WO2016139218A1 - Phosphatelektrode und verfahren zur bestimmung der phosphatkonzentration - Google Patents
Phosphatelektrode und verfahren zur bestimmung der phosphatkonzentration Download PDFInfo
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- WO2016139218A1 WO2016139218A1 PCT/EP2016/054360 EP2016054360W WO2016139218A1 WO 2016139218 A1 WO2016139218 A1 WO 2016139218A1 EP 2016054360 W EP2016054360 W EP 2016054360W WO 2016139218 A1 WO2016139218 A1 WO 2016139218A1
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- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- phosphate
- coating
- electrode
- concentration
- phosphate electrode
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- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 157
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 title claims abstract description 155
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 154
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 14
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 55
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 48
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- -1 hydroxide ions Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 229910000152 cobalt phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- ZBDSFTZNNQNSQM-UHFFFAOYSA-H cobalt(2+);diphosphate Chemical compound [Co+2].[Co+2].[Co+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O ZBDSFTZNNQNSQM-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 235000021317 phosphate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 152
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 claims description 47
- 230000002452 interceptive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 23
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000012491 analyte Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000005388 borosilicate glass Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000007853 buffer solution Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000010802 sludge Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 150000003013 phosphoric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000004065 wastewater treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000012876 carrier material Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 37
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 26
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sulfate Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 18
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 17
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 15
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 15
- WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[K+] WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 12
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 description 11
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 11
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 7
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 7
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000001103 potassium chloride Substances 0.000 description 6
- 235000011164 potassium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000000872 buffer Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000003094 microcapsule Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000003365 glass fiber Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000010865 sewage Substances 0.000 description 4
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- VSCWAEJMTAWNJL-UHFFFAOYSA-K aluminium trichloride Chemical compound Cl[Al](Cl)Cl VSCWAEJMTAWNJL-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 2
- 125000003277 amino group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 2
- FGIUAXJPYTZDNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium nitrate Chemical compound [K+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O FGIUAXJPYTZDNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910021653 sulphate ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000012209 synthetic fiber Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920002994 synthetic fiber Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000009827 uniform distribution Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002351 wastewater Substances 0.000 description 2
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acetate Chemical compound CC([O-])=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O Ammonium Chemical compound [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000531 Co alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-L Phosphate ion(2-) Chemical compound OP([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000004793 Polystyrene Substances 0.000 description 1
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VMHLLURERBWHNL-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium acetate Chemical compound [Na+].CC([O-])=O VMHLLURERBWHNL-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 150000008043 acidic salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000006978 adaptation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005273 aeration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001447 alkali salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000006294 amino alkylene group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002238 attenuated effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008953 bacterial degradation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000033228 biological regulation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000008366 buffered solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011088 calibration curve Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002775 capsule Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012412 chemical coupling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007385 chemical modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001805 chlorine compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- UQEXUNADTVCXEU-UHFFFAOYSA-L cobalt(2+);hydrogen phosphate Chemical compound [Co+2].OP([O-])([O-])=O UQEXUNADTVCXEU-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- ZPWVASYFFYYZEW-UHFFFAOYSA-L dipotassium hydrogen phosphate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].OP([O-])([O-])=O ZPWVASYFFYYZEW-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005538 encapsulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003891 environmental analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012851 eutrophication Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003203 everyday effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000284 extract Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011152 fibreglass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004401 flow injection analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000007306 functionalization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021389 graphene Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 230000001771 impaired effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005923 long-lasting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011859 microparticle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002823 nitrates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000015097 nutrients Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);zirconium(4+) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[Zr+4] RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000149 penetrating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002223 polystyrene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004323 potassium nitrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010333 potassium nitrate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000004313 potentiometry Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006479 redox reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000005070 sampling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004062 sedimentation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000741 silica gel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002027 silica gel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001632 sodium acetate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000017281 sodium acetate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 1
- NSRBDSZKIKAZHT-UHFFFAOYSA-N tellurium zinc Chemical compound [Zn].[Te] NSRBDSZKIKAZHT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
- G01N27/26—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating electrochemical variables; by using electrolysis or electrophoresis
- G01N27/28—Electrolytic cell components
- G01N27/30—Electrodes, e.g. test electrodes; Half-cells
- G01N27/333—Ion-selective electrodes or membranes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C11/00—Multi-cellular glass ; Porous or hollow glass or glass particles
- C03C11/007—Foam glass, e.g. obtained by incorporating a blowing agent and heating
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C23/00—Other surface treatment of glass not in the form of fibres or filaments
- C03C23/0095—Solution impregnating; Solution doping; Molecular stuffing, e.g. of porous glass
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
- G01N27/26—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating electrochemical variables; by using electrolysis or electrophoresis
- G01N27/28—Electrolytic cell components
- G01N27/30—Electrodes, e.g. test electrodes; Half-cells
- G01N27/307—Disposable laminated or multilayered electrodes
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
- G01N27/26—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating electrochemical variables; by using electrolysis or electrophoresis
- G01N27/403—Cells and electrode assemblies
- G01N27/4035—Combination of a single ion-sensing electrode and a single reference electrode
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/18—Water
- G01N33/182—Specific anions in water
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a phosphate electrode having a base body and a first coating provided on the base body at least in regions, the base body containing elemental cobalt and the first coating containing a cobalt phosphate.
