WO2015155810A1 - Novel polymer-based hydrotropes for hydrophobic drug delivery - Google Patents

Novel polymer-based hydrotropes for hydrophobic drug delivery Download PDF

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WO2015155810A1
WO2015155810A1 PCT/JP2014/004480 JP2014004480W WO2015155810A1 WO 2015155810 A1 WO2015155810 A1 WO 2015155810A1 JP 2014004480 W JP2014004480 W JP 2014004480W WO 2015155810 A1 WO2015155810 A1 WO 2015155810A1
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polymer
polymer conjugate
hydrophobic
drug
group consisted
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French (fr)
Inventor
Wenbin Ying
Kwok Yin Tsang
Hao Bai
Haiqing Yin
Jihua Liu
Li Wang
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Nitto Denko Corp
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Nitto Denko Corp
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Priority to JP2016561865A priority Critical patent/JP6480467B2/ja
Priority to AU2014390729A priority patent/AU2014390729B2/en
Priority to EP14762103.1A priority patent/EP3129425B1/en
Priority to KR1020167030960A priority patent/KR102256453B1/ko
Priority to RU2016143395A priority patent/RU2676680C2/ru
Priority to CA2943733A priority patent/CA2943733C/en
Priority to CN201480077633.0A priority patent/CN106133024B/zh
Publication of WO2015155810A1 publication Critical patent/WO2015155810A1/en
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/335—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin
    • A61K31/337—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin having four-membered rings, e.g. taxol
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    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
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    • A61K47/50—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates
    • A61K47/51—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent
    • A61K47/62—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being a protein, peptide or polyamino acid
    • A61K47/64—Drug-peptide, drug-protein or drug-polyamino acid conjugates, i.e. the modifying agent being a peptide, protein or polyamino acid which is covalently bonded or complexed to a therapeutically active agent
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    • A61K47/50—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates
    • A61K47/69—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the conjugate being characterised by physical or galenical forms, e.g. emulsion, particle, inclusion complex, stent or kit
    • A61K47/6905—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the conjugate being characterised by physical or galenical forms, e.g. emulsion, particle, inclusion complex, stent or kit the form being a colloid or an emulsion
    • A61K47/6907—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the conjugate being characterised by physical or galenical forms, e.g. emulsion, particle, inclusion complex, stent or kit the form being a colloid or an emulsion the form being a microemulsion, nanoemulsion or micelle
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/10—Dispersions; Emulsions
    • A61K9/107—Emulsions ; Emulsion preconcentrates; Micelles
    • A61K9/1075—Microemulsions or submicron emulsions; Preconcentrates or solids thereof; Micelles, e.g. made of phospholipids or block copolymers
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
    • A61P9/10—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system for treating ischaemic or atherosclerotic diseases, e.g. antianginal drugs, coronary vasodilators, drugs for myocardial infarction, retinopathy, cerebrovascula insufficiency, renal arteriosclerosis
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    • A61P9/12—Antihypertensives
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
    • C08G69/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic amide link in the main chain of the macromolecule
    • C08G69/02—Polyamides derived from amino-carboxylic acids or from polyamines and polycarboxylic acids
    • C08G69/08—Polyamides derived from amino-carboxylic acids or from polyamines and polycarboxylic acids derived from amino-carboxylic acids
    • C08G69/10—Alpha-amino-carboxylic acids
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
    • C08G69/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic amide link in the main chain of the macromolecule
    • C08G69/48—Polymers modified by chemical after-treatment
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    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/095—Sulfur, selenium, or tellurium compounds, e.g. thiols
    • A61K31/10—Sulfides; Sulfoxides; Sulfones
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/335—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin
    • A61K31/34—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin having five-membered rings with one oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. isosorbide
    • A61K31/343—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin having five-membered rings with one oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. isosorbide condensed with a carbocyclic ring, e.g. coumaran, bufuralol, befunolol, clobenfurol, amiodarone
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
    • A61K31/4422—1,4-Dihydropyridines, e.g. nifedipine, nicardipine
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    • A61K31/56—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids
    • A61K31/57—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids substituted in position 17 beta by a chain of two carbon atoms, e.g. pregnane or progesterone

Definitions

  • compositions and methods related to the fields of organic chemistry, pharmaceutical chemistry, biochemistry, molecular biology and medicine relate to polymer conjugates for preparing drug encapsulated polymer hydrotropes, compositions and methods for delivering the drug into cells, and to the use of the compositions for the treatment and alleviation of diseases and disorders such as cancer.
