WO2017057337A1 - 塩素発生用電極およびその製造方法 - Google Patents
塩素発生用電極およびその製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2017057337A1 WO2017057337A1 PCT/JP2016/078404 JP2016078404W WO2017057337A1 WO 2017057337 A1 WO2017057337 A1 WO 2017057337A1 JP 2016078404 W JP2016078404 W JP 2016078404W WO 2017057337 A1 WO2017057337 A1 WO 2017057337A1
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- C25B11/093—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material consisting of at least one catalytic element and at least one catalytic compound; consisting of two or more catalytic elements or catalytic compounds at least one noble metal or noble metal oxide and at least one non-noble metal oxide
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- C23C18/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating
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- C23C18/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating
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- C23C18/12—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating by thermal decomposition characterised by the deposition of inorganic material other than metallic material
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- C23C18/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating
- C23C18/02—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating by thermal decomposition
- C23C18/12—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating by thermal decomposition characterised by the deposition of inorganic material other than metallic material
- C23C18/125—Process of deposition of the inorganic material
- C23C18/1262—Process of deposition of the inorganic material involving particles, e.g. carbon nanotubes [CNT], flakes
- C23C18/1266—Particles formed in situ
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- C23C18/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating
- C23C18/02—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating by thermal decomposition
- C23C18/12—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating by thermal decomposition characterised by the deposition of inorganic material other than metallic material
- C23C18/125—Process of deposition of the inorganic material
- C23C18/1295—Process of deposition of the inorganic material with after-treatment of the deposited inorganic material
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- C25B1/00—Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
- C25B1/01—Products
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- C25B1/26—Chlorine; Compounds thereof
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- C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
- C25B11/04—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by the material
- C25B11/051—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier
- C25B11/052—Electrodes comprising one or more electrocatalytic coatings on a substrate
- C25B11/053—Electrodes comprising one or more electrocatalytic coatings on a substrate characterised by multilayer electrocatalytic coatings
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an electrode for producing chlorine, particularly an electrode used for producing on-site sodium hypochlorite using dilute brine such as seawater electrolysis, and a method for producing the same.
- Patent Document 1 platinum-palladium oxide-ruthenium dioxide having a composition of 3 to 42% by weight of platinum, 3 to 34% by weight of palladium oxide, and 42 to 94% by weight of ruthenium dioxide on titanium or a titanium alloy.
- a platinum group metal ternary mixture and a mixture of 20 to 40% by weight of titanium dioxide based on the above mixture are disclosed.
- an electrode for producing chlorine or hypochlorite is a coating of a mixed oxide of a platinum group metal oxide and a valve metal oxide, and platinum of ruthenium, palladium and iridium.
- the molar ratio of the platinum group metal oxide to the valve metal oxide is 90:10 to 40:60
- the molar ratio of ruthenium to iridium is 90:10 to 50:50. It is disclosed that the molar ratio of palladium oxide to ruthenium oxide and iridium oxide is 5:95 to 40:60.
- Patent Document 3 as an anode for producing hypochlorite, 10 to 45% by weight of palladium oxide, 15 to 45% by weight of ruthenium oxide, 10 to 40% by weight of titanium dioxide, 10% It has been proposed to have a coating containing -20% by weight of platinum and further 2-10% by weight of an oxide of at least one metal selected from cobalt, lanthanum, cerium and yttrium.
- Electrodes having platinum group oxides as described in Patent Documents 1 to 3 have high oxidation efficiency of chloride ions, and high concentration hypochlorite ions are generated with high chlorine generation efficiency exceeding 90%. It is possible, and it is possible to obtain a high concentration of hypochlorite with a lower power unit than a conventional anode.
- the present invention provides a chlorine generating electrode having high chlorine generation efficiency and excellent long-term durability even when used for electrolysis of low-concentration salt water. Is the main purpose.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide a method for producing the chlorine generating electrode, a method for producing hypochlorite using the chlorine generating electrode, and an electrolytic cell equipped with the electrode.
- an electrode for chlorine generation comprising a conductive substrate and a catalyst layer provided on the conductive substrate, wherein the catalyst layer contains at least palladium oxide, ruthenium oxide, and titanium oxide.
- the electrode for chlorine generation in which palladium oxide is particles having an average particle diameter of 5 ⁇ m or less has high chlorine generation efficiency and long-term durability even when used for electrolysis of low-concentration salt water. I found it excellent.
- the present invention has been completed by further studies based on these findings.
- a chlorine generating electrode comprising a conductive substrate and a catalyst layer provided on the conductive substrate, The catalyst layer contains at least palladium oxide, ruthenium oxide, and titanium oxide, The palladium oxide is a chlorine generating electrode, wherein the average particle size is 5 ⁇ m or less.
- the electrode for chlorine generation as described in 1 or 2.
- Item 4. Item 4. The chlorine generation according to any one of Items 1 to 3, wherein a proportion of palladium metal contained in the catalyst layer is 1 mol% or more when the metal element contained in the catalyst layer is 100 mol%. Electrode.
- Item 5. Item 5.
