WO2016084024A1 - Oxidized lipids and methods of use thereof - Google Patents

Oxidized lipids and methods of use thereof Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2016084024A1
WO2016084024A1 PCT/IB2015/059134 IB2015059134W WO2016084024A1 WO 2016084024 A1 WO2016084024 A1 WO 2016084024A1 IB 2015059134 W IB2015059134 W IB 2015059134W WO 2016084024 A1 WO2016084024 A1 WO 2016084024A1
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Prior art keywords
compound
group
fibrosis
alkyl
butyl
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French (fr)
Inventor
Eti Kovalevski ISHAI
Itzhak Mendel
Yaniv Salem
Niva Yacov
Eyal Breitbart
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Notable Labs Ltd
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Vascular Biogenics Ltd
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Priority to JP2017528088A priority Critical patent/JP6637044B2/ja
Priority to CA2968504A priority patent/CA2968504A1/en
Priority to ES15862487T priority patent/ES2777533T3/es
Priority to EP15862487.4A priority patent/EP3223806B1/en
Priority to CN201580064405.4A priority patent/CN106999447B/zh
Publication of WO2016084024A1 publication Critical patent/WO2016084024A1/en
Priority to IL252508A priority patent/IL252508A0/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
    • C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic Table
    • C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
    • C07F9/547—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom
    • C07F9/553—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom having one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
    • C07F9/576—Six-membered rings
    • C07F9/58—Pyridine rings
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/66—Phosphorus compounds
    • A61K31/661—Phosphorus acids or esters thereof not having P—C bonds, e.g. fosfosal, dichlorvos, malathion or mevinphos
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P19/00—Drugs for skeletal disorders
    • A61P19/04—Drugs for skeletal disorders for non-specific disorders of the connective tissue
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
    • Y02A50/30—Against vector-borne diseases, e.g. mosquito-borne, fly-borne, tick-borne or waterborne diseases whose impact is exacerbated by climate change

Definitions

  • the present invention in some embodiments thereof, relates to oxidized lipid compounds and pharmaceutical compositions comprising the same.
  • the invention also relates to methods of making such compounds and compositions, and methods of treating or preventing fibrosis or inflammatory diseases or disorders with such compounds and compositions.
  • Fibrosis is the formation of excess fibrous connective tissue in an organ or tissue, typically as the result of inflammation or damage. Fibrosis encompasses the pathological state of excess deposition of fibrous tissue, as well as the process of connective tissue deposition in healing. Fibrosis is similar to the process of scarring, in that both involve stimulated cells (e.g., fibroblasts) laying down connective tissue, including collagen and gly cosaminogly cans .
  • stimulated cells e.g., fibroblasts
  • Fibrosis can be considered as a scarring process in response to chronic diseases where excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition leads to irreversible tissue damage and failure or disturbance of proper organ function.
  • ECM extracellular matrix
  • the pathophysiology of fibrosis has generally been studied in the context of the particular organ or tissue affected, including lung, kidney, liver, heart and skin. Loss of metabolic homeostasis and chronic low-grade inflammation may play a role in the pathogenesis of fibrosis.
  • Fibrogenesis is a dynamic process and occurs in four phases: i) initiation, due to injury of the organ/tissue; ii) inflammation and activation of effector cells; iii) enhanced synthesis of ECM; and iv) deposition of ECM with progression to end-organ failure.
  • Fibrosis can occur in many tissues within the body. Examples include pulmonary fibrosis (lungs), idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (lungs), cystic fibrosis (lungs), progressive massive fibrosis (lungs), liver fibrosis, cirrhosis (liver), steatohepatitis (fatty liver disease), nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), endomyocardial fibrosis (heart), myocardial infarction (heart), atrial fibrosis (heart), medastinal fibrosis (soft tissue of mediastinum), myelofibrosis (bone marrow), retroperitoneal fibrosis (soft tissue of the retroperitoneum), nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (skin), keloid (skin), Crohn's disease (intestine), scleroderma/systemic sclerosis (skin, lungs), arthrofibrosis (knee
  • NASH nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
  • TLRs toll like receptors
  • TLRs are a family of receptors imperative for the innate immune response against microbial invasion. TLRs can be divided into two major subgroups based on their cellular localization. Plasma membrane expressed TLRs include TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, TLR5, and TLR6, whereas the intracellular TLRs include TLR3, TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9.
  • the interaction between TLRs with their cognate agonists instigates a cascade of cues which include recruitment of the adaptor molecules MyD88/TRIF and downstream phosphorylation of MAPK kinases and NF- ⁇ . These events culminate in the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, including IL- 12/23, IL-6 and TNF-a.
  • TLR2 forms a heterodimer with TLR1 which recognizes bacterial triacylated lipopeptides, and a heterodimer with TLR6 which recognizes bacterial diacylated lipopeptides.
  • LBP lipopolysaccharide-binding protein
  • LPS lipopoly saccharide
  • Liver resident kupffer and hepatic stellate cells express TLR2 which recognize triacylated lipopeptides from Gram-negative bacteria and mycoplasma and diacylated lipopeptides from Gram-negative bacteria and mycoplasma and TLR4 and its co-receptor CD14 which recognize lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from gram-negative bacteria.
  • TLR2 and TLR4 can also bind to danger associated molecular patterns released from injured tissues.
  • TLR2 and TLR4 complexes mediate the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and fibrogenic response by kupffer and stellate cells.
  • Monocytes are key players in the immune system, with critical roles in innate and adaptive immunity, immune surveillance and particle scavenging. Whereas a subset of monocytes is “resident" and recruited to tissues independently of inflammatory stimuli to assist in steady-state surveillance, wound-healing and resolution of inflammation, the absolute majority (80-90%) of human circulating monocytes is classified as "inflammatory". These monocytes can sense inflammatory stimuli and quickly migrate through the vascular or lymphatic endothelium to the periphery, where they can differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) which cooperate with additional cell subsets (such as Thl-cells) to promote inflammation.
  • DCs dendritic cells
  • monocytes While playing a necessary role in host defense, monocytes were nonetheless identified as critical mediators of several inflammatory diseases, including atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and multiple sclerosis (MS). Suppressing the accumulation of unwanted monocytes/macrophages in a chronically inflamed tissue has therapeutic potential, and migration inhibitors have accordingly demonstrated promising anti-inflammatory results in animal models and clinical trials.
  • RA rheumatoid arthritis
  • MS multiple sclerosis
  • Renal fibrosis is a wound healing/scarring response following kidney injury that occurs in many forms of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Following kidney injury, resident fibroblasts are activated by various pro-inflammatory and pro- fibrotic stimuli. Activated fibroblasts, also called myofibroblasts, produce excessive ECM proteins that accumulate in the interstitium, and therefore are considered a mediator of renal fibrosis. Regardless of the primary insult leading to renal fibrosis, chronic inflammation appears to be a process heralding renal fibrogenesis. Elevated levels of inflammatory markers were associated with an increased risk of developing CKD.
  • TLRs and macrophages are associated with the pathogenesis of renal fibrosis.
  • Fibrosis or inflammatory diseases or disorders can cause severe morbidity and deleterious effects on patients' daily function, activity of daily living (ADL) and quality of life, and can lead to a poor prognosis.
  • idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis IPF
  • IPF patients become oxygen dependent, and have an average median survival time of three years and a five year survival rate of 20% to 40% after diagnosis. Therefore, the development of new therapies for fibrosis and inflammatory diseases or disorders is needed.
  • the present invention provides oxidized lipid compounds accordin to Formula 1,
  • each of Bi, B 2 , and B 3 is independently selected from the group consisting of oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, phosphorus and silicon, wherein each of said nitrogen, phosphorus and silicon is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, halo, cycloalkyl, aryl, hydroxy, thiohydroxy, alkoxy, aryloxy, thioaryloxy, thioalkoxy, and oxo;
  • R 10 is a C 2-28 alkyl optionally substituted by one to five R 11 substituents, wherein each R 11 is independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, halo, trihalomethyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, aryloxy, thiohydroxy, thioalkoxy, thioaryloxy, phosphonate, phosphate, phosphinyl, sulfonyl, sulfinyl, sulfonamide, amide, carbonyl, thiocarbonyl, C-carboxy, O-carboxy, C- carbamate, N-carbamate, C-thiocarboxy, S-thiocarboxy, and amino;
  • R 20 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl;
  • Het is a heteroalicyclic ring or a heteroaryl.
  • Suitable Bi, B 2 , and B 3 for Formula 1 are defined herein. In some embodiments,
  • Bi is O.
  • B 2 is O.
  • B 3 is O.
  • at least two of Bi, B 2 , and B 3 are O, e.g., Bi, B 2 are O and B 3 is O or S; Bi, B 3 are O and B 2 is O or S; or B 2 , B 3 are O and Bi is O or S.
  • Bi is S.
  • B 2 is S.
  • B 3 is S.
  • At least two of Bi, B 2 , and B 3 are S, e.g., Bi, B 2 are S and B 3 is O or S; Bi, B 3 are S and B 2 is O or S; or B 2 , B 3 are S and Bi is O or S.
  • all of Bi, B 2 , and B 3 are O. In some embodiments, all of Bi, B 2 , and B 3 are S.
  • R 10 for Formula 1 are defined herein.
  • R is a C 2-
  • R 10 is a straight chain C 2 . 2 8 alkyl, e.g., an alkyl chain having 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, or 28 carbons, substituted or unsubstituted.
  • R 10 is a straight chain C 2- 28 alkyl, e.g., an alkyl chain having 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, or 28 carbons, substituted by one to five R 11 substituents, wherein each R 11 is independently as defined herein, e.g., a halogen (e.g., F) or an alkyl (e.g., a Ci-io alkyl).
  • a halogen e.g., F
  • an alkyl e.g., a Ci-io alkyl
  • R 10 is selected from the group consisting of hexadecyl, dodecyl, octadecyl, octyl, eicosanyl, cis-9-hexadecenyl, (2'-octyl)dodecyl, and (15'-carboxy)pentadecyl.
  • R 10 is hexadecyl.
  • R 10 is (2'-octyl)dodecyl.
  • R 10 is eicosanyl.
  • R 20 is a hydrogen or an alkyl. In some embodiments, R 20 is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R 20 is an alkyl, e.g., a Ci -4 alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, iso- butyl, or tert-butyl). In some embodiments, R 20 is methyl.
  • a Ci -4 alkyl e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, iso- butyl, or tert-butyl.
  • q is an integer of 1-10, e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10. In some embodiments, q is 4. In some embodiments, p is an integer of 1-7, e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7. In some embodiments, p is 2.
  • Het is a heteroaryl.
  • Het is a monocyclic heteroaryl.
  • Het is a nitrogen containing heteroaryl (e.g., monocyclic heteroaryl).
  • Het is a monocyclic heteroaryl containing 1, 2, 3, or 4 nitrogen atoms.
  • Het is a 6-member ring monocyclic heteroaryl, e.g., pyridine, pyrimidine, pyridazine, pyrazine, triazine, etc.
  • Het is a 5-member ring monocyclic heteroaryl, e.g., imidazole, thiazole, isothiazole, oxazole, isoxazole, oxidiazole, pyrazole, triazole, etc.
  • Het is a bicyclic heteroaryl containing, e.g., 1-3 nitrogen atoms, e.g., quinoline, isoquinoline, quinazoline, thienopyridine, thienopyrimidine, pyrrolopyridine, imidazopyridine, etc.
  • Het can be a nitrogen containing heteroaryl, wherein a nitrogen atom of the heteroaryl is directly connected to the alkylene chain, i.e., -(CH 2 ) P - in Formula 1 to form a cation.
  • Het is pyridine, wherein the nitrogen atom of the pyridine is directly connected to the alkylene chain, i.e., -(CH 2 ) P - in Formula 1 to form a pyridinium salt (e.g., an internal salt or an external salt as described herein).
  • Het is an unsubstituted pyridine, wherein the nitrogen atom of the pyridine is directly connected to the alkylene chain, i.e., -(CH 2 ) P - in Formula 1.
  • Het is a substituted pyridine, wherein the nitrogen atom of the pyridine is directly connected to the alkylene chain, i.e., -(CH 2 ) P - in Formula 1, wherein the pyridine is substituted by one to five (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5) R 12 substituents, wherein each R 12 is independently as defined herein, e.g., a halogen (e.g., F, CI), a C 6 -io aryl (e.g., phenyl), a heteroaryl, or an alkyl (e.g., a Ci-io alkyl, e.g., a Ci -4 alkyl (e.g., methyl, e
  • a halogen
  • Het is a substituted pyridine and the pyridine is substituted by one R 12 substituent at the 2-, 3-, or 4-position of the pyridine, wherein R 12 is as defined herein, for example, a halogen (e.g., F, CI), a phenyl, or a methyl.
  • R 12 is as defined herein, for example, a halogen (e.g., F, CI), a phenyl, or a methyl.
  • Het is 3-fluoro-pyridine or 3- phenyl-pyridine.
  • an oxidized lipid of the invention is a compound having a structure according to Formula 2:
  • Formula 2 [0025] or a stereoisomer, a stereoisomeric mixture, or a salt thereof.