- the invention further comprises a method for determining a phosphate concentration with the phosphate electrode.
- the phosphate content of the water is z.
- a precise monitoring of the phosphate concentration, especially in the activated sludge tank and in the drain, is required in order to minimize the phosphate effluent load of the plant by controlling the aeration phases and optionally by precipitation.
- the requirements placed on an analytical process suitable for wastewater treatment plants include simple handling and high reliability at the lowest possible cost.
- a phosphate electrode which meets these criteria and which can be used for continuous phosphate measurement directly in the activated sludge without further sample preparation is not yet available.
- Ion-selective electrodes which are already routinely used in sewage treatment plants for the determination of nitrate and ammonium concentrations.
- Ion-selective electrodes generate a voltage which is specific to the concentration of the ion to be determined in the medium surrounding the electrode. After calibration against media of known phosphate concentration, it is possible to deduce the phosphate content of an unknown aqueous solution (eg a wastewater sample) from the measured potential value.
- interfering ions cause potential or voltage changes in the electrode. So far, the voltage signal no longer depends exclusively on the concentration of the ion to be determined (also called analyte ion), but is also influenced by the concentration of the interfering ions.
- interfering ions not only interfering ions but also gases can cause a voltage change by reaction with the electrode surface. Since, in the case of transverse sensitivity to gases, a reaction of the gases which precedes the course of the potential can generally take place upstream of the corresponding anions, in this case the fundamental mechanism is the same as in the case of the interference of interfering ions.
- Expert measures for reducing the cross-sensitivity of ion-selective electrodes include the use of ion-selective membranes and complex reference measurements, the change in potential of known interfering ions serving as a reference signal at various concentrations.
- a phosphate electrode is provided with a base body and a first coating provided on the base body at least in regions.
- the main body contains elemental cobalt, in particular the main body consists of at least 90 wt .-%, preferably at least 95 wt .-%, of cobalt. Cobalt alloys can also be used.
- the first coating comprises a cobalt phosphate, in particular Co 3 (PO 4 ) 2, CoHPO 4 , or Co (H 2 PO 4 ) 2, preferably CoHPO 4 .
- a second coating is provided, which binds protons and / or releases hydroxide ions.
- the second coating essentially serves to ensure a constant, basic pH on the surface of the phosphate electrode.
- this has been found to be sufficient because the voltage change measured with the phosphate electrode is caused by reactions on the surface of the electrode.
- the achievement of a basic pH on the surface can be checked by immersing the phosphate electrode in a small volume, for example 50 ml, of a neutral or weakly buffered solution, in particular a very dilute KCl solution (eg 0.1 10 "3 mol / L), the pH is increased to at least 7.5, in total, by setting a basic pH, the cross-sensitivity reduced a phosphate electrode with a cobalt-based body.
- the phosphate electrode according to the invention can also be used for determining the phosphate concentration in large volumes, for example with more than 1000 L, are used.
- the alkaline pH in the environment is adjusted locally around the phosphate electrode, since the determination of the phosphate concentration is based on a chemical reaction on the surface of the electrode and therefore the measurement conditions locally around this electrode essentially depend on it. It is particularly advantageous that in the actual analyte, for example.