  • Polymer micelles are one of widely used drug delivery systems (DDSs) for solubilizing various poorly soluble drugs such as a large portion of anticancer drugs, and also for delivery of the drug to the target site.
  • DDSs drug delivery systems
  • block copolymers composed of water-soluble polyethylene glycol (PEG) and water-insoluble polymer, are utilized to form polymer micelles, providing a hydrophilic outer shell and a hydrophobic inner core.
  • the poorly soluble drugs are encapsulated in the latter via hydrophobic interaction with the hydrophobic portion of the copolymer and stay within the hydrophilic outer shell.
  • PEG-based block copolymer micelles poly(amino acid) complex of PEG-based copolymers such as PEG-block-poly(alpha, beta-aspartic acid) and PEG-block-poly(L-lysine) are reported as remarkable functional materials for DDS.
  • hydrotropic compounds are drawing attention as useful compounds for improving solubility of the hydrophobic drugs. It was previously reported that diethylnicotinamide was identified as the best one to improve the solubility of paclitaxel in a dose depending manner from a screening for over 60 commercially available hydrotropes (Kinam et al., Pharmaceutical Research, Vol. 20, 2003, 1022-1030). After this report, the same author further reported that PEG-based block copolymers bearing diethylnicotinamide (DENA) and dimethylbenzamide (DMBA) moiety were able to encapsulate paclitaxel (Kinam et al., Journal of Controlled Release, Vol. 152, 2011, 13-20).
  • DEPA diethylnicotinamide
  • DMBA dimethylbenzamide
  • DENA was an excellent hydrotropic agent for paclitaxel and improved a release profile of paclitaxel in poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) matrices (Baek et al., J. Biomater. Sci. Polymer Edn, Vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 527-542 (2004)).
  • PLGA poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)
  • One aspect of the invention described herein is directed to a polymer conjugate characterized in that the backbone of the polymer is an anionic polymer and hydrophobic moieties are covalently attached to the backbone of the polymer.
  • Some embodiments are related to a polymer conjugate described herein, which is composed of monomer units represented by the formula (I) and optionally the formula (II): wherein, M is independently selected from the group consisted of hydrophobic moiety or cation; in which the hydrophobic moiety occupies 20-50 mol% of total M amount, and the cation is independently selected from hydrogen, ammonium, or alkali metal; X is selected from the group consisted of O, S and NR; R is selected from the group consisted of H, C 1-4 alkyl, C 2-4 alkenyl, C 2-4 alkynyl, aryl, and heteroaryl.
  • Some embodiments are related to a polymer conjugate described herein, which is represented by the formula (III); wherein, m and n are both an integer, where m is 0 or defined such that the ratio of m:n is from 1:9 to 5:5.
  • Some embodiments are related to a polymer conjugate described herein, wherein hydrophobic moiety is represented by the formula (VI); wherein, a and b are independently an integer of 0 to 4; Ar is independently an aryl or heteroaryl; Z is independently selected from the group consisted of O, S, SO, SO 2 , NR, CR 2 ; Y is CH or N; As is one to three substituents independently selected from the group consisted of halides, OR, NR 2 , COOR, CONR 2 , or CN; and R is independently selected from the group as described herein.
  • Some embodiments are related to a polymer conjugate described herein, wherein As is one substituent of CONR 2 . Some embodiments are related to a polymer conjugate described herein, wherein R is selected from ethyl or methyl. Some embodiments are related to a polymer conjugate described herein, wherein a and b are both 1. Some embodiments are related to a polymer conjugate described herein, wherein Ar is aryl. Some embodiments are related to a polymer conjugate described herein, wherein Z is O. Some embodiments are related to a polymer conjugate described herein, wherein the hydrophobic moiety is independently selected from
  • Another aspect of the invention is directed to a polymer micelle derived from the polymer conjugate described herein. Another aspect of the invention is directed to a composition comprising of the polymer conjugate carrier described herein and a hydrophobic compound operatively associated with the carrier. Another aspect of the invention is directed to a therapeutic composition comprising of the polymer conjugate carrier described herein and a hydrophobic drug operatively associated with the carrier. Some embodiments are related to a therapeutic composition described herein, wherein the hydrophobic drug is an anticancer drug.
  • Some embodiments are related to a therapeutic composition described herein, wherein the drug is selected from the group consisted of paclitaxel, docetaxel, tanespimycin, griseofulvin, nifedipine, progesterone and probucol. Some embodiments are related to a therapeutic composition described herein, wherein the drug is selected from the group consisted of paclitaxel, docetaxel, and tanespimycin.