  • Suitable R , R , p, q, and Het are those as defined herein for Formula 1.
  • R 10 is selected from the group consisting of hexadecyl, dodecyl, octadecyl, octyl, eicosanyl, cis-9-hexadecenyl, (2'- octyl)dodecyl, and (15'-carboxy)pentadecyl;
  • R 20 is hydrogen or an alkyl, e.g., a Ci -4 alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, iso-butyl, or tert-butyl);
  • q is an integer of 1-10, e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10;
  • p is an integer of 1-7, e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7;
  • Het is an unsubstituted pyridine, wherein the
  • Het is a substituted pyridine and the pyridine is substituted by one R 12 substituent at the 2- , 3-, or 4-position of the pyridine, wherein R 12 is as defined herein, for example, a halogen (e.g., F, CI), a phenyl, or a methyl.
  • R 12 is as defined herein, for example, a halogen (e.g., F, CI), a phenyl, or a methyl.
  • Het is 3-fluoro-pyridine or 3- phenyl-pyridine.
  • an oxidized lipid of the invention is a compound having a structure according to Formula 3 :
  • R 12 , R 20 , p, and q are as defined herein for Formula 1.
  • R 10 is selected from the group consisting of hexadecyl, eicosanyl and (2'-octyl)dodecyl;
  • R 20 is hydrogen or a Ci -4 alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, iso-butyl, or tert-butyl);
  • q is an integer of 2-6, e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6;
  • p is an integer of 2-5, e.g., 2, 3, 4, or 5; and the pyridine is substituted by 0 to 3 (e.g., 0, 1, 2, or 3) R 12 substituents, wherein each R 12 is independently as defined herein, e.g., a halogen (e.g., F, CI), a C 6 - 10 aryl (e.g., phenyl), a heteroaryl
  • R 10 is selected from the group consisting of hexadecyl, eicosanyl and (2'-octyl)dodecyl;
  • R 20 is hydrogen or methyl;
  • q is 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6;
  • p is 2, 3, 4, or 5; and the pyridine is substituted by 0 to 3 (e.g., 0, 1, 2, or 3) R 12 substituents, wherein each R 12 is independently a halogen (e.g., F, CI), a C 6 -io aryl (e.g., phenyl), a heteroaryl, or a C 1-4 alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec- butyl, iso-butyl, tert-butyl).
  • halogen e.g., F, CI
  • C 6 -io aryl e.g., pheny
  • R 10 is selected from the group consisting of hexadecyl, eicosanyl and (2'-octyl)dodecyl;
  • R 20 is hydrogen or methyl;
  • q is 4;
  • p is 2; and the pyridine is substituted by 0, 1, or 2 R 12 substituents, wherein each R 12 is independently a halogen (e.g., F, CI), a phenyl, or a methyl.
  • halogen e.g., F, CI
  • the pyridine is substituted by one R 11 substituent at the 2-, 3-, or 4-position of the pyridine, wherein R 11 is as defined herein, for example, a halogen (e.g., F, CI), a phenyl, or a methyl.
  • R 11 is as defined herein, for example, a halogen (e.g., F, CI), a phenyl, or a methyl.
  • the pyridine ring is substituted by one R 12 substituent, wherein the one R 12 substituent is fluorine or phenyl.
  • the pyridine ring is 3-fluoro-pyridine or 3 -phenyl-pyridine.
  • an oxidized lipid of the invention is a compound having a structure according to Formula 4:
  • R 10 , R 20 , and q are those as defined herein for Formula 1.
  • R 10 is selected from the group consisting of hexadecyl, dodecyl, octadecyl, octyl, eicosanyl, cis-9-hexadecenyl, (2'- octyl)dodecyl, and (15'-carboxy)pentadecyl.
  • R 10 is hexadecyl.
  • R 10 is (2'-octyl)dodecyl.
  • R 10 is eicosanyl.
  • R is a hydrogen or an alkyl.
  • R is hydrogen.
  • R 20 is an alkyl, e.g., a C 1-4 alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, iso-butyl, or tert-butyl). In some embodiments, R 20 is methyl.
  • q is an integer of 1-10, e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10.
  • q is 4.
  • R 10 is selected from the group consisting of hexadecyl, eicosanyl and (2'-octyl)dodecyl;
  • R 20 is hydrogen or a C 1-4 alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, iso-butyl, or tert-butyl); and
  • q is an integer of 2-6, e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.
  • R 10 is selected from the group consisting of hexadecyl, eicosanyl and (2'-octyl)dodecyl; R 20 is hydrogen; and q is an integer of 2-6, e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. In some embodiments, R 10 is selected from the group consisting of hexadecyl, eicosanyl and (2'-octyl)dodecyl; R 20 is methyl; and q is an integer of 2-6, e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.
  • an oxidized lipid of the invention is a compound having a structure according to Formula 5:
  • R 10 is selected from the group consisting of hexadecyl, dodecyl, octadecyl, octyl, eicosanyl, cis-9-hexadecenyl, (2'- octyl)dodecyl, and (15'-carboxy)pentadecyl.
  • R 10 is hexadecyl.
  • R 10 is (2'-octyl)dodecyl.
  • R 10 is eicosanyl.
  • R 20 is a hydrogen or an alkyl. In some embodiments, R 20 is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R 20 is an alkyl, e.g., a C 1-4 alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, iso-butyl, or tert-butyl). In some embodiments, R 20 is methyl. [0040] In some embodiments, an oxidized lipid of the invention is a compound having structure of:
  • the invention provides a compound selected from the group consisting of (R)-l-hexadecyl-2-(4'-carboxy)butyl-sn-glycero-3 -phosphoric acid pyridinium ethyl ester (VB-701); (R)-l-eicosanyl-2-(4'-carboxy)butyl-sn-glycero-3- phosphoric acid pyridiniumethyl ester (VB-702); (R)-l-(2'-octyl)dodecyl-2-(4'- carboxy)butyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoric acid pyridiniumethyl ester (VB-703); (R)-l- hexadecyl-2-(4'-carboxymethyl)butyl-sn-glycero-3 -phosphoric acid pyridiniumethyl ester (VB-704); and (R)-l-l-l-hexade
  • the invention provides an oxidized lipid having a structure of:
  • the invention provides a compound selected from the group consisting of (R)-l-(2'-octyl)dodecyl-2-(4'-carboxy)butyl-glycero-sn-3 -phosphoric acid 3-fluoro-pyridiniumethyl ester (VB-706) and (R)-l-(2'-octyl)dodecyl-2-(4'- carboxy)butyl-glycero-sn-3-phosphoric acid 3-phenyl-pyridiniumethyl ester (VB-707).
  • the prefix "(R)-" refers to the configuration of the C-2 carbon of the glycerol backbone.
  • the present invention provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising an oxidized lipid of the invention, methods of making an oxidized lipid of the invention, and methods of preventing or treating fibrosis or an inflammatory disease or disorder with an oxidized lipid or composition of the invention.
  • FIG. 1A shows the structures of the VB-701, VB-702, VB-703, VB-704 and VB-
  • FIG. IB shows the structures of the VB-706 and VB-707 oxidized lipid compounds.
  • FIG. 2 shows VB-701 inhibits lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (TLR4)-induced signaling in human monocytes (primary CD 14+).
  • LPS lipopolysaccharide
  • FIG. 3 shows VB-701 inhibits PGN (TLR2)-induced signaling in human monocytes (THP-1 cell line).
  • FIG. 4 shows VB-701 inhibits MCP-1 -induced signaling in human monocytes
  • THP-1 cell line THP-1 cell line
  • FIG. 5 shows VB-701 inhibits chemokine-induced migration of human monocytes
  • FIG. 6 shows VB-702 inhibits LPS (TLR4)-induced signaling in human monocytes (primary CD 14+).
  • FIG. 7 shows VB-702 inhibits RANTES-induced signaling in human monocytes
  • FIG. 8 shows VB-702 inhibits chemokine-induced migration of human monocytes
  • FIGs. 9A-9B show VB-701 and VB-702 inhibit IL-12p40 levels in human monocytes (primary CD14+) that are LPS (TLR4)-stimulated (FIG. 9A) and Pam3CSK4 (TLR2)-stimulated (FIG. 9B).
  • FIGs. 10A-10B show the effect of VB-703 and VB-201 on LPS-induced signaling in human monocytes (primary CD14+) and LPS binding inhibition assay.
  • Human primary monocytes were pretreated with VB-201 or VB-703 at the indicated concentrations followed by activation with LPS.
  • Samples were analyzed by western blotting for inhibition of phosphorylation (FIG. 10A). Heat shock protein HSP90 was used for loading control.
  • FIG. 10B shows results from samples incubated with VB-201 or VB-703 at the indicated concentrations for 20 minutes before biotin-LPS (100 ng/ml) was added for an additional 15 minutes. Results are the mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of triplicates.
  • MFI mean fluorescence intensity
  • FIGs. 11 A-l IB show the effect of VB-703 on liver fibrosis.
  • NASH was induced by injection of mice with 200 ⁇ g streptozotocin (STZ) two days after birth and by feeding a high fat diet (HFD) from 4 weeks of age. Mice were then either treated with vehicle (negative control), VB-703 (4 mg/kg), or telmisartan (10 mg/kg; positive control) at six weeks of age for three weeks. Normal mice (not NASH-induced) were also used as a control. Mice were sacrificed at nine weeks of age. Staining of liver histological samples with Sirius red was used to determine the extent of fibrosis.
  • FIG. 11B shows representative Sirius red staining of liver samples following treatment (200X magnification).
  • FIGs. 12A-12B show the effect of VB-703 on liver inflammation. Mice were treated and evaluated as explained in the examples.
  • FIG. 12B shows representative H&E staining of liver samples following treatment (200X magnification).
  • FIG. 13 shows VB-703 inhibits PGN (TLR2)-induced signaling in human monocytes (THP-1 cell line).
  • FIG. 14 shows VB-703 inhibits IL-6 secretion in LPS (TLR4)-induced signaling in monocyte derived dendritic cells.
  • FIG. 15 shows VB-703 inhibits IL-12p40 secretion in LPS (TLR4)-induced signaling in monocyte derived dendritic cells.
  • FIG. 16 shows VB-704 does not inhibit LPS-biotin binding to human monocytes
  • FIG. 17 shows VB-704 inhibits chemokine-induced cell migration of human monocytes (primary CD 14+).
  • FIG. 18 shows VB-705 and VB-201 inhibit TLR4-induced signaling in human monocytes (primary CD 14+).
  • FIG. 19 shows VB-703 and VB-705 inhibit LPS binding in human monocytes
  • FIG. 20 shows VB-705 does not inhibit SDFl -induced cell migration in human monocytes (THP-1 cell line).
  • FIG. 21A-21C present bar graphs showing the expression levels of two proinflammatory cytokines, IL-12/23p40 (FIG. 21A) and IL- ⁇ (FIG. 21C) , and the chemokine, MCP-1 (FIG. 21B), in livers taken from NASH-induced mice. These data show that the expression of IL-12/23p40, MCP-1, and IL- ⁇ were significantly inhibited in livers taken from NASH-induced mice that were treated with VB-703.
  • FIG. 22 presents bar graphs showing the effect of VB-703 on albumin/creatinine
  • Abbreviations are: Nx, nephrectomized; Eth, ethanol.
  • nephrectomized rats treated with solvent control (0.5%> ethanol/PBS) is presented as follows: * represents p ⁇ 0.005; and ** represents p ⁇ 0.001.
  • Abbreviations are: Nx, nephrectomized; Eth, ethanol.
  • FIG. 24 presents bar graphs showing the effect of VB-703 in reducing glomerular sclerosis (%>).
  • nephrectomized rats treated with solvent control (0.5%) ethanol/PBS) is presented as follows: * represents p ⁇ 0.005; and ** represents p ⁇ 0.001.
  • Abbreviations are: Nx, nephrectomized; Eth, ethanol.
  • FIG. 25 presents PAS staining images (x400) showing the effect of VB-703 in reducing glomerular sclerosis. Renal morphology was assessed by light microscope in PAS stained sections of healthy rats (Healthy x400), sham operated rats (Sham x400), nephrectomized rats treated with solvent control (0.5% ethanol/PBS) (Nx PBS 0.5% Eth x400), nephrectomized rats VB-703 4mg/kg treated (Nx VB-703 4mg/kg x400) or nephrectomized rats telmisartan 10 mg/kg treated (Nx Telmisartan 10 mg/kg x400) at 8 weeks following the first surgery.
  • FIGs. 26A-26C present bar graphs showing the effect of VB-703 on pro-fibrotic markers.
  • Collagen IV FIG. 26A
  • fibronectin FIG. 26B
  • TGF- ⁇ FIG.
  • 26C related expression in the kidney were evaluated in healthy rats (white bar), sham operated rats (white bar with stripes), nephrectomized rats treated with solvent control (0.5% ethanol/PBS) (black bar), nephrectomized rats VB-703 4 mg/kg treated (light gray bar), or nephrectomized rats telmisartan 10 mg/kg treated (dark gray bar) at 8 weeks.
  • Abbreviations are: Nx, nephrectomized; Eth, ethanol.
