WO2015194142A1 - 炭素系材料、電極触媒、電極、電気化学装置、燃料電池、及び炭素系材料の製造方法 - Google Patents
炭素系材料、電極触媒、電極、電気化学装置、燃料電池、及び炭素系材料の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
- C01B32/20—Graphite
- C01B32/21—After-treatment
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J27/00—Catalysts comprising the elements or compounds of halogens, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, phosphorus or nitrogen; Catalysts comprising carbon compounds
- B01J27/24—Nitrogen compounds
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
- B01J37/08—Heat treatment
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
- C01B32/05—Preparation or purification of carbon not covered by groups C01B32/15, C01B32/20, C01B32/25, C01B32/30
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
- H01M4/92—Metals of platinum group
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/96—Carbon-based electrodes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a carbon-based material, an electrode catalyst and an electrode including the carbon-based material, an electrochemical device and a fuel cell including the electrode, and a method for producing the carbon-based material.
- the oxygen reduction reaction shown below is a cathode reaction in H 2 / O 2 fuel cells, salt electrolysis, etc., and is important in energy conversion electrochemical devices and the like.
- oxygen generation reaction which is the reverse reaction of this oxygen reduction reaction, is important as an anode reaction in water electrolysis and the like.
- noble metals such as platinum, ruthenium oxide, and iridium oxide are generally widely used as catalysts.
- these noble metals are rare and expensive, and the price is unstable. Therefore, the use of noble metals has problems from the viewpoint of resource saving, securing availability, and cost reduction.
- Non-Patent Document 1 discloses that a carbon-based crystal containing iron and nitrogen is obtained by heating a mixture of iron phthalocyanine and a phenol resin in an inert gas at 700 to 900 ° C. for 2 to 3 hours. It is disclosed that it can be obtained. And it is disclosed that the carbon-based crystal functions as a catalyst for promoting oxygen reduction. Further, it is disclosed that in this catalyst formation process, iron also has a catalytic function for promoting crystallization of carbon-based crystals.
- Non-Patent Document 2 also discloses a carbon-based crystal that can function as a catalyst. Specifically, first, graphene oxide in a mixture of graphene oxide, iron chloride, and graphite-like carbon nitride (g-C 3 N 4 ) is chemically reduced using a reducing agent to generate graphene. To do. Furthermore, this mixture was heated under the conditions of 800 ° C. and 2 hours under an argon gas atmosphere to obtain a carbon-based crystal containing iron and nitrogen. It is disclosed that the carbon-based crystal functions as a catalyst for promoting the oxygen reduction reaction.
- graphene oxide in a mixture of graphene oxide, iron chloride, and graphite-like carbon nitride g-C 3 N 4
- this mixture was heated under the conditions of 800 ° C. and 2 hours under an argon gas atmosphere to obtain a carbon-based crystal containing iron and nitrogen. It is disclosed that the carbon-based crystal functions as a catalyst for promoting the oxygen reduction reaction.
- Patent Document 1 and Non-Patent Document 3 disclose a method of highly dispersing a metal complex on a support surface as a measure for improving the activity of a catalyst in which the metal complex is supported on a carbon support.
- the catalytic activity of the catalyst used for the electrode has been improved as compared with the conventional case.
- further improvement in catalytic activity is required. ing.
- the method described in the prior art document changes the density of active centers while keeping the structure of the active centers of the catalyst.
- the methods described in the prior art documents are difficult to fundamentally improve the catalyst activity because the active center of the catalyst is not controlled.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a carbon-based material that has high catalytic activity and can be easily manufactured, an electrode catalyst and an electrode including the carbon-based material, an electrochemical device and a fuel cell including the electrode, and the carbon-based material. It is to provide a method for manufacturing a material.
- the carbon-based material according to the first aspect of the present invention is doped with graphite or amorphous carbon particles, graphite or amorphous carbon particles, and is doped with nitrogen atoms, boron atoms, sulfur atoms.
- a non-metal atom that is at least one selected from the group consisting of phosphorus atoms, and a metal atom doped into graphite or amorphous carbon particles.
- the interatomic distance between the metal atom and the nonmetal atom is 1.4 cm or less.
- the method for producing a carbon-based material according to the second aspect of the present invention includes a metal coordinated to at least one nonmetallic atom selected from the group consisting of a nitrogen atom, a boron atom, a sulfur atom and a phosphorus atom. And a step of mixing a compound containing atoms with a carbon source material containing at least one of graphite and amorphous carbon particles. Furthermore, the manufacturing method of a carbonaceous material has the process of heating the mixture of the said compound and carbon source raw material at 800 to 1000 degreeC.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view showing an example of the configuration of the fuel cell in the present embodiment.
- FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view showing an example of a gas diffusion electrode in the present embodiment.
- FIG. 3 is a flowchart showing a manufacturing process of the carbon-based material according to the present embodiment.
- FIG. 4 is a graph showing a voltammogram when a 0.5 M H 2 SO 4 aqueous solution is used as the electrolytic solution for the carbon-based material of each example.
- FIG. 5 is a graph showing a voltammogram when a 0.1 M NaOH aqueous solution is used as the electrolytic solution for the carbon-based material of each example.
- FIG. 6 is a graph showing a radial distribution function derived from an Fe K-edge EXAFS spectrum obtained for the carbon-based material of each example.
- FIG. 7A is a graph showing a spectrum obtained by XPS measurement for the carbon-based material of each example.
- FIG. 7B is a graph showing an offset of the spectrum obtained for each example in order to facilitate understanding of each spectrum shown in FIG. 7A.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view showing an example of the configuration of the fuel cell in the present embodiment. In the figure, a load to which a current is supplied when connected to the fuel cell is also illustrated.
- FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view showing an example of a gas diffusion electrode in the present embodiment.
- the fuel cell 1 includes a carbon-based material described later as an electrode catalyst.
- the fuel cell 1 is a primary battery that can discharge electricity.
- a hydrogen fuel cell such as a polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) and a phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC), and a microbial fuel cell ( MFC).
- PEFC polymer electrolyte fuel cell
- PAFC phosphoric acid fuel cell
- MFC microbial fuel cell
- a hydrogen fuel cell is a fuel cell that obtains electrical energy from hydrogen and oxygen by the reverse reaction of water electrolysis.
- PEFC, PAFC, alkaline fuel cell (AFC), molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC), solid An electrolyte fuel cell (SOFC) or the like is known.
- the fuel cell 1 of the present embodiment is preferably PEFC or PAFC.
