WO2017099181A1 - 炭素シート、ガス拡散電極基材、および燃料電池 - Google Patents
炭素シート、ガス拡散電極基材、および燃料電池 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2017099181A1 WO2017099181A1 PCT/JP2016/086580 JP2016086580W WO2017099181A1 WO 2017099181 A1 WO2017099181 A1 WO 2017099181A1 JP 2016086580 W JP2016086580 W JP 2016086580W WO 2017099181 A1 WO2017099181 A1 WO 2017099181A1
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- carbon sheet
- gas diffusion
- diffusion electrode
- electrode substrate
- carbon
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/88—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/8803—Supports for the deposition of the catalytic active composition
- H01M4/8807—Gas diffusion layers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/8605—Porous electrodes
- H01M4/861—Porous electrodes with a gradient in the porosity
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/8647—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells consisting of more than one material, e.g. consisting of composites
- H01M4/8657—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells consisting of more than one material, e.g. consisting of composites layered
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/88—Processes of manufacture
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/96—Carbon-based electrodes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/02—Details
- H01M8/0202—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors
- H01M8/023—Porous and characterised by the material
- H01M8/0234—Carbonaceous material
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/02—Details
- H01M8/0202—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors
- H01M8/023—Porous and characterised by the material
- H01M8/0241—Composites
- H01M8/0245—Composites in the form of layered or coated products
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M2008/1095—Fuel cells with polymeric electrolytes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/1004—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes characterised by membrane-electrode assemblies [MEA]
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a carbon sheet suitably used for a fuel cell, particularly a polymer electrolyte fuel cell, a gas diffusion electrode substrate including a microporous layer, and a fuel cell including the gas diffusion electrode substrate.
- a polymer electrolyte fuel cell that supplies a fuel gas containing hydrogen to the anode and an oxidizing gas containing oxygen to the cathode to obtain an electromotive force by an electrochemical reaction occurring at both electrodes is generally a separator, gas diffusion
- the electrode base material, the catalyst layer, the electrolyte membrane, the catalyst layer, the gas diffusion electrode base material, and the separator are laminated in order.
- the above gas diffusion electrode base material has high gas diffusibility for diffusing the gas supplied from the separator to the catalyst layer, and high drainage for discharging water generated by the electrochemical reaction to the separator. , And high conductivity is necessary to extract the generated current. Therefore, a gas diffusion electrode base material in which a microporous layer is formed on the surface of a carbon sheet made of carbon fiber or the like as a base material is widely used.
- the microporous layer is rubbed and scratched during handling, and there is also a problem that the microporous layer is peeled off when power generation is repeated and durability is lowered.
- the gas diffusion electrode base material is required to have high gas diffusibility, drainage of generated water, mechanical strength, and resistance to rubbing.
- Patent Document 1 it has been proposed to facilitate the mass transfer in the thickness direction of the carbon sheet by mechanically providing a through hole of 100 to 400 ⁇ m in the carbon sheet.
- Patent Document 2 a gas diffusion electrode substrate using a carbon sheet having a thickness of 20 to 400 ⁇ m has been proposed.
- the carbon sheet manufacturing method preferably has a low unwinding tension when continuously heating and pressing the precursor of the carbon sheet (Patent Document 3).
- Patent Document 4 a gas diffusion electrode base material for fuel cells in which a microporous layer is formed on the inside and one side of a carbon sheet has been proposed.
- a diffusion electrode has been proposed in which a microporous layer is formed on the entire surface or a part of a carbon sheet by pouring a microporous layer paint into a carbon sheet and performing heat treatment (Patent Document 5).
- Patent Document 1 in order to mechanically form the through hole, there remains a problem that stress is concentrated around the through hole with respect to the tensile stress and is easily broken.
- Patent Document 2 describes that a thin carbon sheet is desirable for suppressing reduction in power generation characteristics.
- the invention describes that it is preferable to reduce the unwinding tension, but the quantitative range is not clear.
- the thickness of the large hole portion is large, and the generated water is aggregated as large droplets in the large hole portion, so that there is a problem that the power generation performance is deteriorated.
- the carbon sheet is thick and the gas diffusibility is insufficient for power generation in a high current density region, and the quantitative range of the thickness of the large pores is clear. It is not.
- an object of the present invention is to provide a gas diffusion electrode substrate that is excellent in suppressing power generation performance degradation at a high current density, which has been difficult in the past, and that can suppress breakage during transportation and destruction of the structure, in view of the background of the above-described conventional technology. It is providing the carbon sheet used suitably for a material.
- Still another object of the present invention is to provide a gas diffusion electrode base material using the carbon sheet as a base material, and a fuel cell including the gas diffusion electrode base material.
- the object of the present invention is excellent in suppressing power generation performance degradation at a high current density, which has been difficult in the prior art, and is capable of suppressing breakage during transportation and destruction of the structure. It is in providing the gas diffusion electrode base material which has the tolerance with respect to.
- Still another object of the present invention is to provide a gas diffusion electrode base material using the carbon sheet as a base material, and a fuel cell including the gas diffusion electrode base material. It is providing the fuel cell containing the said gas diffusion electrode base material.
- a first embodiment of the present invention for solving the above-described problems is as follows. That is, A porous carbon sheet containing at least carbon fibers, A carbon sheet having a thickness of 30 to 95 ⁇ m, a gas permeation resistance of 0.5 to 8.8 Pa, and a tensile strength of 5 to 50 N / cm.
- the second embodiment of the present invention is as follows. That is, A gas diffusion electrode substrate having a microporous layer containing at least a conductive filler on at least one surface of a porous carbon sheet containing at least carbon fiber, A gas diffusion electrode substrate, wherein when the gas diffusion electrode substrate is divided into small holes and large holes in the thickness direction, the thickness of the large holes is 3 to 60 ⁇ m.
- the first embodiment of the present invention it is excellent in suppressing power generation performance degradation at a high current density, which has been difficult in the past, and is suitable for a gas diffusion electrode base material capable of suppressing breakage during transportation and destruction of structure.
- a carbon sheet used for the above can be obtained.
- the second embodiment of the present invention it is excellent in suppressing power generation performance degradation at a high current density, which has been difficult in the prior art, and can suppress breakage and structural breakage during transportation, and is resistant to rubbing. Can be obtained.
- the first embodiment of the present invention is a porous carbon sheet containing at least carbon fibers, having a thickness of 30 to 95 ⁇ m, a gas permeation resistance of 0.5 to 8.8 Pa, and a tensile strength of 5 Carbon sheet that is ⁇ 50 N / cm.
- the second embodiment of the present invention is a gas diffusion electrode substrate having a microporous layer containing at least a conductive filler on at least one surface of a porous carbon sheet containing at least carbon fiber, A gas diffusion electrode substrate, wherein the thickness of the large hole portion is 3 to 60 ⁇ m when the gas diffusion electrode substrate is divided into small holes and large holes in the thickness direction.
- the carbon sheet used for the gas diffusion electrode substrate of the present invention is a porous sheet containing at least carbon fibers, and can be water-repellent processed as necessary.
- the carbon sheet may contain a binder.
- the binder represents a component other than carbon fibers in the carbon sheet. Therefore, the binder includes a carbide of a resin composition that is a material that serves to bond carbon fibers together. Further, when a water repellent material is used for the carbon sheet of the present invention, the water repellent material is included in the binder.
- the gas diffusion electrode substrate Since it is important that the gas diffusion electrode substrate has high conductivity and is porous, as a carbon sheet used for the gas diffusion electrode substrate of the present invention, that is, as a porous carbon sheet containing at least carbon fibers
- a carbon sheet used for the gas diffusion electrode substrate of the present invention that is, as a porous carbon sheet containing at least carbon fibers
- the carbon sheet is made of carbon fiber as a carbon sheet because it has excellent properties to absorb tensile strength and dimensional change in the thickness direction of the electrolyte membrane, that is, “spring property”. It is a preferred embodiment to use carbon paper formed by binding with (material).
- the carbon sheet used for the gas diffusion electrode substrate of the present invention is preferably manufactured continuously by roll-to-roll because the manufacturing cost is low.
- the carbon sheet of the present invention preferably has a thickness of 30 to 95 ⁇ m, a gas permeation resistance of 0.5 to 8.8 Pa, and a tensile strength of 5 to 50 N / cm.
- the gas permeation resistance of the carbon sheet used for the gas diffusion electrode substrate of the present invention is 8.8 Pa or less, the gas diffusibility is good and the power generation characteristics in the high current density region are excellent. More preferably, it is 8.0 Pa or less, More preferably, it is 7.0 Pa or less. On the other hand, when the gas permeation resistance of the carbon sheet is 0.5 Pa or more, a carbon sheet balanced with mechanical strength can be obtained.
