番号8E、9B及び23以外の試験番号の合金粒子に対してさらに、MG処理を実施した。具体的には、合金薄帯と、黒鉛粉末(平均粒子径がメディアン径D50で5μm)と、PVPとを以下の条件1~条件5に示す比率で混合した。混合物を、アルゴンガス雰囲気中で、高速遊星ミル(栗本鐵工所の商品名ハイジーBX)を用いて、表4に示す「MG条件」欄に記載の条件で、MG処理を実施した。「MG条件」欄が「-」の試験番号(8E、9B及び23)では、MG処理を実施しなかった。「-」以外の「MG条件」は次のとおりであった。
・回転数:200rpm(遠心加速度12Gに相当)
・ボール比:15(合金薄帯材料:ボール=40g:600g)
・黒鉛:6mass%
・PVP:4mass%
・MG処理時間:12時間
・MG処理3時間あたりの停止時間:30分
・回転数:200rpm(遠心加速度12Gに相当)
・ボール比:6(合金薄帯材料:ボール=100g:600g)
・黒鉛:6mass%
・PVP:1mass%
・MG処理時間:2時間
・MG処理3時間あたりの停止時間:0分
・回転数:200rpm(遠心加速度12Gに相当)
・ボール比:75(合金薄帯材料:ボール=8g:600g)
・黒鉛:6mass%
・PVP:7mass%
・MG処理時間:45時間
・MG処理3時間あたりの停止時間:30分
・回転数:200rpm(遠心加速度12Gに相当)
・ボール比:150(合金薄帯材料:ボール=4g:600g)
・黒鉛:6mass%
・PVP:4mass%
・MG処理時間:100時間
・MG処理3時間あたりの停止時間:30分
・回転数:150rpm(遠心加速度7Gに相当)
・ボール比:4(合金薄帯材料:ボール=150g:600g)
・黒鉛:6mass%
・PVP:なし
・MG処理時間:12時間
・MG処理3時間あたりの停止時間:0分
製造された合金粒子に対して、結晶構造の特定、半値幅の測定、結晶子径の測定、及び、平均粒子径の測定を実施した。
粉砕まま合金粒子に対してX線回折測定を実施して、X線回折プロファイルの実測データを得た。具体的には、リガク製SmartLab(ロータターゲット最大出力9KW;45kV-200mA)を用いて、負極活物質材料の粉末のX線回折プロファイルを取得した。得られたX線回折プロファイル(実測データ)に基づいて、リートベルト法により、合金粒子の結晶構造を解析した。X線回折装置及び測定条件は次のとおりであった。結晶構造解析の結果、明らかとなった構成相を表4の「粉砕まま合金粒子生成相」の欄に示した。
・装置:株式会社リガク製SmartLab
・X線管球:Cu-Kα線
・X線出力:45kV,200mA
・入射側モノクロメータ:ヨハンソン素子(Cu-Kα2線及びCu-Kβ線をカット)
・光学系:集中法
・入射平行スリット:5.0degree
・入射スリット:1/2degree
・長手制限スリット:10.0mm
・受光スリット1:8.0mm
・受光スリット2:13.0mm
・受光平行スリット:5.0degree
・ゴニオメータ:SmartLabゴニオメータ
・X線源-ミラー間距離:90.0mm
・X線源-選択スリット間距離:114.0mm
・X線源-試料間距離:300.0mm
・試料-受光スリット1間距離:187.0mm
・試料-受光スリット2間距離:300.0mm
・受光スリット1-受光スリット2間距離:113.0mm
・試料-検出器間距離:331.0mm
・検出器:D/Tex Ultra
・測定範囲:10-120degree
・データ採取角度間隔:0.02degree
・スキャン方法:連続
・スキャン速度:2.0degree/min
半値幅及び結晶子径は次のとおり測定した。一例として、試験番号4を用いて測定方法を説明するが、他の試験番号についても同様である。
MG処理をせずに粉砕処理のみで製造された合金粒子(試験番号8E、9B及び23)の粉末粒度分布を、ヴァーダー・サイエンティフィック社製の商品名:カムサイザーXを用いて、気流式の高速動画解析法により測定した。測定結果に基づいて、平均粒子径(メディアン径D50)を求めた。求めた結果を表4に示す。
各試験番号において、上記合金粒子を負極活物質材料とし、負極活物質材料を含有する負極合剤スラリを製造した。具体的には、粉末状の合金粒子と、導電助剤としてのアセチレンブラック(AB)と、バインダとしてのスチレンブタジエンゴム(SBR)(2倍希釈液)と、増粘剤としてのカルボキシメチルセルロース(CMC)とを、質量比75:15:10:5(配合量は1g:0.2g:0.134g:0.067g)で混合した混合物を製造した。そして、混練機を用いて、スラリ濃度が27.2%となるように混合物に蒸留水を加えて、負極合剤スラリを製造した。スチレンブタジエンゴムは水で2倍に希釈されたものを使用しているため、秤量上、0.134gのスチレンブタジエンゴムが配合された。
製造された負極と、電解液としてEC-DMC-EMC-VC-FECと、セパレータとしてポリオレフィン製セパレータ(φ17mm)と、正極材として板状の金属Li(φ19×1mmt)とを準備した。準備された負極材、電解液、セパレータ、正極材を用いて、2016型のコイン電池を製造した。コイン電池の組み立てをアルゴン雰囲気中のグローブボックス内で行った。
各試験番号の電池の放電容量及びサイクル特性を、次の方法で評価した。
各試験番号において、ラミネートセル用負極を作製した。ラミネートセル用負極には、表2に記載した各試験番号の合金粒子と、黒鉛粉末粒子とを含有する負極活物質材料を用いた。ここで用いた合金粒子は、試験番号8E、9B及び23では、粉砕まま合金粒子、それ以外の試験番号では、MG後合金粒子であった。