- PEFC is a fuel cell using a proton conductive ion exchange membrane as an electrolyte material
- PAFC is a fuel cell using phosphoric acid (H 3 PO 4 ) impregnated in a matrix layer as an electrolyte material.
- Such a fuel cell 1 includes an electrolyte solution 11 (electrolyte material), for example, as shown in FIG.
- the fuel cell 1 includes an anode 12 (fuel electrode, negative electrode or negative electrode) and a cathode 13 (air electrode, positive electrode or positive electrode).
- the anode 12 is an electrode that emits electrons to the load 2 by an oxygen generation reaction.
- the cathode 13 is an electrode through which electrons flow from the load 2 due to an oxygen reduction reaction.
- the cathode 13 is configured as a gas diffusion electrode and includes a carbon-based material described later. Specifically, the carbon-based material is included in the cathode 13 as an electrode catalyst.
- the gas diffusion electrode can be suitably applied to electrodes such as hydrogen fuel cells and MFCs.
- the fuel cell 1 according to the present embodiment may have a known configuration except that the fuel cell 1 includes a cathode 13 and the cathode 13 is a gas diffusion electrode including an electrode catalyst including a carbon-based material.
- the fuel cell 1 may be manufactured by “Technology of Fuel Cell”, edited by the IEEJ Fuel Cell Power Generation Next Generation System Technology Investigation Special Committee, Ohmsha, H17, Watanabe, K.A. , J .; Biosci. Bioeng. , 2008,. 106: 528-536.
- the cathode 13 is configured as a gas diffusion electrode and includes a carbon-based material.
- the present invention is not limited to this.
- a gas diffusion electrode including an electrode catalyst containing a carbon-based material can be used for both the anode 12 and the cathode 13.
- a gas diffusion electrode including an electrode catalyst containing a carbon-based material may be used as the anode 12.
- the electrode catalyst included in the anode 12 promotes an oxidation reaction (H 2 ⁇ 2H + + 2e ⁇ ) of hydrogen gas as a fuel, and donates electrons to the anode 12.
- a gas diffusion electrode provided with an electrode catalyst containing a carbon-based material may be used as the cathode 13.
- the electrode catalyst contained in the cathode 13 promotes a reduction reaction (1 / 2O 2 + 2H + + 2e ⁇ ⁇ H 2 O) of oxygen gas that is an oxidizing agent.
- the anode 12 accepts electrons directly from the electron donating microorganism. Therefore, in this case, the gas diffusion electrode is mainly used as a cathode that causes the same electrode reaction as that of the hydrogen fuel cell.
- the cathode 13 includes a porous support 31 having conductivity and a carbon-based material 32 as an electrode catalyst supported on the support 31.
- the carbon-based material 32 has a particulate shape composed of a core layer 33 and a dope layer 34, and is supported on the carrier 31 by a fixing agent 35.
- the cathode 13 may further include a support as necessary.
- the carbon-based material 32 may be disposed on the surface of the cathode 13 in order for the redox reaction involving the reaction gas, electron donating microorganisms, and the like to proceed at the cathode 13.
- the carrier 31 is a member that has conductivity and can carry a carbon-based material that is a catalyst. If it has such a characteristic, the material of the support
- Carbon material means a material containing carbon as a component.
- the carbon-based material include graphite, activated carbon, carbon powder (for example, carbon black, Vulcan (registered trademark) XC-72R, acetylene black, furnace black, Denka black (registered trademark), etc.), carbon fiber (graphite felt, Carbon wool, carbon woven fabric, etc.), carbon plate, carbon paper, carbon disk and the like.
- examples of the carbon-based material include fine-structured materials such as carbon nanotubes, carbon nanohorns, and carbon nanoclusters.
- a carbonaceous material may be used individually by 1 type, and multiple types may be mixed and used for it.
- Conductive polymer is a general term for conductive polymer compounds.
- the conductive polymer include aniline, aminophenol, diaminophenol, pyrrole, thiophene, paraphenylene, fluorene, furan, acetylene, or a polymer of two or more monomers having a structural unit as a constituent unit.
- examples of the conductive polymer include polyaniline, polyaminophenol, polydiaminophenol, polypyrrole, polythiophene, polyparaphenylene, polyfluorene, polyfuran, and polyacetylene.
- a conductive polymer may be used individually by 1 type, and multiple types may be mixed and used for it.
- the preferred support 31 is a carbon-based material, but is not limited thereto. Further, if the carrier 31 is porous, the carrier 31 can function as a gas diffusion layer. A gas-liquid interface is formed in the gas diffusion layer.
- the carrier 31 may be composed of a single material or may be composed of a combination of two or more materials.
- the carrier 31 may be configured by combining a carbon-based material and a conductive polymer, or may be configured by combining carbon powder, which is a carbon-based material, and carbon paper.
- the shape of the carrier 31 is not particularly limited as long as the carbon material 32 as a catalyst can be supported on the surface thereof.
- the shape of the support 31 is preferably a fiber shape having a large specific surface area per unit mass.
- the fuel cell 1 may have a conducting wire that electrically connects the electrode of the fuel cell 1 and an external circuit (for example, the load 2). Therefore, the carrier 31 may have a connection terminal for connecting to the conducting wire in a part thereof.
- the connection terminal of the carrier 31 can be formed of silver paste or carbon paste.
- the carbon-based material 32 which is a catalyst
- a method known in this field can be used.
- a method of fixing the carbon-based material 32 to the surface of the carrier 31 using an appropriate fixing agent 35 can be mentioned.
- the fixing agent 35 preferably has conductivity.
- a conductive polymer solution in which a conductive polymer is dissolved in an appropriate solvent, a dispersion of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), or the like can be used as the fixing agent 35.
- the carrier 31 and the carbon-based material 32 are mixed, so that the carbon-based material is mixed.
- the material 32 can be supported on the carrier 31.
- the carbonaceous material 32 can be supported on the carrier 31 by applying the impregnating solution to the carbonaceous material 32 and drying it. In the latter case, it is preferable to use a carbon-based material 32 having a particulate shape.
- a method for producing the cathode 13 configured as a gas diffusion electrode a method known in the art can be used. For example, first, a carrier carrying a carbon material as a catalyst is mixed with a PTFE dispersion or the like to prepare a mixed solution. And after drying this liquid mixture, after shape
- a dispersion of PTFE for example, a Nafion (registered trademark) solution manufactured by Du Pont can be used.