- the activated sludge of a water treatment plant on average, another pH, namely, typically 6.5 to 7.0, may be present. It has also been found that cross sensitivity of the cobalt based phosphate electrode can be reduced by adjusting a basic pH in view of the partial pressure of certain gases, especially oxygen.
- the cross-sensitivity in particular the oxygen
- the second coating has a pH of between 7.5 and 9, in particular between 8 and 9, preferably between 8.2 and 9, particularly preferably between 8.6 and 9, in 50 ml of a strongly diluted KCl. Solution (eg 0.1 mM) at 25 ° C.
- the stated values are given with an accuracy of ⁇ 0.1.
- This material property of the second coating can be easily checked by immersing the appropriately designed phosphate electrode in 1 L of deionized water at 25 ° C. It has been found that the lowest cross-sensitivity of the phosphate electrode to other anions can be observed in the given pH range, while the sensitivity, ie the sensitivity, of the electrode to the phosphate is hardly impaired.
- the second coating comprises a, in particular hydrophilic and / or water-permeable, solid buffer system.
- a buffer system (or even buffer) is a mixture of an acid and the corresponding conjugated base, for example an acetic acid / acetate mixture. Buffers are characterized by the fact that the pH changes only slightly when adding an acid or a base. Therefore, buffers are particularly suitable for the adjustment of a basic environment around the phosphate electrode. It is particularly preferred if the acid strength of the acid of the buffer System corresponds to the pH value to be set by the buffer system.
- the second coating comprises a borosilicate glass.
- the borosilicate glass is used as a fixed buffer system.
- the borosilicate glass is used in particular as a powder, the borosilicate glass preferably has defined particle sizes, it being preferred if the average particle size is 18 ⁇ m and the particle size distribution follows a Gaussian curve. Since borosilicate glasses usually have a basic pH of their own, they are particularly suitable for the present invention. If the pH is to be set to the particularly preferred values between 7.5 and 9, 8 and 9, 8.2 and 9 and / or 8.6 and 9, this is possible with borosilicate glasses, for example by modifying the surface.
- the borosilicate glass has a modified surface, whereby an adjustment of the pH is achieved by the borosilicate glass.
- a modification of the surface may, for example, consist in that the borosilicate glass is mixed with a solution of a basic or acidic salt, for example sodium acetate or aluminum chloride, and subjected to a temperature treatment. This results in a connection of the salt to the borosilicate glass surface.
- a basic or acidic salt for example sodium acetate or aluminum chloride
- the second coating comprises a carrier material which has been correspondingly functionalized to set a basic pH.
- a carrier material which has been correspondingly functionalized to set a basic pH.
- Such functionalization can be achieved, for example, by the chemical coupling of functional groups, in particular aminoalkylene.
- functionalized carrier materials include functionalized silica gel, functionalized graphene and / or functionalized polystyrene.
- the second coating comprises microcapsules.
- volatile, for example liquid, substances for regulation in order to produce a basic environment for the phosphate electrode, while at the same time preventing too rapid removal of the corresponding substances.
- a matrix encapsulation can be used, wherein the corresponding substance is homogeneously mixed with a substance forming the matrix, thereby achieving a uniform distribution.
- the rate of release is determined by the diffusion of the substance into the environment or the degradation rate of the matrix.
- the microcapsules themselves from doped material, for example polymers doped with amino groups.
- the capsule material itself can be used as a regulator of pH, while the properties of the encapsulated substances and the rate of release of these substances allow additional adjustments.
- the second coating can be accommodated in filter papers which can be fixed to the electrode base body and / or the first coating. Filter papers made of cellulose are generally suitable for this purpose. However, preferred are non-biodegradable filter papers, as these extend the life of the electrode. Filter papers have proven to be particularly preferred Fiberglass exposed. The filter papers can also be used without binder.
- Filter bags are suitable for fixing the second coating, in particular microcapsules. These filter bags increase the mechanical stability of the second coating without significantly affecting the exchange of the analyte and the reactions on the surface of the electrode for determining the phosphate. If filter papers made of glass fiber used, can be dispensed with an additional wrapping through a filter bag, since these filter papers already have a high mechanical stability.
