Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K36/00—Medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof, e.g. traditional herbal medicines
  • A61K36/18—Magnoliophyta (angiosperms)
  • A61K36/185—Magnoliopsida (dicotyledons)
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; PREPARATION OR TREATMENT THEREOF
  • A23L19/00—Products from fruits or vegetables; Preparation or treatment thereof
  • A23L19/01—Instant products; Powders; Flakes; Granules
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/08—Solutions
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/14—Particulate form, e.g. powders, Processes for size reducing of pure drugs or the resulting products, Pure drug nanoparticles
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/48—Preparations in capsules, e.g. of gelatin, of chocolate
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/48—Preparations in capsules, e.g. of gelatin, of chocolate
  • A61K9/4816—Wall or shell material
  • A61K9/4825—Proteins, e.g. gelatin
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
  • A61P1/04—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system for ulcers, gastritis or reflux esophagitis, e.g. antacids, inhibitors of acid secretion, mucosal protectants
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
  • A61P1/10—Laxatives
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
  • A61P1/14—Prodigestives, e.g. acids, enzymes, appetite stimulants, antidyspeptics, tonics, antiflatulents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
  • A61P3/08—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis
  • A61P3/10—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis for hyperglycaemia, e.g. antidiabetics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
  • A61P37/08—Antiallergic agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K2300/00—Mixtures or combinations of active ingredients, wherein at least one active ingredient is fully defined in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
  • Y02A50/30—Against vector-borne diseases, e.g. mosquito-borne, fly-borne, tick-borne or waterborne diseases whose impact is exacerbated by climate change

Definitions

• compositions prepared from gold kiwifruit [0002] The present disclosure relates to compositions prepared from gold kiwifruit,
• Actinidia chinemis Also related are methods of preparing such compositions, and methods of using such compositions, including methods of treating or preventing disorders of the gastrointestinal system.
• the gastrointestinal tract harbours approximately 10 14 microbial cells, consisting of over 1000 species or phylotypes, the majority of which reside in the colon (Rajilic-Stojanovic and de Vosm 2014; Qin et al. 2010; Egert et al. 2006).
• the large intestine is a metabolically active site of fermentation, characterised by diverse and intricate microbial relationships that are integral to human health (Backhed et al. 2005). Experimental data have shown the extent to which the colonic microbiota and its human host exist in a delicate state of equilibrium.
• microbiota has been shown to be associated with a wide range of health benefits including improved immune function and maturation, modified behaviour, regulation of satiety, inhibition of pathogens, augmentation of mineral absorption and maintenance of energy balance (Geurts et al. 2014; Parnell and Reimer 2012; Bravo et al. 201 1; Buffie and Pamer 2013).
• Faecalibacterium prausnitzii is one of the most populous species, being typically observed at over 5% of the total proportion of the colonic microbiota of healthy adults (Miquel et al. 2013).
• Members of the Firmicutes phylum, F. prausnitzii are commensal inhabitants of the human large bowel, with demonstrated anti-inflammatory properties in vivo (Sokol et al. 2009; Furet et al. 2010). Low levels of F.
• prausnitzii have repeatedly been associated with a range of intestinal disorders including irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), atopy, diabetes and inflammatory bowel diseases (1BD) such as Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) (Sokol et al. 2009; Furet et al. 2010; Rajilic-Stojanovic et al. 201 1 ; Candela et al. 2012; Willing et al. 2010).
• IBS irritable bowel syndrome
• 1BD inflammatory bowel diseases
• CD Crohn's disease
• UC ulcerative colitis
• F. prausnitzii facilitate their health promoting effects.
• F. prausnitzii generate large amounts of butyrate as well as some lactate and formate as the result of carbohydrate fermentation (Duncan et al. 2002; Duncan et al. 2004).
• Constipation is a common condition which can significantly affect an individual's quality of life, with impairment being compared to that of serious chronic conditions such as diabetes and osteoarthritis. It is estimated that up to 20% of the world's population suffer from this condition, with women and individuals aged over 65 years being most frequently affected (Attaluri et al. 2011; Udani & Bloom 2013). Complications that can arise from constipation include anal fissures, rectal prolapse, and faecal impaction. Straining to pass stool may lead to haemorrhoids. In later stages of constipation, the abdomen may become distended, hard, and diffusely tender.
• Severe cases may exhibit symptoms of bowel obstruction, for example, vomiting and a painful abdomen, as well as encopresis, where soft stool from the small intestine bypasses the mass of impacted faecal matter in the colon.
• the disturbance of the microbiota balance in the digestive tract may change intestinal motility, resulting in constipation (Husebye et al, 2001; Rhee et al. 2001).
• patients with chronic intestinal constipation present imbalance in the microbiota, characterized by a relative decrease of beneficial bacteria and an increase of potentially pathogenic bacteria and fungi (Khalif et al. 2005).
• Such patients show a significant increase in the counts of E. coli, S. aureus and enterobacteria (Khalif et al. 2005).
• Enemas can be used to provide a form of mechanical stimulation.
• enemas are typically useful only for stool in the rectum, not in the intestinal tract.
• An increasing range of herbal and other natural products including aloe and rhubarb (Udani & Bloom 2013)) advertised for aiding laxation have been made available on the market. Yet, there is only anecdotal evidence regarding their efficacy and success in affording relief from constipation.
• fibre is well known to be important in digestion - soluble fibre attracts water helping to slow digestion, and insoluble fibre adds bulk to stool to assist laxation. Enzymes also aid digestion by breaking down the large dietary compounds into smaller manageable pieces. For example, amylase breaks down starch into simple sugars and proteases break down proteins into amino acids.
• fibre and enzyme supplementation alone are largely ineffective for slow-transit constipation (prolonged delay in the transit of stool through the colon) and defecatory disorders. In addition, such supplementation may have unwanted side-effects such as excessive gas production and uncomfortable bloating.
• Green kiwifruit e.g., Actinidia deliciosa var. Hayward
• Green kiwifruit have been highlighted as an effective product in the area of digestion with several studies now demonstrating their efficacy (Stonehouse et al. 2012).
• the current consensus is that the laxation effect of green kiwifruit appears to be primarily due to its dietary fibre and actinidin (enzyme) content (Chang et al. 2010; Rush et al. 2002, Stonehouse et al. 2012, Drummond & Gearry 2013).
• gold kiwifruit e.g., Actinidia chinensis var. Hortl6A
• kiwifruit e.g., Actinidia chinensis var. Hortl6A
• laxation Feguson 2003; Rush 2002
• gold kiwifruit has little/no actinidin content and less dietary fibre than green kiwifruit.
• the Hortl6A variety of kiwifruit has been investigated for its effect on immunity (Hunter et al 2012; Skinner 2012), with the contention that the reduced or lesser laxative effects of gold kiwifruit make it an ideal choice for naturally boosting immunity, particularly in children where increased laxation may not be desirable (Adaim 2010).
• compositions particularly compositions derived from natural sources, for restoring and maintaining digestive health.
• the invention comprises a method of preparing a kiwifruit composition, comprising:
• the method further comprises removing the seeds of the kiwifruit prior to pureeing. [0019] The method further comprises pureeing the kiwifruit to obtain puree with a
• the method further comprises pureeing the kiwifruit to obtain puree with a viscosity of 1 1,0 to 13.0, or 10.0 to 14.0, measured at 12.5° Brix, 20°C.
• the method further comprises lyophilising the puree and milling to produce the powder.
• the method further comprises enriching the composition for polyphenols.
• the method further comprises adding polyphenols to the composition.
• the method further comprises drying the puree for 24 to 56 hours.
• the method further comprises lyophilising the puree for 40 to 56 hours.
• the invention comprises a composition prepared from dried gold kiwifruit, wherein the dried gold kiwifruit is a Gold3 kiwifruit or a genetic derivative thereof.
• the powder may be produced by a method of any one of the preceding aspects.
• composition is formulated for enteral administration.
• composition is formulated for oral administration.
• composition is formulated as a tablet or a capsule.
• the capsule is a gel capsule.
• the tablet or capsule is formulated to comprise 400 to 800 mg of the powder.
• the capsule is formulated to comprise 100 to 1000 mg of the powder.
• composition is formulated as a liquid.
• the liquid is formulated to comprise 400 to 800 mg of the powder per dosage unit.
• composition is formulated as a jelly or a sachet.
• composition is formulated in combination with a further digestive aid.
• composition is formulated in combination with one or more prebiotic, probiotic, or synbiotic compositions. [0039] The composition is formulated in combination with fibre and/or a digestive enzyme.
• composition is supplemented with polyphenols.
• the invention comprises a method of treating or preventing constipation, or maintaining or improving bowel regularity, comprising:
• composition is administered enterally.
• composition is administered orally or rectally.
• composition is administered as a tablet, capsule, or liquid.
• composition is administered as a jelly or a sachet.
• the capsule is a gel capsule.
• composition is administered at a dosage of 2000 to 4000 mg of powder per day, or a liquid equivalent thereof.
• the dosage is 250 to 2500 mg of powder per day, or a liquid equivalent thereof.
• composition is co-administered with further digestive aid.
• composition is co-administered with one or more probiotic, prebiotic, or synbiotic compositions.
• composition is co-administered with fibre and/or a digestive enzyme.
• composition is supplemented with polyphenols.
• the invention comprises a method of treating or preventing microbiota imbalance in the digestive tract, comprising:
• composition is administered enterally.
• composition is administered orally or rectally.
• composition is administered as a tablet, capsule, or liquid.
• composition is administered as a jelly or a sachet.
• the capsule is a gel capsule.
• composition is administered at a dosage of 2000 to 4000 mg of powder per day, or a liquid equivalent thereof.
• the dosage is 250 to 2500 mg of powder per day, or a liquid equivalent thereof.
• composition is co-administered with further digestive aid.
• composition is co-administered with one or more probiotic, prebiotic, or symbiotic compositions.
• composition is co-administered with fibre and/or a digestive enzyme.
• composition is supplemented with polyphenols.
• the invention comprises a method of maintaining or increasing beneficial bacteria in the digestive tract, comprising:
• composition is administered enterally.
• composition is administered orally or rectally,
• composition is administered as a tablet, capsule, or liquid.
• composition is administered as a jelly or a sachet.
• the capsule is a gel capsule.
• composition is administered at a dosage of 2000 to 4000 mg of powder per day, or a liquid equivalent thereof.
• the dosage is 250 to 2500 mg of powder per day, or a liquid equivalent thereof.
• composition is co-administered with further digestive aid.
• composition is co-administered with one or more probiotic, prebiotic, or synbiotic compositions.
• composition is co-administered with fibre and/or a digestive enzyme.
• composition is supplemented with polyphenols.
• the beneficial bacteria are selected from: the group of Bacteroides-
• the beneficial bacteria are selected from: Faecalibacterium prausnitzii,
• Clostridium coccoides Bacteriodes fragilis, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Bacteroides ovalus, Bacteroides cellulosilyticiis, Roseburia intestinalis, Roseburia inulinovorans, Ruminococcus bromii, and Ruminococcus flavefaciens.