- an electrode sheet is formed by forming into a sheet shape. Then, for example, a solution of a fluororesin ion exchange resin having proton conductivity is applied or impregnated on the membrane bonding surface of the electrode sheet. Thereafter, the electrode sheet is joined to the electrode sheet by hot pressing the solid polymer electrolyte membrane or the electrolyte matrix layer.
- the fluorine resin ion exchange resin having proton conductivity include Nafion and Fileion (registered trademark) manufactured by Asahi Glass Co., Ltd.
- the gas diffusion electrode may be formed by applying the mixed liquid prepared as described above to the surface of a conductive support made of carbon paper or the like and then performing heat treatment.
- the gas diffusion electrode may be formed as follows. First, a mixed ink or a mixed slurry is prepared by mixing a solution of a proton conductive ion exchange resin and a carrier 31 supporting a carbon-based material 32. Then, the mixed ink or the mixed slurry is applied to the surface of a support, a solid polymer electrolyte membrane, an electrolyte matrix layer or the like. Then, you may form a gas diffusion electrode by drying the said mixed ink or mixed slurry. In addition, as a solution of a proton conductive ion exchange resin, for example, a Nafion solution can be used.
- the gas diffusion electrode has been described as being used for the cathode 13 that is the electrode of the fuel cell 1, but may be used as the cathode of various electrochemical devices.
- electrochemical device include a water electrolysis device, a carbon dioxide permeation device, a salt electrolysis device, and a metal-air battery (such as a lithium-air battery).
- the electrode catalyst including the carbon-based material 32 has been described as being used as an oxygen reduction catalyst, but may be used as an oxygen generation catalyst. That is, the electrode including the carbonaceous material 32 may be used as an anode. Examples of such an anode include an anode in a water electrolysis apparatus and an anode in a sulfate electrolytic bath.
- the carbonaceous material 32 contains graphite or amorphous carbon particles, and at least one selected from the group consisting of nitrogen atoms, boron atoms, sulfur atoms, and phosphorus atoms in the graphite or amorphous carbon particles. Non-metal atoms and metal atoms are doped.
- the carbon-based material 32 is mainly composed of graphite or amorphous carbon particles, and the graphite or amorphous carbon particles have at least one nonmetallic atom selected from the group consisting of a nitrogen atom, a boron atom, a sulfur atom, and a phosphorus atom.
- the carbonaceous material 32 contains 50 mol% or more of graphite or amorphous carbon particles in total, and that the graphite or amorphous carbon particles are doped with both nonmetallic atoms and metal atoms.
- the carbon-based material 32 may contain both graphite and amorphous carbon particles.
- the carbonaceous material 32 preferably contains 50 mol% or more of graphite and amorphous carbon particles, and the graphite and amorphous carbon particles are preferably doped with both nonmetallic atoms and metal atoms.
- the metal atom doped in the carbon-based material 32 is not particularly limited.
- metal atoms titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zirconium (Zr), Niobium (Nb), molybdenum (Mo), ruthenium (Ru), rhodium (Rh), palladium (Pd), silver (Ag), hafnium (Hf), tantalum (Ta), tungsten (W), rhenium (Re), It is preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of osmium (Os), iridium (Ir), platinum (Pt) and gold (Au).
- the carbon-based material 32 When such a metal atom is doped in the carbon-based material 32, the carbon-based material 32 exhibits excellent performance particularly as a catalyst for promoting the oxygen reduction reaction. That is, the carbon-based material 32 can achieve high catalytic activity as a catalyst for the cathode 13.
- the amount of metal atoms doped in the carbon-based material 32 may be set as appropriate so that the carbon-based material 32 exhibits excellent catalytic performance.
- the nonmetallic atom doped in the carbonaceous material 32 is at least one selected from the group consisting of a nitrogen atom, a boron atom, a sulfur atom, and a phosphorus atom.
- the amount of non-metallic atoms doped in the carbon-based material may be set as appropriate so that the carbon-based material exhibits excellent catalytic performance.
- the interatomic distance between the metal atom and the nonmetal atom doped in the carbon-based material 32 is 1.4 mm or less.
- the interatomic distance can be obtained, for example, as follows.
- the distance between the atoms is the radial distribution function of the radial distribution function obtained by Fourier transform of the K-edge wide X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) of the metal atom.
- EXAFS K-edge wide X-ray absorption fine structure
- the distance between the atoms is determined by the platinum atom and the nonmetal atom in the radial distribution function obtained by Fourier transforming the LIII end broad X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) of the platinum atom. It is calculated
- EXAFS refers to a fine structure of a spectrum that appears on the high energy side by about 100 eV or more from the X-ray absorption edge in an XAFS (X-ray absorption fine structure) spectrum. Further, the structure near the absorption edge in the XAFS spectrum is referred to as XANES (X-ray absorption edge vicinity structure).
- vibration component of EXAFS vibration intensity of an absorption spectrum that vibrates due to the wavenumber k of X-ray electrons
- ⁇ (k) vibration intensity of an absorption spectrum that vibrates due to the wavenumber k of X-ray electrons
- Ri is the distance from the absorbing atom in the i-th scattering atom
- Ai is the number of the i-th scattering atom
- ⁇ i is the mean square amplitude of the thermal vibration in the i-th scattering atom.
- ⁇ is the mean free path of photoelectrons
- ⁇ i is a phase shift due to scattering in the i-th scattering atom
- fi ( ⁇ ) is an atomic scattering factor that backscatters at a scattering angle of 180 ° in the i-th scattering atom.
- the radial distribution function can be obtained by performing a Fourier transform on ⁇ (k).
- the carbon-based material 32 is a measurement target. Substances that exist independently of the carbon-based material 32, such as substances mixed in the carbon-based material 32 and substances attached to the carbon-based material 32, are excluded from the measurement target. The For this reason, in the measurement of the K-edge EXAFS spectrum for the metal atoms of the carbon-based material 32, the carbon-based material 32 is washed with an acidic aqueous solution in advance, so that the substance existing independently of the carbon-based material 32 is detected. It is necessary to reduce the mixing amount sufficiently.
- the XAFS spectrum is measured by, for example, a transmission method using an ion chamber detector.
- the energy axis calibration for example, for the Cu K end XANES of Cu metal, the value of the maximum point of the first peak in the graph where the X axis is energy and the Y axis is absorbance is 8980.3 eV.
- a radial distribution function is derived by the following method.
- background noise is subtracted from the XAFS spectrum data by an ordinary method.
- a baseline is set at which the intensity axis is zero such that the average intensity in the range of ⁇ 150 eV to ⁇ 30 eV is zero.
- a baseline for the intensity axis 1 is set so that the average intensity in the range of +150 eV to +550 eV is 1.