- a method for producing an electrode for chlorine generation comprising a conductive substrate and a catalyst layer provided on the conductive substrate, An application step of applying a solution containing at least a palladium compound, a ruthenium compound, and a titanium compound on a conductive substrate; A firing step of firing the conductive substrate coated with the solution; With The manufacturing method of the electrode for chlorine generation using the palladium oxide particle
- a method for producing an electrode for chlorine generation comprising a conductive substrate and a catalyst layer provided on the conductive substrate, An application step of applying a solution containing at least a palladium compound, a ruthenium compound, and a titanium compound on a conductive substrate; A firing step of firing the conductive substrate coated with the solution; With As the palladium compound, at least one of palladium chloride and palladium nitrate is used, A method for producing a chlorine generating electrode, wherein in the firing step, palladium oxide particles having an average particle size of 5 ⁇ m or less are produced from the palladium chloride by heating at a temperature of 400 to 600 ° C. Item 8.
- An electrolytic cell comprising the chlorine generating electrode according to any one of items 1 to 5.
- Item 11 A method for producing hypochlorite, comprising a step of electrolyzing a metal chloride aqueous solution using the chlorine generating electrode according to any one of Items 1 to 5.
- the present invention it is possible to provide a chlorine generating electrode having high chlorine generation efficiency and excellent long-term durability even when used for electrolysis of low-concentration salt water. Furthermore, according to this invention, the manufacturing method of the said electrode for chlorine generation, the manufacturing method of the hypochlorite using the said electrode for chlorine generation, and an electrolytic cell provided with the said electrode can also be provided.
- 4 is a graph showing the relationship between 2 ⁇ (°) and peak intensity (cps) obtained by measuring X-ray diffraction for the anode catalyst layer obtained in Example 2.
- 6 is a graph showing the relationship between 2 ⁇ (°) and peak intensity (cps) obtained by measuring X-ray diffraction for the anode catalyst layer obtained in Example 3.
- 6 is a graph showing the relationship between 2 ⁇ (°) and peak intensity (cps) obtained by measuring X-ray diffraction for the anode catalyst layer obtained in Example 4. It is a graph which shows the relationship between the temperature in chlorine concentration 0.1%, and chlorine generation efficiency.
- the electrode for generating chlorine of the present invention includes a conductive substrate and a catalyst layer provided on the conductive substrate.
- the catalyst layer contains at least palladium oxide, ruthenium oxide, and titanium oxide, and the palladium oxide is particles having an average particle diameter of 5 ⁇ m or less.
- the chlorine generating electrode of the present invention is used for electrolysis of low-concentration salt water (for example, salt water having a concentration of 1% or less) by providing such a specific catalyst layer (that is, electrolyte solution) Even in the case of low-concentration salt water), the chlorine generation efficiency is high and the long-term durability can be exhibited.
- the electrode for chlorine generation of the present invention will be described in detail.
- the electrode for chlorine generation of the present invention includes a conductive substrate and a catalyst layer.
- the material of the conductive substrate is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include those used for known chlorine generating electrodes.
- Specific examples of the material of the conductive substrate include valve metals such as titanium, tantalum, zirconium and niobium, and alloys of two or more kinds of valve metals.
- the shape of the conductive substrate is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include a plate shape, a disk shape, a rod shape, a cylindrical shape, an expanded metal, and a punching metal.
- the surface of the conductive substrate may be subjected to sandblasting (roughening treatment) or the like as necessary for the purpose of exerting an anchor effect on the catalyst layer.
- Sandblasting is a surface treatment method in which high-pressure gas containing sand-like particles is blown onto the surface of a material.
- the sandblast treatment can be performed by a known method.
- the surface roughness of the conductive substrate can be controlled by adjusting the type of abrasive used, the processing time, and the like.
- the material for the sand-like particles include alumina, glass, iron and the like.
- a degreasing treatment or the like may be performed as necessary.
- the surface roughness Ra (arithmetic mean roughness) of the surface of the conductive substrate subjected to the roughening treatment is, for example, in the range of about 0.5 to 10 ⁇ m, although it depends on the particle size used for the sandblasting treatment. It is done.
- the surface roughness Ra can be set outside this range by changing the particle size used for the sandblast treatment.
- the surface of the conductive substrate may be subjected to a surface treatment with acid or the like.
- acid for example, a sulfuric acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, oxalic acid, a hydrofluoric acid etc. can be mentioned.
- the thickness of the conductive substrate is not particularly limited, and is appropriately set according to the size of the electrolytic cell in which the chlorine generating electrode is installed, and is, for example, about 0.5 to 10 mm.
- a catalyst layer is provided on the conductive substrate.
- the catalyst layer contains at least palladium oxide, ruthenium oxide, and titanium oxide. More specifically, a film composed of the catalyst layer is formed on the surface of the conductive substrate.
- the average particle diameter of the palladium oxide particles contained in the catalyst layer is 5 ⁇ m or less.
- the conventional electrode for generating chlorine for example, when low-concentration salt water is used as an electrolytic solution, there is a problem that chlorine generation efficiency is greatly reduced. Further, when low-concentration salt water is used as an electrolytic solution. However, since a high voltage is required for electrolysis of salt water, there is a problem that the load on the electrode is large and the life of the electrode is short.
- the catalyst layer contains palladium oxide, ruthenium oxide, and titanium oxide, and the average particle diameter of palladium oxide is set to 5 ⁇ m or less, so that low concentration brine Even when it is used for electrolysis, the chlorine generation efficiency is high and the long-term durability is excellent.
- the chlorine generating electrode of the present invention can exhibit high chlorine generation efficiency, particularly when used for electrolysis of a low concentration metal chloride aqueous solution (particularly salt water) of about 0.1 to 1%. .