  • the p - values in FIGs. 26A-26C represent statistically-significant differences from nephrectomized rats treated with PBS.
  • FIGs. 27A-27B show the output of an experiment evaluating the effect of VB-703 on monocyte/macrophage cell infiltration in the glomeruli (FIG. 27A) or in the interstitium (FIG. 27B).
  • Abbreviations are: Nx, nephrectomized; Eth, ethanol.
  • the term "about” modifying an amount related to the invention refers to variation in the numerical quantity that can occur, for example, through routine testing and handling; through inadvertent error in such testing and handling; through differences in the manufacture, source, or purity of ingredients employed in the invention; and the like. Whether or not modified by the term “about”, the claims include equivalents of the recited quantities. In one embodiment, the term “about” means within 10% of the reported numerical value.
  • a therapeutically effective amount refers to that amount of a given therapeutic agent sufficient to result in amelioration of one or more symptoms of a disorder or condition, or prevent appearance or advancement of a disorder or condition, or cause regression of or cure from the disorder or condition.
  • a therapeutically effective amount of the compound described herein is about 5 mg to about 160 mg of the compound per day.
  • alkyl refers to a saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon including straight chain and branched chain groups.
  • the alkyl group has 1 to 20 carbon atoms. Whenever a numerical range; e.g., " 1-20", is stated herein, it implies that the group, in this case the alkyl group, may contain 1 carbon atom, 2 carbon atoms, 3 carbon atoms, etc., up to and including 20 carbon atoms.
  • the alkyl is a medium size alkyl having 1 to 10 carbon atoms.
  • the alkyl is a lower alkyl having 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
  • the alkyl group can be substituted (e.g., with 1 to 5 substituent groups) or unsubstituted. In any of the embodiments described herein, the alkyl can be unsubstituted. In any of the embodiments described herein, the alkyl can also be substituted by one to five substituent groups, wherein the substituent group can be, for example, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroalicyclic, halo, hydroxy, alkoxy, aryloxy, thiohydroxy, thioalkoxy, thioaryloxy, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, cyano, nitro, azide, sulfonyl, sulfinyl, sulfonamide, phosphonyl, phosphinyl, oxo, carbonyl, thiocarbonyl, urea, thiourea, O-carbamyl,
  • a "cycloalkyl” group refers to an all-carbon monocyclic or fused ring (i.e., rings which share an adjacent pair of carbon atoms) group wherein one of more of the rings does not have a completely conjugated pi-electron system.
  • examples, without limitation, of cycloalkyl groups are cyclopropane, cyclobutane, cyclopentane, cyclopentene, cyclohexane, cyclohexadiene, cycloheptane, cycloheptatriene, and adamantane.
  • a cycloalkyl group can be substituted (e.g., with 1 to 5 substituent groups) or unsubstituted.
  • the cycloalkyl can be unsubstituted.
  • the cycloalkyl can also be substituted by one to five substituent groups, wherein the substituent group can be, for example, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroalicyclic, halo, hydroxy, alkoxy, aryloxy, thiohydroxy, thioalkoxy, thioaryloxy, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, cyano, nitro, azide, sulfonyl, sulfinyl, sulfonamide, phosphonyl, phosphinyl, oxo, carbonyl, thiocarbonyl, urea, thiourea, O- carbamyl, N-carbamyl, O-thiocarbamyl, N-thiocarbamyl, C-amid
  • alkenyl refers to an aliphatic hydrocarbon group which contains at least two carbon atoms and at least one carbon-carbon double bond, which can be straight or branched.
  • An alkenyl group can be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • alkynyl refers to an aliphatic hydrocarbon group which contains at least two carbon atoms and at least one carbon-carbon triple bond.
  • An alkynyl group can be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • aryl group refers to an all-carbon monocyclic or fused-ring polycyclic (i.e., rings which share adjacent pairs of carbon atoms) groups having a completely conjugated pi-electron system.
  • aryl groups can have 6 to 14 carbons, e.g., 6 tolO carbons. Examples, without limitation, of aryl groups are phenyl, naphthalenyl and anthracenyl.
  • the aryl group can be substituted (e.g., with 1 to 5 substituent groups) or unsubstituted.
  • the substituent group can be, for example, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroalicyclic, halo, hydroxy, alkoxy, aryloxy, thiohydroxy, thioalkoxy, thioaryloxy, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, cyano, nitro, azide, sulfonyl, sulfinyl, sulfonamide, phosphonyl, phosphinyl, oxo, carbonyl, thiocarbonyl, urea, thiourea, O-carbamyl, N-carbamyl, O-thiocarbamyl, N-thiocarbamyl, C-amido, N-amido, C-carboxy, O-carboxy, sulfonamido, and amino, as these terms are defined herein.
  • the aryl group can be a phenyl group, optionally substituted, for example, by one to five substituent such as halogens (e.g., fluorine or chlorine), alkyl groups (e.g., a C 1-4 alkyl), or halogen substituted alkyls (e.g., trifluoromethyl).
  • substituents e.g., fluorine or chlorine
  • alkyl groups e.g., a C 1-4 alkyl
  • halogen substituted alkyls e.g., trifluoromethyl
  • heteroaryl group refers to a monocyclic or fused ring (i.e., rings which share an adjacent pair of atoms) group having in the ring(s) one or more atoms, such as, for example, nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur and, in addition, having a completely conjugated pi- electron system.
  • heteroaryl groups can have 5 to 14 ring atoms, e.g., 5 to 10 ring atoms (e.g., 5 or 6 ring atoms).
  • heteroaryl groups examples include pyrrole, furan, thiophene, imidazole, oxazole, thiazole, pyrazole, pyridine, pyrimidine, quinoline, isoquinoline and purine.
  • the heteroaryl group can be substituted (e.g., with 1 to 5 substituent groups) or unsubstituted.
  • the substituent group can be, for example, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroalicyclic, halo, hydroxy, alkoxy, aryloxy, thiohydroxy, thioalkoxy, thioaryloxy, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, cyano, nitro, azide, sulfonyl, sulfinyl, sulfonamide, phosphonyl, phosphinyl, oxo, carbonyl, thiocarbonyl, urea, thiourea, O- carbamyl, N-carbamyl, O-thiocarbamyl, N-thiocarbamyl, C-amido, N-amido, C-carboxy, O-carboxy, sulfonamido, and amino, as these terms are defined herein.
  • heteroalicyclic group refers to a monocyclic or fused ring group having in the ring(s) one or more heteroatoms such as nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur.
  • the rings may also have one or more double bonds. However, the rings do not have a completely conjugated pi-electron system.
  • heteroalicyclic groups can have 3 to 10 ring atoms, e.g., 5 to 10 ring atoms (e.g., 5 or 6 ring atoms).
  • the heteroalicyclic can be substituted (e.g., with 1 to 5 substituent groups) or unsubstituted.
  • the substituted group can be, for example, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heteroalicyclic, halo, hydroxy, alkoxy, aryloxy, thiohydroxy, thioalkoxy, thioaryloxy, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, cyano, nitro, azide, sulfonyl, sulfinyl, sulfonamide, phosphonyl, phosphinyl, oxo, carbonyl, thiocarbonyl, urea, thiourea, O- carbamyl, N-carbamyl, O-thiocarbamyl, N-thiocarbamyl, C-amido, N-amido, C-carboxy, O-carboxy, sulfonamido, and amino, as these terms are defined herein. Representative examples are piperidine,
  • alkoxy refers to both an -O-alkyl and an -O-cycloalkyl group, wherein the alkyl or cycloalkyl can be any of those as defined herein.
  • aryloxy refers to both an -O-aiyl and an -O-heteroaiyl group, wherein the aryl or heteroaryl can be any of those as defined herein.
  • a "thiohydroxy” group refers to a -SH group.
  • a "thioalkoxy” group refers to both an -S-alkyl group, and an -S-cycloalkyl group, wherein the alkyl or cycloalkyl can be any of those as defined herein.
  • a "thioaryloxy” group refers to both an -S-aryl and an -S-heteroaryl group, wherein the aryl or heteroaryl can be any of those as defined herein.
  • aldehyde refers to a carbonyl group, wherein R is hydrogen.
  • a "carboxylic acid” group refers to a C-carboxyl group in which R is hydrogen.
  • halo group or halogen refers to fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine.
  • a "trihalomethyl” group refers to a -CX 3 group wherein X is a halo group as defined herein, e.g., a CF 3 group.
  • amino group refers to an - R 2 group wherein each of R is as defined herein.
  • a "phosphoric acid” is a phosphate group wherein each of R is hydrogen.
  • phosphinyl describes a -PR 2 group, with each of R as defined herein.
  • saccharide refers to one or more sugar units, either an open-chain sugar unit or a cyclic sugar unit (e.g., pyranose- or furanose-based units), and encompasses any monosaccharide, disaccharide and oligosaccharide, unless otherwise indicated.
  • stereoisomer includes geometric isomers, such as E or Z isomers, enantiomers, diastereomers, and the like.
  • stereoisomeric mixture includes any mixture in any ratio of stereoisomers defined herein.
  • a stereoisomeric mixture includes a racemic mixture.
  • a stereoisomeric mixture includes an enantiomerically enriched mixture.
  • a stereoisomeric mixture includes a mixture of diastereomers in any ratio.
  • enantiomeric excess refers to a measure for how much of one enantiomer is present compared to the other.
  • percent enantiomeric excess is defined as
  • * 100, where R and S are the respective mole or weight fractions of enantiomers in a mixture such that R + S 1.
  • the percent enantiomeric excess is defined as ([ ] ObS /[a]max)* 100, where [ ] 0bS is the optical rotation of the mixture of enantiomers and [a] ma x is the optical rotation of the pure enantiomer.
  • salt includes both internal salt or external salt.
  • the salt is an internal salt, i.e., a zwitterion structure.
  • the salt is an external salt.
  • the external salt is a pharmaceutically acceptable salt having a suitable counter ion. Suitable counterions for pharmaceutical use are known in the art.
  • the present invention is directed, in part, to oxidized lipid compounds.
  • an oxidized lipid of the invention is a compound according to Formula 1 :
  • each of Bi, B 2 , and B 3 is independently selected from the group consisting of oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, phosphorus and silicon, wherein each of said nitrogen, phosphorus and silicon is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, halo, cycloalkyl, aryl, hydroxy, thiohydroxy, alkoxy, aiyloxy, thioaryloxy, thioalkoxy and oxo;
  • R 10 is a C 2-28 alkyl optionally substituted by one to five R 11 substituents, wherein each R 11 is independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaiyl, halo, trihalomethyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, aiyloxy, thiohydroxy, thioalkoxy, thioaryloxy, phosphonate, phosphate, phosphinyl, sulfonyl, sulfinyl, sulfonamide, amide, carbonyl, thiocarbonyl, C-carboxy, O-carboxy, C- carbamate, N-carbamate, C-thiocarboxy, S-thiocarboxy, and amino;
  • p is an integer selected from 1-10;
  • q is an integer selected from 1-26;
  • R 20 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaiyl;
  • the oxidized lipid is a compound according to Formula 1, or a stereoisomer, a stereoisomeric mixture, or a salt thereof.
  • the oxidized lipid having a structure according to Formula 1 has a zwittionic structure.
  • the oxidized lipid is an external salt (e.g., a pharmaceutically acceptable salt) of the compound having a structure according to Formula 1.
  • the compound according to Formula 1 has a structure according to Formula la or Formula lb:
  • the compound has a structure according to Formula la, wherein the compound has an enantiomeric purity of about 80% ee or more, e.g., about 80% ee, about 85% ee, about 90% ee, about 91% ee, about 92% ee, about 93% ee, about 94% ee, about 95% ee, about 96% ee, about 97% ee, about 98% ee, about 99% ee, about 99.5%) ee or more.
  • the compound has an enantiomeric purity of about 80% ee or more, e.g., about 80% ee, about 85% ee, about 90% ee, about 91% ee, about 92% ee, about 93% ee, about 94% ee, about 95% ee, about 96% ee, about 97% ee, about 98% ee, about 99% ee, about 99.5%) ee or more
  • the compound has a structure according to Formula lb, wherein the compound has an enantiomeric purity of about 80%> ee or more, e.g., about 80% ee, about 85% ee, about 90% ee, about 91% ee, about 92% ee, about 93% ee, about 94% ee, about 95% ee, about 96% ee, about 97% ee, about 98% ee, about 99% ee, about 99.5% ee or more.
  • the compound has an enantiomeric purity of about 80%> ee or more, e.g., about 80% ee, about 85% ee, about 90% ee, about 91% ee, about 92% ee, about 93% ee, about 94% ee, about 95% ee, about 96% ee, about 97% ee, about 98% ee, about 99% ee, about 99.5% ee
  • the compound has an enantiomeric purity of from about 80%> ee to about 100% ee, about 85%> ee to about 100%> ee, about 90% ee to about 100% ee, about 95% ee to about 100%, about 80% ee to about 99.5% ee, about 85%o ee to about 99.5% ee, about 90% ee to about 99.5% ee, about 95% ee to about 99.5%), or any range thereof.
  • Suitable Bi, B 2 , and B 3 for Formula 1 are defined herein. In some embodiments,
  • Bi is O.