• the invention comprises a method of maintaining or increasing Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in the digestive tract, comprising:
• administering to a subject a composition of any one of the preceding aspects, thereby maintaining or increasing the Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in the digestive tract in the subject.
• composition is administered by enteral, oral, or rectal administration.
• composition is administered as one or more of a tablet, capsule, liquid, jelly, or sachet.
• the capsule is a get capsule.
• composition is administered at a dosage of 2000 to 4000 mg of powder per day, or a liquid equivalent thereof.
• composition is administered at a dosage of 250 to 2500 mg of powder per day, or a liquid equivalent thereof.
• composition is co-administered with further digestive aid.
• composition is co-administered with one or more probiotic, prebiotic, or synbiotic compositions.
• composition is co-administered with fibre and/or a digestive enzyme.
• composition is supplemented with polyphenols.
• the subject has one or more symptoms of inflammation.
• the subject has one or more symptoms of: Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, gastrointestinal cancer, allergy, atopy, or diabetes.
• the invention comprises a method of treating or preventing irritable bowel syndrome or inflammatory bowel disease, comprising:
• administering to a subject a composition of any one of the preceding aspects, thereby treating or preventing irritable bowel syndrome or inflammatory bowel disease in the subject.
• composition is administered by enteral, oral, or rectal administration.
• composition is administered as one or more of a tablet, capsule, liquid, jelly, or sachet.
• the capsule is a gel capsule.
• composition is administered at a dosage of 2000 to 4000 mg of powder per day, or a liquid equivalent thereof.
• composition is administered at a dosage of 250 to 2500 mg of powder per day, or a liquid equivalent thereof.
• composition is co-administered with further digestive aid.
• composition is co-administered with one or more probiotic, prebiotic, or synbiotic compositions.
• composition is co-administered with fibre and/or a digestive enzyme.
• composition is supplemented with polyphenols.
• the invention comprises the use of the composition of any one of the preceding aspects for preparing a medicament for:
• Figure 1 Polyphenol content of green (Hayward) and gold (Gold3) kiwifruit powder pre- and post-digestion.
• Figure 2 Change in growth of bacteria strains when exposed to water and DMSO extracts of digested gold (Gold3) kiwifruit powder.
• Figure 3 Effect of gold (Gold3) kiwifruit powder on short chain fatty acid production in vitro using a mixed fermentation model
• Figure 4 Schematic of trial treatments, washouts, and sampling points.
• Figure 5 A Improvement in Digestive Health Index in functionally constipated participants after GOLD (Gold3) treatment.
• Figure 5B Net difference in abundance of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in functionally constipated participants after GOLD (Gold3) treatment
• Figure 5C Quantitative PGR data (LOG transformed) showing net difference in Faecalibacterium prausnitzii levels in functionally constipated participants after GOLD (Gold3) treatment.
• Figure 6 LightCycler® 480 qPCR data displaying bacterial groups as the calculated average 16S rRNA gene copy number/gram faecal sample (top row LOG transformed, bottom row natural data) and standard error of the mean (SEM) as error bars before and after each treatment period in the healthy group.
• Figure 7 LightCycler® 480 qPCR data displaying bacterial groups as the calculated average 16S rRNA gene copy number/gram faecal sample (top row LOG transformed, bottom row natural data) and standard error of the mean (SEM) before and after each treatment period in the functionally constipated group.
• Bowel regularity means having regular bowel movements, e.g., on a daily or weekly basis. While regularity will differ from person to person, an expected number of bowel movements can range from at least four times per week to at least once per day. An "improvement” in regularity means an increase in at least one bowel movement per week.
• bowel irregularity means that the regularity of bowel movements has been compromised. This can mean, for example, an increased time period between bowel movements, or a decrease in the expected number of bowel movements per day or per week. For example, a reduction in at least one bowel movement per week can indicate a bowel irregularity.
• constipation means having one or more symptom of being constipated, e.g., one or more of: straining during a bowel movement; hard or lumpy stools; sensation of anorectal obstruction or blockage; sensation of incomplete evacuation; manual manoeuvres to facilitate defecation; or three or fewer bowel movements in a week.
• a "dietary aid” is a composition that assists with digestion or other aspects of the digestive system, e.g., soluble and insoluble fibre, digestive enzymes, probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics. Included as digestive aids are compositions comprising one or more of psyllium, methylcellulose, glucomannan, magnesium, flaxseed, whealgrass, ginger, aloe (e.g., aloe vera juice), and rhubarb.
• a "digestive enzyme” is an enzyme that assists with the function of the gastrointestinal system. Included are actinidin, amylase, protease, lipase, lactase, maltase, sucrase, and cellulase.
• “Digestive tract” and “gut” refer to the digestive system (i.e., gastrointestinal system) of a human and other animal. This includes the oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, including the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, large intestine, including the cecum, ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid colon, and rectum. "Bowel” is a synonym for the intestinal tract.
• a "disorder" of the digestive tract includes a disease or other condition affecting the digestive system (i.e., gastrointestinal system), which may be an acute or chronic condition, such as inflammation, constipation, bowel irregularity, microbiota imbalance (e.g., reduced levels of beneficial organisms, altered ratios of beneficial organisms, and/or increased levels of deleterious organisms).
• a disease or other condition affecting the digestive system i.e., gastrointestinal system
• an acute or chronic condition such as inflammation, constipation, bowel irregularity, microbiota imbalance (e.g., reduced levels of beneficial organisms, altered ratios of beneficial organisms, and/or increased levels of deleterious organisms).
• disorders include inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome. Other disorders are described in detail herein.
• Gold3 refers to a particular variety of gold kiwifruit also known as
• a "genetic derivative" of a gold kiwifruit variety refers to offspring, sports, or other cultivars that are obtained from the gold kiwifruit parent stock. This includes offspring obtained from a genetic cross with the gold kiwifruit parent, e.g., Fl progeny or F2 progeny.
• the term “genetic derivative” may refer to the derived plant, itself, or to its fruit.
• “Inflammation” refers to a condition characterised by one or more of: vasodilation, heat, redness, pain, swelling, edema, lesions, fissures, ulcerations, leukocyte extravasation, and loss of function. Included are both acute and chronic forms of inflammation, the latter of which includes inflammatory disorders, e.g., autoimmune diseases. Particularly included is inflammatory bowel disease. Other inflammatory disorders are described elsewhere in this document.
• freeze drying As noted herein, the terms “lyophilising” and “freeze drying” are used synonymously. It will be understood that the terms “freeze drying'V'lyophilising” do not exclude the use of higher temperatures (i.e., higher than freezing temperatures). For example, higher temperatures may be used for removing residual moisture during the secondary drying phase for lyophilisation/freeze drying procedures.
• Microbiota refers to populations of microorganisms that live in the digestive tracts of humans and other animals. Synonymous terms are “microflora” and “microbiome”.
• a "microbiota imbalance” (also called “dysbiosis”) is a condition whereby the number of beneficial organisms in the digestive system is reduced, one or more ratios of beneficial organisms are altered, and/or the number of deleterious organisms in the digestive system is increased.
• Beneficial organisms may include, for example, lactic acid producing bacteria and butyrate producing bacteria.
• Particular beneficial organisms include but are not limited to Bifidobacterium strains, Bacteroidaceae strains such as Bactericides fi-agilis, and also faecal bacteria, such as beneficial bacteria from the Clostridium leptum phylogenetic group, including Faecalibacterium prausnitzii.
• Clostridium coccoides Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Bacteroides ovatiis, Bacteroides cellulosilyticus, Roseburia intestinalis, Roseburia inulinovorans, Ruminococcus bromii, and Ruminococcus flavefaciens.
• Deleterious organisms may include, as non-limiting examples, Staphylococcus and Salmonella strains, as well as members of the groups Enterobacteriaceae, Pasteur ellacaea, Veillonellaceae, and Fusohacteiiaceae,
• a "prebiotic” is a composition that increases the number and/or activity of beneficial organisms in the digestive system.
• a prebiotic comprises fermentable components and produces positive changes (e.g., improved levels, activities, or ratios) in the populations of beneficial bacteria in the gastrointestinal microbiota.
• This includes, for example, lactic acid producing bacteria and/or butyrate producing bacteria.
• beneficial organisms include Bifidobacterium strains and Faecalibacteriwn strains, including Faecalibacteriwn prausnitzii, and also Bacteroidaceae strains such as Bacteriodes fragilis.
• Clostridium coccoides Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Bacteroides ovatus, Bacteroides cellulosilyticus, Roseburia intestinalis, Roseburia inulinovorans, Ruminococcus bromii, and Ruminococcus fiavefaciens. Also included are the groups of Bacteroides-Prevote!la-Porphyromonas, Lachnospiraceae, and Lactobacilli, as well as other organisms described herein,
• a “probiotic” is a composition comprising one or more beneficial organisms that colonise the digestive system, including the colon, for example, lactic acid producing bacteria and/or butyrate producing bacteria.
• beneficial organisms include Bifidobacterium strains and Faecalibacterium strains, including Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, and also Bacteroidaceae strains such as Bacteriodes fragilis, as well as other organisms described herein.
• a "synbiotic” is a composition that combines one or more prebiotic agents and one or more probiotic organisms.
• a "subject” may be a human or non-human animal, particularly a mammal, including cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, horses, and other livestock, including, as well, dogs, cats, and other domesticated pets.
• Treating as used herein is meant as reducing, ameliorating, or resolving a disorder, for example a gastrointestinal disorder, such as a disease or other condition of the gastrointestinal system.
• a treatment will result in the reduction, amelioration, or elimination of one or more symptoms of the disorder.
• Preventing as used herein is meant as stopping or delaying the onset of a disorder, for example a gastrointestinal disorder, such as a disease or other condition of the gastrointestinal system.
• a preventative measure will result in the stoppage or delay of one or more symptoms of the disorder, or a lessening of symptoms if such do arise.
• Gold3 is a new variety of gold kiwifruit developed by Zespri®, which has been found to have a tolerance to Pseudomonas syringae pv actinidiae (Psa; a bacterial kiwifruit vine disease) and is replacing the Hortl 6A variety as the new commercial gold variety of choice in New Zealand.
• the Gold3 variety of kiwifruit is similar in nutritional composition to its predecessor, having less actinidin and dietary fibre content than green kiwifruit (Table 1).
• the polyphenols may be key active ingredients in gold kiwifruit varieties, in particular in the Gold3 variety of kiwifruit. It is postulated that the observed effectiveness for laxation may be attributable to the combination of the fibre, enzymes, prebiotic carbohydrates, and polyphenols in the fruit.
• Polyphenols are naturally occurring compounds in plants, characterised by the presence of one or more phenol unit. It is believed that at least some of the health benefits of polyphenols arise through encouraging the growth of beneficial bacteria and by the bacteria converting the polyphenols into other bioactive compounds which are absorbed into the bloodstream and exert effects both in the gut and elsewhere in the body (Seeram 2014; Cardona et al. 2013).
• the inventors believe that the polyphenols of gold kiwifruit varieties, e.g., Gold3 or its derivatives, may have the ability to act as prebiotics.