- the tensile strength which is the maximum stress point in the fracture characteristics (stress-displacement curve) of the carbon sheet used for the gas diffusion electrode substrate of the present invention
- the tensile strength is preferably 10 N / cm or more, more preferably 15 N / cm or more.
- the tensile strength of the carbon sheet is 50 N / cm or less, a carbon sheet balanced with gas permeation resistance can be obtained, and if it is 30 N / cm or less, both excellent gas permeation resistance can be achieved. It becomes easy.
- the carbon sheet used for the gas diffusion electrode substrate of the present invention has a displacement (maximum stress) of the original carbon sheet (60.0 mm) in terms of the fracture characteristics (stress-displacement curve) when the carbon sheet is pulled.
- the elongation value obtained by dividing 100 by 100 is defined as the elongation (%) up to the maximum tensile strength, it is preferably 10% or less.
- the elongation to the maximum tensile strength is 10% or less, it is possible to suppress the carbon sheet from being stretched during conveyance and the porous structure from being deformed.
- it is if it is 3% or less, it is possible to satisfactorily suppress the occurrence of vertical wrinkles that occur when tension is applied.
- there is no particular lower limit to the elongation to the maximum tensile strength but if it is 0.05% or more, the transportability is good.
- the carbon sheet used for the gas diffusion electrode substrate of the present invention has a total area of 7 to 40% when the area of the carbon sheet is 100% with respect to the through holes of the carbon sheet measured by the method described later. It is preferable that When the generated water is discharged, drainage is performed quickly if it has a hole penetrating the carbon sheet. When the total area of the through-holes is 7% or more, the flooding resistance is good, and when it is 14% or more, it becomes particularly remarkable. Further, when it is 40% or less, the balance with mechanical properties is excellent.
- the through hole may be formed by appropriately selecting a material constituting the carbon sheet, a method of mechanically forming a hole in the carbon sheet, or the like, but the material constituting the carbon sheet is appropriately selected.
- This method is preferable because of its excellent mechanical properties. That is, in the pore size distribution of the carbon sheet, it is preferable that the specific pore size does not exist independently but has a continuous distribution.
- flooding resistance means that the gas diffusion electrode base material is blocked by liquid water generated in large quantities by power generation, resulting in insufficient fuel gas supply, resulting in a decrease in power generation performance. It means to suppress the phenomenon.
- the carbon sheet used for the gas diffusion electrode substrate of the present invention with respect to the through hole of the carbon sheet to be measured by a method described later, it is preferable to have a through-hole having a pore size of at least 25 [mu] m 5 pieces / mm 2 or more.
- the number of through-holes having a hole diameter of 25 ⁇ m or more is 5 / mm 2 or more, the flooding resistance is good, and when the number is 15 / mm 2 or more, it is particularly remarkable. Therefore, the through-hole having a hole diameter of 25 ⁇ m or more is 15 It is more preferable that the number per piece / mm 2 or more.
- there is no particular upper limit to the number of through holes having a hole diameter of 25 ⁇ m or more but if it is 500 holes / mm 2 or less, the balance with mechanical properties is excellent.
- the carbon sheet used for the gas diffusion electrode substrate of the present invention preferably has a thickness of 30 ⁇ m or more and 95 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 40 to 85 ⁇ m.
- the thickness of the carbon sheet is as thin as 95 ⁇ m or less, the gas diffusibility is increased and the generated water is easily discharged. Furthermore, it is preferable because the size of the fuel cell as a whole is reduced.
- the thickness of the carbon sheet is preferably 30 ⁇ m or more. This is because when the thickness is 30 ⁇ m or more, the number of carbon fibers per thickness is sufficient and the carbon sheet can be conveyed as a wound body.
- the carbon sheet having a thickness of 30 ⁇ m or more and 95 ⁇ m or less is obtained after the heating and pressurization of the pre-impregnated body, and the basis weight of the carbon fiber, the amount of the resin component attached to the carbon fiber, as described in the carbon sheet manufacturing method described later. It can be obtained by adjusting the thickness and heating and pressing method.
- the density of the carbon sheet used for the gas diffusion electrode substrate is preferably 0.20 to 0.40 g / cm 3 , more preferably 0.22 to 0.35 g / cm 3 .
- the density is 0.20 g / cm 3 or more, the mechanical properties of the carbon sheet are improved, and the electrolyte membrane and the catalyst layer can be sufficiently supported. In addition, the conductivity is high and the power generation performance is improved.
- the density is 0.40 g / cm 3 or less, drainage performance is improved and flooding can be suppressed.
- the carbon sheet having a density of 0.20 to 0.40 g / cm 3 has a carbon fiber basis weight, an amount of resin component attached to the carbon fiber, and a thickness of the carbon sheet, as will be described later in the carbon sheet manufacturing method. Can be obtained by adjusting.
- the density of the carbon sheet is obtained by dividing the basis weight (mass per unit area) of the carbon sheet weighed using an electronic balance by the thickness of the carbon sheet when pressed with a surface pressure of 0.15 MPa. Can do.
- the binder is a material that serves to bind carbon fibers together, and a resin composition or a carbide thereof is used.
- the carbon sheet used for the gas diffusion electrode substrate of the present invention can be suitably used as a gas diffusion electrode substrate having a microporous layer containing at least a conductive filler on at least one surface thereof.
- the carbon fiber examples include polyacrylonitrile (PAN) -based, pitch-based and rayon-based carbon fibers.
- PAN polyacrylonitrile
- PAN-based carbon fibers and pitch-based carbon fibers are preferably used in the present invention because of excellent mechanical strength.
- the carbon sheet used in the gas diffusion electrode substrate of the present invention and the carbon fiber in the porous body such as a papermaking body used for obtaining the same preferably have an average diameter of single fibers in the range of 3 to 20 ⁇ m. Preferably, it is in the range of 5 to 10 ⁇ m.
- the average diameter of the single fibers is 3 ⁇ m or more, the diameter of the pores is increased, drainage is improved, and flooding can be suppressed.
- the average diameter of the single fibers is 20 ⁇ m or less because it becomes easy to adjust the thickness range of the preferable carbon sheet described later.
- the carbon fibers used in the present invention preferably have an average single fiber length in the range of 3 to 20 mm, more preferably in the range of 5 to 15 mm.
- the carbon sheet has excellent mechanical strength, electrical conductivity, and thermal conductivity.
- the average length of the single fiber is 20 mm or less, the carbon fiber is excellent in dispersibility during papermaking and a homogeneous carbon sheet can be obtained.
- the resulting carbon sheet has a pore diameter of 25 ⁇ m or more Since it becomes easy to form a through-hole, it is preferable.
- the porous body containing the carbon fiber of the present invention may contain pulp, synthetic fiber, and the like, and when natural pulp such as wood pulp, bagasse pulp, and straw pulp is included, the formation of through holes is hindered. Good tensile properties.
- the average diameter and average length of single fibers in the carbon fiber are usually measured by directly observing the carbon fiber as a raw material, but can also be measured by observing the carbon sheet.
- a carbon fiber papermaking body formed by papermaking which is one form of a porous body used to obtain a carbon sheet, is a two-dimensional carbon fiber for the purpose of maintaining in-plane conductivity and thermal conductivity isotropic. It is preferable that it is in the form of a sheet that is randomly dispersed in a plane.
- the carbon fiber papermaking for obtaining the carbon fiber papermaking body can be performed only once or can be performed by laminating a plurality of times.
- a porous body containing carbon fibers such as a carbon fiber papermaking body is impregnated with a resin composition serving as a binder.
- a method for impregnating a porous body containing carbon fibers with a resin composition serving as a binder a method of immersing the porous body in a solution containing the resin composition, a solution containing the resin composition being a porous body
- stacking a porous body on the film which consists of a resin composition, and bonding together are used.
- productivity is excellent, the method of immersing a porous body in the solution containing a resin composition is used especially preferable.
- what impregnated the resin composition used as a binder to the porous body containing carbon fiber is described as a "pre-impregnation body.”
- the resin composition comprises a resin component, but an additive may be added as necessary.
- the resin composition used when producing the pre-impregnated body is preferably a resin composition that is carbonized during firing to become a conductive carbide binder, and if necessary, additives such as carbon powder and surfactants Is included.
- thermosetting resins such as phenol resin, epoxy resin, melamine resin, and furan resin.
- a phenol resin is preferably used because of high carbonization yield.
- carbon powder can be used for the purpose of improving the mechanical properties, conductivity and thermal conductivity of the carbon sheet.
- carbon black such as furnace black, acetylene black, lamp black and thermal black
- graphite such as flake graphite, phosphorus graphite, earth graphite, artificial graphite, expanded graphite, graphite such as flake graphite, carbon Nanotubes, linear carbon, milled fibers of carbon fibers, and the like can be used.
- the resin composition used for producing the pre-impregnated body the resin composition obtained by the above-mentioned constitution can be used as it is, and if necessary, impregnation into a porous body such as a carbon fiber papermaking body.