  • B 2 is O.
  • B 3 is O.
  • at least two of Bi, B 2 , and B 3 are O, e.g., Bi, B 2 are O and B 3 is O or S; Bi, B 3 are O and B 2 is O or S; or B 2 , B 3 are O and Bi is O or S.
  • Bi is S.
  • B 2 is S.
  • B 3 is S.
  • At least two of Bi, B 2 , and B 3 are S, e.g., Bi, B 2 are S and B 3 is O or S; Bi, B 3 are S and B 2 is O or S; or B 2 , B 3 are S and Bi is O or S.
  • all of Bi, B 2 , and B 3 are O. In some embodiments, all of Bi, B 2 , and B 3 are S.
  • R 10 for Formula 1 are defined herein.
  • R is a C 2- 28 alkyl.
  • R 10 is a straight chain C 2-28 alkyl, e.g., an alkyl chain having 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1 1, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, or 28 carbons, substituted or unsubstituted.
  • R 10 is a straight chain C 2-28 alkyl, e.g., an alkyl chain having 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1 1, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, or 28 carbons, substituted by one to five R 11 substituents, wherein each R 11 is independently as defined herein, e.g., a halogen (e.g., F) or an alkyl (e.g., a Ci-io alkyl).
  • a halogen e.g., F
  • an alkyl e.g., a Ci-io alkyl
  • R 10 is selected from the group consisting of hexadecyl, dodecyl, octadecyl, octyl, eicosanyl, cis-9-hexadecenyl, (2'-octyl)dodecyl, and (15'-carboxy)pentadecyl.
  • R 10 is hexadecyl.
  • R 10 is (2'-octyl)dodecyl.
  • R 10 is eicosanyl.
  • R 20 is a hydrogen or an alkyl. In some embodiments, R 20 is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R 20 is an alkyl, e.g., a C 1-4 alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, iso- butyl, or tert-butyl). In some embodiments, R 20 is methyl.
  • q is an integer of 1-10, e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10. In some embodiments, q is 4. In some embodiments, p is an integer of 1-7, e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7. In some embodiments, p is 2.
  • Het is a heteroaryl.
  • Het is a monocyclic heteroaryl.
  • Het is a nitrogen containing heteroaryl (e.g., monocyclic heteroaryl).
  • Het is a monocyclic heteroaryl containing 1, 2, 3, or 4 nitrogen atoms.
  • Het is a 6-member ring monocyclic heteroaryl, e.g., pyridine, pyrimidine, pyridazine, pyrazine, triazine, etc.
  • Het is a 5-member ring monocyclic heteroaryl, e.g., imidazole, thiazole, isothiazole, oxazole, isoxazole, oxidiazole, pyrazole, triazole, etc.
  • Het is a bicyclic heteroaryl containing nitrogen atoms, e.g., 1-3 nitrogen atoms, e.g., quinoline, isoquinoline, quinazoline, thienopyridine, thienopyrimidine, pyrrolopyridine, imidazopyridine, etc.
  • Het can be a nitrogen containing heteroaryl, wherein a nitrogen atom of the heteroaryl is directly connected to the alkylene chain, i.e., -(CH 2 ) P - in Formula 1 to form a cation.
  • Het is pyridine, wherein the nitrogen atom of the pyridine is directly connected to the alkylene chain, i.e., -(CH 2 ) P - in Formula 1 form a pyridinium salt (e.g., an internal salt or an external salt as described herein).
  • Het is an unsubstituted pyridine, wherein the nitrogen atom of the pyridine is directly connected to the alkylene chain, i.e., -(CH 2 ) P - in Formula 1.
  • Het is a substituted pyridine, wherein the nitrogen atom of the pyridine is directly connected to the alkylene chain, i.e., -(CH 2 )p- in Formula 1, wherein the pyridine is substituted by one to five (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5) R substituents, wherein each R is independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, halo, trihalomethyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, aryloxy, thiohydroxy, thioalkoxy, thioaryloxy, phosphonate, phosphate, phosphinyl, sulfonyl, sul
  • each R 12 is independently, e.g., a halogen (e.g., F, CI), a C 6- io aryl (e.g., phenyl), a heteroaryl, or an alkyl (e.g., a Ci-io alkyl, e.g., a Ci -4 alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, iso-butyl, tert-butyl).
  • a halogen e.g., F, CI
  • C 6- io aryl e.g., phenyl
  • heteroaryl e.g., a heteroaryl
  • an alkyl e.g., a Ci-io alkyl, e.g., a Ci -4 alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl, isoprop
  • Het is a substituted pyridine and the pyridine is substituted by one R 12 substituent at the 2-, 3-, or 4-position of the pyridine, wherein R 12 is as defined herein, for example, a halogen (e.g., F, CI), a phenyl, or a methyl.
  • R 12 is as defined herein, for example, a halogen (e.g., F, CI), a phenyl, or a methyl.
  • an oxidized lipid of the invention is a compound having a structure according to Formula 2:
  • the oxidized lipid having a structure according to Formula 2 has a zwittionic structure.
  • the oxidized lipid is an external salt (e.g., a pharmaceutically acceptable salt) of the compound having a structure according to Formula 2.
  • the compound according to Formula 2 has a structure according to Formula 2a or Formula 2b:
  • the compound is a S-isomer having a structure according to Formula 2a, wherein the compound has an enantiomeric purity of about 80% ee or more, e.g., about 80%> ee, about 85%> ee, about 90% ee, about 91% ee, about 92% ee, about 93% ee, about 94% ee, about 95% ee, about 96% ee, about 97% ee, about 98% ee, about 99%) ee, about 99.5% ee or more.
  • the compound is a R- isomer having a structure according to Formula 2b, wherein the compound has an enantiomeric purity of about 80% ee or more, e.g., about 80% ee, about 85% ee, about 90% ee, about 91% ee, about 92% ee, about 93% ee, about 94% ee, about 95% ee, about 96%) ee, about 97% ee, about 98% ee, about 99% ee, about 99.5% ee or more.
  • the compound has an enantiomeric purity of about 80% ee or more, e.g., about 80% ee, about 85% ee, about 90% ee, about 91% ee, about 92% ee, about 93% ee, about 94% ee, about 95% ee, about 96%) ee, about 97% ee, about 98% ee, about 99% ee,
  • the compound has an enantiomeric purity of from about 80% ee to about 100% ee, about 85% ee to about 100% ee, about 90% ee to about 100% ee, about 95% ee to about 100%), about 80% ee to about 99.5% ee, about 85% ee to about 99.5% ee, about 90%) ee to about 99.5% ee, about 95% ee to about 99.5%, or any range thereof.
  • R 10 is selected from the group consisting of hexadecyl, dodecyl, octadecyl, octyl, eicosanyl, cis-9-hexadecenyl, (2'- octyl)dodecyl, and (15'-carboxy)pentadecyl;
  • R 20 is hydrogen or an alkyl, e.g., a C 1-4 alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, iso-butyl, or tert-butyl);
  • q is an integer of 1-10, e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10;
  • p is an integer of 1-7, e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7;
  • Het is an unsubstituted pyridine, wherein the
  • Het is a substituted pyridine and the pyridine is substituted by one R 12 substituent at the 2-, 3-, or 4-position of the pyridine, wherein R 12 is as defined herein, for example, a halogen (e.g., F, CI), a phenyl, or a methyl.
  • R 12 is as defined herein, for example, a halogen (e.g., F, CI), a phenyl, or a methyl.
  • an oxidized lipid of the invention is a compound having a structure according to Formula 3 :
  • R 20 , p, and q are as defined herein for Formula 1.
  • the oxidized lipid is a zwittionic structure according to Formula 3.
  • the oxidized lipid is an external salt (e.g., a pharmaceutically acceptable salt) of the compound having a structure according to Formula 3.
  • the oxidized lipid according to Formula 3 has a structure accordin to Formula 3a or Formula 3b:
  • the compound is a S-isomer having a structure according to Formula 3a, wherein the compound has an enantiomeric purity of about 80% ee or more, e.g., about 80%> ee, about 85%> ee, about 90% ee, about 91% ee, about 92% ee, about 93% ee, about 94% ee, about 95% ee, about 96% ee, about 97% ee, about 98% ee, about 99%) ee, about 99.5% ee or more.
  • the compound has an enantiomeric purity of about 80% ee or more, e.g., about 80%> ee, about 85%> ee, about 90% ee, about 91% ee, about 92% ee, about 93% ee, about 94% ee, about 95% ee, about 96% ee, about 97% ee, about 98% ee, about 99%)
  • the compound is a R- isomer having a structure according to Formula 3b, wherein the compound has an enantiomeric purity of about 80% ee or more, e.g., about 80% ee, about 85% ee, about 90% ee, about 91% ee, about 92% ee, about 93% ee, about 94% ee, about 95% ee, about 96%) ee, about 97% ee, about 98% ee, about 99% ee, about 99.5% ee or more.
  • the compound has an enantiomeric purity of about 80% ee or more, e.g., about 80% ee, about 85% ee, about 90% ee, about 91% ee, about 92% ee, about 93% ee, about 94% ee, about 95% ee, about 96%) ee, about 97% ee, about 98% ee, about 99% ee,
  • the compound has an enantiomeric purity of from about 80% ee to about 100% ee, about 85% ee to about 100% ee, about 90% ee to about 100% ee, about 95% ee to about 100%), about 80% ee to about 99.5% ee, about 85% ee to about 99.5% ee, about 90%) ee to about 99.5% ee, about 95% ee to about 99.5%, or any range thereof.
  • R is selected from the group consisting of hexadecyl, eicosanyl and (2'-octyl)dodecyl;
  • R 20 is hydrogen or a C 1-4 alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, iso-butyl, or tert-butyl);
  • q is an integer of 2-6, e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6;
  • p is an integer of 2-5, e.g., 2, 3, 4, or 5; and the pyridine is substituted by 0 to 3 (e.g., 0, 1, 2, or 3) R 12 substituents, wherein each R 12 is independently as defined herein, e.g., a halogen (e.g., F, CI), a C 6 - 10 aryl (e.g., phenyl), a heteroaryl, or a C
  • R 10 is selected from the group consisting of hexadecyl, eicosanyl and (2'-octyl)dodecyl;
  • R 20 is hydrogen or methyl;
  • q is 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6;
  • p is 2, 3, 4, or 5; and the pyridine is substituted by 0 to 3 (e.g., 0, 1, 2, or 3) R 12 substituents, wherein each R 12 is independently is a halogen (e.g., F, CI), a C 6 - 10 aryl (e.g., phenyl), a heteroaryl, or a C 1-4 alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec- butyl, iso-butyl, tert-butyl).
  • halogen e.g., F, CI
  • C 6 - 10 aryl e.g., phenyl
  • R 10 is selected from the group consisting of hexadecyl, eicosanyl and (2'-octyl)dodecyl;
  • R 20 is hydrogen or methyl;
  • q is 4;
  • p is 2; and the pyridine is substituted by 0, 1, or 2 R 12 substituents, wherein each R 12 is independently a halogen (e.g., F, CI), a phenyl, or a methyl.
  • R 10 is selected from the group consisting of hexadecyl, eicosanyl, and (2'-octyl)dodecyl.
  • R 20 is a hydrogen or a C 1-4 alkyl.
  • q is an integer of 2-6.
  • p is an integer of 2-5.
  • the pyridine is substituted by 0 to 3 (e.g., 0, 1, 2, or 3) R 12 substituents, wherein each R 12 is independently as defined herein, e.g., a halogen (e.g., F, CI), a C 6 - 10 aryl (e.g., phenyl), a heteroaryl, or a C 1-4 alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, iso-butyl, tert-butyl).
  • a halogen e.g., F, CI
  • C 6 - 10 aryl e.g., phenyl
  • heteroaryl e.g., a C 1-4 alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, iso-butyl,
  • the pyridine ring is substituted by one, two, or three R 12 substituents. In some embodiments according to Formulae 3, 3a, and 3b, the pyridine ring is substituted by one R 12 substituent, wherein the one R 12 substituent is a fluorine or a phenyl, e.g., the pyridine ring is 3-fluoro-pyridine or 3 -phenyl-pyridine.
  • R 10 is selected from the group consisting of hexadecyl, eicosanyl and (2'-octyl)dodecyl; R 20 is hydrogen or methyl; q is 4; p is 2; and the pyridine is 3-fluoro-pyridine or 3 -phenyl -pyridine.
  • an oxidized lipid of the invention is a compound having a structure according to Formula 4:
  • the oxidized lipid has a zwittionic structure according to Formula 4.
  • the oxidized lipid is an external salt (e.g., a pharmaceutically acceptable salt) of the compound having a structure according to Formula 4.
  • the oxidized lipid according to Formula 4 has a structure according to Formula 4a or Formula 4b:
  • the compound is a S-isomer having a structure according to Formula 4a, wherein the compound has an enantiomeric purity of about 80% ee or more, e.g., about 80%> ee, about 85%> ee, about 90% ee, about 91% ee, about 92% ee, about 93% ee, about 94% ee, about 95% ee, about 96% ee, about 97% ee, about 98% ee, about 99%) ee, about 99.5% ee or more.