• researchers in the field have described prebiotics as "selectively fermented ingredients that result in specific changes in the composition and/or activity of the gastrointestinal microflora, thus conferring benefit(s) upon host health" (Gibson et al. 2010).
• gold kiwifruit have higher levels of polyphenols than green kiwifruit (see, e.g., Drummond 2013; see also Table 5, herein).
• the inventors' in vitro studies have shown that digested (simulated upper gastrointestinal digestion) Gold3 gold kiwifruit powder has an altered polyphenol profile compared to pre-digestion (see Example 2); however, the overall phenolic content is retained.
• green kiwifruit powder also has an altered polyphenol profile post-digestion, the overall content is reduced by digestion (see Example 2).
• the inventors conclude that the polyphenols present in the Gold3 gold kiwifruit powder are surviving digestion in the stomach, better than those in the green kiwifruit powder. This means that the polyphenols from gold kiwifruit such as the Gold3 variety of kiwifruit are available for biotransformation into different phenolics.
• the Gold3 gold kiwifruit has a unique profile rich in chlorogenic acid, E-caffeoyl-3-glucoside, phlori2in, procyanidin B2, and quercetin. It is believed that these phenolics remain 'undigested' and therefore transit into the colon where they are metabolised by the gut microbiota into metabolites (phenolic derivatives). These derivatives can then be absorbed and go on to interact in other metabolic pathways and support health benefits, including facilitated laxation.
• phenolic compounds in the Gold3 variety may be responsible for both the pest-resistance of the plant and the digestive benefits of the Gold3-derived powder, as disclosed herein.
• Gold3 gold kiwifruit powder contains digestion-resistant components, which are known to have prebiotic properties (see Example 4). These components assist in modulating the gut microbiota, and stimulating the production of metabolites such as short chain fatty acids (SCFAs; see Example 4), which are attributed with various health benefits.
• SCFAs short chain fatty acids
• GoId3 gold kiwifruit powder influences the growth pattern of gut microflora, stimulating an increase in beneficial bacteria relative to harmful bacteria (see Example 3).
• the inventors have also observed a significant increase in the relative abundance of Faecalibacterhim prausnitzii in faecal samples of constipated patients treated with Gold3 gold kiwifruit powder (Examples 7 and 8). This increase in beneficial bacteria, including F. prausnitzii, has been confirmed by quantitative PCR analysis (Examples 9 and 10).
• F. prausnitzii This is a significant finding as depleted concentrations of F. prausnitzii are associated with gastrointestinal disorders, and in particular, inflammatory conditions of the gastrointestinal tract. It is noted that reduced levels of F. prausnitzii have been associated, specifically, with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), as well as other health conditions. See, e.g., Sokol et al. 2008; Sartor 201 1. See also, further below.
• IBS irritable bowel syndrome
• IBD inflammatory bowel disease
• Gold3 gold kiwifruit and its genetic derivatives may be used in compositions for: treating or preventing constipation, maintaining or improving bowel regularity, treating or preventing microbiota imbalance, maintaining or increasing beneficial bacteria in the digestive tract, maintaining or increasing F. prausnitzii in the digestive tract, and/or treating or preventing irritable bowel syndrome or inflammatory bowel disease. Further uses for the composition are described in detail herein.
• the present invention relates generally to a composition prepared from gold kiwifruit.
• the composition is prepared from Actinidia chinensis.
• the Gold3 (also known as G3) variety of gold kiwifruit is used.
• one or more genetic derivatives from the gold kiwifruit variety may be used.
• any sports or other cultivars obtained from the parent may be used.
• the composition may be prepared in powdered form, for example, a lyophilised powder, or in any other suitable dosage form.
• the tablets may be scored tablets, chewable tablets, effervescent tablets, orally disintegrating tablets, or tablets for forming a suspension.
• the capsules may be gel capsules, including gel capsules made by single piece gel encapsulation and two piece gel encapsulation. Non-gelatine capsules are also included, as well as caplets.
• the powder may be provided in free flowing form or as a solid cake.
• composition may be provided as a powder for forming a suspension, powder for forming a solution, bulk oral granules, or bulk oral powder.
• composition may be formulated as a tonic, elixir, linctus, concentrate, syrup, solution, suspension, emulsion, draught, puree, paste, or as drops.
• the composition may be formulated as a gel or jelly.
• the composition may be provided in sachet form, for example, a powder sachet, or a gel or jelly sachet. Included also are formulations comprising thin strips, or comprising solids in a capsule to mix with food or drink. Other formulas are also possible, as described herein below.
• compositions of the invention may be prepared from a gold kiwifruit puree obtained from one or more commercial sources.
• the gold kiwifruit puree has had both seeds and skin removed.
• the puree has been prepared with a sieve size of about 1 mm or less.
• the puree has a viscosity (measured at 12.5° Brix, 20°C) of about 12.0; or may range from 10.0 to 14.0; or 11.0 to 13.0; or 1 1.75 to 12.25; or 1 1.8 to 12.2; or 11.9 to 12.1; or may be about 1 1.0, about 11.25, about 1 1.7, about 11.8, about 1 1.9, about 12.1 , about 12.2, about 12.3, or about 12.5.
• the pH of the puree may range from 3.2 to 3.8; or 3.0 to 4.0; or 3.1 to 3.9; or may be about 3.1, about 3.2, about 3.3, about 3.4, about 3.5, about 3.6, about 3.7, about 3.8, about 3.9, or about 4.0.
• compositions of the invention may be prepared by:
• the gold kiwifruit may undergo a pre-treatment process which may include the well known steps of ripening, inspecting, grading, and/or sorting of the kiwifruit.
• ripening it is preferable to use ripe or mature gold kiwifruit when producing the compositions of the invention; however, rotted or decaying material is preferably avoided.
• Ripeness can be assessed using widely known and used methods in the art.
• Ripeness can be measured prior to picking or processing the gold kiwifruit.
• ripeness may be measured using the Brix system.
• Gold kiwifruit with a sugar level ranging from 16 to 21° Brix; or 14° to 23° Brix; or 15° to 22° Brix; or about 14°, about 15°, about 16°, about 17°, about 18°, about 19°, about 20°, about 21°, about 22°, or about 23° Brix, may be indicative of ripeness.
• Gold kiwifruit exceeding this Brix level may be overly mature or fermenting and may not produce an ideal composition.
• Kiwifruit with a Brix level below the ideal may be artificially ripened before use. Time left in storage may be sufficient to achieve ripening. For example, gold kiwifruit picked at about 5° Brix can rise to above 10° Brix in 4-6 weeks in cool storage at 0°C. This fruit will ripen to reach 12° Brix or higher upon removal from cool storage. Other changes in chemistry also occur during ripening so that the kiwifruit is within the ideal range of maturation to provide an optimised product.
• the gold kiwifruit may be sterilised.
• the fruit may be passed through an assembly having one or more roller brushes for removing any adhering foreign matter.
• Conventional washing techniques may then be employed.
• Wash additives aiding cleansing or reducing the bacteria count on the kiwifruit may be employed according to local regulations and requirements.
• the fruit may be washed by a chlorine wash and/or an ozone impregnated water wash followed by a fresh water rinse.
• the sterilized gold kiwifruit may then be conveyed into a hopper. This can be tapered to form a funnel to direct the kiwifruit one by one to a cutting assembly.
• the cutting assembly can include a cutting device such as a water laser or similar, which has the advantage of preventing damage to the seed so the seed of the fruit does not contaminate the pulp.
• Other suitable cutting devices include rotating circular blades, reciprocating blades, fluid jet cutting devices, swing blades, etc.
• the cutting device may cut the gold kiwifruit substantially in half, for example, across its length.
• the cutting device may be replaced with a soft crushing device able to break the skin of the kiwifruit. Preferably this is done without causing significant cellular damage to the kiwifruit.
• the gold kiwifruit may be directed between rollers to result in the breakage of the skin of the kiwifruit.
• the kiwifruit may be burst by passing the fruit through spaced rollers biased towards each other. This method can be used to squeeze the fruit so the skin is split. The burst kiwifruit remains substantially intact but readily separable into large fragments. Other bursting methods may be employed,
• the gold kiwifruit segments may be passed through a pressing assembly designed to separate the skin from the pulp.
• the pressing assembly may be adapted to perform a pulping or comminution process.
• Such process can be relatively mild and gentle ("soft pulping") compared to conventional fruit pulping techniques. With soft pulping, no significant disintegration or lysis of fruit cells or components. Preferably, only a minor proportion (generally less than 5-10%) of seeds is fragmented by this process. Excluded from soft pulping processes are chemical and/or enzyme lysis methods, thermal techniques, techniques directed to the breaking down of cells, and mechanical techniques which involve excessive pulverisation of fruit material.
• the pressing assembly performs the soft pulping of the gold kiwifruit by pressing the kiwifruit segments between a twin converging belt press.
• the press belts may be multiple loops rotated about a series of pulleys. The distance separating the press belts may decrease in the direction of travel of the kiwifruit. In this way, increased force may be exerted upon the kiwifruit as it travels along the length of the pressing assembly. This can produce pulping of the kiwifruit without significant damage to the seeds. This in turn prevents seeds from contaminating the pulp.
• the pulp generated from the pressing assembly may be directed to a screening process, in order to separate the seeds from the pulp.
• the pulp may be separated from the seed using a soft mechanical screening technique.
• a pulp finisher may be used. This includes a rotating flexible impeller which is rotated within a cone shaped screen having apertures of a predetermined size.
• the size of the apertures is selected to permit the pulp and juice of the kiwifruit to pass through the screen while retaining a substantial portion, if not all, of the seeds within the interior cavity defined by the screen.
• a kiwifruit paste may be made as a concentrate.
• the fruit may be heated for several hours, strained, and reduced to a thick, concentrated form.
• the fruit may be heated after removing the skins, or after the pulping or pureeing process.
• the fruit can be heated gradually, and then kept heated at a moderate temperature, with mixing.
• the paste can be spread on a flat sheet, or transferred to a packaging, for example, a bag, tube, jar, bottle, or other container.
• the paste may be transferred aseptically, such that it is suitable for human consumption.
• the kiwifruit paste is produced from mature gold kiwifruit.
• the paste is prepared from pulped fruit.
• the paste may be a smooth preparation, and may comprise a concentrate of about 40° Brix; or from 30° to 50° Brix; or from 35° to 45° Brix; or about 35°, about 36°, about 37°, about 38°, about 39°, about 41 °, about 42°, about 43°, about 44°, or about 45° Brix.
• the pulp (e.g., in paste or puree form) may then be processed by a freezing step. This may be followed by or used in conjunction with a drying step.
• the pulp is dried and processed to a powder without an intervening freezing step.
• methods involving drum drying may be used.
• a puree or paste may be dried at relatively low temperatures over rotating, high-capacity drums that produce sheets of drum-dried product.
• an additive may be used to accelerate or otherwise assist the drying process. For example, pea starch or other drying aids may be utilised.
• the dried product may then be milled to a finished flake or powder form.
• drum drying techniques may be used to produce a dried composition that retains its key components, e.g., phenolic compounds, and can be easily reconstituted using liquid.