- two baselines are set so that the absorption edge energy (E0) comes to an intermediate point between the two baselines on the rising spectrum near the absorption edge energy (E0).
- the waveform is adjusted by replacing these two baselines with straight lines.
- the energy (unit: eV) axis is replaced with the wave number (k, unit: 1 / ⁇ ) axis, and the vibration component ⁇ (k) of EXAFS defined by the above equation is extracted.
- the interatomic distance between the metal atom and the nonmetal atom doped in the carbon-based material 32 according to the present embodiment is obtained by EXAFS.
- the component (Graphic component) attributed to graphite-doped nonmetallic atoms is 10% or more of the whole doped nonmetallic atoms. % Is preferably less than%.
- the non-metal atom includes a nitrogen atom
- the metal atom includes at least one of an iron atom and a cobalt atom.
- the peak top of the Fe2p (3/2) spectrum in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) of a carbonaceous material is less than 710 eV.
- XPS measurement is performed under a vacuum condition of 3 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 8 Pa using characteristic X-rays of Al as a light source.
- the elemental composition within a certain region in the surface layer of the carbon-based material 32 can be confirmed.
- the composition ratio of the doped structure of the doped nonmetallic atom in a fixed region can be estimated by XPS measurement.
- the non-metal atom is a nitrogen atom
- the nitrogen atom doped in the form of graphite is 401.0 ⁇ 0.1 eV
- the nitrogen atom doped in the pyridine form is 398.5 ⁇ 0.1 eV
- Waveform separation of XPS spectrum in 1s orbit is 401.0 ⁇ 0.1 eV
- the XPS spectrum in the 1s orbit of the nitrogen atom is waveform-separated assuming that the nitrogen atom doped in the form of pyrrole is 400.0 ⁇ 0.1 eV and the nitrogen atom existing as an oxide is 404.0 ⁇ 0.3 eV.
- the ratio with respect to the whole doped nitrogen atom of the component which belongs to the nitrogen atom doped like graphite is measured from ratio of the area of the isolate
- the electronic state of the elemental composition can be analyzed by XPS measurement.
- the metal atom doped in the carbon-based material is an iron atom
- the coordination bond between the iron atom and the carbon atom is based on the peak derived from the 2p (3/2) electron orbit of the iron atom.
- the strength can be analyzed.
- the mixing amount of substances existing independently of the carbonaceous material 32 is sufficiently reduced by washing the carbonaceous material 32 with an acidic aqueous solution in advance. deep.
- the acid cleaning for example, the carbonaceous material 32 is dispersed in pure water for 30 minutes using a homogenizer, and then the carbonaceous material 32 is placed in 2M sulfuric acid and stirred at 80 ° C. for 3 hours.
- nonmetallic atoms and metallic atoms are mainly present in the surface layer of the carbonaceous material 32. This is because when the graphite or amorphous carbon particles are doped with metal atoms and nonmetallic atoms in the process of manufacturing the carbon-based material 32, the nonmetallic atoms and metal atoms can easily reach the inside of the graphite or amorphous carbon particles. It is thought that it does not invade. That is, it is considered that nonmetallic atoms and metal atoms are doped into graphite or amorphous carbon particles mainly in the surface layer of graphite or amorphous carbon particles.
- the carbon-based material is composed of a core layer 33 substantially made of only graphite or amorphous carbon, and a doped layer 34 that covers the core layer 33 and contains non-metal atoms and metal atoms. .
- the carbon-based material 32 is doped with metal atoms based on the presence of a peak derived from oxidation and reduction of the metal atoms.
- the average value (oxidation-reduction potential) of the potential at the peak position during the oxidation reaction and the potential at the peak position during the reduction reaction in this voltammogram depends on the type of the nonmetallic atom doped in the carbonaceous material 32. shift.
- the non-metallic atom is doped in the carbon-based material 32 based on the value of the oxidation-reduction potential or the shift amount.
- an electrochemical reaction on the carbon-based material 32 occurs on the surface of the carbon-based material 32, it can be evaluated that metal atoms and non-metal atoms exist in the surface layer of the carbon-based material 32.
- the carbon-based material 32 contains graphite or amorphous carbon particles.
- the carbon-based material 32 is doped with graphite or amorphous carbon particles, and is composed of at least one nonmetallic atom selected from the group consisting of a nitrogen atom, a boron atom, a sulfur atom, and a phosphorus atom, graphite, It contains metal atoms doped into regular carbon particles.
- the interatomic distance between the metal atom and the nonmetal atom is 1.4 cm or less.
- the carbon-based material 32 exhibits excellent catalytic performance when used as an electrode catalyst as described above. That is, the carbonaceous material 32 can realize high catalytic activity. This is presumably because the electron density at the catalytically active center increases compared to the case where the interatomic distance between the metal atom and the nonmetal atom doped in the carbon-based material 32 is greater than 1.4 cm.
- the carbon-based material 32 exhibits excellent catalytic performance when used as an oxygen reduction catalyst and as an oxygen generation catalyst.
- such a carbonaceous material 32 can be easily manufactured by the manufacturing process mentioned later.
- the interatomic distance between the metal atom and the nonmetal atom may be 1.2 cm or more and 1.4 cm or less.
- the carbonaceous material 32 can be easily manufactured by setting the interatomic distance to 1.2 mm or more.
- the ratio of the component (Graphic component) attributed to the nonmetallic atom doped in the form of graphite is arbitrary.
- the component (graphical component) attributed to graphite-doped nonmetallic atoms may be 10% or more and less than 50% of the whole doped nonmetallic atoms. preferable.
- non-metallic atoms are doped in the form of graphite means that carbons in a six-membered ring carbon skeleton bonded by sp2 orbitals are substituted with non-metallic atoms. Therefore, compared with the case where the ratio is less than 10% because the ratio of non-metallic atoms doped with graphite (non-metallic atoms) (Graphic component) is 10% or more. Thus, high durability can be realized. Moreover, when the said ratio is 50% or more, there exists a possibility that the quantity of the nonmetallic atom doped by the carbonaceous material 32 may fall. In this case, when the carbonaceous material 32 is used as an electrode catalyst, the catalytic activity may be reduced. Therefore, by setting the ratio to 10% or more and less than 50%, high catalytic activity and high durability can be realized when the carbonaceous material 32 is used as an electrode catalyst.
- the nonmetallic atom is a nitrogen atom
- the nitrogen atom doped in the carbonaceous material 32 there are three possible forms of the nitrogen atom doped in the carbonaceous material 32, as described above, pyridine, pyrrole, and graphite.