  • the compound has an enantiomeric purity of about 80% ee or more, e.g., about 80%> ee, about 85%> ee, about 90% ee, about 91% ee, about 92% ee, about 93% ee, about 94% ee, about 95% ee, about 96% ee, about 97% ee, about 98% ee, about 99%)
  • the compound is a R- isomer having a structure according to Formula 4b, wherein the compound has an enantiomeric purity of about 80%> ee or more, e.g., about 80%> ee, about 85%> ee, about 90% ee, about 91% ee, about 92% ee, about 93% ee, about 94% ee, about 95% ee, about 96%) ee, about 97% ee, about 98% ee, about 99% ee, about 99.5% ee or more.
  • the compound has an enantiomeric purity of about 80%> ee or more, e.g., about 80%> ee, about 85%> ee, about 90% ee, about 91% ee, about 92% ee, about 93% ee, about 94% ee, about 95% ee, about 96%) ee, about 97% ee, about 98% ee, about
  • the compound has an enantiomeric purity of from about 80% ee to about 100% ee, about 85% ee to about 100% ee, about 90% ee to about 100% ee, about 95% ee to about 100%), about 80% ee to about 99.5% ee, about 85% ee to about 99.5% ee, about 90%) ee to about 99.5% ee, about 95% ee to about 99.5%, or any range thereof.
  • R is selected from the group consisting of hexadecyl, dodecyl, octadecyl, octyl, eicosanyl, cis-9-hexadecenyl, (2'- octyl)dodecyl, and (15'-carboxy)pentadecyl.
  • R 10 is hexadecyl.
  • R 10 is (2'-octyl)dodecyl.
  • R 10 is eicosanyl.
  • R 20 is a hydrogen or an alkyl. In some embodiments, R 20 is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R 20 is an alkyl, e.g., a C 1-4 alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, iso-butyl, or tert-butyl). In some embodiments, R 20 is methyl.
  • q is an integer of 1-10, e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10.
  • q is 4.
  • R 10 is selected from the group consisting of hexadecyl, eicosanyl, and (2'-octyl)dodecyl;
  • R 20 is hydrogen or a C 1-4 alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, iso-butyl, or tert-butyl); and
  • q is an integer of 2-6, e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.
  • R 10 is selected from the group consisting of hexadecyl, eicosanyl and (2'-octyl)dodecyl;
  • R 20 is hydrogen; and q is an integer of 2-6, e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.
  • R 10 is selected from the group consisting of hexadecyl, eicosanyl, and (2'-octyl)dodecyl;
  • R 20 is methyl; and q is an integer of 2-6, e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.
  • an oxidized lipid of the invention is a compound having a structure according to Formula 5
  • the oxidized lipid has a zwittionic structure according to Formula 5.
  • the oxidized lipid is an external salt (e.g., a pharmaceutically acceptable salt) of the compound having a structure according to Formula 5.
  • the oxidized lipid is a compound according to Formula 5 has a structure according to Formula 5a or Formula
  • the compound is a S-isomer having a structure according to Formula 5a, wherein the compound has an enantiomeric purity of about 80% ee or more, e.g., about 80%> ee, about 85%> ee, about 90% ee, about 91% ee, about 92% ee, about 93% ee, about 94% ee, about 95% ee, about 96% ee, about 97% ee, about 98% ee, about 99%) ee, about 99.5% ee or more.
  • the compound has an enantiomeric purity of about 80% ee or more, e.g., about 80%> ee, about 85%> ee, about 90% ee, about 91% ee, about 92% ee, about 93% ee, about 94% ee, about 95% ee, about 96% ee, about 97% ee, about 98% ee, about 99%)
  • the compound is a R- isomer having a structure according to Formula 5b, wherein the compound has an enantiomeric purity of about 80% ee or more, e.g., about 80% ee, about 85% ee, about 90% ee, about 91% ee, about 92% ee, about 93% ee, about 94% ee, about 95% ee, about 96%) ee, about 97% ee, about 98% ee, about 99% ee, about 99.5% ee or more.
  • the compound has an enantiomeric purity of about 80% ee or more, e.g., about 80% ee, about 85% ee, about 90% ee, about 91% ee, about 92% ee, about 93% ee, about 94% ee, about 95% ee, about 96%) ee, about 97% ee, about 98% ee, about 99% ee,
  • the compound has an enantiomeric purity of from about 80% ee to about 100% ee, about 85% ee to about 100% ee, about 90% ee to about 100% ee, about 95% ee to about 100%), about 80% ee to about 99.5% ee, about 85% ee to about 99.5% ee, about 90%) ee to about 99.5% ee, about 95% ee to about 99.5%, or any range thereof
  • R 10 is selected from the group consisting of hexadecyl, dodecyl, octadecyl, octyl, eicosanyl, cis-9-hexadecenyl, (2'- octyl)dodecyl, and (15'-carboxy)pentadecyl.
  • R 10 is hexadecyl.
  • R 10 is (2'-octyl)dodecyl.
  • R 10 is eicosanyl.
  • R 20 is a hydrogen or an alkyl. In some embodiments, R 20 is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R 20 is an alkyl, e.g., a C 1-4 alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, iso-butyl, or tert-butyl). In some embodiments, R 20 is methyl.
  • an oxidized lipid of the invention is a compound having a structure of:
  • the invention provides a compound selected from the group consisting of (R)-l-hexadecyl-2-(4'-carboxy)butyl-sn-glycero-3 -phosphoric acid pyridiniumethyl ester (VB-701); (R)-l-eicosanyl-2-(4'-carboxy)butyl-sn-glycero-3- phosphoric acid pyridiniumethyl ester (VB-702); (R)-l-(2'-octyl)dodecyl-2-(4'- carboxy)butyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoric acid pyridiniumethyl ester (VB-703); (R)-l- hexadecyl-2-(4'-carboxymethyl)butyl-sn-glycero-3 -phosphoric acid pyridiniumethyl ester (VB-704); and (R)-l-(2'
  • the compound has an enantiomeric purity of about 80% ee or more, e.g., about 80%> ee, about 85% ee, about 90% ee, about 91% ee, about 92% ee, about 93% ee, about 94% ee, about 95% ee, about 96% ee, about 97% ee, about 98% ee, about 99% ee, about 99.5% ee or more.
  • an oxidized lipid of the invention is a compound having a structure of:
  • the invention provides a compound selected from the group consisting of (R)-l-(2'-octyl)dodecyl-2-(4'-carboxy)butyl-glycero-sn-3 -phosphoric acid 3-fluoro-pyridiniumethyl ester (VB-706) and (R)-l-(2'-octyl)dodecyl-2-(4'- carboxy)butyl-glycero-sn-3-phosphoric acid 3-phenyl-pyridiniumethyl ester (VB-707).
  • the prefix "(R)-" refers to the configuration of the C-2 carbon of the glycerol backbone.
  • the compound has an enantiomeric purity of about 80%> ee or more, e.g., about 80%> ee, about 85%> ee, about 90% ee, about 91% ee, about 92% ee, about 93% ee, about 94% ee, about 95% ee, about 96% ee, about 97% ee, about 98% ee, about 99%) ee, about 99.5% ee or more.
  • the compound has an enantiomeric purity of from about 80% ee to about 100% ee, about 85% ee to about 100% ee, about 90% ee to about 100% ee, about 95% ee to about 100%, about 80% ee to about 99.5% ee, about 85% ee to about 99.5% ee, about 90% ee to about 99.5% ee, about 95% ee to about 99.5%, or any range thereof.
  • an oxidized lipid compound of the invention treats or prevents fibrosis (e.g., liver fibrosis, kidney fibrosis, focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis, or any other fibrosis described herein) as well as, or better than, telmisartan.
  • fibrosis e.g., liver fibrosis, kidney fibrosis, focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis, or any other fibrosis described herein
  • an oxidized lipid compound of the invention reduces liver inflammation as well as, or better than, telmisartan.
  • an oxidized lipid compound of the invention reduces liver fibrosis as well as, or better than, telmisartan.
  • an oxidized lipid compound of the invention treats or prevents kidney fibrosis as well as, or better than, telmisartan.
  • an oxidized lipid compound of the invention treats or prevents focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis as well as, or better than,
  • an oxidized lipid compound of the invention inhibits formation of ligand-induced phosphorylation of IKK, ERK, AKT, or p38 comparable to or more than VB-201 (l-hexadecyl-2-(4'-carboxy)butyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine or 1- hexadecyl-2-(4'-carboxybutyl)-glycerol-3-phosphocholine)) inhibits formation of ligand- induced phosphorylation of IKK, ERK, AKT, or p38.
  • an oxidized lipid compound of the invention inhibits ligand-induced cell migration comparable to or more than VB-201 inhibits ligand-induced cell migration.
  • the ligand is LPS, PGN, PAM3, or MCP1.
  • the cell migration is monocyte migration.
  • the invention provides a method of synthesizing a compound of Formula 1
  • Formula 1 or a stereoisomer, a stereoisomeric mixture, or a salt thereof, wherein Bi, B 2 , B 3 , R , R , Het, p, and q are defined herein above for Formula 1 ,
  • R 20 is the same as R 20 .
  • Intermediate 1 was heated in pyridine (e.g., at reflux temperature)
  • conversion of -COOR 20' into -COOH was also observed.
  • R 20 is H
  • R 20 is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl
  • the reacting of Intermediate 1 with Het also converts -COOR 20 into -COOH, or a salt thereof, to form the compound of Formula 1.
  • R 20 is H, R 20 is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, the reacting of Intermediate 1 with Het is followed by a step of hydrolysis to convert -COOR 20' into -COOH, or a salt thereof, to form the compound of Formula 1.
  • R 20 is H, R 20 is methyl, the reacting of Intermediate 1 with Het (e.g., pyridine or substituted pyridine as defined herein) also converts -COOR 20 into - COOH, or a salt thereof, to form the compound of Formula 1.
  • the LG is selected from the group consisting of halogen and oxygen containing leaving groups (e.g., as described herein).
  • the Intermediate 1 can be synthesized by
  • the Intermediate 1 can be synthesized by b') reacting Reactant 1 Reactant 1 with POCl 3 to form a POCl 3 reaction product;
  • steps b') and c') can be performed in a one-pot fashion.
  • the POCl 3 reaction product is not isolated before reacting with Reactant 2A.
  • LGs for the methods of synthesis described herein include any leaving group known in the art.
  • LG is a halogen, such as F, CI, Br, or I.
  • LG is an oxygen containing leaving group, such as a tosylate, a mesylate, a triflate, etc.
  • LG is Br. Oxygen containing leaving
  • the LG is a leaving group selected from the group
  • R is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalicycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, each of which is optionally substituted by one to five R 13 , wherein each R 13 substituent is independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, halo, trihalomethyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, aryloxy, thiohydroxy, thioalkoxy, thioaryloxy, phosphonate, phosphate, phosphinyl, sulfonyl, sulfinyl, sulfonamide, amide, carbonyl, thiocarbonyl, C-carboxy, O- carboxy, C-carbamate, N-carbamate, C-thiocarboxy, S-thiocarboxy
  • all of Bi, B 2 , and B 3 are O.
  • Het is an unsubstituted pyridine, wherein the nitrogen atom of the pyridine is directly connected to the alkylene chain, i.e., -(CH 2 ) P - in Formula 1.
  • Het is 3-fluoro- pyridine or 3 -phenyl-pyridine, wherein the nitrogen atom of the pyridine is directly connected to the alkylene chain, i.e., -(CH 2 ) P - in Formula 1.
  • R 10 is selected from the group consisting of hexadecyl, eicosanyl and (2'-octyl)dodecyl.
  • R 20 is hydrogen or a C 1-4 alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, iso-butyl, or tert-butyl).
  • p is 2.
  • q is 4.
  • the method described above is directed to synthesizing compounds having a structure according to Formulae 2, 3, 4, or 5 (e.g., as described herein).
  • all of Bi, B 2 , and B 3 are O, and suitable R 10 , R 11 , R 12 , R 20 , Het, p, and q for the methods described above are those as defined herein for the respective Formulae 2, 3, 4, or 5.
  • R 20 is the same as R 20 .
  • R 20 is H
  • R 20 is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl
  • the reacting of Intermediate 1 with Het also converts -COOR 20 into -COOH, or a salt thereof, to form the compound of Formulae 2, 3, 4, or 5.
  • R 20 is H
  • R 20 is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl
  • the reacting of Intermediate 1 with Het is followed by a step of hydrolysis to convert -COOR 20 into -COOH, or a salt thereof, to form the compound of Formulae 2, 3, 4, or 5.
  • R 20 is H in Formulae 2, 3, 4, or 5, R 20 is methyl
  • the reacting of Intermediate 1 with Het e.g., pyridine or substituted pyridine as defined herein
  • Method A can be synthesized by a method comprising the steps in Method A:
  • Suitable LGs include any leaving group known in the art. In some embodiments,
  • LG is a halogen, such as F, CI, Br, or I.
  • LG is an oxygen containing leaving group, such as a tosylate, a mesylate, a triflate, etc.
  • LG is Br.
  • LG is tosylate.
