WO2016121743A1 - 外殻構造を有する触媒担持体用フェライト粒子 - Google Patents

外殻構造を有する触媒担持体用フェライト粒子 Download PDF

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WO2016121743A1
WO2016121743A1 PCT/JP2016/052151 JP2016052151W WO2016121743A1 WO 2016121743 A1 WO2016121743 A1 WO 2016121743A1 JP 2016052151 W JP2016052151 W JP 2016052151W WO 2016121743 A1 WO2016121743 A1 WO 2016121743A1
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Prior art keywords
particles
ferrite particles
ferrite
outer shell
shell structure
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PCT/JP2016/052151
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
康二 安賀
隆男 杉浦
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パウダーテック株式会社
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Application filed by パウダーテック株式会社 filed Critical パウダーテック株式会社
Priority to EP16743346.5A priority Critical patent/EP3252016B1/en
Priority to US15/544,665 priority patent/US10258970B2/en
Priority to CN201680006126.7A priority patent/CN107207279B/zh
Priority to KR1020177020053A priority patent/KR102457216B1/ko
Publication of WO2016121743A1 publication Critical patent/WO2016121743A1/ja

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
    • C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
    • C01P2006/12—Surface area
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
    • C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
    • C01P2006/14—Pore volume
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
    • C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
    • C01P2006/16—Pore diameter

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a ferrite particle, and more particularly to a ferrite particle for a catalyst carrier suitably used as a catalyst carrier and a catalyst using the ferrite particle as a catalyst carrier.
  • Patent Document 1 Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 6-313176 describes a fluid catalytic cracking catalyst comprising a zeolite as an active ingredient and a matrix as a support matrix, with a saturation magnetization of 10 emu / g or less and an average particle size in the matrix. It describes that ferrite particles having a diameter of 0.001 to 20 ⁇ m are contained.
  • Patent Document 2 Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2004-189513
  • vitreous particles are adhered to the surface of ferrite particles to form a coating of a melted vitreous layer, and titanium oxide is coated on the surface of the glass-coated ferrite particles.
  • a method for producing functional ferrite particles that are coated and heat-treated again is described, and the functional ferrite particles are said to be useful as a photocatalytic material.
  • the ferrite particles used here include MnZn-based, MgCuZn-based, and NiCuZn-based.
  • Patent Documents 1 and 2 describe the use of ferrite particles as a catalyst component, but do not focus on the various characteristics of the ferrite particles.
  • Patent Document 3 Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2007-320847 includes a core fine particle structure including a plurality of primary fine particles and a plurality of primary pores, and a shell that at least partially surrounds the core fine particle structure.
  • An article including a plurality of core-shell ceramic fine particles is described, and as the article, a film, a sensor, an electrode, and a getter are described.
  • the core-shell ceramic fine particles described in Patent Document 3 are composed of yttrium-stabilized zirconia as a core and lanthanum ferrite as a shell, and since lanthanum ferrite is used as a shell, it has a low apparent density, It is not possible to fill a certain volume with a small weight while maintaining various characteristics in a controllable state.
  • an object of the present invention is to use a ferrite particle for a catalyst carrier, which has a low apparent density, maintains various properties in a controllable state, and can satisfy a certain volume with a small weight, and the ferrite particle. It is in providing the catalyst which was.
  • the present invention provides a ferrite particle for a catalyst carrier characterized by having an outer shell structure containing Ti oxide.
  • the thickness of the portion having the outer shell structure is preferably 0.5 to 10 ⁇ m.
  • the ferrite particles according to the present invention preferably have a density inside the particles lower than the density of the outer shell structure.
  • the volume average particle size of the ferrite particles according to the present invention is preferably 10 to 100 ⁇ m.
  • the present invention also provides a catalyst using the catalytic ferrite particles as a catalyst carrier.
  • the catalyst according to the present invention is preferably one or more kinds of metal colloidal particles selected from gold, silver, copper, platinum, rhodium, ruthenium, palladium, nickel and cobalt as the catalytic active component.
  • the ferrite particles according to the present invention have a low apparent density by having an outer shell structure containing Ti, and can satisfy a certain volume with a small weight while maintaining various characteristics in a controllable state. . Therefore, in the catalyst in which the ferrite particles are used as a catalyst carrier and the catalyst active component is supported thereon, the catalyst active component can be suitably dispersed and supported.
  • the graph which image-analyzed the image obtained by FIG. The electron micrograph of FIG. 1 which shows the method to measure the outer peripheral part of the part which has an outer shell structure.
  • the ferrite particles according to the present invention have an outer shell structure (core shell shape) containing titanium. This has a low apparent density and can maintain various properties in a controllable state. Further, the ferrite particles according to the present invention can fill the ferrite particles with a small weight in a constant volume.
  • the term “ferrite particles” means an aggregate of individual ferrite particles unless otherwise specified, and the term simply refers to individual ferrite particles.
  • the outer shell structure here means that the outer shell structure is formed to such an extent that it can be visually recognized in the cross-sectional SEM image when the cross-section is observed using the SEM after embedding the ferrite particles in the resin. is required. More specifically, the outer peripheral portion having a certain range of thickness has 80% or more of the peripheral length of the particle. More preferably, the ratio of the outer peripheral portion to the peripheral length is 90% or more.
  • the thickness of the outer shell structure is preferably 0.5 to 10 ⁇ m, and the intended purpose can be achieved in this range. If the thickness of the outer shell structure is less than 0.5 ⁇ m, the mechanical strength of the ferrite particles is weak, and various powder characteristics originally possessed by destruction may not be exhibited. In particular, it may crack when used as a carrier and cause scratches on the photosensitive drum. If the thickness of the outer shell structure exceeds 10 ⁇ m, it is not different from conventional ferrite particles, and therefore the desired effect cannot be exhibited even if the outer shell structure is provided.
  • the thickness of the outer shell structure is more preferably 0.5 to 8 ⁇ m, and most preferably 0.5 to 6.5 ⁇ m.
  • the thickness of the outer shell structure is measured by embedding ferrite particles in a resin, observing a cross section using an SEM, as shown in FIGS.
  • the obtained image can be measured by image processing.
  • the thickness of the outer shell structure of the particles is measured according to the following procedure. After embedding and forming the ferrite particles in a resin, the cross section was polished with a polishing machine, and gold deposition was performed to obtain a sample for cross-sectional observation (for measuring the thickness of the outer shell).
  • the sample obtained was JSM-6060A manufactured by JEOL Ltd., the acceleration voltage was 5 kV, SEM was photographed with a 200 ⁇ field of view, and the image information was image analysis software (Image- Pro PLUS) for analysis. Specifically, after adjusting the contrast of the obtained image, the luminance of the image is extracted for each particle by the line profile function of this analysis software.
  • the line profile is set to a straight line so as to pass almost the center of the particle in the horizontal direction, and among the peaks existing in the obtained profile, the peak corresponding to the outer shell is sandwiched between two markers, and the width at this time Is the thickness of the outer shell.
  • the peak is defined as a minimum value and a minimum value sandwiching the maximum value of the line profile.
  • the contrast is preferably adjusted so that the luminance of the embedded resin portion (corresponding to the background) is 50% or less of the maximum luminance. The same operation was similarly performed on 30 particles, and the average value was defined as the thickness of the outer shell structure.
  • the ratio of the outer peripheral portion to the peripheral length of the outer shell structure is as described in detail below.
  • the line profile length of the luminance that is I minimum + I ⁇ ⁇ 0.2 to I maximum is integrated, and the line profile length ( By dividing by a straight line, the ratio of the ferrite portion inside the particle can be calculated.
  • the same operation was performed on 30 particles, and the average value was defined as the density inside the particles.
  • the low apparent density of conventional ferrite particles is achieved mainly by making the ferrite particles porous.
  • the porous structure is characterized by the fact that it can be easily carried out by changing the firing conditions during the main firing.
  • pores unique to the porous structure are uniformly generated from the surface to the inside. Therefore, when performing characteristic control by resin coating or resin impregnation, since a large amount of resin is present on the surface of the particles, the influence of the resin coated or impregnated is large, making it difficult to control the characteristics.
  • the shape of the ferrite particle according to the present invention is a conventional granular particle, but the density of the particle is different between the part having the outer shell structure (outer shell part) and the inside of the particle having the porous structure. . More specifically, the pore volume of the particles is large because the density inside the particles is low, and the pore diameter is large because the density of the outer shell is high. Moreover, since it has an outer shell structure, it has a low apparent density compared to a conventional porous core. In addition, since the outer and inner sides of the ferrite particles are connected by localized pores, the resin and functional nanoparticles are dispersed inside the particles while maintaining the exposed surface of the ferrite particles while maintaining a low apparent density. Since the suspension can be impregnated, it becomes possible to have different functions in the outer shell portion and the inner porous portion, and new characteristics that could not be obtained with conventional ferrite particles can be acquired. It becomes like this.
  • the ferrite particles according to the present invention preferably contain 0.5 to 4% by weight of Mg and 3 to 20% by weight of Mn.
  • the ferrite particles according to the present invention preferably contain 47 to 70% by weight of Fe.
  • the ferrite particles according to the present invention preferably contain 0.5 to 4.5% by weight of Ti.