- a porous body such as a carbon fiber papermaking body.
- those containing various solvents can also be used.
- methanol, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, or the like can be used as the solvent.
- the resin composition When impregnated, the resin composition is preferably impregnated so that the resin component is 30 to 400 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the carbon fibers in the pre-impregnated body, and 50 to 300 parts by mass is obtained. It is more preferable to impregnate.
- the resin composition When the resin composition is 30 parts by mass or more with respect to 100 parts by mass of the carbon fibers in the pre-impregnated body, the carbon sheet has excellent mechanical properties, electrical conductivity, and thermal conductivity.
- the resin composition when the resin composition is 400 parts by mass or less with respect to 100 parts by mass of the carbon fibers in the pre-impregnated body, the gas diffusibility in the thickness direction of the carbon sheet is excellent, and when the resin composition is 200 parts by mass or less. This is more preferable because the area of the through hole of the sheet increases.
- ⁇ Bonding and heating and pressurization> In the present invention, after forming a pre-impregnated body impregnated with a resin composition in a porous body such as a carbon fiber paper body, prior to carbonization, the pre-impregnated body is bonded or heat-treated on the pre-impregnated body. Can do.
- the porous body not containing the resin composition may be subjected to a heating and pressurizing treatment.
- a plurality of pre-impregnated bodies can be bonded together for the purpose of setting the carbon sheet to a predetermined thickness.
- a plurality of pre-impregnated bodies having the same properties can be bonded together, or a plurality of pre-impregnated bodies having different properties can be bonded together.
- a plurality of carbon fibers having different average diameters and average lengths, a weight of porous carbon fibers such as a carbon fiber papermaking body used for obtaining a pre-impregnated body, and an impregnation amount of a resin component are different.
- the pre-impregnated body can also be bonded.
- a porous body such as a carbon fiber papermaking body is used without being bonded, and this is heated and pressurized. It is desirable to perform.
- the resin composition in the pre-impregnated body is thickened and partially crosslinked, and the carbon sheet can be adjusted to the desired thickness and density.
- additional heat treatment may be added with hot air or the like for the purpose of increasing the viscosity and crosslinking of the resin composition in the pre-impregnated body.
- a method of heating and pressing a method of pressing with a heated hot plate, roll or belt can be used.
- the pre-impregnated body can be continuously heated and pressurized by unwinding before and after the heating and pressing apparatus and providing a winding apparatus.
- the unwinding tension is 0.05 N / cm or less.
- the unwinding tension is a combination of the external tension and the tension generated by the weight of the pre-impregnated body.
- the carbon fiber when an external tension is applied to the pre-impregnated body of the carbon sheet of the present invention and heated and pressurized, the carbon fiber may be pulled out and breakage may occur when the resin composition that adheres the carbon fiber melts.
- the belt when a double belt press is used, the belt is hardly tensioned and the pre-impregnated body in the belt is not broken, but the belt just before being pressed by the belt when external tension is applied The pre-impregnated body breaks at the part that is preheated from.
- breakage occurs not only in the portion that receives preheating from the hot plate immediately before being pressed, but also in the hot plate.
- the pre-impregnated body can be continuously heated and pressurized without breaking. Therefore, it is more preferable.
- the tension by the weight of the pre-impregnated body to be more preferably 0.02 N / cm or less, the pre-impregnated body in which the carbon fiber is more likely to be pulled out can be continuously heated and pressed without breaking.
- the method of setting the external tension of the pre-impregnated body to zero is not particularly limited, but is a method of unwinding until the pre-impregnated body becomes a certain amount of slack while detecting the pre-containing body using a laser sensor on the inlet side of the heating and pressurizing apparatus, intermittently When heating and pressurizing with hot plates parallel to each other while being transported, a take-up device for intermittent transport is installed before and after the hot plate, and the pre-impregnated body is simultaneously niped and taken off in conjunction with the breakage.
- the method of making the external tension applied to the location where the occurrence occurs substantially zero in the double belt press or roll press, by installing a cooling double press or roll press that is linked with it immediately before the press device for heating and pressurizing and heating and pressurizing,
- rupture produces substantially zero is mentioned.
- the method of heating and pressurizing the pre-impregnated body of the carbon sheet of the present invention can obtain a carbon sheet having excellent smoothness by using a method of heating and pressing with a hot plate parallel to each other while intermittently conveying. preferable.
- a production method having a step of heating and pressurizing a long pre-impregnated body (hereinafter referred to as a heating and pressing step) is preferable.
- the unwinding tension is preferably set to 0.05 N / cm or less.
- the heating and pressurizing step it is preferable to heat and press the pre-impregnated body with hot plates parallel to each other while intermittently transporting the pre-impregnated body.
- the long means 10 m or more.
- a porous body such as a carbon fiber papermaking body is impregnated with a resin composition to obtain a pre-impregnated body, and then fired in an inert atmosphere in order to carbonize the resin composition.
- a batch type heating furnace can be used, or a continuous type heating furnace can be used.
- the maximum temperature for firing is preferably in the range of 1300 to 3000 ° C.
- the maximum temperature is 1300 ° C. or higher, the carbonization of the resin component in the pre-impregnated body proceeds, and the carbon sheet has excellent conductivity and thermal conductivity.
- the maximum temperature is 3000 ° C. or lower, the operating cost of the heating furnace is lowered.
- carbon fiber fired body what is carbonized after impregnating a resin composition into a porous body such as a carbon fiber papermaking body
- the carbon sheet means a carbon fiber fired body, and both the carbon fiber fired body before the water repellent process and the carbon fiber fired body after the water repellent process correspond to the carbon sheet.
- Water repellent finish In the present invention, it is preferable to subject the carbon fiber fired body to water repellent treatment for the purpose of improving drainage.
- the water repellent finish can be performed by applying a water repellent material to the carbon fiber fired body and heat-treating it. In addition, it can be set as the carbon sheet containing a water-repellent material as a binder by performing water-repellent processing.
- the water repellent material it is preferable to use a fluorine-based polymer because of its excellent corrosion resistance.
- fluorine-based polymer examples include polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer (FEP), and tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether copolymer (PFA).
- the application amount of the water repellent material during the water repellent processing is preferably 1 to 50 parts by mass, more preferably 2 to 40 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the carbon fiber fired body.
- the amount of the water repellent material applied is 1 part by mass or more with respect to 100 parts by mass of the carbon fiber fired body, the carbon sheet is excellent in drainage.
- the coating amount of the water repellent material is 50 parts by mass or less with respect to 100 parts by mass of the carbon fiber fired body, the carbon sheet has excellent conductivity.
- the gas diffusion electrode base material of the present invention has a microporous layer containing at least a conductive filler, which will be described later, on at least one surface of a carbon sheet, and the gas diffusion electrode base material has small holes and large pores in the thickness direction. When divided into holes, the thickness of the large holes is preferably adjusted to 3 to 60 ⁇ m.
- the small hole portion is a region composed of a microporous layer and a microporous layer containing a carbon sheet.
- the large pore portion is a region made of a carbon sheet and does not include a microporous layer. This is a layer in which the microporous layer has a large number of pores having a small pore size, the carbon sheet has a large number of pores having a large pore size, and the microporous layer containing the carbon sheet has a large pore size in the carbon sheet. This is because the pores are disappeared by the microporous layer, and thus the portion has a large number of pores having a small pore diameter.
- the material constituting the microporous layer may be in an attached state that is determined to be a large hole by measuring the thickness of the small hole and the large hole described later. For example, since a hole having a large hole diameter in the carbon sheet is not lost by the microporous layer and has a substantially large hole diameter, it can be regarded as a large hole portion.
- the thickness of the large pores is preferably 3 to 60 ⁇ m, more preferably 15 to 40 ⁇ m.
- the water vapor of the generated water diffused from the catalyst layer to the gas diffusion electrode substrate during power generation generally grows into droplets at the large pores, thereby inhibiting gas diffusibility.
- the thickness of the large hole portion is 60 ⁇ m or less, the droplet size of the generated water formed in the large hole portion becomes small, and a decrease in power generation performance can be suppressed, and when the thickness is 40 ⁇ m or less, the effect becomes remarkable.
- the thickness of the large pore portion is 3 ⁇ m or more, even if a transport roll or the like comes into contact with the surface opposite to the surface on which the microporous layer is provided, the microporous layer can be transported without being damaged, and the thickness is 15 ⁇ m or more. If the carrier roll contacts the surface opposite to the surface on which the microporous layer is provided in a state where the gas diffusion electrode substrate is pressurized and compressed, the microporous layer is transported without contacting the carrier roll. be able to.
- the thickness ratio between the small hole portion and the large hole portion is preferably 1: 0.1 to 1: 1.5, more preferably 1: 0.1 to 1. : 1.0.