• drum dried products may be made to be cold water soluble.
• belt drying or convection drying maybe used. Such drying methods are widely known and used in the field.
• the pulp may be frozen in standard sized pales, which are used to collect the fresh pulp after processing.
• the pulp can be stored frozen (e.g., at -18°C) until it is required to make the composition.
• the frozen pulp may be freeze dried, i.e., lyophilised. Freeze drying techniques are widely known and commonly used.
• the freeze drying cycle may be about 48 hours; or ranging from 40 to 56 hours; or 12 to 36 hours; or 36 to 60 hours; or about 40 hours, about 42 hours, about 44 hours, about 46 hours, about 48 hours, about 50 hours, about 52 hours, or about 54 hours.
• a longer freeze drying cycle e.g., at least 48 hours (“gentle freeze drying"), may be used to retain maximal activity.
• the process may be carried out to such that water formation is avoided, and the moisture content is minimised during processing.
• a lyophilisation drying program may be used as part of an automated drying system.
• the lyophilisation process may include multiple drying steps, e.g., with step-wise increases and reductions in temperature.
• a primary drying setting is used for sublimation, followed by one or more secondary drying settings that are used to remove residual moisture.
• the top temperature of the lyophilisation process does not exceed 70°C.
• the temperature of the lyophilisation process ranges between -10°C to 70°C. In one other aspect, up to 48 hours of lyophilisation is utilised.
• the resulting dried product may then be milled into a powder which can then be utilised as appropriate. Milling methods are well known and widely used in the art. Standard mesh sizes may be used to produce the powder, for example, US 20, US 23, US 30, US 35, US 40, US 45, or US 50 mesh sizes may be used.
• the sieve size for the powder may range from 1.0 to 0.3 mm; or 0.84 to 0.4 mm; or 0.71 to 0.5 mm; or may be about 1.0 mm, about 0.84 mm, about 0.71 mm, about 0.59 mm, about 0.5 mm, about 0.47 mm, about 0.465 mm, about 0.437 mm, about 0.4 mm, about 0.355 mm, or about 0.3 mm.
• the preparation process may be performed at a temperature of less than 40°C.
• the process is performed at a temperature ranging from -4°C to 40°C; or from -1°C to 10°C; or from 1°C to 6°C; or at approximately 0°C, approximately 1°C, approximately 2°C, approximately 3°C, approximately 4°C, approximately 5°C, or approximately 6°C.
• These temperatures may be kept during the entire preparation process, including the storage of the whole fruit, prior to it being broken open, and during the pulping/pureeing process. For optimal results, these temperatures are kept at least from the point that the fruit has been broken open. Use of such temperatures avoids oxidation of the fruit and the use of reducing agents. In certain circumstances, it may be possible to obtain organic certification.
• the processing method is preferably performed so as to prevent or at least minimise any damage or effects on the active material in the gold kiwifruit.
• the resulting compositions can be monitored for activity, for example, for polyphenol content.
• the composition may be expected to contain at least the following polyphenol compounds: chlorogenic acid, B-caffeoyl-3-glucoside, neochlorogenic acid, phlorizin, procyanidin B2, and quercetin rhamnoside. Also present may be: catechin, epicatechin, E-caffeoyl-4-glucoside, and quercetin rutinoside. The levels for these polyphenols are noted herein below.
• Assays for polyphenols are well known in the art and are also described below. In particular, it is possible to measure gallic acid equivalents (GAE) to determine total polyphenol content.
• GAE gallic acid equivalents
• the Folin-Ciocalteu method employing the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, also called Folin's phenol reagent or Foiin- Denis reagent
• the Folin-Ciocalteu method may be used for colorimetric in vitro assays of phenolic compounds (Singleton et al. 1999).
• compositions can be tested for the stimulation of growth of beneficial organisms, e.g., Lactobacillus and/or Bifidobacterium, or for increased levels of short chain fatty acids, e.g., acetate, butyrate, and/or propionate.
• beneficial organisms e.g., Lactobacillus and/or Bifidobacterium
• short chain fatty acids e.g., acetate, butyrate, and/or propionate.
• organic acid levels are noted herein below.
• the corresponding assays are widely known and also described in detail herein.
• the noted activities in stimulating bacterial growth and organic acid levels, and the noted polyphenol content are still present upon digestion of the composition, e.g., as assayed by in vitro digestion.
• in vitro digestion assays may be utilised as described by the inventors, herein.
• Other in vitro assays are known and used in the art (see, e.g., Kaur et
• compositions of the invention may be used to obtain the compositions of the invention. It is expected that a composition obtained from such derivative would share one or more of the characteristics of the compositions obtained from gold kiwifruit stock. Exemplary features include: polyphenol levels and polyphenol profiles, actinidin levels, fibre levels, vitamin levels, stimulation of growth of beneficial organisms, and enhancement of levels of organic acids, as noted above and disclosed in detail herein.
• the kiwifruit obtained from a genetic derivative would share a similar compositional makeup as the gold kiwifruit parent.
• the vitamin C content of the fruit may be from 100 to 150 mg; or from 90 to 200 mg; or from 80 to 220 mg; or about 80 mg, about 90 mg, about 100 mg, about 1 15 mg, about 130 mg, about 140 mg, about 150 mg, about 160 mg, about 170 mg, or about 180 mg, per 100 g of fruit.
• the actinidin content of the fruit may be from 60 to 110 FU; or from 70 to 100 FU; or from 80 to 90 FU; or about 60 FU, about 70 FU, about 80 FU, about 90 FU, about 100 FU, about 1 10 FU, or about 120 FU, per 100 g of fruit.
• the total polyphenol content of the fruit may be from 250 to 450 mg GAE; or from 200 to 800 mg GAE; or from 300 to 600 mg GAE; or from 270 to 430 mg GAE; or from 280 to 420 mg GAE; or from 290 to 410 mg GAE; or from 300 to 400 mg GAE; or from 310 to 390 mg GAE; or from 320 to 380 mg GAE, per 100 g of fruit.
• compositions comprising gold kiwifruit
• Gold3 gold kiwifruit powder includes beneficial ingredients that are useful for maintaining the health of the digestive system, as well as treating and preventing digestive problems and/or gastrointestinal disorders.
• the Gold3 gold kiwifruit powder was shown by the inventors to be particularly efficacious for improving bowel regularity.
• the GoId3 powder was also effective in stimulating the growth of beneficial bacteria relative to harmful bacteria, and generating increases in F. prausnitzii, specifically.
• the gold kiwifruit compositions of the invention can be used to support or improve overall gut health and/or to treat or prevent various diseases or other conditions of the digestive tract, including inflammation, constipation, microbiota imbalance, irritable bowel syndrome, and inflammatory bowel disease.
• the compositions may be used to maintain or improve bowel regularity, and maintain or increase beneficial bacteria in the digestive tract, including F. prausnitzii.
• the gold kiwifruit powder may be encapsulated, tableted, or added to or incorporated in other products. Particularly encompassed are delayed release formulas, extended release formulas, as well as formulas for rapid disintegration. Gel capsules are specifically encompassed, as well as sachets and chewable tablets. Additionally included are combination formulas, which include the powder of the invention mixed with other beneficial agents, e.g., one or more probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, or other digestive aids. In alternate embodiments, the powder may be reconstituted as a liquid, for example, a concentrate, syrup, suspension, or tonic for oral administration, or as an enema or clyster composition for rectal administration. Rectal suppositories are also encompassed.
• the resulting dried gold kiwifruit powder is encapsulated, and each capsule contains approximately 500 mg or approximately 600 mg of the dried powder; or ranging from 50 to 650 mg; 150 to 850 mg; or 200 to 800 mg; 300 to 700 mg; or 550 to 750 mg; or approximately 50 mg, approximately 100 mg, approximately 150 mg, approximately 200 mg, approximately 250 mg, approximately 300 mg, approximately 350 mg, approximately 400 mg, approximately 450 mg, approximately 500 mg, approximately 550 mg, approximately 575 mg, approximately 590 mg, approximately 610 mg, approximately 625 mg, approximately 650 mg, approximately 675 mg, approximately 700 mg, approximately 750 mg, approximately 800 mg, or approximately 850 mg, of the dried powder.
• compositions of the invention may be enriched for polyphenols such that their concentration is increased relative to the other components of the gold kiwifruit, e.g., fibre, sugars, and/or proteins.
• the compositions of the invention may include polyphenols that have been isolated away from (e.g., purified from) the other components of the gold kiwifruit.
• the resulting composition has at least 2 times, at least 3 times, at least 4 times, at least 5 times, or at least 10 times the amount of polyphenols compared to the composition prepared without polyphenol enrichment or isolation steps.
• the polyphenol enriched compositions, phenolic concentrates, and compositions comprising isolated phenolics may be dried as a powder, and used in accordance with the present invention.
• such powder is encapsulated, and each capsule contains approximately 100 mg, approximately 150 mg, approximately 200 mg, approximately 250 mg, approximately 300 mg, or approximately 350 mg, or approximately 400 mg, of powder; or ranging from 100 mg to 200 mg; or from 100 to 300 mg; or from 200 to 400 mg of powder.
• the dosage form may contain excipients, for example, one or more anti- adherents, binders, coatings, disintegrants, flavours, colours, sweeteners, lubricants, glidants, flow agents, anti-caking agents, sorbents, or preservatives.
• excipients for example, one or more anti- adherents, binders, coatings, disintegrants, flavours, colours, sweeteners, lubricants, glidants, flow agents, anti-caking agents, sorbents, or preservatives.
• Useful excipients include but are not limited to: stearin, magnesium stearate, and stearic acid; saccharides and their derivatives, e.g., disaccharides: sucrose, lactose; polysaccharides and their derivatives, e.g., starches, cellulose or modified cellulose such as macrocrystalline cellulose and cellulose ethers such as hydroxypropyl cellulose; sugar alcohols such as isomalt, xylitol, sorbitol and maltitol; proteins such as gelatin; synthetic polymers such as polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyethylene glycol; fatty acids, waxes, shellac, plastics, and plant fibers, e.g., corn protein zein; hydroxypropyl methylcellulose; crosslinked polymers, e.g., crosslinked polyvinylpyrrolidone (crospovidone), and crosslinked sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (croscarmellose sodium); sodium starch glycolate; silicon dioxide
• the gold kiwifruit compositions of the invention will include various components, for example, carbohydrates, dietary fibre, polyphenols, and actinidin.
• carbohydrates for example, carbohydrates, dietary fibre, polyphenols, and actinidin.
• the gold kiwifruit compositions of the invention may include particular polyphenols as active components.
• the polyphenols in the composition may still be present upon digestion of the composition, e.g., in vitro digestion, as described in detail herein.
• the chlorogenic acid content of the composition may be at least 40 ⁇ g/g, at least 45 ⁇ g/g, at least 50 ⁇ g/g, or at least 55 ⁇ g/g; or from 40 to 60 ⁇ g/g; or from 45 to 55 ⁇ g/g, based on dry weight.