  • the ferrite particles according to the present invention contain Mg so that the magnetization can be easily adjusted. If Mg is less than 0.5% by weight, the effect of addition is weak and the magnetization cannot be controlled sufficiently. When the amount is more than 4% by weight, the magnetization becomes low, and it becomes difficult to use in an application utilizing the magnetic characteristics.
  • the magnetization and resistance even when the ferrite particles according to the present invention contain Mn. If Mn is less than 3% by weight, the effect of addition is weak and the magnetization cannot be controlled sufficiently. When the amount is more than 20% by weight, Mn close to the stoichiometric ratio of Mn ferrite is contained, so that the inclusion effect is reduced and there is no meaning to contain. Further, by containing Mn, the magnetization can be controlled at the firing temperature even if the oxygen concentration is constant.
  • the firing temperature can be controlled with high accuracy. That is, the rough magnetization control of the ferrite particles is performed by the Mg content, and the relationship between the firing temperature and the magnetization can be controlled in more detail by the Mn content.
  • the ferrite particles contain Mg, so that a developer having a good rise in charge composed of a ferrite carrier using ferrite particles and a full-color toner can be obtained. .
  • the resistance can be increased. If the Mg content is less than 0.5% by weight, a sufficient content effect cannot be obtained, the resistance becomes low, and the image quality deteriorates, such as generation of fog and deterioration of gradation.
  • the magnetization becomes too high, so that the ears of the magnetic brush become hard and cause image defects such as scissors.
  • the Mg content exceeds 4% by weight, not only ferrite carrier scattering occurs due to a decrease in magnetization, but when the firing temperature is low, the moisture adsorption amount is large due to the influence of hydroxyl groups due to Mg. As a result, the environmental dependency of the electrical characteristics such as the charge amount and the resistance is deteriorated.
  • the Fe content in the ferrite particles according to the present invention is less than 47% by weight, the outer shell structure is not formed. On the other hand, if the Fe content exceeds 70% by weight, the Mg-containing effect cannot be obtained, and the ferrite particles are substantially equivalent to magnetite.
  • the ferrite particles according to the present invention preferably contain 0.5 to 4.5% by weight of Ti.
  • Ti has the effect of lowering the firing temperature and can not only reduce aggregated particles but also obtain a uniform and wrinkled surface property.
  • the content of Ti in the ferrite particles is less than 0.5% by weight, the effect of containing Ti cannot be obtained, and particles having an outer shell structure cannot be obtained. Further, even if the Ti content exceeds 4.5% by weight, the core-shell particles are produced, but this is not preferable because it is difficult to use in applications using the magnetic properties of ferrite particles.
  • the difference between the Ti content of the ferrite particles according to the present invention and the Ti content of the ferrite particles having no outer shell structure, that is, the difference between the Ti content in the vicinity of the particle surface and the inside of the particle is 0.5 to 4.5% by weight. It is preferable that
  • the outer shell structure cannot be formed because the coating amount of the composite oxide particles is small.
  • the amount is more than 4.5% by weight, the magnetization tends to be low, and it is difficult to use in applications using the magnetic properties of ferrite particles.
  • the Ti oxide having the outer shell structure is contained by performing elemental analysis by mapping the above-described cross-sectional SEM sample by EDX.
  • the Ti oxide here is not only TiO 2, but also a compound in solid solution with one or more elements constituting the base ferrite particles, such as Fe—Ti oxide, Mg—Ti oxide, Sr—Ti oxide.
  • the ferrite particles according to the present invention preferably contain 0 to 1.5% by weight of Sr.
  • Sr contributes to the adjustment of resistance and surface properties, and has the effect of maintaining high magnetization, but also contains the effect of increasing the charging ability of the ferrite particles, and the effect is particularly great in the presence of Ti. If the Sr content exceeds 1.5% by weight, the residual magnetization and coercive force are increased, making it difficult to use in applications using the soft magnetic properties of ferrite particles.
  • the ferrite particles according to the present invention preferably have a magnetization of 55 to 85 Am 2 / kg as measured by VSM when a magnetic field of 5K ⁇ 1000 / 4 ⁇ ⁇ A / m is applied.
  • the magnetization of the ferrite particles at 5K ⁇ 1000 / 4 ⁇ ⁇ A / m is less than 55 Am 2 / g, the ferrite particles cannot be fully utilized in applications using the magnetic properties.
  • the magnetic characteristics were measured using a vibration sample type magnetometer (model: VSM-C7-10A (manufactured by Toei Industry Co., Ltd.)).
  • the measurement sample (ferrite particles) was packed in a cell having an inner diameter of 5 mm and a height of 2 mm and set in the above apparatus.
  • the measurement was performed by applying an applied magnetic field and sweeping to 5K ⁇ 1000 / 4 ⁇ ⁇ A / m.
  • the applied magnetic field was decreased to create a hysteresis curve on the recording paper. From this curve data, the magnetization at an applied magnetic field of 5K ⁇ 1000 / 4 ⁇ ⁇ A / m was read. Also, the residual magnetization and coercive force were calculated in the same manner.
  • the ferrite particles according to the present invention preferably have a volume average particle size measured by a laser diffraction particle size distribution analyzer of 10 to 100 ⁇ m, more preferably 15 to 50 ⁇ m, and most preferably 20 to 50 ⁇ m. If the volume average particle diameter of the ferrite particles is less than 10 ⁇ m, the low density portion inside the ferrite particles becomes relatively small, and particles having a sufficiently low apparent density may not be obtained. Even if the volume average particle diameter of the ferrite particles exceeds 100 ⁇ m, the core-shell particles can be generated, but is preferably 100 ⁇ m or less in order to reduce the voids when the ferrite particles are densely packed in a certain volume.
  • volume average particle size This volume average particle diameter was measured by a laser diffraction scattering method.
  • a Microtrac particle size analyzer (Model 9320-X100) manufactured by Nikkiso Co., Ltd. was used as an apparatus.
  • the refractive index was 2.42, and the measurement was performed in an environment of 25 ⁇ 5 ° C. and humidity 55 ⁇ 15%.
  • the volume average particle diameter (median diameter) referred to here is the cumulative 50% particle diameter in the volume distribution mode and under the sieve display. Water was used as the dispersion medium.
  • the ferrite particles according to the present invention preferably have a BET specific surface area of 0.2 to 1 m 2 / g, and more preferably 0.2 to 0.85 m 2 / g.
  • the BET specific surface area is smaller than the above range, it means that the outer shell structure is not sufficiently formed and particles are densely packed inside, which is not preferable.
  • the BET specific surface area is larger than the above range, it means that the outer shell structure is not formed and porous ferrite particles are obtained.
  • the measurement result may be affected by the moisture on the surface of the ferrite particles as the measurement sample, so pretreatment to remove moisture adhering to the sample surface as much as possible It is preferable to carry out.
  • the BET specific surface area was measured using a specific surface area measuring device (model: Macsorb HM model-1208 (manufactured by Mountec)). About 5 to 7 g of the measurement sample was put in a standard sample cell dedicated to a specific surface area measurement device, accurately weighed with a precision balance, the sample (ferrite particles) was set in the measurement port, and measurement was started. The measurement is performed by a one-point method, and the BET specific surface area is automatically calculated when the weight of the sample is input at the end of the measurement.
  • the ferrite particles according to the present invention desirably have an electric resistance of 5 ⁇ 10 7 to 1 ⁇ 10 11 ⁇ at a 6.5 mm Gap applied voltage of 50V.
  • the electrical resistance of the ferrite particles at an applied voltage of 6.5 mm Gap of 50 V is 5 If it is smaller than ⁇ 10 7 , it means that the ferrite composition is close to magnetite or the amount of Ti added is small and the outer shell structure is not sufficiently formed.
  • the electrical resistance of the ferrite particles is higher than 1 ⁇ 10 11 ⁇ , the Ti content on the surface of the ferrite particles becomes too large, and the magnetization may be greatly reduced.
  • Electrode resistance This electrical resistance is measured by: A non-magnetic parallel plate electrode (10 mm ⁇ 40 mm) is opposed to the electrode with an interval of 6.5 mm, and 200 mg of a sample (ferrite particles) is weighed and filled between them. A sample is held between electrodes by attaching a magnet (surface magnetic flux density: 1500 Gauss, area of magnet in contact with electrode: 10 mm ⁇ 30 mm) to parallel plate electrodes, and voltages of 50 V, 100 V, 250 V, 500 V and 1000 V are applied, The resistance at the applied voltage was measured with an insulation resistance meter (SM-8210, manufactured by Toa Decay Co., Ltd.).
  • SM-8210 insulation resistance meter
  • the ferrite particles have a pore volume of 0.06 to 0.2 ml / g (60 to 200 ⁇ l / g) and a peak pore diameter of 0.7 to 2 ⁇ m.
  • the pore volume of the ferrite particles is less than 0.06 ml / g (60 ⁇ l / g), it means that the pores inside the particles are small and the particles have a low apparent density.
  • the pore volume of the ferrite particles exceeds 0.2 ml / g (200 ⁇ l / g), it means that the apparent density is too low, and the magnetic force as one magnetic powder is lowered. There is a possibility that problems may occur in applications using the magnetic properties of ferrite particles.