- the nitrogen atom doped like graphite has the strongest binding energy, and when it is processed at a high firing temperature, the existence ratio tends to be high.
- the firing temperature of the carbonaceous material 32 is increased, the volatilization amount of the nitrogen component tends to increase. That is, there is a trade-off relationship between increasing the proportion of nitrogen atoms doped into graphite and the total amount of nitrogen atoms.
- the carbon-based material 32 is doped.
- the total amount of nitrogen atoms may be greatly reduced. Therefore, when considering the balance between the ratio of nonmetallic atoms doped in graphite and the total amount of nonmetallic atoms, the component attributed to nonmetallic atoms doped in graphite is doped nonmetallic atoms.
- the total content is preferably 10% or more and less than 50%.
- the combination of metal atoms and nonmetal atoms doped in the carbon-based material 32 is appropriately selected.
- the nonmetallic atom contains a nitrogen atom
- the metallic atom is at least one of an iron atom and a cobalt atom.
- the nonmetallic atom may be only a nitrogen atom, or the metallic atom may be only one of an iron atom and a cobalt atom.
- the peak top of the Fe2p (3/2) spectrum in XPS of the carbon-based material 32 is preferably less than 710 eV.
- the metal atom doped in the carbon-based material 32 is an iron atom
- the peak is derived from the 2p (3/2) electron orbit of the iron atom.
- the strength of coordination bond between iron atom and carbon atom is analyzed. That is, “the peak top of the Fe2p (3/2) spectrum in XPS is less than 710 eV” means that the back-donation of electrons from the nitrogen atom to the iron atom is large in the iron-nitrogen coordination bond. Therefore, the electron donating property to the oxygen molecule of the carbonaceous material 32 is enhanced. Therefore, the carbonaceous material 32 having a peak top of the spectrum of less than 710 eV can exhibit excellent catalytic activity as compared with a carbonaceous material having a peak top of the spectrum of 710 eV or higher.
- FIG. 3 is a flowchart showing manufacturing steps of the carbon-based material 32 according to the present embodiment.
- the method for producing the carbon-based material 32 according to the present embodiment includes a compound containing a nonmetal atom and a metal atom coordinated to the nonmetal atom, a carbon source material containing at least one of graphite and amorphous carbon particles, (S1) which mixes. Furthermore, the said manufacturing method has a process (S2) which heats the mixture of the said compound and a carbon source raw material at 800 to 1000 degreeC.
- the nonmetallic atom is at least one selected from the group consisting of a nitrogen atom, a boron atom, a sulfur atom, and a phosphorus atom. Through such a manufacturing process, the carbon-based material 32 according to the present embodiment is manufactured.
- the mixing step (S1) and the heating step (S2) may be performed independently of each other or may be performed substantially simultaneously. That is, you may heat, mixing a compound and a carbon source raw material.
- amorphous carbon particles include at least one carbon black selected from the group consisting of Vulcan XC-72R, acetylene black, ketjen black (registered trademark), furnace black, and Denka black.
- the compound in the mixture is not particularly limited as long as it is a compound containing a nonmetallic atom doped in at least one of graphite and amorphous carbon particles and a metal atom coordinated to the nonmetallic atom. That is, the compound in the mixture is preferably a complex including a nonmetallic atom and a metal atom coordinated to the nonmetallic atom. And it is preferable that the said compound further contains at least one of a porphyrin ring and a phthalocyanine ring. Examples of such a compound include iron-protoporphyrin IX complex.
- the mixing step (S1) when a compound containing a metal atom coordinated to a nonmetal atom is used, it is considered that the metal atom and the nonmetal atom are easily doped into at least one of graphite and amorphous carbon particles. As a result, it is considered that a metal atom and a nonmetal atom are coordinated in the carbon-based material.
- the catalytic activity of the carbon-based material is expressed at a position where the nonmetallic atom and the metal atom are close to each other in the carbon-based material. For this reason, it is considered that the catalytic activity of the carbon-based material is further improved by using a compound that forms a complex with a metal atom.
- the oxidation-reduction potential shifts according to the type of the nonmetallic atom doped in the carbon-based material.
- This redox potential shift is considered to be due to the change in the electronic state of the metal atom due to the coordinate bond between the metal atom and the nonmetal atom.
- the metal atom and non-metal atom doped in the carbon-based material are coordinated.
- the mixture of the compound and the carbon source material is prepared as follows, for example. First, the compound and the carbon source material are mixed, and a solvent such as ethanol is added as necessary. These are further dispersed by an ultrasonic dispersion method. Subsequently, these are heated and dried at an appropriate temperature (for example, 60 ° C.). Thereby, the mixture containing a compound and a carbon source raw material is obtained.
- the obtained mixture is heated under high temperature conditions.
- the mixture is heated by an appropriate method.
- the mixture can be heated in a reducing atmosphere or an inert gas atmosphere.
- a metal atom and a nonmetallic atom are doped to a carbon source raw material.
- the heating temperature during this heat treatment is in the range of 800 ° C. or higher and 1000 ° C. or lower as described above.
- the mixture when the mixture is heated under a high temperature condition, when the carbon source material is graphite, it is preferable to heat the mixture for 45 seconds or more and less than 600 seconds.
- the mixture when the mixture is heated under high temperature conditions, when the carbon source material is amorphous carbon particles, it is preferable to heat the mixture for 30 seconds or more and less than 300 seconds. By shortening the heating time in this way, the carbon-based material 32 is efficiently manufactured, and the catalytic activity of the carbon-based material 32 is further increased.
- the temperature rising rate of the mixture at the start of heating is preferably 50 ° C./s or more.
- the catalytic activity of the carbonaceous material 32 is further increased. That is, in the carbonaceous material 32, it is considered that the catalytic activity is improved because the amount of the inert metal compound and the metal crystal that cause the catalytic activity to decrease is further reduced.
- the carbon-based material 32 may be further subjected to acid cleaning.
- the acid cleaning for example, the carbon-based material 32 is dispersed in pure water for 30 minutes using a homogenizer, and then stirred in 2 M sulfuric acid at 80 ° C. for 3 hours, and then isolated.
- the carbon-based material 32 that has been subjected to acid cleaning does not show a significant change in overvoltage when applied as a fuel cell catalyst, compared to the case where acid cleaning is not performed. However, since the elution of the metal component is suppressed in the carbon-based material 32 that has been subjected to acid cleaning, durability can be improved.