- the average particle diameter of palladium oxide may be 5 ⁇ m or less, but from the viewpoint of further improving the long-term durability of the electrode while further improving the chlorine generation efficiency of the electrode for chlorine generation of the present invention, it is preferably 0.01. About 5 to 5 ⁇ m, more preferably about 0.01 to 2.5 ⁇ m, and still more preferably about 0.1 to 1.8 ⁇ m.
- the average particle diameter is measured under the following conditions.
- Measuring instrument Laser scattering particle distribution measuring device LA-950 manufactured by Horiba, Ltd. Measurement method: Start suction to increase the dispersion force of the sample. Thereafter, forced dispersion is performed by supplying compressed air in the range of 0.4 to 0.8 MPa. The state without sample is measured as a blank. When the strength of the feeder is adjusted and the transmittance reaches 70 to 90%, the measurement is started. Measurement conditions: The transmittance is 70 to 90%, the number of repetitions is 30 times, and the particle diameter standard is volume.
- the average particle size of palladium oxide, ruthenium oxide, and titanium oxide is measured by observing the catalyst layer of the chlorine generating electrode of the present invention.
- the average particle size of these particles is The average value of the major axis of 20 particles existing in the field of view of the SEM image.
- the proportion of palladium oxide contained in the catalyst layer is not particularly limited, but from the viewpoint of further improving the long-term durability of the electrode while further improving the chlorine generation efficiency of the chlorine generating electrode of the present invention.
- the proportion of palladium metal contained in the catalyst layer is preferably 1 mol% or more, more preferably 1 to 90 mol%, more preferably 3 to 3 mol%. More preferably, it is 75 mol%, and particularly preferably 5 to 75 mol%.
- the ratio of the ruthenium metal contained in the catalyst layer is preferably 1 mol% or more, more preferably 1 to 90 mol%, still more preferably 3 to 70 mol%, Particularly preferred is 3 to 50 mol%.
- the proportion of titanium metal contained in the catalyst layer is preferably 1 mol% or more, more preferably 5 to 90 mol%, still more preferably 10 to 70 mol%, It is particularly preferably 15 to 60 mol%.
- the catalyst layer may contain other components in addition to palladium oxide, ruthenium oxide, and titanium oxide.
- Other components include platinum group metals or platinum group metal oxides, and specific examples include platinum, iridium oxide, and rhodium oxide.
- transition metal oxides such as manganese oxide, cobalt oxide, and chromium oxide
- valve metal oxides may include tantalum oxide, zirconium oxide, niobium oxide, and the like.
- the ratio of the other components is preferably 60 mol% or less, more preferably 5 to 50 mol%, and further preferably 5 to 40 mol% as the ratio of the metal contained in the catalyst layer. preferable.
- the catalyst layer is measured by an X-ray diffraction method using CuK ⁇ rays.
- the peak intensity is 500 cps or more, stable chlorine generation efficiency can be suitably maintained.
- the higher the peak intensity is the higher the crystallinity of palladium oxide is, so that the function as a catalyst can be suitably exhibited.
- the X-ray diffraction of the catalyst layer is measured under the following conditions.
- Measuring instrument Rigaku Corporation, Ultimate IV Measurement method: A measurement sample is installed so that X-rays can be irradiated from the measurement device body. After aging by applying current and voltage, X-rays are irradiated for measurement.
- X-ray source CuK ⁇ ray output setting: 40 kV, 40 mA
- the thickness of the catalyst layer is not particularly limited, and is appropriately set according to the size of the electrolytic cell in which the chlorine generating electrode is installed.
- the thickness is about 0.1 to 10 ⁇ m.
- the catalyst layer can be formed, for example, as follows. First, an application step of applying a solution containing at least a palladium compound, a ruthenium compound, and a titanium compound on a conductive substrate is performed. At this time, the ratio of the palladium compound, the ruthenium compound, and the titanium compound is adjusted to be the ratio of the palladium metal, the ruthenium metal, and the titanium metal in the catalyst layer. You may mix
- the palladium compound is not particularly limited as long as it becomes palladium oxide in the catalyst layer after the below-described firing step, and examples thereof include palladium oxide, palladium chloride, and palladium nitrate. Among these, palladium oxide and palladium chloride are preferable.
- the ruthenium compound is not particularly limited as long as it becomes ruthenium oxide in the catalyst layer after the below-described firing step, and examples thereof include ruthenium oxide, ruthenium chloride, ruthenium nitrate and the like. Among these, ruthenium oxide is preferable.
- the titanium compound is not particularly limited as long as it becomes titanium oxide in the catalyst layer after the firing step described later, and examples thereof include butyl titanate, titanium alcoholate, and titanium trichloride. Of these, butyl titanate and titanium alcoholate are preferable.
- the liquid used for the solution is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include organic solvents such as n-butanol, propanol, and hexanol.
- palladium oxide in the catalyst layer, it is preferable to include palladium oxide in the solution.
- palladium chloride, palladium nitrate, or the like palladium chloride, palladium nitrate, etc. May be converted to palladium oxide.
- the coating process at least one of palladium chloride and palladium nitrate is used as the palladium compound, and in the baking process described later, the powder is heated at a temperature of 400 to 600 ° C., and the average particle diameter is 5 ⁇ m from palladium chloride, palladium nitrate, etc.
- the following palladium oxide particles can be produced.
- a firing step is performed for firing the conductive substrate coated with the solution.
- a catalyst layer is formed on the surface of the conductive substrate.
- the solution on the conductive substrate is preferably dried before firing.