- At least one gas supply connected to a gas source with at least one opening which is associated with the electrode.
- the at least one opening is arranged such that upon introduction of a gas, for example air into which at least one gas feed line, the main body, in particular the entire phosphate electrode, is lapped by the introduced gas. It is thereby generated a constant partial pressure of the components contained in the gas on the surface of the phosphate electrode. This additionally minimizes cross-sensitivity of the electrode to variable gas partial pressures.
- the gas which has been introduced to the oxygen it is particularly preferred for the gas which has been introduced to the oxygen to have a high cross-sensitivity of common cobalt-based phosphate electrodes observed. Accordingly, a constant oxygen partial pressure (p (O 2 )) can be set and the cross-sensitivity can be further reduced. This is particularly important in the determination of the phosphate concentration in water treatment plants, since it must be determined under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions, the phosphate concentration.
- a plurality of openings are provided in a gas line, wherein it is particularly preferred when the openings are distributed so that a uniform distribution of the introduced gas is achieved around the body.
- a phosphate electrode is used as described above for determining the phosphate concentration in the activated sludge of a water treatment and / or wastewater treatment plant.
- the object underlying the invention is also achieved by a method for determining the phosphate concentration in an aqueous analyte, in particular activated sludge of a water treatment and / or wastewater treatment plant, having the features of claim 8.
- a phosphate electrode in particular of the type described above, is immersed in a setting solution before the determination of the phosphate concentration, specifically until the phosphate electrode emits a measurement signal which does not change over time.
- the setting solution phosphates and interfering ions are added, that is, all anions on which the phosphate electrode can exhibit cross-sensitivity, preferably at a concentration typically expected in the aqueous analyte.
- the phosphate electrode is already "used” to a similar ion level before the actual determination of the phosphate concentration.
- the calibration of the phosphate electrode in the adjustment solution is made by the phosphate concentration is selectively varied stepwise.
- time-invariable measurement signal is understood to mean that the measurement signal changes only slightly at a given time interval.
- potential change of a phosphate electrode should be less than 1 mV / min, preferably 0.5 mV / min.
- the pH of the adjusting solution corresponds approximately to the pH of the analyte solution, in particular between 5 and 9, preferably between 7.5 and 9, particularly preferably between 8 and 9, and very particularly preferably between 8.6 and 9 lies.
- the cross-sensitivity of the phosphate electrode is extremely low, while the sensitivity of the phosphate electrode to the phosphate is maintained.
- the determination of the phosphate concentration at a constant gas partial pressure is performed.
- the total concentration of the interfering ions is not more than 100 mM, preferably not more than 50 mM, more preferably not more than 30 mM and most preferably not more than 20 mM.
- 3a shows the change in the potential difference as a function of the addition of interfering ions and the phosphate concentration for a starting concentration of 0.52 mM sulfate, 2.82 mM chloride and 0.01 mM phosphate,
- 3b shows the change in the potential difference as a function of the addition of interfering ions and the phosphate concentration for a starting concentration of 2.08 mM sulfate, 7.05 mM chloride and 0.01 mM phosphate,
- Fig. 5a shows the change of the potential difference of an inventive
- Phosphate electrode as a function of the addition of phosphate for a starting concentration of 0.52 mM sulfate, 2.82 mM chloride and 0.01 mM phosphate
- Fig. 1 shows the potential difference change ⁇ measured with a phosphate electrode according to DE 1 0 2009 051 1 69 as a function of different interference ion concentrations at a pH of 7.4 and 8.8.
- the potential difference is determined to be a reference electrode whose half-cell potential is not influenced by the phosphate concentration.
- the analyzed analyte solutions contained dipotassium hydrogen phosphate (K 2 HPO 4 ) at a concentration of 0.01 mM.
- the interfering ions nitrate (a, b), chloride (c, d) and sulphate (e, f) were added in the indicated concentrations.
- ⁇ 0
- AAV - - -
- K L is the binding constant for the investigated interference ion
- AAV max is the maximum deflection of the potential difference
- c A is the concentration of the interference ion.
- Two lonenmillieus (a, b) were tested, for example, can simulate the situation in the sewage water of a water treatment plant.