ラミネートセルの正極には、活物質としてコバルト酸リチウムを用いた。この活物質材料と、導電助剤としてのアセチレンブラック(AB)と、バインダとしてのポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVdF)とを、質量比80:10:10(配合量は0.8g:0.1g:0.1g)で混合した。そして、混練機を用いて、N-メチル-2-ピロリドン(NMP)を用いてスラリ濃度を調整して正極合剤スラリを製造した。製造された正極合剤スラリを、アプリケータ(150μm)を用いてアルミ箔上に塗布した。スラリが塗布されたアルミ箔を、100℃で20分間乾燥させた。乾燥後のアルミ箔は、表面に正極活物質材料からなる塗膜を有した。塗膜を有するアルミ箔から2.3cm×2.3mmの正極板を切り出した。切り出し後のアルミ箔を、プレス圧500kgf/cm2で押圧して、正極材を製造した。
この負極板と正極板を用いて、ラミネートセル電池を製造した。負極板と、電解液としてEC-DMC-EMC-VC-FECと、セパレータとしてポリオレフィン製セパレータと、リチウム酸コバルトをアルミ集電箔に塗付した正極板と、アルミラミネートシートと、電極として正極にアルミ製タブと、負極にニッケル製タブとを、準備した。準備された負極板、電解液、セパレータ、正極板、アルミラミネートシート、アルミ製タブ、ニッケル製タブを用いて、ラミネートセル電池を製造した。電解液を注入するまでの構成は大気中で行い、電解液を注入して密封する最終の組み立てをアルゴン雰囲気中のグローブボックス内で行った。
光電式透過型リニアエンコーダーを搭載したリニアゲージにより、ラミネートセルの繰り返し充放電における厚みの変化挙動を0.1μmの精度で測定した。ラミネートセルは、テフロン(「テフロン」は登録商標である)製の板で挟み込み、その両側からステンレス製の補強板でボルト締めをした状態に固定した。
膨張率(%)=測定された平均値ΔT/膜厚T0×100
表3~表5を参照して、試験番号1~7、8A、8F、8G、9A、10~22のMG後合金粒子の化学組成は適切であり、特定合金相を含んだ。さらに、特定合金相に起因した最強回折線の半値幅が0.15~2.5の範囲内であった。また、合金粒子の平均粒子径は0.1~25μmであった。その結果、コイン電池特性での放電容量は、初回及び100サイクル後のいずれもおいても、黒鉛の理論容量(833mAh/cm3)よりも高かった。さらに、初回効率はいずれも80%以上であった。さらに、容量維持率はいずれも80%以上であった。さらに、ラミネートセル電池においても、初回及び100サイクル時放電容量は1200mAh/cm3以上であり、初回効率は80%以上、容量維持率は84%以上であった。さらに、膨張率はいずれも25%以下であった。なお、上記いずれの試験番号においても、充電前の電池中、及び20サイクル放電後の電池中の負極活物質材料のX線回折プロファイルでの上記半値幅は、MG後合金粒子のそれと実質同じであった。一方、20サイクル充電後の電池中の負極活物質材料のX線回折プロファイルでの上記半値幅は、MG後合金粒子のそれよりも大きかった。
Claims (7)
- at%で、
Sn:13.0~24.5%、及び、
Si:3.0~15.0%を含有し、残部はCu及び不純物からなる化学組成を有する合金粒子を含み、
前記合金粒子は、X線回折プロファイルにおいて、最大の回折積分強度を有する回折線である最強回折線のピークが回折角2θの42.0~44.0度の範囲に現れる相を含有し、
前記合金粒子の前記最強回折線の半値幅が、0.15~2.5度である、負極活物質材料。 - 請求項1に記載の負極活物質材料であって、
前記化学組成のSn及びSiの含有量が、
Sn:15.5~22.5%、及び、
Si:3.0~9.5%
である、負極活物質材料。 - 請求項1又は請求項2に記載の負極活物質材料であって、
前記化学組成はさらに、Cuの一部に代えて、
Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Zn、Al、B及びCからなる群から選択される1種又は2種以上を含有する、負極活物質材料。 - 請求項3に記載の負極活物質材料であって、
前記化学組成は、
Ti:2.0%以下、
V:2.0%以下、
Cr:2.0%以下、
Mn:2.0%以下、
Fe:2.0%以下、
Co:2.0%以下、
Ni:3.0%以下、
Zn:3.0%以下、
Al:3.0%以下、
B:2.0%以下、及び、
C:2.0%以下からなる群から選択される1種又は2種以上を含有する、負極活物質材料。 - 請求項1~請求項4のいずれか1項に記載の負極活物質材料であって、
前記合金粒子の平均粒子径は、メディアン径で、0.1~25μmである、負極活物質材料。 - 請求項1~請求項5のいずれか1項に記載の負極活物質材料を含有する負極。
- 請求項6に記載の負極を備える電池。
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JP2021150111A (ja) * | 2020-03-18 | 2021-09-27 | 日本製鉄株式会社 | 非水電解質二次電池用の電極活物質層、非水電解質二次電池用の電極、及び、非水電解質二次電池 |
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