- the aforementioned coating process and baking process may be repeated a plurality of times. By repeating a plurality of times, the thickness of the catalyst layer can be increased.
- the heating temperature in the firing step is not particularly limited, but is preferably about 400 to 650 ° C, more preferably about 450 to 650 ° C, and further preferably about 450 to 600 ° C.
- the firing time is preferably about 5 to 60 minutes, more preferably about 5 to 40 minutes, and further preferably about 5 to 30 minutes.
- the chlorine generating electrode of the present invention comprising a conductive substrate and a catalyst layer provided on the conductive substrate can be suitably produced.
- the chlorine generating electrode of the present invention can be placed in an electrolytic cell. That is, the electrolytic cell of the present invention includes the above-described chlorine generating electrode.
- the electrode for generating chlorine serves as an anode and further includes a cathode.
- the material constituting the cathode is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include stainless steel and titanium.
- hypochlorite can be suitably produced by electrolyzing a metal chloride aqueous solution using the chlorine generating electrode of the present invention.
- a metal chloride aqueous solution Preferably salt water (for example, ballast water, seawater etc.), potassium chloride aqueous solution, etc. are mentioned.
- hypochlorite include sodium hypochlorite and potassium hypochlorite.
- the chlorine generating electrode of the present invention can be suitably used for electrolysis of salt water having a low concentration of, for example, 1% or less. That is, in the hypochlorite manufacturing method using the electrode for chlorine generation of the present invention, the concentration of metal chloride in the metal chloride aqueous solution is preferably 1% or less.
- the temperature at the time of electrolysis is not particularly limited, but it is preferable from the viewpoint of high chlorine generation efficiency and long-term durability even when used for electrolysis of low-concentration salt water.
- About 2 to 35 ° C., more preferably about 5 to 30 ° C. is mentioned.
- the current density at the time of electrolysis is not particularly limited, but it is preferable from the viewpoint of high chlorine generation efficiency and improved long-term durability even when used for electrolysis of low-concentration salt water. Is about 1 to 20 A / dm 2 , more preferably about 1 to 15 A / dm 2 .
- the average particle diameter of palladium oxide used as an average particle diameter measurement raw material was measured under the following conditions.
- Measuring instrument Laser scattering particle distribution measuring device LA-950 manufactured by Horiba, Ltd.
- Measurement method Start suction to increase the dispersion force of the sample. Thereafter, forced dispersion is performed by supplying compressed air in the range of 0.4 to 0.8 MPa. The state without sample is measured as a blank. When the strength of the feeder is adjusted and the transmittance reaches 70 to 90%, the measurement is started.
- Measurement conditions The transmittance is 70 to 90%, the number of repetitions is 30 times, and the particle diameter standard is volume.
- the surface of the catalyst layer is observed with an SEM, and the major axis is measured for 20 particles observed in the field of view, and the average value is obtained.
- palladium oxide, ruthenium oxide, and titanium oxide differ greatly in particle diameter used as a raw material, and therefore, it is possible to distinguish palladium oxide particles from other particles by SEM images.
- Measurement of X-ray diffraction The X-ray diffraction of the catalyst layer was measured under the following conditions. Measuring instrument: Rigaku Corporation, Ultimate IV Measurement method: A measurement sample is installed so that X-rays can be irradiated from the measurement device body. After aging by applying current and voltage, X-rays are irradiated for measurement.
- X-ray source CuK ⁇ ray output setting: 40 kV, 40 mA
- Example 1 The surface of a conductive substrate (thickness 1 mm) made of a titanium flat plate was sandblasted with # 36 alumina. On the surface of the conductive substrate roughened in this manner, palladium oxide, ruthenium chloride and butyl titanate having a predetermined average particle size as a raw material for the catalyst layer are n-butanol solution (the composition of the catalyst layer is shown in Table 1). (The value (mol%) shown in FIG. 4) was applied, and after drying treatment at 120 ° C. for 10 minutes, baking treatment was performed at 500 ° C. for 10 minutes. This coating-drying-firing process was repeated to produce an anode in which a catalyst layer was provided on the surface of the conductive substrate.
- the average particle diameter of palladium oxide as a raw material was 0.52 ⁇ m.
- the anode catalyst layer was measured for X-ray diffraction using CuK ⁇ rays, and the X-ray diffraction peak intensity and the half width at 2 ⁇ 34 ° were obtained. The results are shown in Table 1.
- the SEM image (5,000 times) of the surface of the catalyst layer of the anode obtained in Example 1 is shown in FIG.
- Example 2 The surface of a conductive substrate (thickness 1 mm) made of a titanium flat plate was sandblasted with # 36 alumina. On the surface of the conductive substrate roughened in this manner, palladium oxide, ruthenium chloride and butyl titanate having a predetermined average particle size as a raw material for the catalyst layer are n-butanol solution (the composition of the catalyst layer is shown in Table 1). (The value (mol%) shown in FIG. 4) was applied, and after drying treatment at 120 ° C. for 10 minutes, baking treatment was performed at 450 ° C. for 10 minutes. This coating-drying-firing process was repeated to produce an anode in which a catalyst layer was provided on the surface of the conductive substrate.
- the average particle diameter of palladium oxide as a raw material was 0.17 ⁇ m.
- the anode catalyst layer was measured for X-ray diffraction using CuK ⁇ rays, and the X-ray diffraction peak intensity and the half width at 2 ⁇ 34 ° were determined. The results are shown in Table 1.