- a, b Two lonenmillieus
- 5 a shows the potential change during the measurement time of a phosphate electrode according to the invention at an interference ion concentration of 0.52 mM K 2 SO 4 and 2.82 mM KCl with a change in the phosphate concentration (upper axis). It is clear that the phosphate electrode according to the invention is suitable for determining the phosphate concentration.
- the insertion shows the calibration curve of the phosphate electrode according to the invention obtained from the measured data. From a measurement time of about 200 minutes, the phosphate electrode was transferred to another solution with the starting concentration of 0.01 mM phosphate, wherein an increase in the measured potential difference (in mV) can be observed.
- FIG. 5 b shows the potential change of a phosphate electrode according to the invention at an interference ion concentration of 2.08 mM sulfate and 7.05 mM chloride as a function of the concentration of KNO 3, KCl and K 2 SO 4 . It becomes clear that the addition of further interfering ions only leads to negligible potential changes. The highest remaining cross-sensitivity for the divalent sulfate is observed. An addition of 1.02 mM K 2 SO 4 (to a total of 3.1) leads to a potential change of less than 10 mV, which only leads to a small measurement error with regard to the phosphate concentration.
- Fig. 6 a and b the potential change of a phosphate electrode according to the invention is shown at a higher interference ion concentration analogous to FIG.
- interfering ions 2.5 mM K 2 SO and 14.1 mM KCl were initially charged in the analyte solution.
- Fig. 6a again shows the change in potential with changing phosphate concentration.
- the reversibility of the potential change was again tested by converting the phosphate electrode according to the invention into a solution having a concentration of 0.01 mM phosphate from a measurement time of 275 min.
- the starting value is reached at 0 min measuring time.
- Fig. 6b shows the change of the potential at the same output interference ion concentration as Fig. 6a and the indicated interference ion concentrations. Again, the low influence of the Störionen on the potential of the phosphate electrode according to the invention is clear.
- Fig. 7 shows schematically the structure of a base body 1 made of cobalt of a phosphate electrode according to the invention with a first coating 1 a and second coating 1 b.
- the second coating 1 b is preferably hydrophilic and permeable to water, which facilitates the diffusion of phosphate onto the base body or the first coating 1 a.
- the second coating 1 b produce a basic pH in the electrode environment and should quickly compensate for changes in pH in the electrode surface interface.
- pulverized borosilicate glass is used for the second coating 1b, as offered, for example, by Trovotech GmbH (Edisonstr. 3, D-06766 Bitterfeld-Wolfen).
- Fig. 7 and 8 show a preferred, already tested structure of the base body 1 with coatings 1 a and 1 b of a phosphate electrode according to the invention schematically again.
- the other test setup corresponds to the information in DE 10 2009 051 169 and is typical for ion-selective electrodes.
- the borosilicate glass powder was suspended in water and the suspension was applied with a pasteur pipette to a filter paper made of glass fiber (which was adapted to the dimensions of the electrode; MN85 / 70, Macherey-Nagel, Düren).
- the glass particles are transported with the penetrating water into the filter pores and fixed therein. Powder remaining on the surface is gently spread with a spatula and powder residues are removed.
- the filter paper thus prepared is then applied in the wet state on both sides of the base body 1 and the first coating 1 a and then immediately introduced into a filter bag 2 made of cellulose.
- Two hard plastic grids 3 which are firmly connected to each other by clamps 3a and mechanically stabilize the coatings 1 a and 1 b, are finally attached as an outer boundary.
- the base body 1 and the first coating 1 a of the second coating 1 b in particular a borosilicate layer, separated by a fine-pored, hydrophilic membrane of a few ⁇ strength (eg synthetic fiber) (not shown).
- non-biodegradable material is used, which has a favorable effect on the stability and lifetime of the electrode.
- filter bags 2 of synthetic fiber are used instead of those of cellulose.
- glass fiber filter papers e.g. Munkteil 3.1 101 .047 strength 250 ⁇ from the company Munkteil Filter AB. If a glass fiber filter paper is used, an additional covering by a filter bag can be dispensed with, which allows a more cost-effective production of the electrode. In addition, the fluid exchange between the electrode surface and analyte solution can be improved.