  • the peak pore diameter of the ferrite particles exceeds 2 ⁇ m, it means that the particles do not have a low apparent density, and sufficient characteristics cannot be obtained in applications using a portion having a low density inside the ferrite particles. Also, if the peak pore diameter of the ferrite particles is less than 0.7 ⁇ m, there is a high possibility that the ferrite particles are porous ferrite particles having no outer shell structure. May be difficult to use.
  • the pore diameter and pore volume of the ferrite particles are measured as follows. That is, it measured using mercury porosimeter Pascal140 and Pascal240 (ThermoFisher Scientific company make). CD3P (for powder) was used as the dilatometer, and the sample was put in a commercially available gelatin capsule having a plurality of holes and placed in the dilatometer. After degassing with Pascal 140, it was filled with mercury and the low pressure region (0 to 400 Kpa) was measured to obtain 1st Run. Next, deaeration and measurement of the low pressure region (0 to 400 Kpa) were performed again to obtain 2nd Run.
  • the combined weight of the dilatometer, mercury, capsule and sample was measured.
  • the high pressure region (0.1 Mpa to 200 Mpa) was measured with Pascal240.
  • the pore volume, pore size distribution, and peak pore size of the ferrite particles were determined from the amount of mercury intrusion obtained by the measurement of the high pressure part. Further, when determining the pore diameter, the surface tension of mercury was 480 dyn / cm and the contact angle was 141.3 °.
  • the method for producing ferrite particles according to the present invention is performed, for example, as follows.
  • An example of a preferable composition of the calcined ferrite powder is as follows: Fe is 45 to 68 wt%, Mg is 0.5 to 4 wt%, Mn is 3 to 22 wt%, Ti is 0.25 to 6 wt%, and Sr is 0 ⁇ 2% by weight.
  • the Ti compound is coated, and then fired to obtain various characteristics necessary and sufficient as ferrite particles according to the application.
  • the above-mentioned ferrite calcined powder is added with water and, if necessary, a dispersant, a binder, etc., to make a slurry, after adjusting the viscosity, granulated with a spray dryer, granulated, further debindered and treated with particles before ferrite coating Get.
  • the debinding process is performed at 600 to 1000 ° C.
  • the slurry has a slurry particle diameter D 50 of 0.5 to 4.5 ⁇ m.
  • D 50 a slurry particle diameter
  • ferrite particles having a desired BET specific surface area can be obtained. Is less than the slurry particle size D 50 of 0.5 [mu] m, if the specific surface area of the ferrite calcined powder after grinding was fired for coating TiO 2 particles after coating ferrite particles be too large, desired by the firing progresses excessively Ferrite particles having a BET specific surface area of 5 nm cannot be obtained. When it exceeds 4.5 ⁇ m, even when coating with TiO 2 particles for coating and firing is performed, there is a possibility that the outer shell structure is not sufficiently formed and desired ferrite particles are not formed.
  • the pulverization time when preparing the slurry for this granulation or to select the pulverization media so as to achieve the target slurry particle size and particle size distribution, or wet cyclone.
  • the raw material particles present in the slurry may be classified using When wet cyclone is used, the solid content of the slurry after classification is different, so it is necessary to adjust the solid content again. May be used.
  • the coating TiO 2 particles preferably have a volume average particle size of 0.05 to 3 ⁇ m. If it is smaller than 0.05 ⁇ m, the coated particles tend to aggregate when the fine particles are adhered to the surface of the pre-coated ferrite particles, and even if the pre-coated ferrite particles are coated with a desired coating amount, the coated layer is uneven. There is a possibility that the outer shell structure is not partially formed. If it exceeds 3 ⁇ m, it is difficult to uniformly adhere to the pre-coated ferrite particles, and the outer shell structure may not be partially formed on the ferrite particles.
  • the coating TiO 2 particles are preferably 0.8 to 7% by weight based on the pre-coating ferrite particles, although depending on the volume average particle diameter. When the amount is less than 0.8% by weight, sufficient resistance cannot be obtained after the main baking. When the amount is more than 7% by weight, the ferrite coating particles that did not adhere to the ferrite particles before coating may aggregate to form low-magnetization particles. When used in applications using the magnetic properties of ferrite particles May cause malfunctions.
  • TiO 2 particles for coating were added to the ferrite particles before coating obtained as described above, and mixed with a mixing mill to obtain a raw material for ferrite particles.
  • This raw material for ferrite particles is performed at 850 to 1230 ° C. in an inert atmosphere or a weakly oxidizing atmosphere such as a nitrogen atmosphere or a mixed gas atmosphere of nitrogen and oxygen having an oxygen concentration of 3% by volume or less.
  • the fired product is crushed and classified to obtain ferrite particles.
  • the particle size is adjusted to a desired particle size using an existing air classification, mesh filtration method, sedimentation method, or the like.
  • dry collection it can also be collected with a cyclone or the like.
  • a surface treatment for charging may be performed.
  • the surface treatment for imparting the charge By performing the surface treatment for imparting the charge, the aggregation of the particles is reduced, and the coating TiO 2 particles before firing are easily attached.
  • a surface treating agent having a polarity opposite to the charged polarity of the ferrite particles before coating an effect of preventing the detachment of the coating TiO 2 particles attached to the ferrite particles before coating before the main firing can be obtained.
  • the method for performing the main firing after adhering the coating TiO 2 particles to the surface of the pre-coating ferrite particles before the main firing has been proposed as described above, but the coating TiO is not dry-treated and pre-charged.
  • the TiO 2 particles for coating to be adhered are intensely agglomerated or difficult to adhere to the pre-coating ferrite particles, or adhere as large aggregates.
  • the bias is large and the properties of the ferrite particles obtained after the main firing may be inferior.
  • the surface coating of the coating TiO 2 particles on the pre-coating ferrite particles before the main firing by the wet method requires the removal of the liquid as a solvent together with the ferrite particle raw material subjected to the surface coating. It's tedious.
  • the coating of the TiO 2 particles for coating with the pre-coating ferrite particles by the dry method is only required to perform the surface treatment of the TiO 2 particles for coating, and it is easy to perform and is characterized by little increase in cost.
  • the catalyst according to the present invention supports a catalyst active component (catalyst particles) using the ferrite particles as a catalyst support.
  • the catalytically active component is preferably one or more kinds of metal colloidal particles selected from gold, silver, copper, platinum, rhodium, ruthenium, palladium, nickel, and cobalt.
  • Example 1 [Preparation of ferrite particles] Fe 2 O 3 was weighed to 100 mol, MgCO 3 to 10 mol, Mn 3 O 4 to 13.3 mol and SrCO 3 to 1 mol, and carbon black as a reducing agent was 1 to 1 wt. .35% by weight added was mixed, pulverized, and pelletized with a roller compactor. The obtained pellets were temporarily fired at 980 ° C. in a rotary firing furnace in a nitrogen atmosphere with an oxygen concentration of 0% by volume. This was pulverized with a rod mill to obtain a calcined powder for a ferrite core material.
  • This calcined powder for ferrite core material is pulverized with a wet bead mill for 1 hour, and PVA is added as a binder component so as to be 1% by weight with respect to the solid content of the slurry. Added to ⁇ 3 poise.
  • the D 50 of the particle size of the slurry at this time was 3.259 ⁇ m.
  • the pulverized slurry thus obtained is granulated and dried with a spray dryer, and debindered at 850 ° C. using a rotary kiln in a nitrogen atmosphere with an oxygen concentration of 0% by volume to obtain ferrite core material particles. It was.
  • the raw material for ferrite particles obtained above was held for 4 hours at 1010 ° C. in a nitrogen atmosphere with an oxygen concentration of 0% by volume using an electric furnace to perform main firing. Thereafter, it was crushed and further classified to obtain ferrite particles.
  • Example 2 As a ferrite raw material, the same method as in Example 1 except that 100 mol of Fe 2 O 3 , 5 mol of MgCO 3 , 26.6 mol of Mn 3 O 4 and 0 mol of SrCO 3 were measured. Ferrite particles were obtained.
  • Example 3 As a ferrite raw material, the same method as in Example 1 except that 100 mol of Fe 2 O 3 , 20 mol of MgCO 3 , 6.65 mol of Mn 3 O 4 and 0 mol of SrCO 3 were measured. Ferrite particles were obtained.
  • Example 4 Ferrite was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that 100 mol of Fe 2 O 3 , 5 mol of MgCO 3 , 5 mol of Mn 3 O 4 and 0 mol of SrCO 3 were weighed as ferrite raw materials. Particles were obtained.
  • Example 5 As a ferrite raw material, the same method as in Example 1 except that 100 mol of Fe 2 O 3 , 20 mol of MgCO 3 , 26.6 mol of Mn 3 O 4 and 0 mol of SrCO 3 were measured. Ferrite particles were obtained.
  • Example 6 Ferrite particles were obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that SrCO 3 was changed to 0 mol and coating TiO 2 particles were added in an amount of 2.5% by weight based on the ferrite core particles.
  • Example 7 Ferrite particles were obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that SrCO 3 was changed to 0 mol, and coating TiO 2 particles were added in an amount of 5% by weight based on the ferrite core material particles.
  • Example 8 Ferrite particles were obtained in the same manner as in Example 6 except that the main firing temperature was 950 ° C.
  • Example 9 Ferrite particles were obtained in the same manner as in Example 6 except that the main firing temperature was 1050 ° C.