- the microporous layer can be transported without contacting the transport roll even when the gas diffusion electrode substrate is pressurized and compressed. it can.
- the ratio of the thickness of the small hole portion to the large hole portion is 1: 1.5 or less, the generated water droplets in the carbon sheet portion are not largely agglomerated and are discharged to the separator, thereby suppressing a decrease in power generation performance. If the ratio is 1: 1.0 or less, the effect becomes remarkable.
- the thickness of the gas electrode substrate of the present invention is preferably 33 to 145 ⁇ m, more preferably 45 to 120 ⁇ m.
- the thickness is 33 ⁇ m or more, handling as a gas diffusion electrode substrate becomes easy, and when it is 45 ⁇ m or more, the spring property that cushions the swelling and shrinkage of the electrolyte membrane during power generation is improved.
- the thickness of the gas diffusion electrode substrate is 145 ⁇ m or less, the gas diffusibility in the thickness direction is good and power generation performance is improved, and if it is 120 ⁇ m or less, the generated water that generates a large amount of high current density region is drained well. Power generation performance can be maintained.
- microporous layer that is one of the components of the gas diffusion electrode substrate of the present invention will be described.
- the basis weight of the microporous layer is not particularly limited, but is preferably in the range of 10 to 50 g / m 2 , more preferably 30 g / m 2 or less, and further preferably 25 g / m 2 or less. Further, the basis weight is more preferably 14 g / m 2 or more, and further preferably 16 g / m 2 or more.
- the basis weight of the microporous layer is 10 g / m 2 or more, one surface of the carbon sheet can be covered with the microporous layer, the back diffusion of generated water is further promoted, and the dry-up can be further suppressed. . Further, when the basis weight of the microporous layer is 50 g / m 2 or less, the drainage property is further improved, and flooding can be further suppressed. Dry-up refers to a phenomenon in which, when operated at a relatively high temperature, the electrolyte membrane dries due to water vapor diffusion and proton conductivity decreases.
- the thickness of the region where the carbon sheet is not included in the small hole portion is 10 to 40 ⁇ m. If the thickness of the region in which the carbon sheet is not included in the small hole portion is 10 ⁇ m or more, it is possible to suppress the occurrence of a short-circuit phenomenon in which the carbon fibers constituting the carbon sheet break through the electrolyte membrane during power generation. On the other hand, if the thickness of the region in which the carbon sheet is not included in the small hole portion is 40 ⁇ m or less, it is possible to suppress a decrease in gas diffusibility.
- the material constituting the microporous layer may adhere to the carbon sheet portion. Further, it is more preferable that the material constituting the microporous layer adheres to all the carbon fibers on the surface of the gas diffusion electrode substrate opposite to the surface on which the microporous layer is formed, so long as the large pores are not blocked.
- the generated water droplets discharged through the gas diffusion electrode substrate are discharged from the surface of the gas diffusion electrode substrate. It becomes easy to be removed.
- the material constituting the microporous layer is attached to the carbon fiber on the surface of the gas diffusion electrode substrate opposite to the surface on which the microporous layer is formed, depending on the shape and composition of the conductive filler constituting the microporous layer. Can be judged.
- the microporous layer preferably contains a conductive filler.
- a conductive filler carbon powder is preferable.
- Carbon powders include carbon black such as furnace black, acetylene black, lamp black and thermal black, graphite such as flaky graphite, flaky graphite, earthy graphite, artificial graphite, expanded graphite, and flake graphite, carbon nanotube, wire Carbon, milled fiber of carbon fiber, and the like.
- carbon black is more preferably used, and acetylene black is preferably used because of less impurities.
- the microporous layer preferably contains a water-repellent material.
- a fluorine-type polymer as a water repellent material.
- the fluorine-based polymer include polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer (FEP), and tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether copolymer (PFA).
- the microporous layer can be formed by applying a coating liquid containing the above-described conductive filler (filler-containing coating liquid) to at least one surface of the carbon sheet.
- the filler-containing coating liquid may contain a dispersion medium such as water or an organic solvent, or may contain a dispersion aid such as a surfactant.
- a dispersion medium water is preferable, and a nonionic surfactant is preferably used as a dispersion aid.
- conductive fillers such as various carbon powders and water repellent materials can also be contained.
- the coating of the filler-containing coating liquid onto the carbon sheet can be performed using various commercially available coating apparatuses.
- coating methods such as screen printing, rotary screen printing, spray spraying, intaglio printing, gravure printing, die coater coating, bar coating, and blade coating can be used.
- the coating methods exemplified above are merely examples, and are not necessarily limited thereto.
- the coated product is put into a drier set at a temperature of 80 to 180 ° C. and dried in a range of 5 to 30 minutes.
- the amount of drying air can be determined as appropriate, but rapid drying may induce surface microcracks.
- the coated material is put into a muffle furnace, a baking furnace or a high-temperature dryer, and preferably heated at a temperature of 300 to 380 degrees for 5 to 20 minutes to melt the water repellent material, carbon powder, etc. It is preferable to form a microporous layer by using a conductive filler as a binder.
- the physical properties of the carbon sheet constituting the gas diffusion electrode substrate of the present invention are as follows. First, the gas diffusion electrode substrate is treated in an air atmosphere at 400 ° C. for 2 hours, then ultrasonically washed in alcohol such as methanol and then air-dried. It can be determined by measuring the carbon sheet obtained.
- the gas diffusion electrode substrate of the present invention is preferably long. Furthermore, it is preferable that the gas diffusion electrode substrate of the present invention is obtained by winding a long gas diffusion electrode substrate.
- “long” means 10 m or more. In addition, although there is no upper limit in particular in length, since it will become too heavy when too long, it is preferable that it is 1000 m or less.
- a membrane electrode assembly can be formed by bonding the gas diffusion electrode base material described above to at least one surface of a solid polymer electrolyte membrane having catalyst layers on both surfaces. At that time, by arranging the microporous layer of the gas diffusion electrode substrate on the catalyst layer side, the back diffusion of the generated water is more likely to occur, and the contact area between the catalyst layer and the gas diffusion electrode substrate is increased. The contact electrical resistance can be reduced.
- the fuel cell of the present invention includes the gas diffusion electrode substrate of the present invention. That is, the fuel cell of the present invention has separators on both sides of the membrane electrode assembly described above. That is, a fuel cell is configured by arranging separators on both sides of the membrane electrode assembly.
- a polymer electrolyte fuel cell is constructed by laminating a plurality of such membrane electrode assemblies on both sides sandwiched by separators via gaskets.
- the catalyst layer is composed of a layer containing a solid polymer electrolyte and catalyst-supporting carbon. As the catalyst, platinum is usually used.
- a fuel cell in which a reformed gas containing carbon monoxide is supplied to the anode side it is preferable to use platinum and ruthenium as the catalyst on the anode side.
- the solid polymer electrolyte it is preferable to use a perfluorosulfonic acid polymer material having high proton conductivity, oxidation resistance, and heat resistance.
- gas diffusion electrode substrate of the present invention will be specifically described with reference to examples.
- the materials, carbon sheets and gas diffusion electrode base materials used in the examples, and the fuel cell performance evaluation method are described below.
- thermosetting resin / carbon powder / solvent 10 parts by mass / 5 parts by mass / 85 parts by mass, and these were mixed and stirred for 1 minute using an ultrasonic dispersing device to uniformly disperse the resin A composition was obtained.
- a long carbon fiber papermaking body was continuously immersed in an impregnating solution of a resin composition filled in a vat, and sandwiched by a roll and impregnated with a squeeze. Then, it heated and dried for 5 minutes at the temperature of 100 degreeC, and produced the pre-impregnation body. Next, it is unwound before and after the heated and heated apparatus for heating and pressing the heated plate heated and pressurized by mutually parallel heated plates while being intermittently conveyed, a winding device is provided, and the pre-impregnated body is continuously heated at 180 ° C. The heat and pressure treatment was performed at the temperature for a total of 5 minutes.
- the distance between the upper and lower press face plates is adjusted so that the thickness of the pre-impregnated body after heat treatment is 105 ⁇ m, the external tension is zero, and this pre-impregnated body is applied.
- the unwinding tension was 0.005 N / cm depending on the weight of the pre-impregnated body itself.
- the base material obtained by heat-treating the pre-impregnated body was introduced into a heating furnace having a maximum temperature of 2400 ° C. maintained in a nitrogen gas atmosphere in a heating furnace, and a carbon sheet made of a long carbon fiber fired body was obtained.