- microparticles are used whose surface has been doped with amino groups in order to buffer the local pH value in the basic range. These microcapsules may be coated and / or filled such that they continuously release hydroxy ion.
- FIG. 9 schematically shows a main body 1 (with coatings) according to FIG. 8 and additional gas line 4 with a corresponding opening 5 in two perspectives.
- both an opening 5 for each gas line 4 and a plurality of openings 5 may be provided for a gas line 4.
- a gas line 4 for example.
- a commercial PVC hose an oxygen-containing gas, here air, supplied and distributed through the opening 5 in the vicinity of the phosphate electrode according to the invention. This is illustrated schematically in FIG. 9 by the circles.
- a commercially available aquarium pump can be used for introducing the air.
- a supply of oxygen-containing gas to the phosphate electrode is particularly advantageous if the oxygen partial pressure at the electrode surface of that in the analyte deviates strongly (eg. Under anaerobic conditions in the final sedimentation of a sewage treatment plant).
- FIGS 10 and 11 schematically show a preferred embodiment of the phosphate electrode.
- FIG. 10 shows a plan view of a phosphate electrode according to the invention with additional gas feed line (PVC hose) with openings 5, reference electrode 6, additional temperature sensor 7 and phosphate electrode measuring head 8.
- PVC hose additional gas feed line
- Fig. 1 1 shows a cross section of the phosphate electrode shown in Fig. 10.
- the base body 1 has two coatings as described above, is arranged horizontally in the image plane and forms the reactive surface of the phosphate electrode on a side facing the analyte. Around this surface, a basic pH of above 7.4 (namely between 7.5 and 9) is produced by the second coating (not shown). In addition, air is released via the gas line 4 at the reactive surface of the main body 1, whereby a constant partial pressure of oxygen in the phosphate electrode environment is generated.
- Both the reference electrode 6 and the phosphate electrode measuring head 8 are connected via BNC sockets 9 and cable 10 to a preamplifier 11, which amplifies the measuring signal and to an amplifier (not shown). outputs.
- a preamplifier 11 which amplifies the measuring signal and to an amplifier (not shown). outputs.
- a plurality of seals 12 are provided which prevent penetration of the analyte into the electrode.
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Priority Applications (6)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AU2016227740A AU2016227740B2 (en) | 2015-03-02 | 2016-03-02 | Phosphate electrode and a method for determining the phosphate concentration |
CN201680013155.6A CN107430084A (zh) | 2015-03-02 | 2016-03-02 | 磷酸盐电极和测定磷酸盐浓度的方法 |
US15/555,009 US20180106752A1 (en) | 2015-03-02 | 2016-03-02 | Phosphate Electrode and a Method for Determining the Phosphate Concentration |
JP2017564801A JP2018507423A (ja) | 2015-03-02 | 2016-03-02 | リン酸塩測定電極およびリン酸塩濃度を確定するための方法 |
EP16707431.9A EP3265795A1 (de) | 2015-03-02 | 2016-03-02 | Phosphatelektrode und verfahren zur bestimmung der phosphatkonzentration |
CA2976835A CA2976835A1 (en) | 2015-03-02 | 2016-03-02 | Phosphate electrode and a method for determining the phosphate concentration |
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DE102015102945.6A DE102015102945B3 (de) | 2015-03-02 | 2015-03-02 | Phosphatelektrode und Verfahren zur Bestimmung der Phosphatkonzentration |
DE102015102945.6 | 2015-03-02 |
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WO2016139218A1 true WO2016139218A1 (de) | 2016-09-09 |
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PCT/EP2016/054360 WO2016139218A1 (de) | 2015-03-02 | 2016-03-02 | Phosphatelektrode und verfahren zur bestimmung der phosphatkonzentration |