  • Blending ratio of ferrite particles used in Examples 1 to 9 and Comparative Examples 1 to 3 (raw material charge molar ratio), carbon content, calcination conditions (calcination temperature and calcination atmosphere), main granulation conditions (slurry)
  • Table 1 shows the particle size and PVA addition amount), debinding treatment conditions (treatment temperature and treatment atmosphere), TiO 2 mixing conditions (addition amount and mixing conditions) and main firing conditions (main firing temperature and main firing atmosphere).
  • Composition of the obtained ferrite particles, magnetic properties (magnetization, remanent magnetization and coercive force) and shape of the ferrite particles (cross-sectional shape, ratio of the portion having the outer shell structure to the peripheral length, and thickness of the portion having the outer shell structure ) Is shown in Table 2.
  • the powder characteristics (BET specific surface area, average particle diameter, apparent density, true specific gravity, pore volume and peak pore diameter) of the ferrite particles of Examples 1 to 9 and Comparative Examples 1 to 3 and a bridge formula of 6.5 mm Gap Resistance (50V, 100V, 250V, 500V and 1000V) is shown in Table 3. Each measuring method is as described above.
  • the ferrite particles of Comparative Example 1 had a low firing temperature and produced a porous structure, but no ferrite particles having an outer shell structure were obtained.
  • the ferrite particles of Comparative Example 2 have a high firing temperature. Ferrite particles with an outer shell structure were not obtained.
  • the ferrite particles of Comparative Example 3 have a high firing temperature. Ferrite particles with an outer shell structure were not obtained.
  • Example 10 (Preparation of catalyst carrier) [Example 10]
  • the ferrite particles obtained in Example 1 were impregnated with a colloidal gold solution so that the weight of the colloidal particles was 1% by weight of the ferrite particles, the solvent of the colloidal solution was evaporated, and then 700 ° C. using an inert oven. Heat treatment was performed for 6 hours in a nitrogen atmosphere. After embedding the heat-treated ferrite particles (ferrite particles carrying the catalyst) in a resin, the particles were processed by ion milling so that the cross section of the particles could be seen. The distribution state of the elements inside the particles obtained using EDX was confirmed.
  • Example 11 Catalyst carrier particles were prepared in the same manner as in Example 10 except that the colloidal solution was a silver colloidal solution, and the state of element distribution was confirmed.
  • Example 12 Catalyst carrier particles were prepared in the same manner as in Example 10 except that the colloid solution was a copper colloid solution, and the state of element distribution was confirmed.
  • Example 13 Catalyst carrier particles were prepared in the same manner as in Example 10 except that the colloidal solution was a platinum colloidal solution, and the state of element distribution was confirmed.
  • Example 14 Catalyst carrier particles were prepared in the same manner as in Example 10 except that the colloid solution was a rhodium colloid solution, and the state of element distribution was confirmed.
  • Example 15 Except that the colloidal solution was a ruthenium colloidal solution, catalyst carrier particles were prepared in the same manner as in Example 10, and the state of element distribution was confirmed.
  • Example 16 Catalyst carrier particles were prepared in the same manner as in Example 10 except that the colloidal solution was a palladium colloidal solution, and the state of element distribution was confirmed.
  • Example 17 Catalyst carrier particles were prepared in the same manner as in Example 10 except that the colloidal solution was a nickel colloidal solution, and the state of element distribution was confirmed.
  • Example 18 Catalyst carrier particles were prepared in the same manner as in Example 10 except that the colloid solution was a cobalt colloid solution, and the state of element distribution was confirmed.