  • a compound having a structure according to Formula 1 can also be synthesized by a method comprising the steps in Method B: Method B
  • Suitable R iUU for Method B include alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heteroalicycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl, optionally substituted by one to five R 13 , wherein each R 13 substituent is independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, halo, trihalomethyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, aryloxy, thiohydroxy, thioalkoxy, thioaryloxy, phosphonate, phosphate, phosphinyl, sulfonyl, sulfinyl, sulfonamide, amide, carbonyl, thiocarbonyl, C-carboxy, O-carboxy, C- carbamate, N-carbamate, C-thiocarboxy, S-thiocarboxy, and amino as described herein.
  • the method for synthesizing a compound having a structure according to Formula 1 further comprises a step of hydrolysis to convert an ester into a carboxylic acid.
  • Suitable Bi, B 2 , B 3 , R 10 , R 11 , R 12 , R 20 , Het, p, and q for Method A or B are those as defined herein for Formula 1.
  • all of Bi, B 2 , and B 3 are O.
  • Het is an unsubstituted pyridine, wherein the nitrogen atom of the pyridine is directly connected to the alkylene chain, i.e., -(CH 2 ) P - in Formula 1.
  • R 10 is selected from the group consisting of hexadecyl, eicosanyl and (2'- octyl)dodecyl.
  • R 20 is hydrogen or a Ci -4 alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, iso-butyl, or tert-butyl).
  • p is 2.
  • q is 4.
  • R 20 is the same as R 20 .
  • R 20 is H
  • R 20 is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl
  • the reacting of Intermediate 1 with Het also converts -COOR 20 into -COOH, or a salt thereof, to form the compound of Formula 1.
  • R 20 is H, R 20 is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, the reacting of Intermediate 1 with Het is followed by a step of hydrolysis to convert -COOR 20' into -COOH, or a salt thereof, to form the compound of Formula 1.
  • R 20 is H, R 20 is methyl, the reacting of Intermediate 1 with Het (e.g., pyridine or substituted pyridine as defined herein) also converts -COOR 20 into - COOH, or a salt thereof, to form the compound of Formula 1.
  • compounds having a structure according to Formulae 2, 3, 4, or 5 can be synthesized by any of the methods described above, e.g., by a method comprising the steps in Method A or the steps in Method B.
  • all of Bi, B 2 , and B 3 are O
  • suitable R 10 , R 11 , R 12 , R 20 , Het, p, and q for Method A or B are those as defined herein for the respective Formulae 2, 3, 4, or 5.
  • R is the same as R .
  • R is H
  • R is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl
  • the reacting of Intermediate 1 with Het also converts -COOR 20 into -COOH, or a salt thereof, to form the compound of Formulae 2, 3, 4, or 5.
  • R 20 is H, R 20 is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaryl, the reacting of Intermediate 1 with Het is followed by a step of hydrolysis to convert - COOR 20' into -COOH, or a salt thereof, to form the compound of Formulae 2, 3, 4, or 5.
  • R 20 is H, R 20 is methyl, the reacting of Intermediate 1 with Het (e.g., pyridine or substituted pyridine as defined herein) also converts -COOR 20 into - COOH, or a salt thereof, to form the compound of Formulae 2, 3, 4, or 5.
  • the invention provides a method of synthesizing a compound of Formula 1,
  • Reactant 10 form the compound of Formula 1, wherein Bi, B 2 , B 3 , R 10 , Het, p, and q are defined above; and wherein R 20 is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaiyl.
  • R 20 is an alkyl (e.g., C 1-4 alkyl, e.g., methyl).
  • the reaction is catalyzed by an acid, e.g., HC1. Other known methods for forming an ester can also be used in step a).
  • the method is directed to synthesizing compounds having a structure according to Formulae 2, 3, 4, or 5 (e.g., as described herein).
  • all of Bi, B 2 , and B 3 are O, and suitable R 10 , R 11 , R 12 , Het, p, and q for the methods described above are those as defined herein for the respective Formulae 2, 3, 4, or 5, wherein R 20 is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, and heteroaiyl.
  • R 20 is an alkyl (e.g., C 1-4 alkyl, e.g., methyl).
  • Oxidized lipids of the invention e.g., Formulae la, lb, 2a, 2b, 3a, 3b, 4a, 4b, 5a,
  • Oxidized lipids of the invention e.g., Formulae la, lb, 2a, 2b, 3a, 3b, 4a, 4b, 5a,
  • the present invention relates to a compound made by any of the methods of synthesis of the invention.
  • compositions comprising an oxidized lipid of the invention.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises an oxidized lipid of the invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises a therapeutically effective amount of the oxidized lipid.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises a therapeutically effective amount of the oxidized lipid and a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle.
  • a therapeutically effective amount of an oxidized lipid is an amount effective to treat or prevent a disease or disorder of the present invention.
  • compositions of the present invention can be orally administered.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises a compound having a structure according to any of Formulae 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 as described herein.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises a compound having a structure of:
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises a compound selected from the group consisting of (R)-l-hexadecyl-2-(4'-carboxy)butyl-sn-glycero-3-
  • the compound has an enantiomeric purity of about 80% ee or more, e.g., about 80%> ee, about 85% ee, about 90% ee, about 91% ee, about 92% ee, about 93% ee, about 94% ee, about 95% ee, about 96% ee, about 97% ee, about 98% ee, about 99% ee, about 99.5% ee or more.
  • the compound has an enantiomeric purity of from about 80% ee to about 100% ee, about 85% ee to about 100% ee, about 90% ee to about 100% ee, about 95% ee to about 100%>, about 80%> ee to about 99.5% ee, about 85%> ee to about 99.5% ee, about 90% ee to about 99.5% ee, about 95% ee to about 99.5%, or any range thereof
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises a compound having a structure of:
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises a compound selected from the group consisting of (R)-l-(2'-octyl)dodecyl-2-(4'-carboxy)butyl- glycero-sn-3 -phosphoric acid 3-fluoro-pyridiniumethyl ester (VB-706) and (R)-l-(2'- octyl)dodecyl-2-(4'-carboxy)butyl-glycero-sn-3 -phosphoric acid 3-phenyl- pyridiniumethyl ester (VB-707).
  • the prefix "(R)-" refers to the configuration of the C-2 carbon of the glycerol backbone.
  • the compound has an enantiomeric purity of about 80%> ee or more, e.g., about 80%> ee, about 85%> ee, about 90% ee, about 91% ee, about 92% ee, about 93% ee, about 94% ee, about 95% ee, about 96%) ee, about 97% ee, about 98%> ee, about 99% ee, about 99.5% ee or more.
  • the compound has an enantiomeric purity of from about 80%> ee to about 100% ee, about 85% ee to about 100% ee, about 90% ee to about 100% ee, about 95% ee to about 100%), about 80%> ee to about 99.5% ee, about 85% ee to about 99.5% ee, about 90%) ee to about 99.5% ee, about 95% ee to about 99.5%, or any range thereof.
  • the pharmaceutical composition treats or prevents fibrosis
  • the pharmaceutical composition reduces liver inflammation as well as, or better than, telmisartan.
  • the pharmaceutical composition reduces liver fibrosis as well as, or better than, telmisartan.
  • the pharmaceutical composition treats or prevents kidney fibrosis as well as, or better than, telmisartan.
  • the pharmaceutical composition treats or prevents focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis as well as, or better than, telmisartan.
  • the pharmaceutical composition inhibits formation of ligand-induced phosphorylation of IKK, ERK, AKT or p38 comparable to or more than VB-201 (l-hexadecyl-2-(4'-carboxy)butyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine or l-hexadecyl-2- (4'-carboxybutyl)-glycerol-3-phosphocholine)) inhibits formation of ligand-induced phosphorylation of IKK, ERK, AKT or p38.
  • the pharmaceutical composition inhibits ligand-induced cell migration comparable to or more than VB-201 inhibits ligand-induced cell migration.
  • the ligand is LPS, PGN, PAM3, or MCP1.
  • the cell migration is monocyte migration.
  • Embodiments of the invention relate to a method for treating or preventing fibrosis or an inflammatory disease or disorder comprising administering an oxidized lipid of the invention.
  • the invention relates to a method for treating or preventing an inflammatory disease or disorder.
  • the method comprises administering a therapeutically effective amount of an oxidized lipid of the invention to a subject in need thereof.
  • the method comprises administering a pharmaceutical composition of the invention.
  • the methods described herein can be used for treating or preventing all types fibrosis.
  • the fibrosis is pulmonary fibrosis, liver fibrosis, skin fibrosis or kidney fibrosis.
  • the fibrosis is heart fibrosis, bone marrow fibrosis, intestine fibrosis, joint fibrosis (knee, shoulder, or other joints), hand fibrosis, finger fibrosis, skeletal muscle fibrosis, neurofibrosis, and penis fibrosis.
  • the fibrosis is idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), cystic fibrosis, progressive massive fibrosis, cirrhosis, steatohepatitis (fatty liver disease), nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), endomyocardial fibrosis, myocardial infarction, atrial fibrosis, medastinal fibrosis, myelofibrosis, retroperitoneal fibrosis, nephrogenic systemic fibrosis, keloid, Crohn's disease, scleroderma/systemic sclerosis, arthrofibrosis, Peyronie's disease, Dupuytren's contracture, adhesive capsulitis, or focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis.
  • IPF idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
  • cystic fibrosis progressive massive fibrosis
  • cirrhosis steatohepatitis (fatty
  • the fibrosis is liver fibrosis. In some embodiments, the fibrosis is kidney fibrosis. In some embodiments, the subject in need of treatment or prevention of kidney fibrosis has a chronic kidney disease. In some embodiments, the fibrosis is focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis. In some embodiments, the subject in need of treatment or prevention of focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis has a chronic kidney disease.
  • the fibrosis is a fibrosis that does not include idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. In other embodiments, the fibrosis is a fibrosis that does not include cystic fibrosis. In other embodiments, the fibrosis is a fibrosis that does not include progressive massive fibrosis. In some embodiments, the fibrosis is a fibrosis that does not include cirrhosis. In some embodiments, the fibrosis is a fibrosis that does not include steatohepatitis (fatty liver disease). In some embodiments, the fibrosis is a fibrosis that does not include nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).
  • NAFLD nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
  • the fibrosis is a fibrosis that does not include nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH).
  • NASH nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
  • the fibrosis is a fibrosis that does not include endomyocardial fibrosis.
  • the fibrosis is a fibrosis that does not include myocardial infarction.
  • the fibrosis is a fibrosis that does not include atrial fibrosis.
  • the fibrosis is a fibrosis that does not include medastinal fibrosis.
  • the fibrosis is a fibrosis that does not include myelofibrosis.
  • the fibrosis is a fibrosis that does not include retroperitoneal fibrosis. In some embodiments, the fibrosis is a fibrosis that does not include nephrogenic systemic fibrosis. In some embodiments, the fibrosis is a fibrosis that does not include keloid. In some embodiments, the fibrosis is a fibrosis that does not include Crohn's disease. In some embodiments, the fibrosis is a fibrosis that does not include scleroderma/systemic sclerosis. In some embodiments, the fibrosis is a fibrosis that does not include arthrofibrosis.
  • the fibrosis is a fibrosis that does not include Peyronie's disease. In some embodiments, the fibrosis is a fibrosis that does not include Dupuytren's contracture. In some embodiments, the fibrosis is a fibrosis that does not include adhesive capsulitis. In some embodiments, the fibrosis is a fibrosis that does not include focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis. In some embodiments, the fibrosis is a fibrosis that does not include fibrous lesions or plaques in the arteries.
  • the oxidized lipid treats or prevents liver inflammation, but does not alter liver fibrosis. In other embodiments, the oxidized lipid treats or prevents liver fibrosis, but does not alter liver inflammation.
  • the inflammatory disease or disorder is liver inflammation, atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis, multiple sclerosis, or psoriasis.
  • the inflammatory disease or disorder is an inflammatory cardiovascular disease or disorder, a cerebrovascular disease or disorder, or a peripheral vascular disease or disorder.
  • the inflammatory disease or disorder is an inflammatory cardiovascular disease or disorder selected from the group consisting of occlusive diseases or disorders, atherosclerosis, cardiac valvular disease, stenosis, restenosis, in- stent-stenosis, myocardial infarction, coronary arterial disease, acute coronary syndromes, congestive heart failure, angina pectoris, myocardial ischemia, thrombosis, Wegener's granulomatosis, Takayasu's arteritis, Kawasaki syndrome, anti-factor VIII autoimmune diseases or disorders, necrotizing small vessel vasculitis, microscopic polyangiitis, Churg and Strauss syndrome, pauci-immune focal necrotizing glomerulonephritis, crescentic glomerulonephritis, antiphospholipid syndrome, antibody induced heart failure, thrombocytopenic purpura, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, cardiac autoimmunity, Chagas' disease or disorder,
  • the inflammatory disease or disorder is a cerebrovascular disease or disorder selected from the group consisting of stroke, cerebrovascular inflammation, cerebral hemorrhage, and vertebral arterial insufficiency.
  • the inflammatory disease or disorder is a peripheral vascular disease or disorder is selected from the group consisting of gangrene, diabetic vasculopathy, ischemic bowel disease, thrombosis, diabetic retinopathy, and diabetic nephropathy.