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US (1) | US20180106752A1 (de) |
EP (1) | EP3265795A1 (de) |
JP (1) | JP2018507423A (de) |
CN (1) | CN107430084A (de) |
AU (1) | AU2016227740B2 (de) |
CA (1) | CA2976835A1 (de) |
DE (2) | DE202015102072U1 (de) |
WO (1) | WO2016139218A1 (de) |
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CN114942262B (zh) * | 2022-02-25 | 2024-03-08 | 南京农业大学 | 用于磷酸根离子检测的激光诱导石墨烯电极及制备方法 |
CN115184416A (zh) * | 2022-06-23 | 2022-10-14 | 南通海星电子股份有限公司 | 制备铝电极箔所用槽液的磷酸根离子测定系统及测定方法 |
Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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DE102009051169A1 (de) * | 2009-10-29 | 2011-05-05 | Passavant-Intech Gmbh | Phosphatelektrode, Elektrodensystem hiermit und deren Verwendung |
WO2012154028A1 (en) * | 2011-05-12 | 2012-11-15 | Mimos Berhad | A phosphate sensor and method of formation thereof |
GB2503689A (en) * | 2012-07-04 | 2014-01-08 | Compact Instr Ltd | Phosphate Detection |
Family Cites Families (8)
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JPS5920662Y2 (ja) * | 1979-01-12 | 1984-06-15 | 株式会社明電舎 | 水質測定装置 |
JPS63228054A (ja) * | 1987-03-17 | 1988-09-22 | Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd | 炭酸濃度測定用イオン選択電極 |
JPH04130262A (ja) * | 1990-09-21 | 1992-05-01 | Nippon Parkerizing Co Ltd | リン酸イオン選択性電極 |
JP4448243B2 (ja) * | 2000-09-13 | 2010-04-07 | 株式会社堀場製作所 | リン酸イオン選択性電極およびその作製方法 |
CN101666772B (zh) * | 2008-09-04 | 2013-06-05 | 北京金达清创环境科技有限公司 | 检测磷酸盐的丝网印刷钴传感器的制备方法 |
JP5382573B2 (ja) * | 2009-02-19 | 2014-01-08 | 国立大学法人三重大学 | リチウム空気電池 |
DE102011011884B4 (de) | 2011-02-21 | 2017-11-23 | Trovotech Gmbh | Verwendung dotierter poröser, amorpher Glaspartikel aus kontinuierlich erzeugtem Glasschaum |
CN104267080A (zh) * | 2014-10-09 | 2015-01-07 | 无锡百灵传感技术有限公司 | 检测污水中磷酸盐的电化学传感器 |
-
2015
- 2015-03-02 DE DE202015102072.4U patent/DE202015102072U1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2015-03-02 DE DE102015102945.6A patent/DE102015102945B3/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2016
- 2016-03-02 CN CN201680013155.6A patent/CN107430084A/zh active Pending
- 2016-03-02 CA CA2976835A patent/CA2976835A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2016-03-02 JP JP2017564801A patent/JP2018507423A/ja active Pending
- 2016-03-02 AU AU2016227740A patent/AU2016227740B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2016-03-02 US US15/555,009 patent/US20180106752A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2016-03-02 WO PCT/EP2016/054360 patent/WO2016139218A1/de active Application Filing
- 2016-03-02 EP EP16707431.9A patent/EP3265795A1/de not_active Withdrawn
Patent Citations (3)
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DE102009051169A1 (de) * | 2009-10-29 | 2011-05-05 | Passavant-Intech Gmbh | Phosphatelektrode, Elektrodensystem hiermit und deren Verwendung |
WO2012154028A1 (en) * | 2011-05-12 | 2012-11-15 | Mimos Berhad | A phosphate sensor and method of formation thereof |
GB2503689A (en) * | 2012-07-04 | 2014-01-08 | Compact Instr Ltd | Phosphate Detection |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
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RAVI K. MERUVA ET AL: "Mixed Potential Response Mechanism of Cobalt Electrodes toward Inorganic Phosphate", ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, vol. 68, no. 13, 1 January 1996 (1996-01-01), pages 2022 - 2026, XP055273327, ISSN: 0003-2700, DOI: 10.1021/ac951086v * |
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DE202015102072U1 (de) | 2015-06-03 |
EP3265795A1 (de) | 2018-01-10 |
DE102015102945B3 (de) | 2016-06-16 |
JP2018507423A (ja) | 2018-03-15 |
CN107430084A (zh) | 2017-12-01 |
US20180106752A1 (en) | 2018-04-19 |
CA2976835A1 (en) | 2016-09-09 |
AU2016227740A1 (en) | 2017-09-21 |
AU2016227740B2 (en) | 2018-07-05 |
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