  • Ferrite particles used in Examples 10 to 18, type of colloid solution (catalytic active component, solid content of catalyst particles, particle size), treatment of ferrite particles (solvent, colloidal particles for ferrite particles)
  • Table 4 shows the confirmation of the element distribution state (weight and heat treatment) and EDX (support of nanoparticles).
  • any of the ferrite particles of Examples 10 to 18 fine particles serving as a catalyst exist not only on the surface of the particle but also inside the particle, and the ferrite particle according to the present invention is a catalyst carrier. It was confirmed that it could be used as
  • the ferrite particles according to the present invention have a low apparent density due to the outer shell structure, and can satisfy a certain volume with a small weight while maintaining various properties in a controllable state. Therefore, a catalyst in which the above ferrite particles are used as a catalyst carrier and supported as a catalyst active component has a good dispersion support of the catalyst active component.

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Abstract

　低い見掛け密度を有し、さまざまな特性を制御可能な状態に維持し、一定容積に少ない重量で満たすことが可能な触媒担持体用フェライト粒子、該フェライト粒子を触媒担持体として用いた触媒を提供することを目的とする。この目的を達成するため、Ｔｉ酸化物を含有する外殻構造を有している触媒担持体用フェライト粒子及び該フェライト粒子を触媒担持体として用いた触媒等を採用する。

Description

外殻構造を有する触媒担持体用フェライト粒子
　本発明はフェライト粒子に関し、詳しくは触媒担持体として好適に用いられる触媒担持体用フェライト粒子及び該フェライト粒子を触媒担持体とする触媒に関する。
　フェライト粒子は、種々の用途に用いられている。例えば特許文献１（特開平６－３１３１７６号公報）には、活性成分であるゼオライトと支持母体であるマトリックスからなる流動接触分解触媒が記載され、マトリックス中に飽和磁化が１０ｅｍｕ／ｇ以下、平均粒径が０．００１～２０μｍのフェライト粒子を含有することが記載されている。
　さらに、特許文献２（特開２００４－１８９５１３号公報）には、フェライト粒子の表面にガラス質粒子を付着させ、溶融したガラス質層の被覆を形成させ、ガラス被覆フェライト粒子の表面に酸化チタンを被覆させ、再度熱処理する機能性フェライト粒子の製造方法が記載されており、この機能性フェライト粒子は光触媒材料として有用であるとされている。ここで用いられるフェライト粒子としては、ＭｎＺｎ系、ＭｇＣｕＺｎ系、ＮｉＣｕＺｎ系等が挙げられている。
　これら特許文献１及び２には、フェライト粒子を触媒成分として用いることが記載されているが、フェライト粒子個々の諸特性に着目したものではない。
　一方、特許文献３（特開２００７－３２０８４７号公報）には、複数の一次微粒子及び複数の一次細孔を含むコア微粒子構造体と、コア微粒子構造体を少なくとも部分的に囲繞するシェルとを含むコアシェルセラミック微粒子を複数含む物品が記載され、物品として、膜、センサー、電極及びゲッターが記載されている。
　この特許文献３に記載のコアシェルセラミック微粒子は、イットリウム安定化ジル子ニアをコア、ランタンフェライトをシェルとして構成されるもので、ランタンフェライトをシェルとして用いていることから、低い見掛け密度を有し、さまざまな特性を制御可能な状態に維持したままで、一定容積に少ない重量で満たすことができるものではない。
特開平６－３１３１７６号公報 特開２００４－１８９５１３号公報 特開２００７－３２０８４７号公報
　従って、本発明の目的は、低い見掛け密度を有し、さまざまな特性を制御可能な状態に維持し、一定容積に少ない重量で満たすことが可能な触媒担持体用フェライト粒子、該フェライト粒子を用いた触媒を提供することにある。
　本発明者らは、上記のような課題を解決すべく鋭意検討した結果、Ｔｉ酸化物を含有する外殻構造を有しているフェライト粒子が上記目的を達成し得ることを知見し、本発明に至った。本発明は、これらの知見に基づきなされたものである。
　すなわち、本発明は、Ｔｉ酸化物を含有する外殻構造を有していることを特徴とする触媒担持体用フェライト粒子を提供するものである。
　本発明に係る上記フェライト粒子は、上記外殻構造を有する部分の厚さが０．５～１０μｍであることが望ましい。
　本発明に係る上記フェライト粒子は、粒子内部の密度が上記外殻構造の密度より低いことが望ましい。
　本発明に係るフェライト粒子の体積平均粒径は、１０～１００μｍであることが望ましい。
　また、本発明は、上記触フェライト粒子を触媒担持体として用いた触媒を提供するものである。
　本発明に係る触媒は、触媒活性成分が金、銀、銅、白金、ロジウム、ルテニウム、パラジウム、ニッケル、コバルトから選ばれる１種類以上の金属コロイド粒子であることが望ましい。
　本発明に係るフェライト粒子は、Ｔｉを含有する外殻構造を有することで低い見掛け密度を有し、さまざまな特性を制御可能な状態に維持したままで、一定容積に少ない重量で満たすことができる。そのため、上記フェライト粒子を触媒担持体として用い、これに触媒活性成分を担持させた触媒は、触媒活性成分が好適に分散担持することができる。
本発明に係るフェライト粒子断面の電子顕微鏡写真（×２００）であり、外殻構造を有する部分の厚さを測定する方法を示す。 図１により得られた画像を画像解析したグラフ。 外殻構造を有する部分の外周部分の測定する方法を示す図１の電子顕微鏡写真。 図３により得られた画像を画像解析したグラフ。
　以下、本発明を実施するための形態について説明する。
　＜本発明に係るフェライト粒子＞
　本発明に係るフェライト粒子は、チタンを含有する外殻構造（コアシェル形状）を有する。このことで低い見掛け密度を有し、さまざまな特性を制御可能な状態に維持できる。また、本発明に係るフェライト粒子は、一定容積に少ない重量でフェライト粒子を満たすことができる。なお、本発明でいうフェライト粒子とは、特記しない限り個々のフェライト粒子の集合体を意味し、また単に粒子とは、個々のフェライト粒子をいう。
　ここでいう外殻構造とは、フェライト粒子を樹脂に包埋させたのち、ＳＥＭを用いて断面観察をした際に、断面ＳＥＭ画像において、目視でわかる程度に外殻構造が形成されていることが必要である。より具体的には、一定範囲の厚みを持った外周部分が粒子の周囲長の８０％以上を持っているものをいう。より好ましくは、外周部分の周囲長に占める割合は９０％以上である。
　この外殻構造の厚さは、０．５～１０μｍであることが望ましく、この範囲で所期の目的が達成できる。外殻構造の厚みが０．５μｍ未満では、フェライト粒子の機械的強度が弱く、破壊されることで本来持っていた各種粉体特性が発揮できないことがある。特にキャリアとして使用する際に割れてしまい感光体ドラム傷の原因となる可能性がある。外殻構造の厚みが１０μｍを超えると、従来のフェライト粒子と変わらないため、外殻構造を有していても所望の効果を発揮することができない。外殻構造の厚さは０．５～８μｍであることがさらに好ましく、０．５～６．５μｍであることが最も好ましい。
　この外殻構造の厚さの測定は、下記に詳述される通り、フェライト粒子を樹脂に包埋させたのち、図１及び図２に示されるように、ＳＥＭを用いて断面観察、及び得られた画像を画像処理することで測定することができる。
　〔外殻構造の厚さの測定〕
　ここで、粒子の外殻構造の厚さの測定は下記の手順にて行う。
　フェライト粒子を樹脂に包埋・成形したのち、研磨機にて断面を研磨し、金蒸着を行い断面観察用（外殻部の厚さ測定用）サンプルとした。得られたサンプルは日本電子社製ＪＳＭ－６０６０Ａを用い、加速電圧は５ｋＶとし、ＳＥＭを２００倍視野にて撮影し、その画像情報を、インターフェースを介してメディアサイバネティクス社製画像解析ソフト(Ｉｍａｇｅ－Ｐｒｏ　ＰＬＵＳ)に導入して解析を行った。具体的には得られた画像のコントラストを調整後、本解析ソフトウエアのラインプロファイル機能により、画像の輝度を１粒子ごとに抽出する。この時ラインプロファイルは粒子のほぼ中心を水平方向に通過するよう直線を設定し、得られたプロファイルに存在するピークのうち、外殻部に対応するピークを２つのマーカーで挟み、このときの幅を外殻部の厚さとした。なお、上記ピークはラインプロファイルの極大値を挟む極小値と極小値として定義される。また、コントラストは包埋樹脂の部分（バックグラウンドに相当）の輝度は最大輝度の５０％以下になるように調整することが好ましい。同様の操作を３０粒子について同様に行い、平均値を外殻構造の厚さとした。