  • activity of TLR2, TLR4 and/or CD14 is inhibited in a treated cell.
  • activity of TLR2 and TLR4 is inhibited; activity of TLR4 and CD 14 is inhibited; activity of TLR2 and CD 14 is inhibited; or activity of TLR2, TLR4 and CD14 is inhibited.
  • steatosis in a subject treated with an oxidized lipid of the invention is not reduced, compared to that in untreated or placebo-treated subjects.
  • liver lobular formation in a subject treated with an oxidized lipid of the invention is decreased, compared to that in untreated or placebo-treated subjects.
  • liver lobular formulation in a subject treated with an oxidized lipid of the invention is not decreased, compared to that in untreated or placebo-treated subjects.
  • steatosis in a subject treated with an oxidized lipid of the invention is not reduced and liver lobular formation in a subject treated with an oxidized lipid of the invention is decreased, compared to those in untreated or placebo-treated subjects, respectively.
  • steatosis in a subject treated with an oxidized lipid of the invention is not reduced and liver lobular formation in a subject treated with an oxidized lipid of the invention is not decreased, compared to those in untreated or placebo-treated subjects, respectively.
  • foam cell-like macrophages are decreased in a subject treated with an oxidized lipid of the invention, compared to that in untreated or placebo-treated subjects.
  • liver lobular formation and foam cell-like macrophages in a subject treated with an oxidized lipid of the invention are decreased, compared to those in untreated or placebo-treated subjects, respectively.
  • liver lobular inflammation in a subject treated with an oxidized lipid of the invention is decreased, compared to that in untreated or placebo- treated subjects.
  • liver lobular inflammation and foam cell-like macrophages in a subject treated with an oxidized lipid of the invention are decreased, compared to those in untreated or placebo-treated subjects, respectively.
  • liver lobular formation, liver lobular inflammation and foam cell-like macrophages in a subject treated with an oxidized lipid of the invention are decreased, compared to those in untreated or placebo-treated subjects, respectively.
  • liver lobular formation in a subject treated with an oxidized lipid of the invention is decreased by about 5% to about 50% (e.g., about 5%, about 10%>, about 20%, about 30%), about 40%, about 50%, or any ranges between the specified values) compared to that in untreated or placebo-treated subjects.
  • the formation of foam cell-like macrophages in a subject treated with an oxidized lipid of the invention is decreased by about 5% to about 50% (e.g., about 5%, about 10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%), about 50%, or any ranges between the specified values) compared to that in untreated or placebo-treated subjects.
  • liver lobular inflammation in a subject treated with an oxidized lipid of the invention is decreased by about 5% to about 50% (e.g., about 5%, about 10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, or any ranges between the specified values) compared to that in untreated or placebo-treated subjects.
  • the oxidized lipid is a compound having a structure according to any of Formulae 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 as described herein.
  • the oxidized lipid is a compound having a structure of:
  • the oxidized lipid is a compound selected from the group consisting of (R)-l-hexadecyl-2-(4'-carboxy)butyl-sn-glycero-3 -phosphoric acid pyridinium ethyl ester (VB-701); (R)-l-eicosanyl-2-(4'-carboxy)butyl-sn-glycero-3- phosphoric acid pyridiniumethyl ester (VB-702); (R)-l-(2'-octyl)dodecyl-2-(4'- carboxy)butyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoric acid pyridiniumethyl ester (VB-703); (R)-l- hexadecyl-2-(4'-carboxymethyl)butyl-sn-glycero-3 -phosphoric acid pyridiniumethyl ester (VB-704); and (R)-l-hexade
  • the compound has an enantiomeric purity of about 80% ee or more, e.g., about 80%> ee, about 85%> ee, about 90% ee, about 91% ee, about 92% ee, about 93% ee, about 94% ee, about 95% ee, about 96%) ee, about 97% ee, about 98%> ee, about 99% ee, about 99.5% ee or more.
  • the compound has an enantiomeric purity of from about 80% ee to about 100%) ee, about 85% ee to about 100% ee, about 90% ee to about 100% ee, about 95% ee to about 100%, about 80% ee to about 99.5% ee, about 85% ee to about 99.5% ee, about 90% ee to about 99.5% ee, about 95% ee to about 99.5%, or any range thereof.
  • the oxidized lipid is a compound having a structure of:
  • the oxidized lipid is a compound selected from the group consisting of (R)-l-(2'-octyl)dodecyl-2-(4'-carboxy)butyl-glycero-sn-3 -phosphoric acid 3- fluoro-pyridiniumethyl ester (VB-706) and (R)-l-(2'-octyl)dodecyl-2-(4'-carboxy)butyl- glycero-sn-3 -phosphoric acid 3-phenyl-pyridiniumethyl ester (VB-707).
  • the prefix "(R)- " refers to the configuration of the C-2 carbon of the glycerol backbone.
  • the compound has an enantiomeric purity of about 80% ee or more, e.g., about 80% ee, about 85% ee, about 90% ee, about 91% ee, about 92% ee, about 93% ee, about 94% ee, about 95% ee, about 96% ee, about 97% ee, about 98% ee, about 99% ee, about 99.5%) ee or more.
  • the compound has an enantiomeric purity of from about 80% ee to about 100% ee, about 85% ee to about 100% ee, about 90% ee to about 100% ee, about 95% ee to about 100%, about 80% ee to about 99.5% ee, about 85%) ee to about 99.5% ee, about 90% ee to about 99.5% ee, about 95% ee to about 99.5%), or any range thereof.
  • the oxidized lipid compound treats or prevents fibrosis
  • the oxidized lipid compound reduces liver inflammation as well as, or better than, telmisartan.
  • the oxidized lipid compound reduces liver fibrosis as well as, or better than, telmisartan.
  • an oxidized lipid compound of the invention treats or prevents kidney fibrosis as well as, or better than, telmisartan.
  • an oxidized lipid compound of the invention treats or prevents focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis as well as, or better than, telmisartan.
  • the oxidized lipid compound inhibits formation of ligand- induced phosphorylation of IKK, ERK, AKT, or p38 comparable to or more than VB-201 (l-hexadecyl-2-(4'-carboxy)butyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine or l-hexadecyl-2-(4'- carboxybutyl)-glycerol-3-phosphocholine) inhibits formation of ligand-induced phosphorylation of IKK, ERK, AKT, or p38.
  • the compound inhibits ligand-induced cell migration comparable to or more than VB-201 inhibits ligand-induced cell migration.
  • the ligand is LPS, PGN, MCPl, or PAM3.
  • the cell migration is monocyte migration.
  • the subject is a mammal or a human.
  • the human is a female.
  • the human is a male.
  • an oxidized lipid of the invention is a compound having a structure according to Formula 6:
  • n is an integer from 1 to 6, wherein when n is 1, Cn, Bn, Rn, and Y are absent, and
  • Ci is attached to R'n;
  • each of Bi, B 2 , ...Bn-1 and Bn is independently selected from the group consisting of oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, phosphorus and silicon, wherein each of said nitrogen, phosphorus and silicon is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of alkyl, halo, cycloalkyl, aryl, hydroxy, thiohydroxy, alkoxy, aryloxy, thioaryloxy, thioalkoxy, and oxo;
  • Y is a moiety having the general formula:
  • each of U, B' and B" is independently selected from the group consisting of sulfur and oxygen;
  • each of D' and D" is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, a negative charge, alkyl, amino substituted alkyl, heteroalicyclic substituted alkyl, heteroaiyl substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, phosphonate, and thiophosphonate; and
  • each of Xi, X 2 , ...Xn-1 is independently a saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon having the general Formula 7:
  • n is an integer from 1 to 26;
  • Z is selected from the group consisting of:
  • W is selected from the group consisting of oxygen and sulfur
  • Rb, ...Rm-1, Rm-1, Rm and Rm is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaiyl, halo, trihalomethyl, hydroxy, alkoxy, aiyloxy, thiohydroxy, thioalkoxy, thioaiyloxy, phosphonate, phosphate, phosphinyl, sulfonyl, sulfinyl, sulfonamide, amide, carbonyl, thiocarbonyl, C-carboxy, O- carboxy, C-carbamate, N-carbamate, C-thiocarboxy, S-thiocarboxy and amino, or, alternatively, at least two of Ri, R'i, R2, ...Rn-1, Rn and R'n and/or at least two of Ra, R'a, Rb, R'b, ...Rm-1,
  • an oxidized lipid of the invention is a compound having a ructure according to Formula 6 as defined herein, or a stereoisomer, a stereoisomeric
  • n 3;
  • each of U, B' and B" is oxygen
  • one of D' and D" is a heteroalicyclic substituted alkyl or heteroaryl substituted alkyl, and the other of D' and D" is hydrogen or a negative charge.
  • one of D' and D" is a heteroaryl substituted alkyl, and the other of D' and D" is hydrogen or a negative charge.
  • the invention relates to deuterated analogs, prodrugs, hydrates, and solvates of any of the oxidized lipid described herein (e.g., having a structure according to Formulae 1-6).
  • l-alkyl-2-(4'-carboxymethyl)butyl-glycerol was dried by azeotropic distillation from benzene. After cooling to room temperature under nitrogen, (2-bromoethyl)- phosphorylchloride (1.5eq) was added and the mixture resulted was stirred at room temperature for 15 minutes. The reaction mixture was then cooled in an ice bath. Pyridine (anhydrous, 1.2eq) was then added dropwise. The reaction mixture was then allowed to stir at room temperature overnight. After which, the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. Water was then added and the reaction mixture was refluxed for 1 hr. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction mixture was extracted with ether.
  • reaction mixture was extracted with dichloromethane (3 x 100 ml) and the combined organic phase was washed sequentially with water (150 ml), sulfuric acid (2%, 100 ml), water (150 ml), saturated sodium bicarbonate (150 ml) and again with water (150 ml). Removing the solvent under reduced pressure yielded O-tosyl ethylene glycol 7.74g as a colorless oil.
  • l-alkyl-2-(4'-carboxy)butyl-glycero-sn-3 -phosphoric acid pyridiniumethyl ester was dissolved in methanol. Hydrochloric acid was added to the methanol solution and the mixture stirred at room temperature for 4 hrs. After which, water was added to the reaction mixture. The resulting mixture was extracted with CHC1 3 . The organic phase was washed sequentially with water, saturated sodium bicarbonate and again with water, and then dried over sodium sulfate. Removal of the solvent under reduced pressure then yielded l-alkyl-2-(4'-carboxymethyl)butyl-glycero-sn-3 -phosphoric acid pyridinium ethyl ester.
  • VB-703 was synthesized by two synthetic procedures according to the general procedures described above.
  • VB-701 Inhibits LPS (TLR4)-Induced Signaling in Human Monocytes (primary
  • PBMCs were isolated on Ficoll-Paque PLUS (GE Healthcare, Uppsala, Sweden) using 50 ml Leucosep tubes (Greiner Bio-One, Frickenhausen, Germany). Cells were washed in PBS (Kibbutz Beit Haemek, Israel) and incubated at 4 °C for 15 minutes in a buffer containing PBS and 0.5% bovine serum albumin (BSA) with human CD14 microbeads (Miltenyi Biotec, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany). Activation of cells and Western blotting
  • p-ERKl/2 (Cat. No. M8159; 1 : 10 000) was purchased from Sigma (Israel).
  • aTubulin (Tub) served as a loading control.
  • Figure 2 shows that VB-701 and VB-201 inhibit formation of p-IKK, p-ERK and p-p38 induced by LPS in human monocytes. Accordingly, VB-701 and VB-201 inhibit LPS (TLR4)-induced signaling in human monocytes (primary CD 14+).
  • VB-701 Inhibits PGN (TLR2)-Induced Signaling in Human Monocytes (THP-1 cell line)
  • the monocytic THP-1 cell line was purchased from the American Type Tissue
  • p-ERKl/2 (Cat. No. M8159; 1 : 10000) was purchased from Sigma (Israel). aTubulin served as a loading control.
  • Figure 3 shows that VB-701 and VB-201 inhibit formation of p-IKK, p-ERK and p-p38 induced by PGN in THP-1 cells. Accordingly, VB-701 and VB-201 inhibit PGN (TLR2)-induced signaling.
  • TLR2 PGN
  • VB-701 Inhibits MCP-1 -Induced Signaling in Human Monocytes (THP-1 cell line)
  • THP-1 cells (10 6 /ml) were pretreated for 20 min with VB-201 or VB-701 at the doses indicated in Figure 4, or with solvent, followed by activation with 50 ng/ml MCP1, or were untreated ("Unt"). Cells were washed and resuspended in lysis buffer containing 1 : 100 dithiothreitol (DTT), phosphatase and protease inhibitors (Thermo Scientific). Samples were loaded onto a precast Criterion TGX gel (Bio-Rad, Hemel Hempstead, UK) and transferred onto nitrocellulose membrane.
  • DTT dithiothreitol
  • phosphatase and protease inhibitors Thermo Scientific
  • p-AKT (Cat. No. 4060; 1 : 1000) was purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA). aTubulin served as a loading control and was purchased from Sigma (Israel).