- An SEM image (5,000 times) of the surface of the catalyst layer of the anode obtained in Example 2 is shown in FIG.
- FIG. 9 is a graph showing the relationship between 2 ⁇ (°) and peak intensity (cps) obtained by measuring X-ray diffraction for the anode catalyst layer obtained in Example 2.
- Example 3 The surface of a conductive substrate (thickness 1 mm) made of a titanium flat plate was sandblasted with # 36 alumina. On the surface of the conductive substrate roughened in this manner, palladium oxide, ruthenium chloride and butyl titanate having a predetermined average particle size as a raw material of the catalyst layer are n-butanol solution (the composition of the catalyst layer is shown in Table 1). (The value (mol%) shown in FIG. 4) was applied, and after drying at 120 ° C. for 10 minutes, baking at 550 ° C. for 10 minutes was performed. This coating-drying-firing process was repeated to produce an anode in which a catalyst layer was provided on the surface of the conductive substrate.
- the average particle diameter of palladium oxide used as a raw material was 1.53 ⁇ m.
- the anode catalyst layer was measured for X-ray diffraction using CuK ⁇ rays, and the X-ray diffraction peak intensity and the half width at 2 ⁇ 34 ° were obtained. The results are shown in Table 1.
- the SEM image (5,000 times) of the surface of the catalyst layer of the anode obtained in Example 3 is shown in FIG.
- FIG. 10 shows a graph of the relationship between 2 ⁇ (°) and peak intensity (cps) obtained by measuring the X-ray diffraction of the anode catalyst layer obtained in Example 3.
- Example 4 An anode was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that cobalt nitrate was added as a raw material for the catalyst layer so as to have the composition shown in Table 1.
- the anode catalyst layer was measured for X-ray diffraction using CuK ⁇ rays, and the X-ray diffraction peak intensity and the half width at 2 ⁇ 34 ° were obtained. The results are shown in Table 1.
- the SEM image (10,000 times) of the surface of the catalyst layer of the anode obtained in Example 4 is shown in FIG.
- FIG. 11 shows a graph of the relationship between 2 ⁇ (°) and peak intensity (cps) obtained by measuring the X-ray diffraction of the anode catalyst layer obtained in Example 4.
- Example 5 The surface of a conductive substrate (thickness 1 mm) made of a titanium flat plate was sandblasted with # 36 alumina. An n-butanol solution containing a predetermined amount of palladium chloride, ruthenium chloride and butyl titanate as catalyst raw materials on the surface of the conductive substrate roughened in this manner (values of the composition of the catalyst layer shown in Table 1) Mol%)) and a drying treatment at 120 ° C. for 10 minutes, followed by a baking treatment at 500 ° C. for 10 minutes. This coating-drying-firing process was repeated to produce an anode in which a catalyst layer was provided on the surface of the conductive substrate.