　また、外殻構造の外周部分の周囲長に占める割合は、下記に詳述される通り、フェライト粒子を樹脂に包埋させたのち、図３及び図４に示されるように、ＳＥＭを用いて断面観察、及び得られた画像を画像処理することで測定することができる。
　〔外殻構造の外周方向の割合の測定〕
　上記と同様の画像処理を行い、ラインプロファイルを円環または自由曲線（閉曲線）とし１粒子ごとに粒子の外殻構造に対して設定する。このときプロファイルの最大輝度をＩ最大、最小輝度をＩ最小とし、最大輝度と最小輝度の差をＩΔとしたとき、Ｉ最小以上、Ｉ最小＋ＩΔ×０．２未満の範囲は外殻構造がない部分、Ｉ最小＋ＩΔ×０．２以上Ｉ最大が外殻部と判別する。したがってラインプロファイル機能で得られたラインプロファイル長（周囲長）の輝度データうち、のうち、Ｉ最小＋ＩΔ×０．２以上Ｉ最大以下となっている輝度のラインプロファイル長を積算し、ラインプロファイル長（周囲長）で割ることで、一定範囲の厚みを持った外周部分の比率を算出することで求めることができる。同様の操作を３０粒子について行い、平均値を外周部分の周囲長にしめる割合（＝外周部分の密度）とした。
　〔粒子内部の多孔質部分の割合の測定〕
上記と同様の画像処理を行い、ラインプロファイルを直線とし、１粒子ごとに粒子の中心付近を通過するように設定する。このときプロファイルの最大輝度をＩ最大、最小輝度をＩ最小とし、最大輝度と最小輝度の差をＩΔとしたとき、Ｉ最小以上、Ｉ最小＋ＩΔ×０．２未満の範囲はフェライト部分がない部分、Ｉ最小＋ＩΔ×０．２以上Ｉ最大がフェライトが存在する部分と判別する。したがってラインプロファイル機能で得られたラインプロファイル長（直線）の輝度データうち、のうち、Ｉ最小＋ＩΔ×０．２以上Ｉ最大以下となっている輝度のラインプロファイル長を積算し、ラインプロファイル長（直線）で割ることで、粒子内部のフェライト部分の比率を算出することで求めることができる。同様の操作を３０粒子について行い、平均値を粒子内部の密度とした。
　従来のフェライト粒子の低見掛け密度化は、主としてフェライト粒子の多孔質化のみによって達成されるものである。この多孔質化は本焼成時の焼成条件を変更することで簡便に実施できる点を特徴としている反面、多孔質独特の細孔が表面から内部に至るまで均一に生成する。したがって、樹脂被覆や樹脂含浸による特性制御を行う場合、粒子の表面に樹脂が多く存在するため、被覆や含浸した樹脂の影響が大きく、特性の制御が極めて難しくなる。
　一方、本発明によるフェライト粒子の形状は、一見すると従来から存在する粒状粒子であるが、外殻構造を有する部分（外殻部）と多孔質構造を有する粒子内部で粒子の密度が異なっている。より具体的な特徴として、粒子内部の密度が低いため粒子の細孔容積は大きく、かつ、外殻部の密度が高いため細孔径が大きくなっている。また、外殻構造を有しているため、従来の多孔質コアと比較して、低い見掛け密度を有している。また、フェライト粒子の外側と内部は局在する細孔によってつながっているため、低見掛け密度でありながらフェライト粒子の表面が露出した状態を維持したまま、粒子内部に樹脂や機能性ナノ粒子を分散させた懸濁液を含浸させることができるため、外殻部分と内部の多孔質部部分において別の機能を持たせることが可能となり、従来のフェライト粒子では得られなかった特性を新たに獲得できるようになる。
　本発明に係るフェライト粒子は、Ｍｇを０．５～４重量％及びＭｎを３～２０重量％を含有することが望ましい。
　本発明に係るフェライト粒子は、Ｆｅを４７～７０重量％を含有することが望ましい。
　本発明に係るフェライト粒子は、Ｔｉを０．５～４．５重量％を含有することが望ましい。
　本発明に係るフェライト粒子がＭｇを含有することで磁化の調整が容易に行えるようになる。Ｍｇが０．５重量％未満では添加効果が弱く、磁化の制御が十分行えない。４重量％より多い場合は、磁化が低くなり磁気特性を活かした用途での使用が難しくなる。
　本発明に係るフェライト粒子がＭｎを含有することでも磁化や抵抗の調整が容易に行えるようになる。Ｍｎが３重量％未満では添加効果が弱く、磁化の制御が十分行えない。２０重量％より多い場合は、Ｍｎフェライトの化学量論比に近いＭｎが含有されるようになるため含有効果が小さくなり、含有する意味がない。またＭｎを含有させることで酸素濃度が一定でも焼成温度で磁化を制御することが可能となる。
　なお、ＭｎとＭｇの両方の元素を含有することは焼成温度の制御を精度良く行える点から好ましい。すなわち、フェライト粒子の大まかな磁化の制御はＭｇの含有量で行い、Ｍｎの含有量で焼成温度と磁化の関係をさらに詳細に制御することが可能になる。
　さらに、電子写真現像剤用キャリア用途においては、フェライト粒子がＭｇを含有することによって、フェライト粒子を用いたフェライトキャリアとフルカラー用のトナーで構成される帯電の立ち上がりが良い現像剤を得ることができる。また抵抗を高くすることができる。Ｍｇの含有量が０．５重量％未満では、十分な含有効果が得られず、抵抗が低くなり、カブリの発生や階調性の悪化等、画質が悪化する。また、電子写真現像剤用キャリアとして用いたときに、磁化が高くなりすぎるため、磁気ブラシの穂が硬くなり、はけ筋等の画像欠陥の発生原因となる。一方、Ｍｇの含有量が４重量％を超えると、磁化が低下するためにフェライトキャリア飛散が発生するだけでなく、焼成温度が低い場合にはＭｇに起因する水酸基の影響で水分吸着量が大きくなり、帯電量や抵抗といった電気的特性の環境依存性を悪化させる原因となる。
　本発明に係るフェライト粒子中のＦｅの含有量が４７重量％未満では、外殻構造が形成されない。一方、Ｆｅの含有量が７０重量％を超えると、Ｍｇ含有効果は得られず実質的にマグネタイトと同等のフェライト粒子になってしまう。
　本発明に係るフェライト粒子はＴｉを０．５～４．５重量％含有することが望ましい。Ｔｉは焼成温度を下げる効果を有し、凝集粒子を減らすことができるだけでなく、均一でシワ状の表面性を得ることができる。一方、フェライト粒子中のＴｉの含有量が０．５重量％未満では、Ｔｉの含有効果が得られず、外殻構造を持った粒子が得られない。また、Ｔｉの含有量が４．５重量％を超えてもコアシェル粒子は生成するがフェライト粒子の磁気特性を用いた用途では使用しにくくなるので好ましくない。
　本発明に係るフェライト粒子のＴｉ含有量と外殻構造を有しないフェライト粒子のＴｉ含有量の差、すなわち粒子表面近傍が粒子内部とのＴｉ含有量の差は０．５～４．５重量％であることが好ましい。
　Ｔｉ含有量の差が０．５重量％より小さい場合は、複合酸化物粒子の被覆量が少ないため外殻構造が形成できない。４．５重量％より多い場合は磁化が低くなりやすく、フェライト粒子の磁気特性を用いた用途では使用しにくくなるので好ましくない。
　外殻構造のＴｉ酸化物が含有されていることは前述の断面ＳＥＭ用サンプルをＥＤＸによりマッピングによる元素分析を行うことで確認することができる。ここでいうＴｉ酸化物はＴｉＯ２だけでなく、母体となったフェライト粒子を構成する１種類以上の元素と固溶した化合物、例えばＦｅ－Ｔｉ酸化物、Ｍｇ－Ｔｉ酸化物、Ｓｒ－Ｔｉ酸化物、Ｍｎ－Ｔｉ酸化物、Ｍｇ－Ｆｅ－Ｔｉ酸化物、Ｍｇ－Ｍｎ－Ｔｉ酸化物、Ｓｒ－Ｆｅ－Ｔｉ酸化物、Ｓｒ－Ｍｎ－Ｔｉ酸化物、Ｓｒ－Ｍｇ－Ｔｉ酸化物、Ｆｅ－Ｍｎ－Ｔｉ酸化物、Ｆｅ－Ｍｎ－Ｍｇ－Ｔｉ酸化物Ｓｒ－Ｍｎ－Ｍｇ－Ｔｉ酸化物、Ｓｒ－Ｆｅ－Ｍｇ－Ｔｉ酸化物、及び、Ｓｒ－Ｆｅ－Ｍｎ－Ｔｉ酸化物も含むものとする。
　本発明に係るフェライト粒子はＳｒを０～１．５重量％含有することが望ましい。Ｓｒは抵抗や表面性の調整に寄与し、高磁化を保つ効果を有するだけでなく、含有することでフェライト粒子の帯電能力を高める効果も得られ、特にＴｉ存在下ではその効果は大きい。Ｓｒの含有量が１．５重量％を超えると、残留磁化や保磁力が高くなり、フェライト粒子の軟磁気特性を用いた用途では使用しにくくなる。
　〔Ｆｅ、Ｍｇ、Ｔｉ及びＳｒの含有量〕
　これらＦｅ、Ｍｇ、Ｔｉ及びＳｒの含有量は、下記によって測定される。
　フェライト粒子（フェライトキャリア芯材）０．２ｇを秤量し、純水６０ｍｌに１Ｎの塩酸２０ｍｌ及び１Ｎの硝酸２０ｍｌを加えたものを加熱し、フェライト粒子を完全溶解させた水溶液を準備し、ＩＣＰ分析装置（島津製作所製ＩＣＰＳ－１０００ＩＶ）を用いてＦｅ、Ｍｇ、Ｔｉ及びＳｒの含有量を測定した。
　本発明に係るフェライト粒子は、５Ｋ・１０００／４π・Ａ／ｍの磁場をかけたときのＶＳＭ測定による磁化が５５～８５Ａｍ２／ｋｇであることが望ましい。フェライト粒子の５Ｋ・１０００／４π・Ａ／ｍにおける磁化が５５Ａｍ２／ｇ未満であると、フェライト粒子の磁気特性を用いた用途では十分に生かすことができない。一方、フェライト粒子の５Ｋ・１０００／４π・Ａ／ｍにおける磁化が８５Ａｍ２／ｇを超えることは本発明に係るフェライト粒子の組成の範囲ではない。
　〔磁気特性〕
　磁気特性は、振動試料型磁気測定装置（型式：ＶＳＭ－Ｃ７－１０Ａ(東英工業社製)）を用いて測定した。測定試料（フェライト粒子）は、内径５ｍｍ、高さ２ｍｍのセルに詰めて上記装置にセットした。測定は、印加磁場を加え、５Ｋ・１０００／４π・Ａ／ｍまで掃引した。次いで、印加磁場を減少させ、記録紙上にヒステリシスカーブを作成した。このカーブのデータより印加磁場が５Ｋ・１０００／４π・Ａ／ｍにおける磁化を読み取った。また、残留磁化及び保磁力も同様に算出した。
　本発明に係るフェライト粒子は、レーザー回折式粒度分布測定装置により測定される体積平均粒径が好ましくは１０～１００μｍ、より好ましくは１５～５０μｍ、最も好ましくは２０～５０μｍである。フェライト粒子の体積平均粒径が１０μｍ未満であると、フェライト粒子内部の密度の低い部分が相対的に小さくなり十分な低見かけ密度の粒子が得られないことがある。フェライト粒子の体積平均粒径が１００μｍを超えてもコアシェル粒子は生成させることができるが一定の容積中に密にフェライト粒子を充填する際の空隙を小さくする意味で１００μｍ以下が好ましい。