  • Figure 4 shows that VB-701 and VB-201 inhibit formation of p-AKT and p-ERK induced by MCP1 in THP-1 cells. Accordingly, VB-701 and VB-201 inhibit MCP1- induced signaling.
  • Example 12
  • PBMCs were isolated on Ficoll-Paque PLUS (GE Healthcare, Uppsala, Sweden) using 50 ml Leucosep tubes (Greiner Bio-One, Frickenhausen, Germany). Cells were washed in PBS (Kibbutz Beit Haemek, Israel) and incubated at 4 °C for 15 minutes in a buffer containing PBS and 0.5% bovine serum albumin (BSA) with human CD14 microbeads (Miltenyi Biotec, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany).
  • BSA bovine serum albumin
  • RANTES 100 ng/ml; Cat. No.
  • Figure 5 shows that VB-701 and VB-201 inhibit chemokine-induced migration of human monocytes (primary CD 14+).
  • VB-702 Inhibits LPS (TL 4)-Induced Signaling in Human Monocytes (primary
  • VB-702 Inhibits RANTES-Induced Signaling in Human Monocytes (primary
  • Human monocytes were obtained, treated and analyzed by western blot as described in Example 9 and Figure 7, except that cells were induced with RANTES (100 ng/ml; Cat. No. 300-06, PeproTech, Israel) for 15 minutes.
  • Figure 7 shows that VB-702 and VB-201 inhibit formation of p-ERK induced by RANTES in human monocytes. Accordingly, VB-702 and VB-201 inhibit RANTES-induced signaling in human monocytes (primary CD 14+).
  • VB-701 and VB-702 Inhibit IL-12p40 Levels in Human Monocytes (primary CD14+) Stimulated with LPS (via TLR4) or Pam3CSK4 (TLR2- Stimulated)
  • Human monocytes were seeded (10 6 /ml) and pretreated for 1 hour with VB-201, VB-701 or VB-702, followed by 24 hour activation with 100 ng/ml LPS from Escherichia coli strain 055 :B5 (Sigma, Israel) ( Figure 9A) or 300 ng/ml Pam3CSK4 (InvivoGen, San Diego, CA, USA) ( Figure 9B) to induce cytokine production. IL-12/23p40 concentration in the supernatant was then measured by ELISA (R&D systems, Cat. No. DY1240). Cells activated with solvent (0.5% ethanol in PBS) were used as a control.
  • Figures 9A-9B show that VB-201, VB-701 and VB-702 inhibit IL-12p40 levels in in human monocytes (primary CD14+) LPS (TLR4)- and Pam3CSK4 (TLR2)-stimulated.
  • VB-703 Inhibits LPS (TLR4)-Induced Signaling, LPS binding, Liver inflammation and Fibrosis
  • PBMCs were isolated on Ficoll-Paque PLUS (GE Healthcare, Uppsala, Sweden) using 50 ml Leucosep tubes (Greiner Bio-One, Frickenhausen, Germany). Cells were washed in PBS (Kibbutz Beit Haemek, Israel) and incubated at 4 °C for 15 minutes in a buffer containing PBS and 0.5% bovine serum albumin (BSA) with human CD14 microbeads (Miltenyi Biotec, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany). Activation of cells and Western blotting
  • HSP Heat shock protein
  • VB-201 or VB-703 were incubated for 20 min with cells (10 6 /ml) after which 100 ng/ml of biotin-LPS (InvivoGen) was added for an additional 15 minutes, all at 4 °C. Cells were washed, resuspended in FACS buffer and analyzed on a FACS-Calibur device.
  • NASH nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
  • NASH was induced in 40 male mice by a single subcutaneous injection of 200 ⁇ g per mouse of STZ two days after birth and feeding HFD [57 kcal% fat]) from four weeks of age.
  • liver pathology was used to determine the effect of VB-703 on liver inflammation and fibrosis. Histology slides were stained with hematoxylin/eosin (H&E) to assess inflammation. The inflammation score was determined as follows:
  • RNA was prepared from livers from normal mice and NASH-induced mice treated with vehicle, VB-703, or telmisartan, using RNeasy mini kit (Qiagen).
  • RNA was combined with qScript reaction mix and qScript Reverse Transcriptase (Quanta Biosciences) for 5 min at 22° C and then for 30 min at 42° C. Reaction was ended by incubation for an additional 5 min at 85° C. All real time PCR reactions were performed using the 7300 Real Time PCR System (Applied Biosy stems).
  • Q-PCR with mouse ready set of probe with primer was used for IL- ⁇ , IL-12/23p40 and MCP-1 (Applied Biosystems).
  • GAPDH was used to normalize RNA levels.
  • FIG. 10A shows that VB-703 inhibited inflammatory cell signaling molecules phosphorylated ERK kinase (p-ERK), phosphorylated p38 (p-p38) and phosphorylated IKK kinase (p-IKK) in a dose dependent manner.
  • p-ERK phosphorylated ERK kinase
  • p-p38 phosphorylated p38
  • p-IKK phosphorylated IKK kinase
  • Figure 10B shows that VB-703 inhibited the binding of LPS with an IC50 of ⁇ 0 ⁇ g/ml, more than a 10-fold lower IC50 than that of VB-201
  • VB-703 inhibits liver fibrosis
  • VB-703 inhibits expression of inflammation mediators
  • Figures 21A-21C show that the expression of two pro-inflammatory cytokines
  • IL- ⁇ and IL-12/23p40 were significantly inhibited in livers taken from NASH-induced mice that were treated with VB-703.
  • THP-1 cells were obtained, treated and analyzed by western blot as described in
  • FIG. 13 shows that VB-703 and VB-201 inhibit formation of p-IKK, p-ERK and p-p38 induced by PGN THP-1 cells. Accordingly, VB-703 and VB-201 inhibit PGN (TLR2)-induced signaling in human monocytes (THP-1 cell line).
  • VB-703 Inhibits IL-6 Secretion in LPS (TLR4)-Stimulated Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells (Mo-Derived DCs)
  • CD14+ monocytes were counted, washed and seeded (10 6 /ml) in medium containing RPMI-1640, L-glutamine, ⁇ - mercaptoethanol, 10% fetal calf serum (FCS), sodium pyruvate, non-essential amino acids, 0.01 M HEPES, antibiotics (penicillin, streptomycin), 50 ng/ml human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GMCSF) and 20 ng/ml human IL-4 (both from PeproTech Asia, Israel). Medium was replaced every 2-3 days.
  • Mo-DCs were collected 5-6 days post-culture, counted and seeded (10 6 /ml). Cells were pretreated for 1 hour with VB-201 or VB-703, followed by 24 hours activation with 100 ng/ml LPS from Escherichia coli strain 055 :B5 (Sigma, Israel) to induce cytokine production.
  • IL-6 concentration ( Figure 14) and IL-12/23p40 ( Figure 15) concentration in supernatant were measured by ELISA (R&D systems, Cat. No. DY1240 and Cat. No. DY206, respectively). Cells activated with solvent (0.5% ethanol in PBS) were used as a control.
  • Figures 14 and 15 show VB-703 and VB-201 inhibit IL-6 ( Figure 14) and IL-
  • FIG. 18 shows that VB-705 and VB-201 inhibit formation of p-ERK and p-AKT induced by LPS in human monocytes. Accordingly, VB-705 and VB-201 inhibit LPS (TLR4)-induced signaling in human monocytes (primary CD 14+).
  • VB-705 Does Not Inhibit SDFl -Induced Migration of Human Monocyte (THP-1 cells)
  • THP-1 cells (10 6 /ml) were pretreated for 20 min with VB-201 or VB-705 at 5 ⁇ g/ml, or with solvent (Sol).
  • solvent Sol
  • RANTES 100 ng/ml, Cat. No. 300-06
  • MCP-1 50 ng/ml, Cat. No. 300-04
  • FBS fetal bovine serum
  • Figure 20 shows VB-705 does not inhibit SDF1 -induced migration of human monocytes (THP-1 cell line).
  • Chronic renal failure was induced by a two stage (5/6) nephrectomy (Nx), with subtraction firstly of about 2/3 of the left kidney by left flank incision and, one week later, complete removal of the right kidney.
  • Nx nephrectomy
  • General anesthesia consisted of intraperitoneal injection of ketamine 100 mg/kg and xylazine 20 mg/kg (0.85 ml ketamine + 0.15 ml xylazine for each ml preparation; 1 ⁇ /g BW was injected LP).
  • Nephrectomized, orally administered with VB-703 4 mg/kg (n 8);
  • BW Body weight
  • Proteinuria and albuminuria was determined in urine specimens, collected during a 24-hour period, from animals housed in cages at 4 weeks (3w of treatment) and 8 weeks (7w of treatment) after the subtotal nephrectomy (2 nd surgery). Urine samples were analyzed for: glucose, urea, sodium, potassium, creatinine, total protein, and albumin.
  • kidneys were collected, weighed and fixed in 4% formaldehyde.
  • Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS) reagent Masson's Trichrome and Hematoxylin & Eosin.
  • Glomerular area The glomerular area of mostly 100 randomly selected glomeruli at a magnification of xlOO was quantitated by counting squares covered by glomeruli area using a grid and the mean glomeruli area was calculated.
  • Renal tissues were fixed in 4% formaldehyde and embedded in paraffin. The paraffin-embedded tissues were then cut to form tissue slides of 4 ⁇ . Immunohi stochemi stry of the paraffin-embedded tissue slides was analyzed using antibodies in the following concentration: monoclonal mouse anti rat CD-68 (ED-1, Serotec MCA341) 1 :25. For quantitation of interstitial CD68+ staining, the number of positive cells was counted in 20 randomly selected non-overlapping fields per animal, and the mean value was presented.
  • Kidney RNA was extracted with an RNeasy Fibrous Tissue Mini kit (Qiagen) and after DNAse I treatment, single-stranded cDNA was synthesized from 2 ⁇ g total RNA using the qScript cDNA Synthesis Kit (Quanta Biosciences) and diluted for real-time PCR.
  • the expression of collagen 4a, fibronectin and TGFp was quantified using the 7300 Real Time PCR System (Applied Biosystems).
  • the assay was performed according to manufacturer instructions using the primers (Assay ID) represented at the table below supplied by Applied Biosystems. Data were normalized to the reference gene TATA box Binding Protein (TBP) and presented as relative mRNA levels compared with Sham PBS 0.5% Eth treatment (Table 1).
  • Glomeruli were evaluated for their fibrosis extent by scoring and by calculation of the percent of glomeruli having segmental sclerosis, global sclerosis and the sum of global and segmental sclerotic glomeruli. Moreover, the area of the glomeruli was calculated and the percent of hypertrophied glomeruli was calculated. Damaged glomeruli included hypertrophied (at least xl .5 from normal area) and or sclerotic glomeruli.
  • VB-703 and telmisartan treatment significantly reduced the damaged glomeruli percent by 38% (p ⁇ 0.005) and 31% (p ⁇ 0.005) respectively (FIG. 23). This effect was partially contributed by the reduction in glomeruli hypertrophy. The major contribution to the reduction in glomeruli damage was due to the reduction in sclerotic glomeruli. VB- 703 and telmisartan treatment resulted in a 49% (p ⁇ 0.005) and 57% (p ⁇ 0.005) reduction of sclerotic glomeruli, respectively (FIG. 24, Table 2).
  • FIG. 25 shows typical sclerotic changes in glomeruli (PAS staining) of vehicle treated nephrectomized animals in contrast with healthy or sham operated animals or with VB-703 treated animals, or telmisartan treated animal.
  • fibronectin The mRNA expression of fibronectin was increased by 16 or 13 fold respectively in vehicle treated nephrectomized rats (12.7 ⁇ 1.01) in contrast with healthy (0.8 ⁇ 0.08) or sham operated animals (1.0 ⁇ 0.31).
  • VB-703 treatment significantly (p ⁇ 0.005) reduced fibronectin expression by 47% (6.7 ⁇ 0.98) compared to those observed for Nx PBS 0.5% Eth treatment.
  • Telmisartan treatment moderately reduced fibronectin expression by 23% (9.8 ⁇ 2.09); however this reduction was not statistically significant (FIG. 26B).
  • TGF- ⁇ The mRNA expression of TGF- ⁇ was increased by 10 or 8 fold respectively in vehicle treated nephrectomized rats (8.4 ⁇ 0.49) in contrast with healthy (0.9 ⁇ 0.24) or sham operated animals (1.0 ⁇ 0.23) (p ⁇ 0.001).
  • VB-703 and telmisartan treatment significantly (p ⁇ 0.001) reduced TGF- ⁇ expression by 42% (4.8 ⁇ 0.32), and by 44% (4.7 ⁇ 0.52), respectively, compared to those observed for Nx PBS 0.5% Eth treatment (FIG. 26C).
  • FIGs. 27A-27B show the effect of VB-703 on monocyte/macrophage cell infiltration in the glomeruli (FIG. 27A) or in the interstitium (FIG. 27B).
  • VB-703 and telmisartan did not produce a significant effect on reducing glomerular and interstitial monocyte/macrophage infiltration.

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CN106999447B (zh) 2020-10-30
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