• the E-caffeoyl-3-glucoside content of the composition may be at least 45 ⁇ g/g, at least 50 ⁇ g/g, at least 55 ⁇ g/g, at least 60 ⁇ g/g, at least 65, at least 70 ⁇ g/g, or at least 75 ⁇ g/g; or from 40 to 80 ⁇ g/g; or from 50 to 70 ⁇ g/g, based on dry weight.
• the epicatechin content of the composition may be at least 6 ⁇ g/g, at least 7 ⁇ g/g at least 8 ⁇ g/g, at least 9 ⁇ g/g, at least 10 ⁇ g/g, at least 11 ⁇ g/g, at least 12 ⁇ g/g, at least 13 ⁇ g/g, or at least 14 ⁇ g/g; or from 8 to 12 ⁇ g/g; or from 9 to 1 1 ⁇ xglg, based on dry weight.
• the neochlorogenic acid content of the composition may be at least 15 ⁇ g/g, at least 18 ⁇ , at least 20 ⁇ g/g, at least 22 ⁇ g/g, at least 25, at least 30 ⁇ g/g, or at least 35 ⁇ g/g; or from 10 to 30 ⁇ g/g; or from 15 to 25 based on dry weight.
• the phlorizin content of the gold kiwifruit compositions may be at least at least 45 ⁇ g/g, at least 50 ⁇ g/g, at least 55 ⁇ g/g, at least 60 ⁇ g/g, at least 65, at least 70 ⁇ g/g, or at least 75 ⁇ g/g; or from 40 to 80 ⁇ g/g; or from 50 to 70 ⁇ g/g, based on dry weight.
• the procyanidin B2 content may be at least 15 ⁇ g/g, at least 20 ⁇ g/g, at least 25 ⁇ g/g, at least 30, at least 35 ⁇ g/g, at least 40 ⁇ g/g, or at least 45 ⁇ g/g; or from 20 to 40 ⁇ g/g; or from 25 to 35 ⁇ g/g, based on dry weight.
• the quercetin rhamnoside content of the composition may be at least at least 15 ⁇ g/g, at least 18 ⁇ g/g, at least 20 ⁇ g/g, at least 22 ⁇ g/g, at least 25, at least 30 ⁇ g/g, or at least 35 ⁇ g/g; or from 10 to 30 ⁇ g/g; or from 15 to 25 ⁇ g/g, based on dry weight.
• the catechin content of the gold kiwifruit compositions may be at least 0.5 ⁇ g/g, at least 1 ⁇ g/g, at least 2 ⁇ g/g, or at least 3 ⁇ g/g; or from 1 to 4 ⁇ g/g; or from 2 to 3 ⁇ g/g, based on dry weight.
• the E-caffeoyl-4- glucoside content of the composition may be at least 3 ⁇ g/g, at least 4 ⁇ g/g, at least 5 ⁇ g/g, at least 6 ⁇ g/g, at least 7 ⁇ g/g, at least 8 ⁇ g/g, or at least 9 ⁇ g/g; or from 4 to 8 ⁇ g/g; or from 5 to 7 ⁇ g/g, based on dry weight.
• the quercetin rutinoside content of the composition may be at least 1 ⁇ g/g, at least 2 ⁇ g/g, at least 3 ⁇ g/g, at least 4 ⁇ g/g, or at least 5 ⁇ g/g; or from 1 to 5 ⁇ g/g; or from 2 to 4 ⁇ g/g, based on dry weight.
• the gold kiwifruit compositions of the invention may include a total polyphenol content of from 1000 to 1200 mg GAE; or from 900 to 3300 mg GAE; or from 800 to 1400 mg GAE, per 100 g.
• the content of E-caffeoyl-3-glucoside may be from 60 to 120 ⁇ g/g; or from 80 to 100 ⁇ g/g; or from 90 to 1 10 ⁇ g/g; or about 80 ⁇ g/g, about 90 ⁇ g/g, about 100 ⁇ g/g, about 110 ⁇ g/g, about 115 or about 120 ⁇ g/g., based on dry weight.
• the content of epicatechin may be from 20 to 60 ⁇ g/g; or from 30 to 50 pg/g; or about 20 ⁇ g/g, about 30 ⁇ g/g, about 40 ⁇ g/g, about 45 ⁇ g/g, about 50 ⁇ g/g, or about 60 [ig/g, based on dry weight.
• the content of neochlorogenic acid may be from 20 to 60 ⁇ g/g; or from 30 to 50 ⁇ g/g; or about 20 ⁇ g/g, about 30 ⁇ g/g, about 39 ⁇ g/g, about 40 ⁇ g/g, about 41 ⁇ g/g, about 50 ⁇ g/g, or about 60 ⁇ g/g, based on dry weight.
• the content of procyanidin B2 may be from 40 to 120 ⁇ g/g; or from 50 to 100 ⁇ g/g; or from 65 to 90 ⁇ g/g; or from 60 to 80 ⁇ g/g; or about 40 ⁇ g/g, or about 50 ⁇ g/g, or about 60 ⁇ g/g, or about 70 ⁇ g/g, or about 75 ⁇ g/g, or about 80 ⁇ g/g, or about 90 ⁇ g/g, or about 100 ⁇ g/g, based on dry weight.
• the gold kiwifruit compositions of the invention may also include fibre as an active component.
• the total fibre content may be from 12.4 to 12.7%, based on dry weight; or from 12.0 to 13.0%; or from 10 to 15%; or about 10%, about 1 1%, about 12%, about 13%, about 14%, or about 15%, based on dry weight.
• the soluble fibre content may be from 3.4 to 3.5% based on dry weight; or from 3.0 to 4.0%; or from 3.2 to 3.8%; or about 3.0%, about 3.1%, about 3.2%, about 3.3%, about 3.4%, about 3.5%, about 3.6%, about 3.7%, about 3.8%, about 3.9%, or about 4.0%, based on dry weight.
• the insoluble fibre content may be from 8.9 to 9.3%, based on dry weight; or from 8.0 to 10.0%; or from 8.5 to 9.5%; or about 8.0%, about 8.5%, about 9.0%, about 9.5%, or about 10.0%, based on dry weight.
• the gold kiwifruit compositions of the invention may also include various sugars, including neutral sugars and uronic acids.
• Pectic polysaccharides are specifically included in the compositions of the invention.
• neutral sugars the compositions in the invention may include one or more of: rhamnose, arabinose, galactose, and glucose.
• the gold kiwifruit compositions of the invention may further include actinidin enzyme.
• the actinidin levels may be from 8,000 to 1 1,000 AU; or from 6,000 to 16,000 AU; from or from 7,000 to 1 1,000 AU; or from 8,000 to 10,000 AU; or about 8,000 AU, about 9,000 AU, about 10,000 AU, about 1 1,000 AU, or about 15,000 AU, per gram.
• Methods for measuring actinidin level are widely known and used in the art. See, e.g., Drummond 2013 and Kaur et al. 2010.
• N-a-CBZ-lys-p-nitrophenol Z-lys-pNp; Sigma Aldrich Pty Ltd
• Z-lys-pNp N-a-CBZ-lys-p-nitrophenol
• 25°C i.e., 77°F
• Measurements can be expressed as AU/g or AU/mg for the composition.
• actinidin levels using fluorescent assays to assess cysteine protease activity (Nieuwenhuizen et al. 2012; Maddumage 2013).
• fluorescent substrates Z-FRAMC (benzyloxycarbonyl-Phe-Arg-7-amino-4- methylcoumarin), H-D-Ala-Leu-Lys-AMC, or Bz-Arg-AMC (Feinchemikaiien AG) may be used. These measurements can be expressed as FU/g or FU/mg for the composition.
• the gold kiwifruit compositions of the invention are expected to be active in stimulating the growth of beneficial enteric organisms (e.g., beneficial bacteria) such as members of Lactobacillus or Bifidobacterium groups, as well as certain members of the Clostridiales group, including Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, as demonstrated herein.
• beneficial enteric organisms e.g., beneficial bacteria
• beneficial bacteria such as members of Lactobacillus or Bifidobacterium groups
• Clostridiales group including Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, as demonstrated herein.
• Other beneficial organisms may also show increased growth, for example, Erysipelotrichales and Bacteroidales strains.
• beneficial organisms that include Clostridium coccoides, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Bacteroides ovatus, Bacteroides cellulosilyticus, Roseburia intestinalis, Roseburia inullnovotans, Ruminococcus bromii, and Ruminococcus flavefaciens. Also included are beneficial organisms within the groups of Bacteroides- Prevotella-Porphyromonas, and Lachnospiraceae, as well as other organisms described herein.
• the gold kiwifruit composition may increase the growth of one or more Lactobacillus and/or Bifidobacterium strains (e.g., starting with 1 billion cfu) by at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 100%, or at least 1 10%.
• 25 mg of powder added to 1 billion cfu of probiotic organism(s) may be used to obtain a growth rate of greater than 50%, relative to the control, which has been normalised to 0%.
• Such increases may still be observed upon digestion of the composition, e.g., in vitro digestion, as described in detail herein.
• there are no concomitant increases in deleterious enteric organisms e.g., harmful bacteria
• deleterious enteric organisms e.g., harmful bacteria
• Salmonella and/or Staphylococcus strains there are no concomitant increases in deleterious enteric organisms.
• deleterious enteric organisms e.g., harmful bacteria
• Salmonella and/or Staphylococcus strains such as Salmonella and/or Staphylococcus strains.
• the gold kiwifruit compositions of the invention may also be active in stimulating the growth of faecal bacteria, including Clostridiales bacteria such as those from the Clostridium leptum phylogenetic group, and in particular Faecalibacterium strains, including Faecalibacterium prausnitzii.
• Clostridiales bacteria such as those from the Clostridium leptum phylogenetic group, and in particular Faecalibacterium strains, including Faecalibacterium prausnitzii.
• Increases in the relative abundance of Faecalibacterium prausnilzii may be at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 100%, at least 150%, or at least 200%; or 20% to 200%; or 50% to 150%; or 70% to 100%, in subjects, e.g., constipated subjects, upon treatment with the gold kiwifruit powder.
• the gold kiwifruit compositions of the invention show activity in increasing levels of short chain fatty acids.
• the composition e.g., 10 mg of powder
• the composition may increase the levels of one or more of acetate, butyrate, and propionate by at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 18%, at least 20%, at least 22%, at least 25%, at least 28%, or at least 30%.
• Such increases may still be observed upon digestion of the composition, e.g., in vitro digestion, as described in detail herein.
• the gold kiwifruit compositions of the invention can be used to support or improve overall gut health and/or to treat or prevent various conditions of the digestive tract, including inflammation, constipation, microbiota imbalance, irritable bowel syndrome, and inflammatory bowel disease.
• the compositions may be used to maintain or improve bowel regularity, and to maintain or increase beneficial bacteria in the digestive tract, including F. prausnitzii.