- the anode anode catalyst layer was measured for X-ray diffraction. However, since the catalyst layer did not contain palladium, an X-ray diffraction peak at 2 ⁇ 34 ° was naturally not observed.
- An SEM image (5,000 times) of the surface of the catalyst layer of the anode obtained in Comparative Example 2 is shown in FIG.
- Example 3 An anode was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the average particle diameter of palladium oxide as a raw material was 5.14 ⁇ m.
- the anode catalyst layer was measured for X-ray diffraction using CuK ⁇ rays, and the X-ray diffraction peak intensity and the half width at 2 ⁇ 34 ° were obtained. The results are shown in Table 1.
- the SEM image (5,000 times) of the surface of the catalyst layer of the anode obtained in Comparative Example 3 is shown in FIG.
- the average particle diameter of palladium oxide of Example 5 is a value measured by observing the surface of the catalyst layer with an SEM.
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Abstract
Description
項1. 導電性基体と、前記導電性基体の上に設けられた触媒層とを備える、塩素発生用電極であって、
前記触媒層は、少なくとも、酸化パラジウム、酸化ルテニウム、及び酸化チタンを含んでおり、
前記酸化パラジウムは、平均粒子径が5μm以下の粒子である、塩素発生用電極。
項2. 前記触媒層は、CuKα線を用いたX線回折法によって測定される、酸化パラジウムの回折ピーク2θ=33°~35°の範囲におけるX線回折ピーク強度が、500cps以上である、項1に記載の塩素発生用電極。
項3. 前記触媒層は、CuKα線を用いたX線回折法によって測定される、酸化パラジウムの回折ピーク2θ=33°~35°の範囲におけるX線回折ピーク半値幅が、1.5deg以下である、項1または2に記載の塩素発生用電極。
項4. 前記触媒層に含まれる金属元素を100モル%とした場合に、前記触媒層に含まれるパラジウム金属の割合が、1モル%以上である、項1~3のいずれか1項に記載の塩素発生用電極。
項5. 濃度が1%以下の塩水の電気分解に用いられる、項1~4のいずれか1項に記載の塩素発生用電極。
項6. 導電性基体と、前記導電性基体の上に設けられた触媒層とを備える、塩素発生用電極の製造方法であって、
少なくとも、パラジウム化合物、ルテニウム化合物、及びチタン化合物を含む溶液を導電性基体上に塗布する塗布工程と、
前記溶液が塗布された前記導電性基体を焼成する焼成工程と、
を備えており、
前記パラジウム化合物として、平均粒子径が5μm以下の酸化パラジウム粒子を用いる、塩素発生用電極の製造方法。
項7. 導電性基体と、前記導電性基体の上に設けられた触媒層とを備える、塩素発生用電極の製造方法であって、
少なくとも、パラジウム化合物、ルテニウム化合物、及びチタン化合物を含む溶液を導電性基体上に塗布する塗布工程と、
前記溶液が塗布された前記導電性基体を焼成する焼成工程と、
を備えており、
前記パラジウム化合物として、塩化パラジウム及び硝酸パラジウムの少なくとも一方を用い、
前記焼成工程において、400~600℃の温度で加熱して、前記塩化パラジウムから平均粒子径が5μm以下の酸化パラジウム粒子を生成させる、塩素発生用電極の製造方法。
項8. 前記焼成工程によって形成される触媒層は、CuKα線を用いたX線回折法によって測定される、酸化パラジウムの回折ピーク2θ=33°~35°の範囲におけるX線回折ピーク強度が、500cps以上である、項6または7に記載の塩素発生用電極の製造方法。
項9. 前記焼成工程によって形成される触媒層は、CuKα線を用いたX線回折法によって測定される、酸化パラジウムの回折ピーク2θ=33°~35°の範囲におけるX線回折ピーク半値幅が、1.5deg以下である、項6~8のいずれか1項に記載の塩素発生用電極の製造方法。
項10. 項1~5のいずれか1項に記載の塩素発生用電極を備える、電解槽。
項11. 項1~5のいずれか1項に記載の塩素発生用電極を用いて、金属塩化物水溶液を電気分解する工程を備える、次亜塩素酸塩の製造方法。
測定機器:(株)堀場製作所製のレーザー散乱粒子分布測定装置 LA-950
測定方法:試料の分散力を高めるために吸引を開始する。その後、圧縮空気を0.4~0.8MPaの範囲で供給して強制分散を実施する。サンプルを入れていない状態をブランクとして測定する。フィーダの強度を調整して、透過率が70~90%になれば、測定を開始する。
測定条件:透過率を70~90%、反復回数を30回、粒子径基準を体積とする。
(X線回折の測定)
測定機器:(株)リガク製、Ultima IV
測定方法:測定サンプルを設置して、測定機器本体からX線が照射可能な状態にする。電流、電圧を印加してエージングを実施後、X線を照射して測定する。
X線源:CuKα線
出力設定:40kV、40mA
測定時光学条件:
発散スリット=0.2mm
散乱スリット=2°
受光スリット=0.15mm
回折ピークの位置:2θ≒34°
測定範囲:5°~90°
スキャン速度:20°/min
試料の調製:35mm×50mm×1mmに電極を切断する。
原料として用いた酸化パラジウムの平均粒子径は、以下の条件で測定した。