- the carbon sheet prepared above was cut into 15 cm ⁇ 12.5 cm, and an aqueous dispersion of PTFE resin (“Polyflon” (registered trademark) PTFE dispersion D-201C (manufactured by Daikin Industries)) or FEP resin (“The carbon fiber fired body was impregnated with a water repellent material by immersing it in an aqueous dispersion of “Neofluon” (registered trademark) FEP dispersion ND-110 (manufactured by Daikin Industries, Ltd.). Heated in a dryer oven for 5 minutes and dried to produce a water-repellent carbon sheet so that the water-repellent material was uniformly attached. The water repellent water dispersion was diluted to an appropriate concentration so that 5 parts by mass of the water repellent material was added to 95 parts by mass of the carbon sheet after drying. did.
- Carbon powder Acetylene black: “DENKA BLACK” (registered trademark) (manufactured by Denki Kagaku Kogyo Co., Ltd.) 7.0 g.
- Water repellent material 2.5 g of PTFE resin (using “Polyflon” (registered trademark) PTFE dispersion D-1E (manufactured by Daikin Industries), which is an aqueous dispersion containing 60 parts by mass of PTFE resin). It represents the blending amount of the PTFE resin itself, not the blending amount of the aqueous PTFE resin dispersion.
- Surfactant “TRITON” (registered trademark) X-100 manufactured by Nacalai Tesque) 14.0 g. -75.8g of purified water.
- the above materials were mixed using a disperser to form a filler-containing coating solution.
- This filler-containing coating solution was applied in a sheet form on one surface of a water-repellent carbon sheet using a slit die coater, and then at a temperature of 120 ° C. for 10 minutes, and subsequently at a temperature of 380 ° C. for 10 minutes. Heated. In this way, a microporous layer was formed on the water-repellent carbon sheet to produce a gas diffusion electrode substrate.
- a catalyst solution was applied to 9001 (manufactured by Nichias Co., Ltd.) by spraying and dried at room temperature to prepare a PTFE sheet with a catalyst layer having a platinum amount of 0.3 mg / cm 2 .
- a solid polymer electrolyte membrane “Nafion” (registered trademark) NRE-211CS (manufactured by DuPont) cut to 8 cm ⁇ 8 cm is sandwiched between two PTFE sheets with a catalyst layer and pressed to 5 MPa with a flat plate press.
- the catalyst layer was transferred to a solid polymer electrolyte membrane by pressing at a temperature of 130 ° C. for 5 minutes. After pressing, the PTFE sheet was peeled off to produce a solid polymer electrolyte membrane with a catalyst layer.
- the solid polymer electrolyte membrane with a catalyst layer is sandwiched between two gas diffusion electrode substrates cut into 5 cm ⁇ 5 cm, pressed at a temperature of 130 ° C. for 5 minutes while being pressurized to 3 MPa with a flat plate press, and the membrane electrode A joined body was produced.
- the gas diffusion electrode substrate was arranged so that the surface having the microporous layer was in contact with the catalyst layer side.
- the obtained membrane electrode assembly was incorporated into a single cell for fuel cell evaluation, and the voltage when the current density was changed was measured.
- a parallel channel separator having a groove width and a rib width of 0.6 mm was used as the separator. Further, evaluation was performed by supplying non-pressurized hydrogen to the anode side and non-pressurized air to the cathode side.
- both hydrogen and air were humidified using a humidification pot set at a temperature of 40 ° C.
- the humidity at this time was 100%.
- the utilization rates of hydrogen and oxygen in the air were 70 mol% and 40 mol%, respectively.
- An output voltage with a current density of 2.0 A / cm 2 was measured and used as an indicator of gas diffusibility and flooding resistance.
- ⁇ Measurement of thickness of carbon sheet and gas diffusion electrode substrate The difference in height between the case where there is a measured object (carbon sheet or gas diffusion electrode substrate) with and without the carbon sheet and gas diffusion electrode substrate placed on a smooth surface plate and the pressure of 0.15 MPa applied was measured. Sampling was performed at 10 different locations, and the average of the measured height difference was taken as the thickness, which was taken as the thickness of the gas diffusion electrode substrate.
- the gas permeation resistance of the carbon sheet was measured by the differential pressure when air of 14 cm 3 / cm 2 / sec was permeated in the thickness direction of the carbon sheet.
- the maximum stress in this curve is the tensile strength (N / cm) of the carbon sheet, and the maximum tensile strength is the elongation value obtained by dividing the displacement up to that point by 100 times the original carbon sheet length (60.0 mm). The elongation (%) was measured 5 times, and the average value was used.
- the area and number of through-holes in the carbon sheet were obtained by taking a photograph by enlarging the surface of the carbon sheet 50 times in an optical microscope observation. At the time of photography, photography was performed using transmitted illumination. The acquired image is binarized using “J-trim”, an image processing program, to divide between the maximum and minimum brightness in 256 levels and set the threshold from the minimum to 128 gradation levels. I did it. The ratio of the area on the bright side binarized in the entire area was defined as the total area of the through holes.
- the number of through holes in the carbon sheet and the area of each through hole were automatically calculated by executing a particle analysis command “Analyze particle” using “ImageJ” which is an image processing program.
- the optical microscope uses Leica M205C or equivalent device, the number of measurements is 25 times, exposure is 20 ms, gain is 1.0, gamma is 1.0, transmitted light, illumination is 50%, aperture is fully open. I took a photo.
- ⁇ Measurement method of thickness of small hole and large hole> A method for measuring the thicknesses of the small hole portion and the large hole portion will be described with reference to FIG. First, it was obtained by photographing a cross section of a gas diffusion electrode substrate compressed to a thickness of 0.15 MPa in a scanning electron microscope. First, ten samples for cross-sectional observation in the thickness direction of the gas diffusion electrode substrate were prepared using an ion milling apparatus. Next, the gas diffusion electrode substrate was compressed and set to a thickness of 0.15 MPa between parallel metal plate jigs, and the compressed cross section was magnified 200 times using a scanning electron microscope to obtain a cross-sectional image. .
- the surface on the microporous layer (2) side of the gas diffusion electrode substrate (1) of the acquired image is used as the starting point (3) for thickness measurement, and a line perpendicular to the gas diffusion electrode substrate is drawn from here.
- the intersection point between the straight line and the void in the large hole portion in the carbon sheet is defined as the end point (4) of the small hole portion, and the length from the point (3) to the point (4) is small (at the thickness measurement position).
- the thickness of the hole was set to (5).
- the carbon fiber of the carbon sheet is encapsulated in or in contact with the material constituting the microporous layer, it is a region having no large pore diameter even in the carbon sheet. Considered a part.
- the length was defined as the thickness (7) of the large hole portion (at the thickness measurement position).
- the same measurement is performed at five locations, and this is performed at 10 cross section observation samples, thereby measuring the thickness of a total of 50 small holes and large holes.
- the respective average values were taken as the thicknesses of the small hole portion and the large hole portion of the gas diffusion electrode substrate.
- a Hitachi high-technology SU8010 or equivalent device was used for the scanning electron microscope, and a Hitachi High-Technology IM4000 or equivalent device was used for the ion milling device used for preparing the cross-sectional observation sample.
- the thickness of the small hole portion not including the carbon sheet was obtained by taking a photograph of a cross section of the gas diffusion electrode substrate compressed to a thickness of 0.15 MPa with a scanning electron microscope. First, 50 samples for cross-sectional observation in the thickness direction of the gas diffusion electrode substrate were prepared at random using an ion milling apparatus. Next, the gas diffusion electrode substrate was compressed and set to a thickness of 0.15 MPa between parallel metal plate jigs, and the compressed cross section was magnified 200 times using a scanning electron microscope to obtain a cross-sectional image. .
- the length from the surface on which the microporous layer in the small hole portion of the gas diffusion electrode base material was formed to the nearest carbon fiber surface was defined as the thickness of the small hole portion not including the carbon sheet. This was performed on 50 cross-sectional observation samples, and the average value was taken as the thickness of the small hole portion not including the carbon sheet of the gas diffusion electrode substrate.
- a Hitachi high-technology SU8010 or equivalent device was used for the scanning electron microscope, and a Hitachi High-Technology IM4000 or equivalent device was used for the ion milling device used for preparing the cross-sectional observation sample.
- a gas diffusion electrode base material was cut out at random, and an image of carbon fibers on the surface opposite to the surface on which the microporous layer was formed was magnified 400 times using a scanning electron microscope.
- characteristic X-rays detected from the same position were analyzed using EDX, and the peak of the composition (for example, carbon and fluorine) of the microporous layer was confirmed.
- the same observation is performed on the surface on which the microporous layer is provided, and when the shape (particle size and aspect ratio) and composition of the microporous layer components are detected, the surface opposite to the surface on which the microporous layer is formed It was determined that the microporous layer component was attached to the carbon fiber.
- the presence or absence of the microporous layer component adhering to the inside of the large pore portion was also determined by observing the cross section of the gas electrode diffusion layer in the same manner.
- a SU8010 manufactured by Hitachi High-Technologies Co., Ltd. or an equivalent apparatus was used for the scanning electron microscope, and an EMAX Evolution X-MAX (150 mm 2 ) manufactured by Horiba Co., Ltd. or an equivalent apparatus was used for EDX, and observation was performed at an acceleration voltage of 7 kV.