　〔体積平均粒径〕
　この体積平均粒径は、レーザー回折散乱法により測定した。装置として日機装株式会社製マイクロトラック粒度分析計（Ｍｏｄｅｌ９３２０－Ｘ１００）を用いた。屈折率は２．４２とし、２５±５℃、湿度５５±１５％の環境下で測定を行った。ここで言う体積平均粒径（メジアン径）とは、体積分布モード、ふるい下表示での累積５０％粒子径である。分散媒には水を用いた。
　本発明に係るフェライト粒子は、ＢＥＴ比表面積が０．２～１ｍ２／ｇが望ましく、０．２～０．８５ｍ２／ｇであることがさらに望ましい。
　ＢＥＴ比表面積が上記範囲よりも小さい場合には、十分に外殻構造が形成されず粒子内部も密に詰まった粒子が生成していることを意味しており、好ましくない。ＢＥＴ比表面積が上記範囲よりも大きい場合も、外殻構造が形成されず多孔質状のフェライト粒子が得られたことを意味している。なお、ＢＥＴ比表面積測定を行う際、測定結果は測定サンプルであるフェライト粒子表面の水分の影響を受ける可能性があるので、可能な限りサンプル表面に付着している水分を除去するような前処理を行うことが好ましい。
　〔ＢＥＴ比表面積〕
　このＢＥＴ比表面積の測定は、比表面積測定装置（型式：Ｍａｃｓｏｒｂ　ＨＭ　ｍｏｄｅｌ－１２０８（マウンテック社製））を用いた。測定試料を比表面積測定装置専用の標準サンプルセルに約５～７ｇ入れ、精密天秤で正確に秤量し、測定ポートに試料（フェライト粒子）をセットし、測定を開始した。測定は１点法で行い、測定終了時に試料の重量を入力すると、ＢＥＴ比表面積が自動的に算出される。なお、測定前に前処理として、測定試料を薬包紙に２０ｇ程度を取り分けた後、真空乾燥機で－０．１ＭＰａまで脱気し－０．１ＭＰａ以下に真空度が到達していることを確認した後、２００℃で２時間加熱した。
　環境：温度；１０～３０℃、湿度；相対湿度で２０～８０％　結露なし
　本発明に係るフェライト粒子は、６．５ｍｍＧａｐ印加電圧５０Ｖにおける電気抵抗が５×１０７～１×１０１１Ωであることが望ましい。
　６．５ｍｍＧａｐ印加電圧５０Ｖにおけるフェライト粒子の電気抵抗が５
×１０７よりも小さい場合はフェライト組成がマグネタイトに近くなっているかＴｉ添加量が少なく外殻構造が十分に形成されていないことを意味している。フェライト粒子の電気抵抗が１×１０１１Ωよりも高い場合はフェライト粒子表面のＴｉ含有量が多くなりすぎ、磁化が大きく下がっている可能性がある。
　〔電気抵抗〕
　この電気抵抗は、下記によって測定される。
　電極間間隔６．５ｍｍで非磁性の平行平板電極（１０ｍｍ×４０ｍｍ）を対向させ、その間に、試料（フェライト粒子）２００ｍｇを秤量して充填する。磁石（表面磁束密度：１５００Ｇａｕｓｓ、電極に接する磁石の面積：１０ｍｍ×３０ｍｍ）を平行平板電極に付けることにより電極間に試料を保持させ、５０Ｖ、１００Ｖ、２５０Ｖ、５００Ｖ及び１０００Ｖの電圧を印加し、それらの印加電圧における抵抗を絶縁抵抗計（ＳＭ－８２１０、東亜ディケーケー（株）製）にて測定した。
　このフェライト粒子の細孔容積は０．０６～０．２ｍｌ／ｇ（６０～２００μｌ／ｇ）、ピーク細孔径は０．７～２μｍであることが望ましい。
　フェライト粒子の細孔容積が０．０６ｍｌ／ｇ（６０μｌ／ｇ）未満であると、粒子内部の細孔が小さく低い見掛け密度の粒子となっていないことを意味している。また、フェライト粒子の細孔容積が０．２ｍｌ／ｇ（２００μｌ／ｇ）を超えると、見掛け密度が低くなりすぎていることを意味しており、１粒子の磁性粉としての磁力が下がってしまいフェライト粒子の磁気特性を用いた用途で不具合が出る可能性がある。
　フェライト粒子のピーク細孔径が２μｍを超えると、低い見掛け密度の粒子となっていないことを意味しており、フェライト粒子内部の密度の低い部分を利用した用途において十分な特性を得ることができない。また、フェライト粒子のピーク細孔径が０．７μｍ未満であると、外殻構造を持たない多孔質状のフェライト粒子となっている可能性が高く、フェライト粒子内部と外部で機能を分けた用途での使用が難しくなる可能性がある。
　このように、細孔容積とピーク細孔径が上記範囲にあることで、上記した各不具合がなく、適度に軽量化されたフェライト粒子を得ることができる。
　〔フェライト粒子の細孔径及び細孔容積〕
　このフェライト粒子の細孔径及び細孔容積の測定は、次のようにして行われる。すなわち、水銀ポロシメーターＰａｓｃａｌ１４０とＰａｓｃａｌ２４０（ＴｈｅｒｍｏＦｉｓｈｅｒ　Ｓｃｉｅｎｔｉｆｉｃ社製）を用いて測定した。ディラトメータはＣＤ３Ｐ（粉体用）を使用し、サンプルは複数の穴を開けた市販のゼラチン製カプセルに入れて、ディラトメータ内に入れた。Ｐａｓｃａｌ１４０で脱気後、水銀を充填し低圧領域（０～４００Ｋｐａ）を測定し、１ｓｔ　Ｒｕｎとした。次に再び脱気と低圧領域（０～４００Ｋｐａ）の測定を行い、２ｎｄ　Ｒｕｎとした。２ｎｄ　Ｒｕｎの後、ディラトメーターと水銀とカプセルとサンプルを合わせた重量を測定した。次にＰａｓｃａｌ２４０で高圧領域（０．１Ｍｐａ～２００Ｍｐａ）を測定した。この高圧部の測定で得られた水銀圧入量をもって、フェライト粒子の細孔容積、細孔径分布及びピーク細孔径を求めた。また、細孔径を求める際には水銀の表面張力を４８０ｄｙｎ／ｃｍ、接触角を１４１．３°として計算した。
　＜本発明に係るフェライト粒子の製造方法＞
　次に、本発明に係るフェライト粒子の製造方法について説明する。
　本発明に係るフェライト粒子の製造方法は、例えば次のように行われる。
　（フェライト芯材用粒子の調製）
　Ｆｅ、Ｍｎ及びＭｇの各化合物、さらに必要に応じてＳｒ、Ｔｉ等の化合物を粉砕、混合、仮焼した後、ロッドミルで粉砕し、フェライト仮焼粉とする。
　フェライト仮焼粉の好ましい組成の一例は、Ｆｅが４５～６８重量％、Ｍｇが０．５～４重量％、Ｍｎが３～２２重量％、Ｔｉが０．２５～６重量％、Ｓｒが０～２重量％である。
　上記のフェライト仮焼粉の組成範囲を満たすことでＴｉ化合物を被覆後、焼成を行うことで用途に応じたフェライト粒子として必要十分な各種特性を得ることが出来る。
　上記したフェライト仮焼粉を水及び必要に応じ分散剤、バインダー等を添加し、スラリーとし、粘度調整後、スプレードライヤーにて粒状化し、造粒を行い、さらに脱バインダー処理してフェライト被覆前粒子を得る。脱バインダー処理は６００～１０００℃で行われる。
　上記スラリーのスラリー粒径Ｄ５０が０．５～４．５μｍであることが望ましい。スラリー粒径を上記範囲とすることによって、所望のＢＥＴ比表面積を有したフェライト粒子を得ることができる。スラリー粒径Ｄ５０が０．５μｍ未満では、粉砕後のフェライト仮焼粉の比表面積が大きくなりすぎること被覆用ＴｉＯ２粒子被覆後フェライト粒子の焼成を行った場合、焼成が進みすぎることによって所望のＢＥＴ比表面積を持ったフェライト粒子が得られない。４．５μｍを超えると被覆用ＴｉＯ２粒子による被覆を行い、焼成を行った場合でも十分に外殻構造が形成されず、所望のフェライト粒子にならない可能性がある。
　スラリー粒径を上記範囲とするには、本造粒用のスラリーを調製する際に粉砕時間を制御するか、粉砕メディアを目標のスラリー粒径及び粒度分布になるように選択するか、湿式サイクロンを用いてスラリー中に存在する原料粒子を分級すればよい。湿式サイクロンを用いた場合には分級後のスラリーの固形分が異なるので再度固形分の調整が必要になるものの、短時間で目標のスラリー粒径とすることができるため、粉砕時間の制御と組み合わせて用いてもよい。
　被覆用ＴｉＯ２粒子は体積平均粒径が０．０５～３μｍであることが望ましい。０．０５μｍよりも小さい場合には被覆前フェライト粒子の表面に微粒子を付着させる際に被覆粒子が凝集体となりやすく、所望の被覆量で被覆前フェライト粒子表面に被覆しても被覆層にムラができやすく、部分的に外殻構造が形成されない可能性がある。３μｍを超えると均一に被覆前フェライト粒子に付着しにくく、フェライト粒子に部分的に外殻構造が生成されない可能性がある。
　被覆用ＴｉＯ２粒子は、その体積平均粒径にもよるが、被覆前フェライト粒子に対して０．８～７重量％であることが好ましい。０．８重量％よりも少ない場合は、本焼成後に十分な抵抗が得られない。７重量％よりも多い場合には被覆前フェライト粒子に付着しなかったフェライト被覆用粒子同士が凝集し、低磁化粒子を形成することがあり、フェライト粒子の磁気特性を用いた用途で使用する際に不具合の原因となる可能性がある。
　（フェライト粒子の調製）
　上記のようにして得られた被覆前フェライト粒子に被覆用ＴｉＯ２粒子を添加し、混合ミルで混合し、フェライト粒子用原料とした。このフェライト粒子用原料を不活性雰囲気又は弱酸化性雰囲気、例えば窒素雰囲気下や酸素濃度が３体積％以下の窒素と酸素の混合ガス雰囲気下、８５０～１２３０℃で行う。
　その後、焼成物を解砕、分級を行ってフェライト粒子を得る。分級方法としては、既存の風力分級、メッシュ濾過法、沈降法等を用いて所望の粒径に粒度調整する。乾式回収を行う場合は、サイクロン等で回収することも可能である。
　このようにして、上記各特性を有する本発明に係るフェライト粒子が得られる。
　本発明に係るフェライト粒子においては付着させる被覆用ＴｉＯ２粒子の表面に対して易分散性を得られるようにするため、帯電付与の表面処理を行ってもよい。帯電付与の表面処理を行うことで粒子同士の凝集が減少し、本焼成前の被覆用ＴｉＯ２粒子が付着しやすくなる。また、被覆前フェライト粒子の帯電極性と逆極性の表面処理剤を用いることで本焼成前の被覆前フェライト粒子に付着した被覆用ＴｉＯ２粒子の脱離を防止する効果が得られる。