• Constipation may be caused by a disorder of bowel function or a structural problem, and may have one or more symptoms of: reduced bowel movements, incomplete and assisted bowel movements, straining, hard or lumpy stool forms, bloating, flatulence, abdominal pain, and reliance on laxatives, Common causes of constipation include: inadequate water intake; inadequate fibre in the diet; a disruption of regular diet or routine; inadequate activity or exercise; consumption of large amounts of dairy products; stress; avoidance of bowel movements (e.g., due to pain); overuse of laxatives or stool softeners; hypothyroidism; neurological conditions such as Parkinson's disease or multiple sclerosis; antacid medicines containing calcium or aluminium; medicines (especially pain medicines, such as narcotics, antidepressants, or iron supplements); depression; eating disorders; irritable bowel syndrome; pregnancy; colon cancer; and lack of nerve and muscle function in the bowel.
• microbiota imbalances e.g., decreases in beneficial organisms, altered ratios of beneficial organisms, and/or increases in deleterious organisms
• Imbalances may be caused by certain medicines such as antibiotics, disorders of the digestive tract, or dietary insufficiencies.
• a gut microbiota imbalance may show up as one or more symptoms of: diarrhoea, particularly antibiotic-associated diarrhoea, runny stools, constipation, and/or bloating.
• Microbiota imbalances are correlated with various disorders of the gastrointestinal system, as well as other disorders.
• an imbalance in the microbiota may be associated with inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, coeliac disease, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, necrotizing enterocolitis, intestinal inflammation, enteric infections, carcinogenisis including gastric carcinomas, colorectal carcinomas, cholelithiasis, endotoxemia, hepatic disease such as cirrhosis, and hepatic encephalopathy.
• Microbial imbalances in the digestive tract are associated with a number of different health conditions, including:
• Inflammation of the digestive tract may be associated with various conditions including atrophic glossitis, angular cheilitis, orofacial granulomatosis, esophagitis, gastritis, including atrophic gastritis, pyloric stenosis, colitis, ileitis, Crohn's disease, coeliac disease, inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, lesions, fissures, and various ulcers, including ulcers of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and intestines, and specifically including ucerative colitis.
• Inflammation may also be associated with deleterious organisms, such as bacterial, protozoan, and/or viral organisms, including the groups/organisms of Enter obacteriaceae, Pasteur ellaceae, Veillonellaceae, Fusobacteriaceae, Proteobacteria, Campylobacter, Shigella, Yersinia, Listeria, Salmonella, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium difficile, Helicobacter pylori, Mycobacterium avium, Enterococcus faecalis, Fusobacterium varium, Giardia, Entamoeba histolytica, rotavirus, norovirus, adenovirus, astrovirus, and measles virus. In certain circumstances, inflammation may result from injury, medication, or surgery.
• the gold kiwifruit compositions of the invention find use for treating or preventing gastrointestinal inflammation, constipation, bowel irregularity, microbiota imbalance, irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, or other conditions described herein.
• the compositions may be administered from 250 to 2500 mg; 500 to 5000 mg; 1000 to 4000 mg; or from 1500 to 4500 mg; or from 2000 to 3000 mg; or at about 250 mg, about 500 mg, about 600 mg, about 800 mg, about 1000 mg, about 1200 mg, about 1500 mg, about 1700 mg, about 1800 mg, about 2000 mg, about 2200 mg, about 2300 mg, about 2400 mg, about 2500 mg, about 2600 mg, about 2700 mg, about 2800, about 2900, about 3000 mg, about 3200, about 3500, about 3600 mg, about 4000 mg, about 4200 mg, about 4800 mg, about 5000 mg, about 5400 mg, about 6000 mg, or about 6600 mg, of gold kiwifruit powder per day
• compositions of the invention include enteral administration, oral administration, and rectal administration.
• Oral administration may be by tablet, capsule, sachet, drops, elixir, linctus, solution, emulsion, suspension, draught, puree, paste, syrup, gel, jelly, tonic, or other known means.
• Enteral administration may be by duodenal tubing or gastric tubing, including nasogastric tubing.
• Rectal administration may be by enema, suppository, or other suitable means. Different means of administration are known in the art and may be utilised by a skilled person.
• the compositions of the invention are not limited to a particular form for administration.
• the compositions of the invention may be coadministered with one or more probiotic organisms.
• the gold kiwifruit composition may be formulated as a combined dosage form with one or more probiotics.
• the gold kiwifruit composition may be administered as a separate dosage form along with one or more probiotics.
• Exemplary probiotic organisms include but are not limited to: Bacillus coagulans, e.g., GBI-30 and 6086 strains; Bifidobacterium longiim, e.g., subsp.
• infantis 35624 Lactobacillus acidophilus, e.g., NCFM and CL1285 strains; Lactobacillus paracasei, e.g., Stl 1 and NCC2461 strains; Lactobacillus johnsonii, e.g., Lai and NCC533 strains; Lactobacillus LC I ; Lactobacillus plantarum, e.g., 299v and HEAL 9 strains; Lactobacillus reuteri, e.g., ATCC 55730, SD21 12, Protectis (DSM 17938, daughter strain of ATCC 55730), Prodentis (DSM 17938/ATCC 55730 and ATCC PTA 5289 in combination), and RC-14® strains; Saccharomyces boulardii; Lactobacillus rhamnosus e.g., a GR- 1® strain; Lactobacillus casei, e.g., a LBC80R strain; Lac
• the gold kiwifruit compositions of the invention may be coadministered with one or more prebiotic agents, e.g., as a combined dosage form or as separate dosage forms.
• prebiotic agents are comprised of non-digestible fibre or fermentable compounds that pass through the upper part of the digestive tract and stimulate the growth and/or activity of beneficial organisms that colonise the large intestine by acting as substrate for them.
• These agents may be short-chain, long-chain, or full-spectrum prebiotics. Short-chain prebiotics include 2 to 8 links per saccharide molecule. Long-chain prebiotics include 9 to more than 60 links per saccharide molecule.
• Full-spectrum prebiotics include a full range of molecular link-lengths from 2 to more than 60 links per saccharide molecule.
• Exemplary prebiotic agents include but are not limited to; oligofructose, inulin, oligofructose-enriched inulin, fructo-oligosaccharides, xylooligosaccharides, polydextrose, galacto-oligosaccharides, trans-galacto-oligosaccharides, mannan oligosaccharides, lactulose, tagatose, and starch.
• the polyphenols present in the disclosed compositions may be acting as prebiotic agents.
• phenolic compounds include but are not limited to: phenolic derivatives such as phenolic acid, and flavonoids such as lignins, proanthocyanidins, anthocyanins, anthocyanidins, isoflavones, catechins, tannins, quercetin, naringenin, and hesperidin.
• Specific phenolics from Gold3 gold kiwifruit include but are not limited to: catechin, chlorogenic acid, E-caffeoyl-3-glucoside, E-eaffeoyl-4-glucoside, epieatechin, neochlorogenic acid, phlorizin, procyanidin B 1 and B2, qurecetin rhamnoside, and querecetin rutinoside.
• compositions of the invention may be co-administered with one or more synbiotic (combined prebiotic and probiotic) agents.
• the gold kiwifruit powder may be formulated as a combined dosage form with one or more synbiotics.
• the gold kiwifruit may be administered as a separate dosage form along with one or more synbiotics.
• Bifidobacteria or Lactobacilli may be combined with fructo-oligosaccharides or inulins or galactooligosaccharides.
• Particular synbiotic combinations include but are not limited to: Bifidobacteria and fructo- oligosaccharides; Lactobacillus rhamnosus, e.g., a GG strain, and inulins.
• compositions of the invention may be coadministered with fibre and/or digestive enzymes.
• the gold kiwifruit powder may be formulated as a combined dosage form with one or more compositions comprising fibre and/or digestive enzymes.
• the gold kiwifruit powder may be formulated as administered as a separate dosage form with one or more compositions comprising fibre and/or digestive enzymes.
• Exemplary fibre compositions include soluble and/or insoluble fibre compositions, for example, compositions including one or more of wheat dextrin, calcium polycarboph.il, psyllium, inulin, methylcellulose, glucomannan, flax, flaxseed, wheatgrass, acacia Senegal, and rhubarb.
• Exemplary digestive enzymes include, but are not limited to: actinidin, protease, lipase, amylase, cellulose, pancreatin, pepsin, bromelain, papain, trypsin, and chymotrypsin. Combinations of digestive enzymes may also be used, for example, combinations of protease, lipase, and amylase, including those with or without added actinidin,
• the gold kiwifruit compositions of the invention may be co-administered with one or more anti-inflammatory agents and/or anti-microbial agents.
• one or more anti-inflammatory agents and/or anti-microbial agents are used as a prebiotic supplement during and/or following antibiotic treatment.
• the gold kiwifruit powder may be formulated as a combined dosage form with one or more anti-inflammatory/anti-microbial agents.
• the gold kiwifruit may be administered as a separate dosage form along with one or more anti-mflammatory/anti-microbial agents.
• anti- inflammatory/anti-microbial agents include but are not limited to aminosalicylates, for example, mesalazine (e.g., Pentasa®) and sulphasalazine (e.g., Salazopyrin®), corticosteroids, for example, budesonide (e.g., Entocort®) and hydrocortisone acetate (e.g., Colifoam®), and include also azathioprine (e.g., Azasan®, Imuran®), mercaptopurine (e.g., Purinethol®, PurixanTM), cyclosporine (e.g., Gengraf®, Neoral®, Sandimmune®), infliximab (e.g., Remicade®), adalimumab (e.g., Humira®), golimumab (e.g., Simponi®), methotrexate (e.g., Rhe
• the colour is kiwifruit gold, with some variation in colour being normal.
• the taste is typical of ripe gold kiwifruit.
• the texture is smooth and seedless.
• the puree has nil quantities of rotten or fermented fruit, or foreign bodies, and contains no detectable E coli.
• the Brix value is 16 to 21°.
• the viscosity (at 12.5° Brix, 20°C) is approximately 12.0, but can vary when fruit is held across a season.
• the pH is 3.2 to 3.8.
• the sieve size is
• frozen green kiwifruit puree Frozen Green Kiwifruit Puree
• the colour is kiwifruit green, with some variation in colour being normal.
• the taste is typical of ripe green kiwifruit.
• the texture is smooth and seedless.
• the puree has nil quantities of rotten or fermented fruit, or foreign bodies, and contains no detectable E. coli.
• the Brix value is 13 to 18°.
• the viscosity (at 12.5° Brix, 20°C) is approximately 12.0, but can vary when fruit is held across a season.
• the pH is 3.2 to 3.8.
• the sieve size is
• Frozen Gold3 puree was purchased from Kiwifruit Processing Company Ltd, Tauranga, New Zealand,
• the frozen puree was lyophilised (freeze-dried).
• the lyophilisation process was typically performed for up to about 48 hours, at temperatures not exceeding.70°C.
• the resulting dried material was then milled through a US 20 mesh to produce a free-flowing powder.
• the powders were digested using an in vitro upper gastro-intestinal model as described in Monro et al. 2010. Briefly, 20 mL of water and 5 mL 20% saline solution were added to 5 g of samples at pH 2.5 before vortexing. Then 1 mL of 1% pepsin in 0.05 M hydrochloric acid was added, followed by 30 minute incubation at 37°C with slow constant mixing (220 rpm), The samples were adjusted to pH 6.5, followed by the addition of 5 mL of 2.5% bile extract obtained from Sigma Aldrich®, and 1 mL of 5% pancreatin in 3% sodium chloride (NaCl).