- the carbon-based material 32 in which the interatomic distance between the doped metal atom and the nonmetal atom is 1.4 mm or less is obtained.
- the carbon-based material 32 is a carbon source material containing a compound containing at least one of a non-metal atom, a metal atom coordinated to a non-metal atom, a porphyrin ring and a phthalocyanine ring, and at least one of graphite and amorphous carbon particles. And is made by heating the mixture. At this time, the mixture is heated at a temperature of 800 ° C. or higher and 1000 ° C. or lower. By such a manufacturing method, the interatomic distance between the metal atom and the nonmetal atom can be made 1.4 mm or less.
- Example 1 In a container, 1 g of particulate flaky graphite (median diameter 6 ⁇ m), 1 g of iron-protoporphyrin IX complex, and 50 mL of N, N-dimethylformamide were prepared to prepare a mixed solution. The mixture was ultrasonically dispersed and then dried at 60 ° C. with a dryer. As a result, a sample made of a mixture of flaky graphite and iron-protoporphyrin IX complex as shown in Table 1 was obtained.
- the sample was packed into one end of a quartz tube, and the inside of the quartz tube was subsequently replaced with argon.
- the quartz tube was pulled out in 70 seconds after being placed in a furnace at 900 ° C.
- the quartz tube was inserted into the furnace over 3 seconds to adjust the rate of temperature rise of the sample at the start of heating to 300 ° C./s.
- the sample was cooled by flowing argon gas through the quartz tube.
- the carbon-based material (sample A) of Example 1 is mainly composed of flaky graphite (graphite), doped with N atoms (nonmetal atoms) and Fe atoms (metal atoms), and N atoms
- the interatomic distance between Fe and Fe atoms was 1.38 cm.
- the component which belongs to the graphite-doped N atom in XPS was 19% of the whole doped N atom.
- Example 2 In Example 1, at the time of firing, the quartz tube was put in a furnace at 600 ° C. and then pulled out in 2 hours. A carbon-based material (sample B) as shown in Table 2 was obtained in the same manner and under the same conditions as in Example 1 except for this.
- the carbon-based material (sample B) of Example 2 is mainly composed of flaky graphite (graphite), doped with N atoms (nonmetal atoms) and Fe atoms (metal atoms), and N atoms.
- the interatomic distance between Fe and Fe atoms was 1.39 cm.
- the component attributed to graphite-doped N atoms in XPS was 8% of the whole doped N atoms.
- Example 3 In Example 1, except that 1 g of Ketjen Black EC600JD (manufactured by Lion Corporation) was used as a carbon source material, a carbon-based material (Sample C) as shown in Table 2 was used in the same method and under the same conditions as in Example 1. )
- the carbon-based material (sample C) of Example 3 is mainly composed of ketjen black (amorphous carbon), and is doped with N atoms (nonmetallic atoms) and Fe atoms (metal atoms).
- the interatomic distance between N atom and Fe atom was 1.38 cm.
- the component attributed to graphite-doped N atoms in XPS was 18% of the entire doped N atoms.
- a mixed solution was prepared by placing 1 g of particulate flaky graphite (median diameter 6 ⁇ m), 0.1 M iron (III) chloride aqueous solution, and 0.15 M pentaethylenehexamine ethanol solution in a container. The amount of 0.1M iron (III) chloride aqueous solution used was adjusted so that the ratio of iron atoms to flaky graphite was 10% by mass. The mixture was ultrasonically dispersed and then dried at a temperature of 60 ° C. with a dryer. As a result, a sample containing flaky graphite, iron (III) chloride, and pentaethylenehexamine was obtained.
- Example D This sample was used in the same manner and under the same conditions as in Example 1 to obtain a carbon-based material (Sample D) as shown in Table 2.
- the carbon-based material (Sample D) of Comparative Example 1 is mainly composed of flaky graphite (graphite), doped with N atoms (nonmetal atoms) and Fe atoms (metal atoms), and N atoms
- the interatomic distance between Fe and Fe atoms was 1.62 cm.
- the component which belongs to the graphite-doped N atom in XPS was 32% of the whole doped N atom.
- Example 2 In Example 1, at the time of firing, the quartz tube was put in a furnace at 900 ° C. and then pulled out in 2 hours. A carbon-based material (sample E) as shown in Table 2 was obtained in the same manner and under the same conditions as in Example 1 except for this.
- the carbon-based material (sample E) of Comparative Example 2 is mainly composed of flaky graphite (graphite), doped with N atoms (nonmetal atoms) and Fe atoms (metal atoms), and N atoms.
- the interatomic distance between Fe and Fe atoms was 1.47 mm.
- the component attributed to graphite-doped N atoms in XPS was 49% of the whole doped N atoms.
- Example 1 The production conditions of the carbon-based materials (samples A to E) of Examples 1 to 3 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2 are shown in Table 1, and the structures of the carbon-based materials obtained in each Example are shown in Table 2. In the following table, items without measurement data are described as “N / A” (Not Available).
- FIG. 4 is a graph showing voltammograms of the carbon-based materials (samples A to E) of each example when a 0.5 M H 2 SO 4 aqueous solution was used as the electrolytic solution.
- FIG. 5 is a graph showing voltammograms of the carbon-based materials (samples A to E) of each example when a 0.1 M NaOH aqueous solution was used as the electrolytic solution.
- the onset potential when the carbon-based materials of Examples 1 to 3 (samples A, B, and C) were used as the electrode catalyst was the carbon-based material of Comparative Examples 1 and 2 ( It was superior to the onset potential of Samples D and E). Note that the onset potential is a potential at which an oxygen reduction reaction starts.
- EXAFS X-ray absorption fine structure
- EXAFS measurement of the carbon-based materials (Samples A to E) of Examples 1 to 3 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2 was performed using the synchrotron radiation at the BL01B1 beam line of the large synchrotron radiation facility SPring-8.
- a Si (111) 2 crystal spectrometer was used as a spectrometer, a condensing mirror was used as a mirror, a transmission method was adopted as a detection method, and an ion chamber was used as a detector.
- the carbon-based material was formed into a pellet using a hand press and then measured.
- a radial distribution function was derived by Fourier transforming the Fe K-edge EXAFS in the XAFS spectrum. In this Fourier transform, “ATHENA package” was used as a computer program, and in the background processing, “AUTOBK program” was used as a computer program.
- FIG. 6 shows the result of such EXAFS measurement.
- FIG. 6 is a graph showing a radial distribution function derived from an Fe K-edge EXAFS spectrum obtained for the carbon-based materials (samples A to E) of each example. In the figure, the derivation results are shown offset to make the obtained functions easier to understand.