　本焼成前の被覆前フェライト粒子の表面に被覆用ＴｉＯ２粒子を付着させた後に本焼成を行う方法については前述の通り提案されているが、乾式で帯電付与の前処理を行わない被覆用ＴｉＯ２粒子を用いて本焼成前の被覆前フェライト粒子の表面に付着させる場合、付着させる被覆用ＴｉＯ２粒子の凝集が激しく被覆前フェライト粒子に付着しにくいか、大きな凝集体として付着するため組成の偏りが大きく、本焼成後に得られたフェライト粒子の特性は劣る場合がある。
　湿式による本焼成前の被覆前フェライト粒子に対する被覆用ＴｉＯ２粒子の表面被覆は、表面被覆を行なったフェライト粒子用原料ごと溶媒となる液体の除去が必要となるため、工程として大掛かりになるためコストがかさむ。乾式による被覆用ＴｉＯ２粒子の被覆前フェライト粒子への被覆は被覆用ＴｉＯ２粒子の表面処理のみを行えば良く、容易に行え、コストの上昇も少ないのが特徴である。
　＜本発明に係る触媒＞
　本発明に係る触媒は、上記フェライト粒子を触媒担持体として触媒活性成分（触媒粒子）を担持させる。触媒活性成分としては金、銀、銅、白金、ロジウム、ルテニウム、パラジウム、ニッケル、コバルトから選ばれる１種類以上の金属コロイド粒子が好ましい。
　以下、実施例等に基づき本発明を具体的に説明する。
［実施例１］
［フェライト粒子の調製］
　Ｆｅ２Ｏ３を１００モル、ＭｇＣＯ３を１０モル、Ｍｎ３Ｏ４を１３．３モル及びＳｒＣＯ３を１モルとなるように秤量し、さらに、還元剤としてカーボンブラックを原料重量に対して１．３５重量％添加したものを混合、粉砕後、ローラーコンパクターでペレット化した。得られたペレットを９８０℃にて酸素濃度０体積％下の窒素雰囲気下、ロータリー式の焼成炉で仮焼成を行った。これをロッドミルにて粉砕したものをフェライト芯材用仮焼粉とした。
　このフェライト芯材用仮焼粉を湿式ビーズミルで１時間粉砕し、バインダー成分としてＰＶＡをスラリー固形分に対して１重量％となるように添加し、ポリカルボン酸系分散剤をスラリーの粘度が２～３ポイズになるように添加した。この際のスラリー粒径のＤ５０は３．２５９μｍであった。
　このようにして得られた粉砕スラリーをスプレードライヤーにて造粒、乾燥し、酸素濃度０体積％下の窒素雰囲気下、ロータリーキルンを用いて８５０℃で脱バインダー処理し、フェライト芯材用粒子を得た。
　被覆用ＴｉＯ２粒子を、上記フェライト芯材用粒子に対して４重量％添加し、混合ミルで１０分間混合撹拌した。得られた混合物を８０メッシュの振動ふるいで凝集体をほぐし、フェライト粒子用原料とした。
　上記で得られたフェライト粒子用原料を、電気炉を用いて、酸素濃度０体積％下の窒素雰囲気下、１０１０℃で４時間保持し、本焼成を行なった。その後、解砕し、さらに分級してフェライト粒子を得た。
［実施例２］
　フェライト原料として、Ｆｅ２Ｏ３を１００モル、ＭｇＣＯ３を５モル、Ｍｎ３Ｏ４を２６．６モル及びＳｒＣＯ３を０モルとなるように秤量した以外は、実施例１と同様の方法でフェライト粒子を得た。
［実施例３］
　フェライト原料として、Ｆｅ２Ｏ３を１００モル、ＭｇＣＯ３を２０モル、Ｍｎ３Ｏ４を６．６５モル及びＳｒＣＯ３を０モルとなるように秤量した以外は、実施例１と同様の方法でフェライト粒子を得た。
［実施例４］
　フェライト原料として、Ｆｅ２Ｏ３を１００モル、ＭｇＣＯ３を５モル、Ｍｎ３Ｏ４を５モル、及びＳｒＣＯ３を０モルとなるように秤量した以外は、実施例１と同様の方法でフェライト粒子を得た。
［実施例５］
　フェライト原料として、Ｆｅ２Ｏ３を１００モル、ＭｇＣＯ３を２０モル、Ｍｎ３Ｏ４を２６．６モル及びＳｒＣＯ３を０モルとなるように秤量した以外は、実施例１と同様の方法でフェライト粒子を得た。
［実施例６］
　ＳｒＣＯ３を０モルとし、被覆用ＴｉＯ２粒子を、上記フェライト芯材用粒子に対して２．５重量％添加した以外は、実施例１と同様の方法でフェライト粒子を得た。
［実施例７］
　ＳｒＣＯ３を０モルとし、被覆用ＴｉＯ２粒子を、上記フェライト芯材用粒子に対して５重量％添加した以外は、実施例１と同様の方法でフェライト粒子を得た。
［実施例８］
　本焼成温度を９５０℃とした以外は、実施例６と同様の方法でフェライト粒子を得た。
［実施例９］
　本焼成温度を１０５０℃とした以外は、実施例６と同様の方法でフェライト粒子を得た。
［比較例１］
　本焼成温度を９２０℃とした以外は、実施例１と同様の方法でフェライト粒子を得た。
［比較例２］
　被覆用ＴｉＯ２粒子を、フェライト芯材用粒子に対して添加しなかった以外は、実施例１と同様の方法でフェライト粒子を得た。
［比較例３］
　本焼成温度を１１６５℃とした以外は、実施例１と同様の方法でフェライト粒子を得た。
　実施例１～９及び比較例１～３で用いられたフェライト粒子の配合割合（原料仕込量モル比）、炭素量、仮焼条件（仮焼温度及び仮焼雰囲気）、本造粒条件（スラリー粒径及びＰＶＡ添加量）、脱バインダー処理条件（処理温度及び処理雰囲気）、ＴｉＯ２混合条件（添加量及び混合条件）及び本焼成条件（本焼成温度及び本焼成雰囲気）を表１に示し、得られたフェライト粒子の組成、磁気特性（磁化、残留磁化及び保磁力）及びフェライト粒子の形状（断面形状、外殻構造を有する部分が周囲長に占める割合及び外殻構造を有する部分の厚さ）を表２に示す。また、実施例１～９及び比較例１～３のフェライト粒子の粉体特性（ＢＥＴ比表面積、平均粒径、見掛け密度、真比重、細孔容積及びピーク細孔径）及び６．５ｍｍＧａｐのブリッジ式抵抗（５０Ｖ、１００Ｖ、２５０Ｖ、５００Ｖ及び１０００Ｖ）を表３に示す。各測定方法は上述の通りである。
Figure JPOXMLDOC01-appb-T000001
Figure JPOXMLDOC01-appb-T000002
Figure JPOXMLDOC01-appb-T000003
　表２に示されるように、実施例１～９のフェライト粒子は、いずれも外殻構造を持ったものが得られた。
　これに対し、比較例１のフェライト粒子では焼成温度が低く、多孔質構造を生成したものの、外殻構造を持ったフェライト粒子は得られなかった。
　比較例２のフェライト粒子は、焼成温度が高く。外殻構造を持ったフェライト粒子とならなかった。
　比較例３のフェライト粒子は、焼成温度が高く。外殻構造を持ったフェライト粒子とならなかった。
（触媒担持体の作製）
［実施例１０］
　実施例１で得られたフェライト粒子に金コロイド溶液をコロイド粒子の重量がフェライト粒子の１重量％となるように含浸させ、コロイド溶液の溶媒を蒸発させたのち、イナートオーブンを用いて７００℃、窒素雰囲気化で６時間熱処理を行った。熱処理後のフェライト粒子（触媒担持した状態のフェライト粒子）を樹脂に包埋したのち、イオンミリングにて粒子断面が見えるように加工した。ＥＤＸを用いて得られた粒子内部の元素の分布状態を確認した。
［実施例１１］
　コロイド溶液を銀コロイド溶液とした以外は実施例１０と同様の方法で触媒担持体粒子作製し、元素分布の状態を確認した。
［実施例１２］
　コロイド溶液を銅コロイド溶液とした以外は実施例１０と同様の方法で触媒担持体粒子作製し、元素分布の状態を確認した。
［実施例１３］
　コロイド溶液を白金コロイド溶液とした以外は実施例１０と同様の方法で触媒担持体粒子作製し、元素分布の状態を確認した。
［実施例１４］
　コロイド溶液をロジウムコロイド溶液とした以外は実施例１０と同様の方法で触媒担持体粒子作製し、元素分布の状態を確認した。
［実施例１５］
　コロイド溶液をルテニウムコロイド溶液とした以外は実施例１０と同様の方法で触媒担持体粒子作製し、元素分布の状態を確認した。
［実施例１６］
　コロイド溶液をパラジウムコロイド溶液とした以外は実施例１０と同様の方法で触媒担持体粒子作製し、元素分布の状態を確認した。
［実施例１７］
　コロイド溶液をニッケルコロイド溶液とした以外は実施例１０と同様の方法で触媒担持体粒子作製し、元素分布の状態を確認した。
［実施例１８］
　コロイド溶液をコバルトコロイド溶液とした以外は実施例１０と同様の方法で触媒担持体粒子作製し、元素分布の状態を確認した。
　実施例１０～１８で使用したフェライト粒子（触媒担持体粒子）、コロイド溶液の種類（触媒活性成分、触媒粒子の固形分、粒子径）、フェライト粒子への処理（溶媒、フェライト粒子に対するコロイド粒子の重量、熱処理）及びＥＤＸによる元素分布状態の確認（ナノ粒子の担持）を表４に示す。
Figure JPOXMLDOC01-appb-T000004
　表４に示されるように、実施例１０～１８のいずれフェライト粒子においても粒子の表面だけでなく、粒子内部にも触媒となる微粒子が存在しており、本発明に係るフェライト粒子は触媒担持体として使用できることが確認できた。
　本発明に係るフェライト粒子は、外殻構造を有することで低い見掛け密度を有し、さまざまな特性を制御可能な状態に維持したままで、一定容積に少ない重量で満たすことができる。そのため、上記フェライト粒子を触媒担持体として用い、これを触媒活性成分として担持した触媒は、触媒活性成分が良好に分散担持される。

Claims (6)

  1. 　Ｔｉ酸化物を含有する外殻構造を有していることを特徴とする触媒担持体用フェライト粒子。
  2. 　上記外殻構造を有する部分の厚さが０．５～１０μｍである請求項１に記載の触媒担持体用フェライト粒子。
  3. 　粒子内部の密度が上記外殻構造の密度より低い請求項１又は２に記載の触媒担持体用フェライト粒子。
  4. 　体積平均粒径が１０～１００μｍである請求項１～３のいずれかに記載の触媒担持体用フェライト粒子。
  5. 　請求項１～４のいずれかに記載のフェライト粒子を触媒担持体として用いた触媒。
  6. 　触媒活性成分が金、銀、銅、白金、ロジウム、ルテニウム、パラジウム、ニッケル、コバルトから選ばれる１種類以上の金属コロイド粒子である請求項５記載の触媒。
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