• digested Gold3 powder (simulated upper gastrointestinal digestion) has an altered polyphenol profile compared to pre-digestion (Figure 1); however, the overall phenolic content is retained.
• 269 ⁇ g/g polyphenol content pre-digestion versus 264 ⁇ g/g phenol content post-digestion was observed for the Gold3 powder (Figure 1; combined total for phenolic compounds tested).
• Green kiwifruit powder also shows an altered polyphenol profile post-digestion, but the overall content is reduced by digestion ( Figure 1 ).
• the overall polyphenol content was 258 ⁇ g/g pre-digestion versus 153 ⁇ g/g post-digestion ( Figure 1 ; combined total for phenolic compounds tested).
• Example 3 Microbial high-throughput assays for kiwifruit powders
• Gold3 gold kiwifruit powder was obtained from a paste formula (prepared by Cedenco Foods, New Zealand), which was drum-dried with pea starch (14.28:1 wet weight in). A sample (5 g) of the powder was digested in vitro using an upper gastrointestinal model as described in Example 2.
• the digested material was then solubilised in either water or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to a uniform concentration of 100 mg/mL.
• DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide
• the samples were then diluted 100-fold with sterile deionised water to reduce the DMSO to a manageable concentration to prevent bacterial lysis.
• the water and DMSO 'extracts' were added to microbial high- throughput assay wells to a final concentration of 1.0 mg/mL
• the organisms used in the study included probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle
• microplates were inoculated with an equal volume (50 ⁇ L) of bacterial inoculum and the OD measured immediately at a wavelength of 595 nm with a plate reader (FLUOstar Optima®) to determine the blank/zero growth value.
• the microplates were incubated at 37°C for 24 hours, then the OD determined to measure the growth of the cultures.
• Example 4 Mixed fermentation model for testing kiwifruit powders
• Gold3 gold kiwifruit powder was obtained from a paste formula (prepared by Cedenco Foods, New Zealand), which was drum-dried with pea starch (14.28:1 wet weight in). A sample (5 g) of powder was digested in accordance with Example 2. The digested sample was solubilised in water to a final concentration of 10 mg/mL.
• Freshly voided faecal samples were collected from three healthy human volunteers. The digested gold powder was incubated in a test tube inoculated with mixed microbiota from a single faecal donor, repeated for each of the three donors. Hungate tubes containing pre-reduced fermentation media (9 mL) under carbon dioxide were supplemented with 1 mL of the sample or control and inoculated with 1 mL of a 10% (w/v) faecal slurry. The tubes were incubated at 37°C with gentle (150 rpm) orbital shaking. Subsamples were periodically (0, 5, 10, 24, 48 hrs) removed with a syringe and 22 gauge needle through the rubber septum to prevent exposure of the sample to the atmosphere.
• the supernatant (0.25 mL) was acidified with concentrated hydrochloric acid (0.125 mL), diethyl ether (0.5 mL) was added, then vortexed and centrifuged at 10,000 x g for 5 minutes (4°C).
• the upper diethyl ether phase was collected, dried with magnesium sulphate, and derivatised with N-tert- butyldimethylsilyl-N-methyltrifluroroacetamide with 1% tert-butyldimethylchlorosilane by heating to 80°C for 20 minutes.
• Example 5 Clinical trial to test GoId3 gold kiwifruit powder lor improving regularity
• the study was designed as a randomised double-blind placebo controlled cross-over trial with participants consuming four different interventions for 4 weeks each, with a 2 week washout between each intervention.
• a schematic view of the trial design is shown in Figure 4.
• Inclusion criteria were: age 18-60; BMI limits between 19 and 30 k/m 2 ; fasting blood glucose under 5.6 rnmol /L; subjects were required to be willing to maintain his or her habitual food and beverage intake (other than substitution of study food for similar products) and physical activity pattern throughout the study period; subjects were asked to exclude high fibre supplements such as Metamucil®, Benefibre® and PhloeTM as well as refraining from eating fresh kiwifruit for the study period; participants were asked to avoid overseas travel for the period of the study due to the impact this may have on diet.
• Exclusion criteria were: presence of gastrointestinal alarm symptoms (including blood in stools, frequent diarrhoea, unremitting abdominal pain); dieters or people who are following vegan, raw food diets or very high fibre diets; gastroparesis or lactose intolerance; surgery for weight loss (lapband or gastric bypass); pregnant women; clinically significant renal, hepatic, endocrine, cardiac, pulmonary, pancreatic, neurological, hematologic or biliary disorders; and known allergy or sensitivity to kiwifruit.
• the "healthy” group was comprised of participants that were without clinical symptoms of constipation.
• the "functionally constipated” (FC) group was selected based on Rome III criteria (Drossman 2006) as having C3 functional constipation.
• Twenty participants (2 male and 18 female) were recruited into the healthy group, The average age was 38 years (range 23-56 years) and the average body mass index was 23 kg/m 2 (range 19- 29 kg/m 2 ).
• Nine participants (1 male and 8 female) were recruited into the FC group.
• the average age was 44 years (range 38-54 years) and the average body mass index was 25 kg/m 2 (range 21-29 kg/m 2 ). See also Table 6, further below.
• ACTAZINTM L low dose, green kiwifruit
• ACTAZINTM H high dose, green kiwifruit
• GOLD was formulated from cold-processed Actinidia chinensis 'Zesy002' Gold3 gold-fleshed kiwifruit. See Example 1.
• Cochran's Q test to compare those participants responding to each intervention (i.e., with a rise of at least one bowel movement per week over the preceding washout period). Participants were then classified as either responder (showed a response to at least one of the non-placebo interventions) or non-responder; data from the responders subgroup (14 of 19 participants (74%)) was analysed using ANOVA.
• ACTAZINTM and GOLD which are derived from green (Hayward) and gold (Gold3) kiwifruit, have demonstrated this degree of efficacy in a healthy population.
• an increase of approximately 1.5 bowel movements per week each was observed in the responder sub-group of healthy cohorts compared to washout.
• Example 7 Clinical trial to assess effects of Gold3 gold kiwifruit powder on colonic microbial populations
• Example 5 The human intervention study described in Example 5 was used to ascertain the effect of kiwifruit-derived supplements on colonic microbial composition and metabolism.
• two kiwifruit-derived supplements ACTAZENTM green-fleshed (Actinidia deliciosa "Hayward') and GOLD gold-fieshed ⁇ Actinidia chinensis 'Zesy002' Gold3) (Anagenix Ltd, Wellington, New Zealand), were used as dietary interventions in the trial. These capsules were cold-processed dietary supplements formulated to maintain the integrity of innate kiwifruit compounds. Preparation was carried out in accordance with Example 1 , above.
• Results for ACTAZINTM (2400 mg and 600 mg) and GOLD (2400 mg) kiwifruit supplements were evaluated.
• the trialists were recruited into a healthy group of 19 participants and a functionally constipated group of 9 participants, each of whom consumed all the treatments and a placebo for 4 weeks in a random crossover manner interspersed with 2 week washout periods.
• Modification of colonic microbiota composition was determined by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and metabolic end products were measured using gas chromatography.
• Lower proportions of F. praiisnitzii are often associated with gastrointestinal disorders; especially those with an inflammatory pathology.
• GOLD supplementation increased F. praiisnitzii abundance offers a strategy for correcting colonic microbiota dysbiosis, as F. praiisnitzii is a key butyrate producer and has also been shown to exert anti-inflammatory effects.
• HotStarTaq® master mix (QIAGEN, Melbourne, Australia), 1 template DNA or negative control (sterile H 2 0) and 12 ⁇ of each of the forward and reverse primers at a final concentration of 0.1 ⁇ .
• PCR conditions included an initial denaturation of 95°C for 15 min, followed by thirty cycles of 30 s denaturation at 95°C, 30 s annealing at 55°C, 30 s extension at 72°C, and finishing with a 5 min extension step at 72°C,
• PCR products were column purified using the QIAquick PCR purification kit, (QIAGEN, Melbourne, Australia), quantified using the Qubit® 2.0 fluorometer (Life TechnologiesTM), and sent to New Zealand Genomics Ltd (NZGL), Massey Genome Service (MGS), New Zealand (NZ).
• NZGL New Zealand Genomics Ltd
• MGS Massey Genome Service
• NZ New Zealand
• the second PCR step was performed, the amplicons were library QC checked, diluted and pooled.
• the libraries were then loaded onto the Illumina® MiSeq instrument over three 2 x 250 bp paired end (PE) runs.
• Example 8 Results of treatment on microbial colonic populations
• High throughput sequencing was carried out for variable regions of the 16S rRNA gene, amplified from faecal sample-derived bacterial DNA. This resulted in 26.3 million reads. After quality filtering, chimera removal and subsampling, a total of 3.72 million reads were obtained at an average of 14879 (14139 minimum- 14999 maximum) sequences per sample.
• Lactate, formate, and isovalerate were not detected in faecal samples in this study.
• Hexanoate significantly decreased in concentration from 0.6 ⁇ /g to 0.2 ⁇ /g (P ⁇ 0.030) after the GOLD treatment in the healthy group (Table 1 1).
• Table 12 Organic acid concentrations in faecal samples in response to the four treatments in the functionally constipated group
• F. prausnitzii is a known butyrate producer.
• Butyrate is the preferred energy source for colonic epithelial cells and plays a role in alleviating inflammation as well as mitigating carcinogenesis, pathogenic colonisation, and oxidative stress (Hamer et al. 2008; Macfarlane and Macfarlane 2011).
• a butyrate producing bacterium Clostridium tyrobutyricum
• Hudcovic et al. 2012 Therefore, increasing the amount of F. prausnitzii in the colon may help mitigate the symptoms of gastrointestinal disorders, through elevated butyrate production.
• Lactate, formate, and isovalerate were not detected in the faecal samples from either group in the study. Lactate is not normally detected in high concentrations in faecal samples from healthy individuals as it is an intermediate in many metabolic networks and is consumed by members of the microbiota as part of normal metabolism (Duncan et al. 2004; Belenguer et al. 2011). Formate also acts as an intemiediate and can be converted to methane, carbon dioxide and water as well as only being produced in the initial phase of fermentation, normally in the proximal colon (Pryde et al. 2002; Huda-Faujan et al. 2010).
• F. prausniizii is well characterised in terms of its metabolic capabilities and fermentation profile, despite being an oxygen sensitive bacterium that is difficult to culture in the laboratory (Duncan et al. 2002). In spite of its numerical dominance in the gut and butyrate-producing nature, F, prausnitzii has yet to be utilised to improve digestive health. Given that a depleted abundance of F. prausnitzii is observed in many gastrointestinal disorders, it has been proposed that F. prausnitzii could be formulated as a probiotic and administered to IBS or IBD sufferers (Sokol et al. 2008; Sartor 201 1). However, this work is still ongoing. The oxygen sensitivity of F, prausnitzii makes it challenging to formulate as a component for probiotic compositions.