- Example 1 In accordance with the methods described in ⁇ Production of carbon sheet>, ⁇ Water repellent finish> and ⁇ Production of gas diffusion electrode substrate>, a gas diffusion electrode group using a porous carbon sheet having a thickness of 95 ⁇ m shown in the table I got the material. The results are shown in Table 1.
- This gas diffusion electrode base material has excellent power generation characteristics of 0.15 V or higher, a tensile strength of 15 N / cm or higher, and an elongation of 3% or less up to the maximum tensile strength. .
- Example 2 In accordance with the methods described in ⁇ Production of carbon sheet>, ⁇ Water repellent finish> and ⁇ Production of gas diffusion electrode substrate>, a gas diffusion electrode base using a porous carbon sheet having a thickness of 60 ⁇ m shown in the table I got the material. At this time, the amount of carbon fiber and the amount of the resin composition deposited were reduced, and the heat impregnation thickness of the pre-impregnated body was reduced accordingly. Further, in the formation of the microporous layer, the amount of the dispersant in the filler-containing coating liquid was increased from that in Example 1 to increase the viscosity of the filler-containing coating liquid.
- This gas diffusion electrode base material was extremely good with power generation characteristics of 0.20 V or higher, a tensile strength of 15 N / cm or higher, and an elongation of 3% or less up to the maximum tensile strength, and was excellent in both power generation characteristics and mechanical characteristics. .
- Example 3 According to the methods described in ⁇ Production of carbon sheet>, ⁇ Water repellent finish> and ⁇ Production of gas diffusion electrode substrate>, a gas diffusion electrode group using a porous carbon sheet having a thickness of 30 ⁇ m shown in the table I got the material. At this time, the amount of carbon fiber and the amount of the resin composition deposited were reduced, and the heat impregnation thickness of the pre-impregnated body was reduced accordingly. Moreover, in forming the microporous layer, the amount of the dispersant in the filler-containing coating liquid was increased from that in Example 2 to increase the viscosity of the filler-containing coating liquid.
- This gas diffusion electrode base material had excellent power generation characteristics of 0.20 V or more, a tensile strength of 10 N / cm or more, and an elongation of 3% or less up to the maximum tensile strength, and was excellent in both power generation characteristics and mechanical characteristics.
- Example 4 A non-woven fabric is produced by spinning and hydroentanglement of polyacrylonitrile long fibers. After the roll press, a flameproofing treatment is performed at a temperature of 150 ° C. for 10 minutes, and then introduced into a heating furnace at a temperature of 2400 ° C. A carbon sheet made of a non-woven carbon fiber fired body was obtained.
- a binder water repellent material
- an impregnating liquid was prepared by dispersing a composition of acetylene black and PTFE resin in a mass ratio of 1: 1 as a solid content in a dispersing agent and water.
- This impregnating solution was impregnated with a flame-resistant nonwoven fabric and heated in a heating furnace at a temperature of 380 ° C. for 10 minutes. As a result, a water-repellent treated carbon sheet bonded with a binder having a solid content of 5% by mass was obtained.
- This gas diffusion electrode substrate had good power generation characteristics of 0.15 V or more and a tensile strength of 10 N / cm or more, and was compatible with both power generation characteristics and mechanical characteristics.
- Example 5 In accordance with the methods described in ⁇ Production of carbon sheet>, ⁇ Water repellent finish> and ⁇ Production of gas diffusion electrode substrate>, a gas diffusion electrode group using a porous carbon sheet having a thickness of 95 ⁇ m shown in the table I got the material.
- the filler-containing coating solution was applied in two steps in order of the basis weight of the sintered microporous layer being 10 g / m 2 and 4 g / m 2.
- the coating was carried out with the distance between the tip of the die die and the carbon sheet closer than that in Example 1. The results are shown in Table 1.
- This gas diffusion electrode base material has excellent power generation characteristics of 0.15 V or higher, a tensile strength of 15 N / cm or higher, and an elongation of 3% or less up to the maximum tensile strength. .
- Example 6 In accordance with the methods described in ⁇ Production of carbon sheet>, ⁇ Water repellent finish> and ⁇ Production of gas diffusion electrode substrate>, a gas diffusion electrode base using a porous carbon sheet having a thickness of 60 ⁇ m shown in the table I got the material.
- the filler-containing coating solution was applied in two steps in order of the basis weight of the sintered microporous layer being 10 g / m 2 and 4 g / m 2.
- the coating was carried out with the distance between the tip of the die die and the carbon sheet closer than that in the coating in Example 2.
- Table 1 This gas diffusion electrode base material has extremely good power generation characteristics of 0.20 V or more, a tensile strength of 15 N / cm or more, and an elongation of 3% or less up to the maximum tensile strength. It was.
- Example 7 According to the methods described in ⁇ Production of carbon sheet>, ⁇ Water repellent finish> and ⁇ Production of gas diffusion electrode substrate>, a gas diffusion electrode group using a porous carbon sheet having a thickness of 30 ⁇ m shown in the table I got the material.
- the filler-containing coating solution was applied in two steps in order of the basis weight of the sintered microporous layer being 10 g / m 2 and 4 g / m 2.
- the coating was carried out with the distance between the tip of the die die and the carbon sheet closer than that in the coating in Example 3. The results are shown in Table 2.
- This gas diffusion electrode base material has a very good power generation characteristic of 0.20 V or more, and the carbon sheet used for this has a tensile strength of 10 N / cm or more and an elongation of 3% or less up to the maximum tensile strength. Was compatible.
- Example 3 (Comparative Example 3)
- an external tension of 0.1 N / cm was applied from the unwinding device, and the heating and pressing process was performed.
- the wound body of the pre-impregnated body was broken and a continuous carbon sheet could not be obtained.
- the external tension was lowered below 0.1 N / cm, fracture occurred and a continuous carbon sheet could not be obtained.
- Example 4 In the heating and pressurizing step of Example 2, an external tension of 0.1 N / cm was applied from the unwinding device, and the heating and pressing process was performed. As a result, the wound body of the pre-impregnated body was broken and a continuous carbon sheet could not be obtained. In addition, even when the external tension was lowered below 0.1 N / cm, fracture occurred and a continuous carbon sheet could not be obtained.
- Example 5 (Comparative Example 5)
- an external tension of 0.1 N / cm was applied from the unwinding device, and the heating and pressing process was performed.
- the wound body of the pre-impregnated body was broken and a continuous carbon sheet could not be obtained.
- the external tension was lowered below 0.1 N / cm, fracture occurred and a continuous carbon sheet could not be obtained.
- hole area means the total area of the through holes when the area of the carbon sheet is 100%.
- the number of holes of 25 ⁇ m means the number of through holes having a hole diameter of 25 ⁇ m or more.