測定機器:(株)堀場製作所製のレーザー散乱粒子分布測定装置 LA-950
測定方法:試料の分散力を高めるために吸引を開始する。その後、圧縮空気を0.4~0.8MPaの範囲で供給して強制分散を実施する。サンプルを入れていない状態をブランクとして測定する。フィーダの強度を調整して、透過率が70~90%になれば、測定を開始する。
測定条件:透過率を70~90%、反復回数を30回、粒子径基準を体積とする。
触媒層のX線回折の測定は、以下の条件で行った。
測定機器:(株)リガク製、Ultima IV
測定方法:測定サンプルを設置して、測定機器本体からX線が照射可能な状態にする。電流、電圧を印加してエージングを実施後、X線を照射して測定する。
X線源:CuKα線
出力設定:40kV、40mA
測定時光学条件:
発散スリット=0.2mm
散乱スリット=2°
受光スリット=0.15mm
回折ピークの位置:2θ≒34°
測定範囲:5°~90°
スキャン速度:20°/min
試料の調製:35mm×50mm×1mmに電極を切断する。
チタニウム製平板からなる導電性基体(厚み1mm)の表面を#36のアルミナでサンドブラスト処理した。このようにして粗面化された導電性基体の表面に、触媒層の原料として、所定の平均粒子径の酸化パラジウム、塩化ルテニウム、及びブチルチタネートをn-ブタノール溶液(触媒層の組成が表1に示される値(モル%)となる)を塗布し、120℃で10分間の乾燥処理を行った後、500℃で10分間の焼成処理を行った。この塗布-乾燥-焼成のプロセスを繰り返して、導電性基体の表面に触媒層が設けられた陽極を作製した。原料とした酸化パラジウムの平均粒子径は、0.52μmであった。また、陽極の触媒層について、CuKα線を用いたX線回折の測定を行い、2θ≒34°におけるX線回折ピーク強度と半値幅を求めた。結果を表1に示す。実施例1で得られた陽極の触媒層表面のSEM像(5千倍)を図1に示す。
チタニウム製平板からなる導電性基体(厚み1mm)の表面を#36のアルミナでサンドブラスト処理した。このようにして粗面化された導電性基体の表面に、触媒層の原料として、所定の平均粒子径の酸化パラジウム、塩化ルテニウム、及びブチルチタネートをn-ブタノール溶液(触媒層の組成が表1に示される値(モル%)となる)を塗布し、120℃で10分間の乾燥処理を行った後、450℃で10分間の焼成処理を行った。この塗布-乾燥-焼成のプロセスを繰り返して、導電性基体の表面に触媒層が設けられた陽極を作製した。原料とした酸化パラジウムの平均粒子径は、0.17μmであった。また、陽極の触媒層について、CuKα線を用いたX線回折の測定を行い、2θ≒34°におけるX線回折ピーク強度と半値幅を求めた。結果を表1に示す。実施例2で得られた陽極の触媒層表面のSEM像(5千倍)を図2に示す。また、実施例2で得られた陽極の触媒層について、X線回折を測定して得られた2θ(°)とピーク強度(cps)との関係のグラフを図9に示す。
チタニウム製平板からなる導電性基体(厚み1mm)の表面を#36のアルミナでサンドブラスト処理した。このようにして粗面化された導電性基体の表面に、触媒層の原料として、所定の平均粒子径の酸化パラジウム、塩化ルテニウム、及びブチルチタネートをn-ブタノール溶液(触媒層の組成が表1に示される値(モル%)となる)を塗布し、120℃で10分間の乾燥処理を行った後、550℃で10分間の焼成処理を行った。この塗布-乾燥-焼成のプロセスを繰り返して、導電性基体の表面に触媒層が設けられた陽極を作製した。原料とした酸化パラジウムの平均粒子径は、1.53μmであった。また、陽極の触媒層について、CuKα線を用いたX線回折の測定を行い、2θ≒34°におけるX線回折ピーク強度と半値幅を求めた。結果を表1に示す。実施例3で得られた陽極の触媒層表面のSEM像(5千倍)を図3に示す。また、実施例3で得られた陽極の触媒層について、X線回折を測定して得られた2θ(°)とピーク強度(cps)との関係のグラフを図10に示す。
触媒層の原料として、表1に記載の組成となるようにして、硝酸コバルトを加えたこと以外は、実施例1と同様にして陽極を作製した。また、陽極の触媒層について、CuKα線を用いたX線回折の測定を行い、2θ≒34°におけるX線回折ピーク強度と半値幅を求めた。結果を表1に示す。実施例4で得られた陽極の触媒層表面のSEM像(1万倍)を図4に示す。また、実施例4で得られた陽極の触媒層について、X線回折を測定して得られた2θ(°)とピーク強度(cps)との関係のグラフを図11に示す。
チタニウム製平板からなる導電性基体(厚み1mm)の表面を#36のアルミナでサンドブラスト処理した。このようにして粗面化された導電性基体の表面に、触媒原料として、塩化パラジウム、塩化ルテニウム、ブチルチタネートを所定量含む、n-ブタノール溶液(触媒層の組成が表1に示される値(モル%)となる)を塗布し、120℃で10分間の乾燥処理を行った後、500℃で10分間の焼成処理を行った。この塗布-乾燥-焼成のプロセスを繰り返して、導電性基体の表面に触媒層が設けられた陽極を作製した。得られた陽極の触媒層表面をSEMで観察したところ、0.4~0.5μm程度の酸化パラジウムの粒子が観察され、上記の方法で任意の20個について長径を測定し、平均粒子径を算出したところ、0.15μmであった。また、陽極の触媒層について、CuKα線を用いたX線回折の測定を行い、2θ≒34°におけるX線回折ピーク強度と半値幅を求めた。結果を表1に示す。実施例5で得られた陽極の触媒層表面のSEM像(1万倍)を図5に示す。
チタニウム製平板からなる導電性基体(厚み1mm)の表面を#36のアルミナでサンドブラスト処理した。このようにして粗面化された導電性基体の表面に、触媒原料として、塩化パラジウム、塩化ルテニウム、及びブチルチタネートを所定量含む、n-ブタノール溶液を塗布(触媒層の組成が表1に示される値(モル%)となる)し、120℃で10分間の乾燥処理を行った後、400℃で10分間の焼成処理を行った。この塗布-乾燥-焼成のプロセスを繰り返して、導電性基体の表面に触媒層が設けられた陽極を作製した。得られた陽極の触媒層表面をSEMで観察したところ、酸化パラジウムの粒子は観察されなかった。また、陽極の触媒層について、CuKα線を用いたX線回折の測定を行い、2θ≒34°におけるX線回折ピーク強度と半値幅を求めた。結果を表1に示す。比較例1で得られた陽極の触媒層表面のSEM像(5千倍)を図6に示す。