- the carbon-based materials of Examples 1 to 3 had an interatomic distance R of 1.4 mm or less in EXAFS measurement.
- the interatomic distances of the carbon-based materials (samples A to E) of Examples 1 to 3 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2 are values as shown in Table 2 above. I understood. That is, the carbon-based materials of Examples 1 to 3 (samples A, B, and C) in which the interatomic distance between the Fe atom (metal atom) and the N atom (nonmetal atom) is 1.4 mm or less are shown in FIG.
- Example 1 The XPS measurement for the carbon-based materials of Examples and Comparative Examples (Samples A to E) was performed under a vacuum condition of 3 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 8 Pa using Al characteristic X-rays as a light source. In the measurement, the carbon-based material was pressed and fixed to the In foil.
- FIG. 7A is a graph showing spectra obtained by XPS measurement for the carbon-based materials (samples A to E) of the respective examples.
- FIG. 7B is a graph showing an offset of the spectrum obtained for each example in order to facilitate understanding of each spectrum shown in FIG. 7A. In these figures, the vicinity of the peak derived from the 2p (3/2) electron orbit of the iron atom in the spectrum obtained by XPS measurement is enlarged.
- the carbon-based materials of Examples 1 to 3 had an Fe2p (3/2) spectrum peak top of less than 710 eV in XPS measurement. It was. This indicates that the electron donation in the coordinate bond between nitrogen and iron is large in this example. That is, in the said Example, it has shown that the electron density of iron is large.
- Example 1 to 3 examples A, B, and C
- the interatomic distance R in the EXAFS measurement is 1.4 mm or less
- the peak top of the Fe2p (3/2) spectrum in the XPS measurement is 710 eV. Is less than.
- the carbon-based materials of Examples 1 to 3 have high oxygen reduction activity both in a 0.1 M NaOH aqueous solution and in a 0.5 M H 2 SO 4 aqueous solution. It was confirmed that the That is, it was confirmed that these carbon-based materials have high catalytic activity.
- Example A The results of this potential cycle test are shown in the column “Deterioration after potential cycle test” in Table 2 above. Specifically, in the carbon-based material of Example 1 (Sample A), 0.6 V vs. 20,000 after 20,000 cycles. While the current density drop in RHE was 15%, the current density drop in the carbon-based material of Example 2 (Sample B) was 36%.
- Example 1 and Example 3 in which the component attributed to the graphite-doped nitrogen atom in XPS of the nitrogen atom is 10% or more and less than 50% of the entire doped nitrogen atom It was confirmed that it has high durability.
- the carbon-based material of the present embodiment has high catalytic activity and can be easily manufactured.
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Abstract
Description
まず、本実施形態に係る炭素系材料を備える燃料電池の構成について、図1及び図2を用いて説明する。図1は、本実施形態における燃料電池の構成の一例を示す断面図である。なお、同図には、当該燃料電池に接続された場合に電流が供給される負荷も図示されている。図2は、本実施形態におけるガス拡散電極の一例を示す断面図である。
次に、ガス拡散電極として構成されたカソード13の構成について、詳細に説明する。
次に、カソード13の電極触媒として用いられている炭素系材料32について、詳細に説明する。
まず、炭素系材料32の構成について説明する。本実施形態に係る炭素系材料32は、グラファイト又は無定形炭素粒子を含有し、さらにグラファイト又は無定形炭素粒子に窒素原子、ホウ素原子、硫黄原子、及びリン原子からなる群より選ばれる少なくとも一つの非金属原子と、金属原子とがドープされている。また、炭素系材料32は、グラファイト又は無定形炭素粒子を主成分とし、グラファイト又は無定形炭素粒子に窒素原子、ホウ素原子、硫黄原子、及びリン原子からなる群より選ばれる少なくとも一つの非金属原子と、金属原子とがドープされていることが好ましい。つまり、炭素系材料32は、グラファイト又は無定形炭素粒子を合計で50モル%以上含有し、さらにグラファイト又は無定形炭素粒子に非金属原子と金属原子の両方がドープされていることが好ましい。
次に、炭素系材料32の製造方法について、図3を用いて説明する。図3は、本実施形態に係る炭素系材料32の製造工程を示すフローチャートである。
容器内に、1gの粒子状の薄片状グラファイト(メディアン径6μm)、1gの鉄-プロトポルフィリンIX錯体、及び50mLのN,N-ジメチルホルムアミドを入れ、混合液を調製した。この混合液を超音波分散してから乾燥機で60℃の温度で乾燥させた。これにより、表1に示すような、薄片状グラファイトと鉄-プロトポルフィリンIX錯体の混合物からなるサンプルを得た。
実施例1において、焼成の際、石英管を600℃の炉に入れてから2時間で引き抜いた。これ以外は実施例1と同じ方法及び同じ条件で、表2に示すような炭素系材料(試料B)を得た。
実施例1において、炭素源原料として1gのケッチェンブラックEC600JD(ライオン株式会社製)を用いた以外は、実施例1と同じ方法及び同じ条件で、表2に示すような炭素系材料(試料C)を得た。
容器内に、1gの粒子状の薄片状グラファイト(メディアン径6μm)、0.1M塩化鉄(III)水溶液、及び0.15Mペンタエチレンヘキサミンのエタノール溶液を入れることで、混合液を調製した。0.1M塩化鉄(III)水溶液の使用量は、薄片状グラファイトに対する鉄原子の割合が10質量%になるように調整した。この混合液を超音波分散してから、乾燥機で60℃の温度で乾燥させた。これにより、薄片状グラファイト、塩化鉄(III)、及びペンタエチレンヘキサミンを含有するサンプルを得た。