- Gas diffusion electrode substrate 2 Microporous layer 3: Thickness measurement start point 4: Brightness and darkness at the thickness measurement position are reversed 5: Small hole thickness at the thickness measurement position 6: Thickness measurement end point 7: Thickness of large hole at thickness measurement position 8: Carbon sheet
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Abstract
Description
少なくとも炭素繊維を含む多孔質の炭素シートであって、
厚みが30~95μmであり、気体透過抵抗が0.5~8.8Paであり、引張強度が5~50N/cmである、炭素シート。
また、本発明の第二の実施形態は、以下のとおりである。すなわち、
少なくとも炭素繊維を含む多孔質の炭素シートの少なくとも一方の面に、少なくとも導電性フィラーを含むマイクロポーラス層を有するガス拡散電極基材であって、
前記ガス拡散電極基材を厚み方向に小孔部と大孔部とに分けた際に、大孔部の厚みが3~60μmである、ガス拡散電極基材。
本発明のガス拡散電極基材に用いる炭素シートは、少なくとも炭素繊維を含む多孔質のものをいい、必要に応じて撥水加工することもできる。
炭素繊維としては、ポリアクリロニトリル(PAN)系、ピッチ系およびレーヨン系などの炭素繊維が挙げられる。中でも、機械強度に優れていることから、PAN系炭素繊維とピッチ系炭素繊維が、本発明において好ましく用いられる。また、後述の炭化工程により炭素繊維となる耐炎糸を用いてもよい。
本発明のガス拡散電極基材に用いる炭素シートを作成する際には、炭素繊維抄紙体などの炭素繊維を含む多孔体に結着材となる樹脂組成物が含浸される。
本発明においては、炭素繊維抄紙体などの多孔体に樹脂組成物を含浸した予備含浸体を形成した後、炭化を行うに先立って、予備含浸体を貼り合わせたり予備含浸体に熱処理を行うことができる。ここで加熱加圧工程を行うに際しては、樹脂組成物を含まない多孔体に対して加熱加圧処理してもよい。
本発明において、炭素繊維抄紙体などの多孔体に樹脂組成物を含浸して予備含浸体とした後、樹脂組成物を炭化するために、不活性雰囲気下で焼成を行う。この焼成は、バッチ式の加熱炉を用いることもできるし、連続式の加熱炉を用いることもできる。
本発明において、排水性を向上させる目的で、炭素繊維焼成体に撥水加工を施すことが好ましい。撥水加工は、炭素繊維焼成体に撥水材を塗布し熱処理することにより行うことができる。なお、撥水加工することにより、結着材として撥水材を含む炭素シートとすることができる。
次に、本発明のガス拡散電極基材について説明する。
次に、本発明のガス拡散電極基材の構成要素の一つであるマイクロポーラス層について説明する。
本発明において、前記したガス拡散電極基材を、両面に触媒層を有する固体高分子電解質膜の少なくとも片面に接合することにより、膜電極接合体を形成することができる。その際、触媒層側にガス拡散電極基材のマイクロポーラス層を配置することにより、より生成水の逆拡散が起こりやすくなることに加え、触媒層とガス拡散電極基材の接触面積が増大し、接触電気抵抗を低減させることができる。
本発明の燃料電池は、本発明のガス拡散電極基材を含むものである。つまり本発明の燃料電池は、上述の膜電極接合体の両側にセパレータを有するものである。すなわち、上述の膜電極接合体の両側にセパレータを配することにより燃料電池を構成する。通常、このような膜電極接合体の両側にガスケットを介してセパレータで挟んだものを複数個積層することによって固体高分子型燃料電池を構成する。触媒層は、固体高分子電解質と触媒担持炭素を含む層からなる。触媒としては、通常、白金が用いられる。アノード側に一酸化炭素を含む改質ガスが供給される燃料電池にあっては、アノード側の触媒としては白金およびルテニウムを用いることが好ましい。固体高分子電解質は、プロトン伝導性、耐酸化性および耐熱性の高い、パーフルオロスルホン酸系の高分子材料を用いることが好ましい。このような燃料電池ユニットや燃料電池の構成自体は、よく知られているところである。
・厚み95μmの炭素シートの作製
東レ(株)製ポリアクリルニトリル系炭素繊維“トレカ”(登録商標)T300(単繊維の平均直径:7μm)を短繊維の平均長さ12mmにカットし、水中に分散させて湿式抄紙法により連続的に抄紙した。さらに、バインダーとしてポリビニルアルコールの10質量%水溶液を当該抄紙に塗布して乾燥させ、炭素繊維の目付が20.0g/m2の炭素繊維抄紙体を作製した。ポリビニルアルコールの塗布量は、炭素繊維抄紙体100質量部に対して22質量部であった。
[材料]
・炭素粉末:アセチレンブラック:“デンカ ブラック”(登録商標)(電気化学工業(株)製)7.0g。
・撥水材:PTFE樹脂(PTFE樹脂を60質量部含む水分散液である“ポリフロン”(登録商標)PTFEディスパージョンD-1E(ダイキン工業(株)製)を使用)2.5g。PTFE樹脂の水分散液の配合量ではなく、PTFE樹脂自体の配合量を表す。
・界面活性剤“TRITON”(登録商標)X-100(ナカライテスク(株)製)14.0g。
・精製水75.8g。
白金担持炭素(田中貴金属工業(株)製、白金担持量:50質量%)1.00gと、精製水1.00g、“Nafion”(登録商標)溶液(Aldrich社製“Nafion”(登録商標)5.0質量%)8.00gと、イソプロピルアルコール(ナカライテスク社製)18.00gとを順に加えることにより、触媒液を作製した。
炭素シートおよびガス拡散電極基材の目付は、10cm四方に切り取ったサンプルの質量を、サンプルの面積(0.01m2)で除して求めた。
炭素シートおよびガス拡散電極基材を平滑な定盤にのせ、圧力0.15MPaをかけた状態での測定物(炭素シート又はガス拡散電極基材)がある場合とない場合との高さの差を測定した。異なる部位にて10箇所サンプリングを行い、高さの差の測定値を平均したものを厚みとし、ガス拡散電極基材の厚みとした。
炭素シートの気体透過抵抗の評価は、炭素シートの厚み方向に14cm3/cm2/secの空気を透過させたときの差圧で測定した。
(株)島津製作所製“オートグラフ”(登録商標)AGS-Xの引張試験モードを用い、炭素シートの引張特性を測定した。引張試験機に60.0cmの間隔で取り付けられた上下2つの試料取り付け冶具に15cm×1.5cmのサイズで切り抜いた炭素シートを取り付け、その炭素シートを10mm/分の速度で引張り、破断までの応力‐変位カーブを得た。このカーブにおける最大応力を炭素シートの引張強度(N/cm)とし、そこまでの変位を元の炭素シートの長さ(60.0mm)を除して100倍した伸度の値を最大引張強度までの伸度(%)とし、5回測定し、その平均値を用いた。
炭素シートの貫通孔の面積及び数は、光学顕微鏡観察において炭素シートの表面を50倍に拡大して写真撮影することで得た。写真撮影の際は、透過照明を用い、写真撮影を行った。取得した画像を、画像処理プログラムである「J-trim」を用い、輝度で明るさの最大と最小との間を256段階に区切り、最小から128階調段階の部分を閾値として二値化を行なった。全体の面積中の、二値化された明るい側の面積の割合を、貫通孔の合計の面積とした。
小孔部と大孔部の厚みの測定方法を、図1を参照しながら示す。はじめに、走査型電子顕微鏡において0.15MPaの厚みに圧縮したガス拡散電極基材の断面を写真撮影することで得た。まず、イオンミリング装置を用い、無作為にガス拡散電極基材の厚み方向の断面観察用サンプルを10個作製した。次いで、ガス拡散電極基材を平行な金属板治具の間に0.15MPaの厚みに圧縮しセットし、圧縮した断面を走査型電子顕微鏡を用いて200倍に拡大して断面画像を取得した。
炭素シートを含まない小孔部の厚みは、走査型電子顕微鏡において0.15MPaの厚みに圧縮したガス拡散電極基材の断面を写真撮影することで得た。まず、イオンミリング装置を用い、無作為にガス拡散電極基材の厚み方向の断面観察用サンプルを50個作製した。次いで、ガス拡散電極基材を平行な金属板治具の間に0.15MPaの厚みに圧縮しセットし、圧縮した断面を走査型電子顕微鏡を用いて200倍に拡大して断面画像を取得した。
マイクロポーラス層を形成した表面とは反対側の表面に存在する炭素繊維へのマイクロポーラス層成分の付着の有無の判定は、走査型電子顕微鏡及び付属のEDXを用い観察することで判定した。
上記の<炭素シートの作製>、<撥水加工>および<ガス拡散電極基材の作製>に記載した方法に従って、表に示す、厚み95μmからなる多孔質の炭素シートを用いたガス拡散電極基材を得た。結果を表1に示す。このガス拡散電極基材は発電特性が0.15V以上で良好、引張強度15N/cm以上、最大引張強度までの伸度3%以下と極めて良好で発電特性と機械特性を両立するものであった。
上記の<炭素シートの作製>、<撥水加工>および<ガス拡散電極基材の作製>に記載した方法に従って、表に示す、厚み60μmからなる多孔質の炭素シートを用いたガス拡散電極基材を得た。この際、炭素繊維量と樹脂組成分の付着量を減少し、それに合わせて予備含浸体の加熱加圧厚みを減少するよう実施例1に対して変更した。また、マイクロポーラス層の形成において、フィラー含有塗液の分散剤の量を実施例1より増加することで、フィラー含有塗液の粘度を高くし塗工した。このガス拡散電極基材は発電特性0.20V以上で極めて良好、引張強度15N/cm以上、最大引張強度までの伸度3%以下と極めて良好で発電特性と機械特性を両立するものであった。