チタニウム製平板からなる導電性基体(厚み1mm)の表面を#36のアルミナでサンドブラスト処理した。このようにして粗面化された導電性基体の表面に、触媒原料として、塩化ルテニウム及びブチルチタネートを所定量含む、n-ブタノール溶液を塗布(触媒層の組成が表1に示される値(モル%)となる)し、120℃で10分間の乾燥処理を行った後、500℃で10分間の焼成処理を行った。この塗布-乾燥-焼成のプロセスを繰り返して、導電性基体の表面に触媒層が設けられた陽極を作製した。得られた陽極の触媒層について、X線回折の測定を行ったが、触媒層がパラジウムを含んでいないため、当然ながら2θ≒34°におけるX線回折ピークは見られなかった。比較例2で得られた陽極の触媒層表面のSEM像(5千倍)を図7に示す。
原料とした酸化パラジウムの平均粒子径が、5.14μmであったこと以外は、実施例1と同様にして、陽極を作製した。また、陽極の触媒層について、CuKα線を用いたX線回折の測定を行い、2θ≒34°におけるX線回折ピーク強度と半値幅を求めた。結果を表1に示す。比較例3で得られた陽極の触媒層表面のSEM像(5千倍)を図8に示す。
それぞれ、実施例1~5及び比較例1~3で得られた陽極と、陰極としてステンレス鋼を使用し、電流密度3A/dm2、電解温度17℃で、0.1%塩水(塩化ナトリウム水溶液)を電気分解し、有効塩素濃度から塩素発生効率(1100時間経過後)を求めた。結果を表1に示す。
実施例4で得られた陽極と、陰極としてステンレス鋼を使用し、各塩水濃度(0.1%、0.15%または0.5%)の塩水を電気分解し、有効塩素濃度から塩素発生効率を求めた。このとき、図12~14のグラフに示されるように、それぞれの塩水濃度において、電流密度を4.2A/dm2とした場合について、塩素発生効率(1100時間経過後)を求めた。温度と塩素発生効率との関係を示すグラフを図12~14に示す。なお、図12に示されるグラフから明らかなとおり、塩水濃度0.1%の場合、電解温度が10℃でも、塩素発生効率は50%以上であった。図13に示されるグラフから明らかなとおり、塩水濃度0.15%の場合、電解温度が5℃でも、塩素発生効率は50%以上であった。図14に示されるグラフから明らかなとおり、塩水濃度0.5%の場合、電解温度が2℃でも、塩素発生効率は70%以上であった。
実施例4及び比較例1で得られた陽極と、陰極としてステンレス鋼を使用し、電流密度3A/dm2、電解温度2℃で、0.1%塩水(塩化ナトリウム水溶液)を電気分解し、有効塩素濃度から塩素発生効率を求めた。この電気分解を継続して行い、電気分解時間と塩素発生効率の経時変化を測定した。得られたグラフを図15に示す。図15に示されるグラフから明らかなとおり、実施例4の陽極を用いた場合、電気分解時間が4500時間を超えても、塩素発生効率があまり低下していなかった(電気分解0時間で塩素発生効率が46%、電気分解4573時間で塩素発生効率は42%であった)。一方、比較例1の陽極を用いた場合、初期の塩素発生効率は高い(電気分解0時間で塩素発生効率は46%)ものの、電気分化時間が1000時間を超えた際には、塩素発生効率がかなり低下した(1176時間で塩素発生効率は39%)。
Claims (11)
- 導電性基体と、前記導電性基体の上に設けられた触媒層とを備える、塩素発生用電極であって、
前記触媒層は、少なくとも、酸化パラジウム、酸化ルテニウム、及び酸化チタンを含んでおり、
前記酸化パラジウムは、平均粒子径が5μm以下の粒子である、塩素発生用電極。 - 前記触媒層は、CuKα線を用いたX線回折法によって測定される、酸化パラジウムの回折ピーク2θ=33°~35°の範囲におけるX線回折ピーク強度が、500cps以上である、請求項1に記載の塩素発生用電極。
- 前記触媒層は、CuKα線を用いたX線回折法によって測定される、酸化パラジウムの回折ピーク2θ=33°~35°の範囲におけるX線回折ピーク半値幅が、1.5deg以下である、請求項1または2に記載の塩素発生用電極。
- 前記触媒層に含まれる金属元素を100モル%とした場合に、前記触媒層に含まれるパラジウム金属の割合が、1モル%以上である、請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載の塩素発生用電極。
- 濃度が1%以下の塩水の電気分解に用いられる、請求項1~4のいずれか1項に記載の塩素発生用電極。
- 導電性基体と、前記導電性基体の上に設けられた触媒層とを備える、塩素発生用電極の製造方法であって、
少なくとも、パラジウム化合物、ルテニウム化合物、及びチタン化合物を含む溶液を導電性基体上に塗布する塗布工程と、
前記溶液が塗布された前記導電性基体を焼成する焼成工程と、
を備えており、
前記パラジウム化合物として、平均粒子径が5μm以下の酸化パラジウム粒子を用いる、塩素発生用電極の製造方法。 - 導電性基体と、前記導電性基体の上に設けられた触媒層とを備える、塩素発生用電極の製造方法であって、
少なくとも、パラジウム化合物、ルテニウム化合物、及びチタン化合物を含む溶液を導電性基体上に塗布する塗布工程と、
前記溶液が塗布された前記導電性基体を焼成する焼成工程と、
を備えており、
前記パラジウム化合物として、塩化パラジウム及び硝酸パラジウムの少なくとも一方を用い、
前記焼成工程において、400~600℃の温度で加熱して、前記塩化パラジウムから平均粒子径が5μm以下の酸化パラジウム粒子を生成させる、塩素発生用電極の製造方法。 - 前記焼成工程によって形成される触媒層は、CuKα線を用いたX線回折法によって測定される、酸化パラジウムの回折ピーク2θ=33°~35°の範囲におけるX線回折ピーク強度が、500cps以上である、請求項6または7に記載の塩素発生用電極の製造方法。
- 前記焼成工程によって形成される触媒層は、CuKα線を用いたX線回折法によって測定される、酸化パラジウムの回折ピーク2θ=33°~35°の範囲におけるX線回折ピーク半値幅が、1.5deg以下である、請求項6~8のいずれか1項に記載の塩素発生用電極の製造方法。
- 請求項1~5のいずれか1項に記載の塩素発生用電極を備える、電解槽。
- 請求項1~5のいずれか1項に記載の塩素発生用電極を用いて、金属塩化物水溶液を電気分解する工程を備える、次亜塩素酸塩の製造方法。
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JP4554542B2 (ja) | 2006-03-09 | 2010-09-29 | 石福金属興業株式会社 | 電解用電極 |
JP4884333B2 (ja) | 2007-08-24 | 2012-02-29 | 石福金属興業株式会社 | 電解用電極 |
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