実施例1において、焼成の際、石英管を900℃の炉に入れてから2時間で引き抜いた。これ以外は実施例1と同じ方法及び同じ条件で、表2に示すような炭素系材料(試料E)を得た。
次に、上記実施例1~3並びに比較例1及び2で作製した炭素系材料(試料A~E)を電極触媒として用いた場合の各種評価試験について説明する。
以下、実施例1~3並びに比較例1及び2で作製した炭素系材料(試料A~E)を電極触媒として用いた場合の酸素還元活性についての評価結果を、図4及び図5を用いて説明する。図4は、各実施例の炭素系材料(試料A~E)について、電解液として0.5MのH2SO4水溶液を用いた場合のボルタモグラムを示すグラフである。図5は、各実施例の炭素系材料(試料A~E)について、電解液として0.1MのNaOH水溶液を用いた場合のボルタモグラムを示すグラフである。
以下、実施例1~3並びに比較例1及び2で作製した炭素系材料(試料A~E)のEXAFS測定について説明する。
以下、実施例1~3並びに比較例1及び2で作製した炭素系材料(試料A~E)のXPS測定について説明する。
実施例1および実施例2の炭素系材料(試料A,B)について、電位サイクル試験として、燃料電池実用化推進協議会が定める負荷応答試験のプロトコルと同様の電位サイクル試験を実施した。なお、電位サイクル試験は25℃にて行った。
13 カソード(電極)
32 炭素系材料
Claims (14)
- グラファイト又は無定形炭素粒子と、
前記グラファイト又は前記無定形炭素粒子にドープされ、かつ、窒素原子、ホウ素原子、硫黄原子及びリン原子からなる群より選ばれる少なくとも一つである非金属原子と、
前記グラファイト又は前記無定形炭素粒子にドープされる金属原子と、
を含有し、
前記金属原子と前記非金属原子との間の原子間距離は1.4Å以下である、炭素系材料。 - 前記非金属原子のX線光電子分光における、黒鉛状にドープされた非金属原子に帰属される成分は、ドープされた非金属原子全体の10%以上50%未満である、請求項1に記載の炭素系材料。
- 前記非金属原子は窒素原子を含み、前記金属原子は鉄原子及びコバルト原子の少なくとも一方を含む、請求項1又は2に記載の炭素系材料。
- 前記金属原子が鉄原子を含む場合、前記炭素系材料のX線光電子分光におけるFe2p(3/2)スペクトルのピークトップが710eV未満である、請求項1又は2に記載の炭素系材料。
- 前記非金属原子、前記非金属原子に配位した前記金属原子、及びポルフィリン環及びフタロシアニン環の少なくとも一方を含む化合物と、グラファイト及び無定形炭素粒子の少なくとも一方を含む炭素源原料との混合物を、800℃以上1000℃以下の温度で加熱することに作製される、請求項1乃至4のいずれか一項に記載の炭素系材料。
- 請求項1乃至5のいずれか一項に記載の炭素系材料を含む電極触媒。
- 請求項1乃至5のいずれか一項に記載の炭素系材料を備える電極。
- ガス拡散電極として構成されている、請求項7に記載の電極。
- 請求項7又は8に記載の電極を備える電気化学装置。
- 請求項7又は8に記載の電極を備える燃料電池。
- 窒素原子、ホウ素原子、硫黄原子及びリン原子からなる群より選ばれる少なくとも一つの非金属原子と前記非金属原子に配位結合した金属原子とを含む化合物と、グラファイト及び無定形炭素粒子の少なくとも一方を含む炭素源原料とを混合する工程と、
前記化合物と前記炭素源原料との混合物を、800℃以上1000℃以下で加熱する工程と、
を有する、炭素系材料の製造方法。 - 前記化合物は、ポルフィリン環及びフタロシアニン環の少なくとも一方をさらに含む、請求項11に記載の炭素系材料の製造方法。
- 前記炭素源原料がグラファイトである場合、前記混合物を45秒以上600秒未満加熱する、請求項11又は12に記載の炭素系材料の製造方法。
- 前記炭素源原料が無定形炭素粒子である場合、前記混合物を30秒以上300秒未満加熱する、請求項11又は12に記載の炭素系材料の製造方法。
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US15/320,597 US20170149070A1 (en) | 2014-06-20 | 2015-06-11 | Carbon-based material, electrode catalyst, electrode, electrochemical device, fuel cell, and method for manufacturing carbon-based material |
JP2016529031A JP6329263B2 (ja) | 2014-06-20 | 2015-06-11 | 炭素系材料、電極触媒、電極、電気化学装置、燃料電池、及び炭素系材料の製造方法 |
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US (1) | US20170149070A1 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP3159958B1 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP6329263B2 (ja) |
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JP2017154081A (ja) * | 2016-03-02 | 2017-09-07 | 日立化成株式会社 | 触媒組成物、有機廃水処理装置用電極及び有機廃水処理装置 |
WO2018103386A1 (zh) * | 2016-12-07 | 2018-06-14 | 温州大学 | 一种片状氮磷共掺杂多孔碳材料及其制备方法与用途 |
WO2018116842A1 (ja) * | 2016-12-20 | 2018-06-28 | 株式会社クラレ | 多孔質炭素材料並びにその製造方法と用途 |
CN113582165A (zh) * | 2021-07-21 | 2021-11-02 | 上海纳米技术及应用国家工程研究中心有限公司 | 一种磷原子掺杂石墨烯的纳米复合材料的制备方法 |
CN114735672A (zh) * | 2022-04-24 | 2022-07-12 | 深圳市科信通信技术股份有限公司 | 一种硼氮共掺杂硬碳材料及其制备方法 |
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- 2015-06-11 WO PCT/JP2015/002941 patent/WO2015194142A1/ja active Application Filing
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JP2017154081A (ja) * | 2016-03-02 | 2017-09-07 | 日立化成株式会社 | 触媒組成物、有機廃水処理装置用電極及び有機廃水処理装置 |
WO2018103386A1 (zh) * | 2016-12-07 | 2018-06-14 | 温州大学 | 一种片状氮磷共掺杂多孔碳材料及其制备方法与用途 |
US10889497B2 (en) | 2016-12-07 | 2021-01-12 | Wenzhou University | Sheet-shaped nitrogen-phosphorus co-doped porous carbon material and method for preparation thereof and use thereof |
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CN113582165A (zh) * | 2021-07-21 | 2021-11-02 | 上海纳米技术及应用国家工程研究中心有限公司 | 一种磷原子掺杂石墨烯的纳米复合材料的制备方法 |
CN114735672A (zh) * | 2022-04-24 | 2022-07-12 | 深圳市科信通信技术股份有限公司 | 一种硼氮共掺杂硬碳材料及其制备方法 |
CN114735672B (zh) * | 2022-04-24 | 2023-08-25 | 深圳市科信通信技术股份有限公司 | 一种硼氮共掺杂硬碳材料及其制备方法 |
Also Published As
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EP3159958B1 (en) | 2018-09-12 |
JP6329263B2 (ja) | 2018-05-23 |
EP3159958A1 (en) | 2017-04-26 |
EP3159958A4 (en) | 2017-10-11 |
US20170149070A1 (en) | 2017-05-25 |
CN106463735A (zh) | 2017-02-22 |
JPWO2015194142A1 (ja) | 2017-05-25 |
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