• the gold kiwifruit derived supplement, GOLD provides a means for selectively stimulating the proliferation of the commensal F. prausnitzii, and is therefore considered particularly useful for inflammation-related gastrointestinal disorders.
• GOLD has ameliorated F. prausnitzii depleted dysbiosis in functionally constipated participants.
• the Gold3 gold kiwifruit powder finds use for restoring the microbiota to a healthy state with antt- inflammatory benefits and higher in situ butyrate concentrations.
• Example 9 qPCR analysis of microbiome for the human clinical trial
• Real-time qPCR is a common method used to investigate the microbial ecology of the gastrointestinal tract. It has been used in numerous studies and can give a quantitative indication of microbial numbers. Quantification was carried out on the Roche LightCycler® 480 instrument. In addition to total bacteria, individual bacterial groups quantified were Clostridium coccoides group, Lachnospiraceae, Bacteroides-Prevotella- Porphyromonas group, Bifidobacteria, Lactobacilli and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii. The above bacterial groups were also quantified for the in vitro fermentation work with the exception of Lactobacilli which was previously tested.
• Green kiwifruit has been shown to improve aspects of gastrointestinal health, including altering the microbial ecology of the colonic environment (Blatchford et al. 2015a; Blatchford et al. 2015b; Parkar et al. 2012). These benefits are thought to derive from the inherent levels of digestion resistant carbohydrates (DRC), polyphenols, and vitamin C (Chan et al. 2007; Ferguson & Ferguson 2003). The benefits of gold kiwifruit have not been clearly established. This study details experiments conducted using samples from the existing human clinical trial (described in Example 5). The randomized, double- blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial, examined the role of two kiwifruit derived ingredients, ACTAZINTM (green kiwifruit) and GOLD (Gold3 gold kiwifruit), on digestive health.
• ACTAZINTM green kiwifruit
• GOLD Gold3 gold kiwifruit
• the primary endpoints measured in the original trial were stool frequency, stool form, and quality of life scores. See Examples 5 and 6. Secondary endpoints included measuring short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and also measuring changes in the relative abundances of faecal microbial populations using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis gave an overall picture of the microbial ecology of the samples (in the form of relative abundance percentages), but not quantitative results. See Examples 7 and 8, above.
• Example 5 As detailed in Example 5, the study design was a randomised double blind placebo controlled cross-over trial with participants consuming four different treatments for four weeks, with a two-week wash out between each treatment. The interventions were delivered in 4 x 600 mg capsules formulated to appear the same to maintain treatment blinding, as shown in Table 13, below. See also Example 5. As described, the powdered ingredients were prepared from New Zealand green and gold kiwifruit, respectively. See Examples 1 and 5.
• Lactobacillus reuteri (DPC 16) was grown in de Man-Rogosa-Sharpe
• MRS MRS broth
• Bifidobacterium bifidwn DSM 20082
• DSM 20082 Bifidobacterium bifidwn
• DSM 20082 Bifidobacterium bifidwn
• DSM 20082 Bifidobacterium bifidwn
• DSM 20082 was grown in MRS broth supplemented with 0.05% (w/v) L-cysteine hydrochloride (Sigma-Aldrich)
• Roseburia intestinalis DSM 14610 was grown in rumen bacteria media (DSMZ Medium 330); W
• Lachnospira multipara was grown in RM02 media supplemented with filtered rumen fluid (Leahy et al. 2010); Bacteroides fragilis (ATCC 25285) was grown in Wilkins-Chalgren anaerobe broth supplemented with 0.05% (w/v) L-cysteine hydrochloride (Sigma-Aldrich) for 2 days; Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (DSM 17677) was grown in brain heart infusion (BUI) broth supplemented with 0.5% (w/v) yeast extract, 0.0005% (w/v) haemin (Sigma-Aldrich), 0.0005% (w/v) vitamin K (Sigma-Aldrich) and 0.2% L-cysteine hydrochloride (Sigma-Aldrich); Escherichia coli (Nissle) was grown in tryptic soy broth (TSB) at 37°C aerobically.
• TTB tryptic soy broth
• Each qPCR run included one activation cycle (95°C) for 5 min, 32-40 run cycles (including the denaturation step at 95°C (30s), annealing step as in Table 14 and extension step at 72°C for 1 min), and one melt curve cycle (60 to 95°C at 0.1°C per second with continuous fluorescence acquisition) followed by a cooling cycle at 40°C.
• the melt curve Tm calling cycle enabled the differentiation between target product and non-specific double stranded product such as primer-dimers.
• Primers were diluted in PCR grade water to a concentration of 2.5 ⁇ . This was then diluted 1:5 to obtain a 0.5 ⁇ concentrated solution in the PCR reaction.
• Example 10 Results of qPCR analysis of microbiome in the human clinical trial
• Table 15 depicts LightCycler® 480 qPCR data displaying bacterial groups as the calculated average 16S rRN A gene copy number/gram faecal sample (LOG transformed) and standard error of the mean (SEM) before and after each treatment period in the healthy group.
• Table 16 depicts LightCycler® 480 qPCR data displaying bacterial groups as the calculated average 16S rRNA gene copy number/gram faecal sample (LOG transformed) and standard error of the mean (SEM) before and after each treatment period in the functionally constipated group.
• the placebo treatment saw elevated concentrations of total bacteria and Bacteroides-Prevotella- Porphyromonas and small decreases in concentrations of the C. coccoides, Lachnospiraceae, Lactobacilli, Bifidobacteria, and F. prausnitzii groups.
• Figures 6 and 7 display the bacterial concentration data graphically in both the log transformed and natural data forms for the healthy and functionally constipated groups, respectively. Viewing the data in this form highlights how stable the composition of the faecal microbiota is over time.
• bacteria in the Bacteroides-Prevotella-Porphyromonas group constitute a considerable collection of primary degraders in the human colonic community. They play an important role in accessing unabsorbed carbohydrate using specialised scavenging mechanisms. Principal among these are cellulose, starch, inulin and xylan degraders such as Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Bacteroides ovatus, and Bacteroides celhdosilyticus (Flint et al. 2008; Walker et al. 2008).
• Roseburia intestinalis, Roseburia inulinovorans, Riiminococcus bromii, and Ruminococcus flavefaciens are also key primary degraders that are members of the C. coccoides group (Kurakawa et al. 2015).
• the C. coccoides group constitutes the largest bacterial subgroup in the colon, typically making up 25-60% of total bacterial abundance (Hold et al. 2002) and are composed of a large proportion of butyrate producers (Louis & Flint 2009).
• Two principal microorganisms with proven probiotic status are Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli.
• Bifidobacteria have often been associated with healthy microbiota and are acetate producers, which can have beneficial effects on host health.
• Lactobacilli consist of a group of lactic acid commensal bacteria that have been exploited for centuries in dairy product production and have been studied in hundreds of trials with respect to their probiotic efficacy (Reid 1999).
• F. praiisnitzii is one of the most populous species in the human gastrointestinal tract, being typically observed at over 5% of the total proportion of the colonic microbiota of healthy adults (Miquel et al. 2013).
• Members of the Firmicutes phylum, F. praiisnitzii are commensal inhabitants of the human large bowel, with demonstrated anti-inflammatory properties in vivo (Furet et al. 2010; Sokol et al. 2009).
• Butyrate is the preferred energy source for colonic epithelial cells and plays a role in alleviating inflammation as well as mitigating carcinogenesis, pathogenic colonisation, and oxidative stress (Hamer et al. 2008; Macfarlane & Macfarlane 201 1). GOLD selectively stimulates the proliferation of the commensal F. prausnitzii and therefore may be considered as helpful for inflammation-related gastrointestinal disorders.
• qPCR data confirms the microbial relative abundance data and shows that the Gold3 gold-kiwifruit-derived supplement has increased the concentration of F. prausnitzii in functionally constipated participants. This demonstrates a beneficial outcome as F, prausnitzii is known to grow in the large bowel and generate butyrate which has protective functions/health benefits in the gut.
• Adaim A 2010. Investigating the effect of gold kiwifruit consumption on the incidence and symptoms of upper respiratory tract infections in preschool children: a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Sciences in Human Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand.
• Attaluri A Donahoe R, Valestin J, Brown K, Rao SSC 201 1. Randomised clinical trial: dried plums (prunes) vs. psyllium for constipation. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 33(7): 822-828.
• Costello EK, et al. QIIME allows analysis of high-throughput community sequencing data. Nature Methods. 2010; 7: 335-6.
• Drossman DA The functional gastrointestinal disorders and the Rome III process. Gastroenterology. 2006; 130: 1377-90.
• Egert M de Graaf AA, Smidt H, de Vos WM, Venema K. Beyond diversity: functional microbiomics of the human colon. Trends in Microbiology. 2006; 14: 86-91.
• Lieshout LM Antibodies to Coprococcus comes in sera of patients with Crohn's disease. Isolation and purification of the agglutinating antigen tested with an ELISA technique. Journal of Clinical & Laboratory Immunology. 1987; 23: 143-8.
• Salminen S 2012. Expression of microbiota, Toll-like receptors, and their regulators in the small intestinal mucosa in celiac disease. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 54(6): 727-32.
• Actinidin enhances protein digestion in the small intestine as assessed using an in viiro digestion model, J. Agric. Food Chem. 58 (8): 5074-5080.
• Liu LWC. 201 Chronic constipation: current treatment options. Canadian
• Parnell JA Reimer RA. Prebtotic fibres dose-dependently increase satiety honnones and alter Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes in lean and obese JCR:LA-cp rats. The British Journal of Nutrition. 2012; 107: 601-13.
• Pryde SE Duncan SH, Hold GL, Stewart CS, Flint HJ. The microbiology of butyrate formation in the human colon. FEMS Microbiology Letters. 2002; 217: 133-9.
• RStudio Integrated development environment for R (Version 0.97.551) Computer software. Boston, MA. http://www.rstudio.org/. 2012.
• Rush EC Patel M, Plank LD, Ferguson LR. 2002. Kiwifruit promotes laxation in the elderly. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition 11(2): 164-168.
• Sanchez B Champomier-Verges MC, Collado Mdel C, Anglade P, Baraige
• Sartor RB Efficacy of probiotics for the management of inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 201 1; 7: 606-8.
• Gut microbiota are related to Parkinson's disease and clinical phenotype. Movement Disorders.
• Faecalibacterium prausnitzii is an anti-inflammatory commensal bacterium identified by gut microbiota analysis of Crohn disease patients. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2008; 105: 16731-6. [00441] Sokol H, Seksik P, Furet JP, Firmesse O, Nion-Larmurier I, Beaugerie L, et al. Low counts of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in colitis microbiota. Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. 2009; 15: 1 183-9.
• the species composition of the human intestinal microbiota differs between particle-associated and liquid phase communities. Environ Microbiol 10(12): 3275-83.
• MA 201 Low relative abundances of the mucolytic bacterium Akkermansia muciniphila and Bifidobacterium spp. in feces of children with autism. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 77(18): 6718-21.

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