上記の<炭素シートの作製>、<撥水加工>および<ガス拡散電極基材の作製>に記載した方法に従って、表に示す、厚み30μmからなる多孔質の炭素シートを用いたガス拡散電極基材を得た。この際、炭素繊維量と樹脂組成分の付着量を減少し、それに合わせて予備含浸体の加熱加圧厚みを減少するよう実施例1に対して変更した。また、マイクロポーラス層の形成において、フィラー含有塗液の分散剤の量を実施例2より増加することで、フィラー含有塗液の粘度を高くし塗工した。このガス拡散電極基材は発電特性0.20V以上と極めて良好、引張強度10N/cm以上、最大引張強度までの伸度3%以下と良好で発電特性と機械特性を両立するものであった。
ポリアクリロニトリルの長繊維を紡糸および水流交絡することにより不織布を作製し、ロールプレス後に150℃の温度で10分間の耐炎化処理を行い、次いで2400℃の温度の加熱炉に導入し、厚み93μmの不織布の炭素繊維焼成体からなる炭素シートを得た。結着剤(撥水材)として、固形分としてアセチレンブラックとPTFE樹脂を質量比1:1の組成を分散材と水に分散させた含浸液を作製した。この含浸液に耐炎化処理を行った不織布を含浸し加熱炉内で380℃の温度で10分間の加熱を行った。その結果、固形分量で5質量%の結着剤で結合された撥水処理済み炭素シートを得た。このガス拡散電極基材は発電特性0.15V以上、引張強度10N/cm以上と良好で発電特性と機械特性を両立するものであった。
上記の<炭素シートの作製>、<撥水加工>および<ガス拡散電極基材の作製>に記載した方法に従って、表に示す、厚み95μmからなる多孔質の炭素シートを用いたガス拡散電極基材を得た。この際、マイクロポーラス層の形成において、焼結後のマイクロポーラス層の目付が10g/m2と4g/m2になる量の順に2回に分けてフィラー含有塗液を塗工し、10g/m2となる量のフィラー含有塗液を塗工する際は、実施例1における塗工よりダイ口金先端と炭素シート間の距離を近づけて塗工した。結果を表1に示す。このガス拡散電極基材は発電特性が0.15V以上で良好、引張強度15N/cm以上、最大引張強度までの伸度3%以下と極めて良好で発電特性と機械特性を両立するものであった。
上記の<炭素シートの作製>、<撥水加工>および<ガス拡散電極基材の作製>に記載した方法に従って、表に示す、厚み60μmからなる多孔質の炭素シートを用いたガス拡散電極基材を得た。この際、マイクロポーラス層の形成において、焼結後のマイクロポーラス層の目付が10g/m2と4g/m2になる量の順に2回に分けてフィラー含有塗液を塗工し、10g/m2となる量のフィラー含有塗液を塗工する際は、実施例2における塗工よりダイ口金先端と炭素シート間の距離を近づけて塗工した。結果を表1に示す。このガス拡散電極基材は発電特性が0.20V以上で極めて良好、引張強度15N/cm以上、最大引張強度までの伸度3%以下と極めて良好で発電特性と機械特性を両立するものであった。
上記の<炭素シートの作製>、<撥水加工>および<ガス拡散電極基材の作製>に記載した方法に従って、表に示す、厚み30μmからなる多孔質の炭素シートを用いたガス拡散電極基材を得た。この際、マイクロポーラス層の形成において、焼結後のマイクロポーラス層の目付が10g/m2と4g/m2になる量の順に2回に分けてフィラー含有塗液を塗工し、10g/m2となる量のフィラー含有塗液を塗工する際は、実施例3における塗工よりダイ口金先端と炭素シート間の距離を近づけて塗工した。結果を表2に示す。このガス拡散電極基材は発電特性が0.20V以上で極めて良好、これに用いた炭素シートは引張強度10N/cm以上、最大引張強度までの伸度3%以下と良好で発電特性と機械特性を両立するものであった。
上記の<炭素シートの作製>、<撥水加工>および<ガス拡散電極基材の作製>に記載した方法に従って、表に示す、厚み140μmからなる多孔質の炭素シートを用いたガス拡散電極基材を得た。この際、炭素繊維量と樹脂組成分の付着量を増加し、それに合わせて予備含浸体の加熱加圧厚みを増加するよう実施例1に対して変更した。このガス拡散電極基材は引張強度15N/cm以上、最大引張強度までの伸度3%以下と極めて良好であるが、発電特性が著しく悪かった。
上記の<炭素シートの作製>、<撥水加工>および<ガス拡散電極基材の作製>に記載した方法に従って、表に示す、厚み103μmからなる多孔質の炭素シートを用いたガス拡散電極基材を得た。この際、炭素繊維量と樹脂組成分の付着量を増加し、それに合わせて予備含浸体の加熱加圧厚みを増加するよう実施例1に対して変更した。このガス拡散電極基材は引張強度15N/cm以上、最大引張強度までの伸度3%以下と極めて良好であるが、発電特性が十分でなかった。
実施例1の加熱加圧工程にて巻き出し装置より外部張力を0.1N/cm付与し加熱加圧処理した。結果、予備含浸体の巻回体は破断し、連続的な炭素シートを得ることはできなかった。尚、外部張力を0.1N/cmより下げた場合も破断し、連続的な炭素シートを得ることはできなかった。
実施例2の加熱加圧工程にて巻き出し装置より外部張力を0.1N/cm付与し加熱加圧処理した。結果、予備含浸体の巻回体は破断し、連続的な炭素シートを得ることはできなかった。尚、外部張力を0.1N/cmより下げた場合も破断し、連続的な炭素シートを得ることはできなかった。
実施例3の加熱加圧工程にて巻き出し装置より外部張力を0.1N/cm付与し加熱加圧処理した。結果、予備含浸体の巻回体は破断し、連続的な炭素シートを得ることはできなかった。尚、外部張力を0.1N/cmより下げた場合も破断し、連続的な炭素シートを得ることはできなかった。
2:マイクロポーラス層
3:厚み測定の始点
4:厚み測定位置での明暗が反転する点
5:厚み測定位置での小孔部の厚み
6:厚み測定の終点
7:厚み測定位置での大孔部の厚み
8:炭素シート
Claims (15)
- 少なくとも炭素繊維を含む多孔質の炭素シートであって、
厚みが30~95μmであり、気体透過抵抗が0.5~8.8Paであり、引張強度が5~50N/cmである、炭素シート。 - 炭素シートの面積を100%とすると、貫通孔の合計の面積が7~40%である、請求項1に記載の炭素シート。
- 25μm以上の孔径を有する貫通孔を5個/mm2以上有する、請求項1又は2に記載の炭素シート。
- 長尺の請求項1~3のいずれかに記載の炭素シート。
- 長尺の予備含浸体を加熱加圧する工程(以下、加熱加圧工程という)を有する炭素シートの製造方法であって、
前記加熱加圧工程における巻き出し張力が0.05N/cm以下である請求項4に記載の炭素シートの製造方法。 - 請求項1~4のいずれかに記載の炭素シートの少なくとも一方の面に、少なくとも導電性フィラーを含むマイクロポーラス層を有するガス拡散電極基材。
- 少なくとも炭素繊維を含む多孔質の炭素シートの少なくとも一方の面に、少なくとも導電性フィラーを含むマイクロポーラス層を有するガス拡散電極基材であって、
前記ガス拡散電極基材を厚み方向に小孔部と大孔部とに分けた際に、大孔部の厚みが3~60μmである、ガス拡散電極基材。 - 小孔部と大孔部の厚みの比率が、1:0.1~1:1.5である、請求項7に記載のガス拡散電極基材。
- 小孔部と大孔部の厚みの比率が、1:0.1~1:1.0である、請求項7に記載のガス拡散電極基材。
- 厚みが33~145μmである、請求項7~9のいずれかに記載のガス拡散電極基材。
- 炭素シートの厚みが30~95μmである、請求項7~10のいずれかに記載のガス拡散電極基材。
- 炭素シートの引張強度が5~50N/cmである、請求項7~11のいずれかに記載のガス拡散電極基材。
- 炭素シートの面積を100%とすると、貫通孔の合計の面積が7~40%である、請求項7~12のいずれかに記載のガス拡散電極基材。
- 炭素シートが、25μm以上の孔径を有する貫通孔を5個/mm2以上有する、請求項7~13のいずれかに記載のガス拡散電極基材。
- 請求項6~14に記載のガス拡散電極基材を含む燃料電池。
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US10680266B2 (en) * | 2018-02-15 | 2020-06-09 | GM Global Technology Operations LLC | Method of manufacturing an integrated water vapor transfer device and fuel cell-II |
JP7431054B2 (ja) * | 2020-02-21 | 2024-02-14 | 株式会社Soken | 燃料電池用ガス拡散層 |
CN111540912A (zh) * | 2020-04-02 | 2020-08-14 | 天津大学 | 一种提高燃料电池稳定性的固定层和膜电极及其制备方法 |
CN114953635B (zh) * | 2022-05-30 | 2023-09-15 | 安徽天富环保科技材料有限公司 | 一种用于新能源电池气体扩散的活性碳纤维布 |
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TWI711211B (zh) | 2020-11-21 |
TW201727979A (zh) | 2017-08-01 |
CA3006426A1 (en) | 2017-06-15 |
EP3389123A4 (en) | 2019-12-11 |
EP3389123A1 (en) | 2018-10-17 |
KR20180087291A (ko) | 2018-08-01 |
US20190044153A1 (en) | 2019-02-07 |
KR102630169B1 (ko) | 2024-01-29 |
CN108292757A (zh) | 2018-07-17 |
US11837732B2 (en) | 2023-12-05 |
CN108292757B (zh) | 2021-10-29 |
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