  • Some embodiments are related to a therapeutic composition described herein, wherein the polymer conjugate forms a polymer micelle and the hydrophobic therapeutic agent is encapsulated in the polymer micelle.
  • Another aspect of the invention is directed to a method for treating a disease or condition by administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of the therapeutic composition described herein for the treatment of the disease or condition.
  • Some embodiments are related to a method described herein, wherein the disease or condition is selected from the group consisted of cancer, infectious diseases, hypertension, angina, gynecological diseases, and hyperlipidemia.
  • Some embodiments are related to a method described herein, wherein the disease or condition is cancer. These and other embodiments are described in greater detail below.
  • Figure 1 illustrated tumor growth curves for lung cancer (upper) and pancreatic cancer (lower), respectively.
  • PTX-PGGA-Hydrotrope III (Nitto X) was demonstrated to be able to suppress the tumor growth in a dose dependent manner.
  • Figure 2 compared PTX-PGGA-Hydrotrope III with the conventional dosage form of Paclitaxel (Abraxane (R) ) in a lung cancer model, efficacy (upper) and tumor weight on Day 21 post posing (lower).
  • Figure 3 showed tumor PK profiles of PTX-PGGA-Hydrotrope III versus Abraxane (R) in animals bearing NCI-H460 xenograft.
  • Figure 4 depicted the PK/PD correlation of PTX-PGGA-Hydrotrope III in animals bearing NCI-H460 xenograft, in which acetylated tubulin was used as a PD biomarker (upper). Expression of Ki67 was also used as a second biomarker to verify the PD data, IHC staining of Ki67 in tumor tissue (lower right) and the corresponding quantified data plot (lower left).
  • Figure 5 listed the result of PTX-PGGA-Hydrotrope III toxicity evaluation.
  • Figure 6 depicted the schematic diagram of forming the drug encapsulated polymer micelles of the invention described herein.
  • polymer conjugate in that the backbone is an anionic polymer and hydrophobic moieties are covalently attached to the polymer backbone.
  • the polymer conjugate of the invention may comprise a polymer backbone equipped with anionic, hydrophilic side chain, e.g., poly-(L-gamma-glutamylglutamine) (PGGA, see e.g., WO 2007/067417, WO2010/014117 and Sang Van et al., Int J Nanomedicine.
  • PGGA poly-(L-gamma-glutamylglutamine)
  • hydrophobic moieties e.g., diethylnicotinamide (DENA) and dimethylbenzamide (DMBA).
  • DEPA diethylnicotinamide
  • DMBA dimethylbenzamide
  • the latter is covalently attached to the backbone as part of side chains. Based on the strong interaction between the hydrophobic compounds and the hydrophobic moiety attached to the backbone in aqueous medium, the former could be easily encapsulated by the polymer conjugate producing water soluble polymer micelles using common quick mixing method. Since the backbone of the polymer conjugate is anionic, i.e., negatively charged, the polymer micelles prepared from the polymer conjugate of the invention should not associate with plasma proteins or cell membranes, which are also mainly negatively charged too.
  • PEG-based copolymers are conventionally used for the polymer micelle conjugates so far.
  • One problem of PEG-based copolymers is the non-biodegradable nature of PEG. Therefore, in some preferred embodiments of the invention described herein, the polymer conjugate is biodegradable.
  • the biodegradable polymers used for making the polymer conjugates of the invention described herein are not limited as far as it does not adversely affect the interaction between the hydrophobic compound and the polymer conjugate.
  • biodegradable polymers include, but are not limited to, poly-(L-gamma-glutamylglutamine) (PGGA), poly-L-glutamic acid (PGA), poly-(gamma-L-aspartylglutamine) (PGAA), poly-(lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and mixtures thereof.
  • Some embodiments of the invention described herein provide a polymer conjugate which is composed of monomer units represented by the formula (I) and optionally formula (II) below: wherein, M is independently selected from the group consisted of hydrophobic moiety or cation; in which the hydrophobic moiety occupies 20-50 mol% of total M amount; and the cation is independently selected from hydrogen, ammonium, or alkali metal; X is selected from the group consisted of O, S and NR; R is selected from the group consisted of H, C 1-4 alkyl, C 2-4 alkenyl, C 2-4 alkynyl, aryl, and heteroaryl.
  • aryl refers to a carbocyclic (all carbon) monocyclic or multicyclic aromatic ring system that has a fully delocalized pi-electron system.
  • aryl groups include, but are not limited to, benzene, naphthalene and azulene.
  • heteroaryl refers to a monocyclic or multicyclic aromatic ring system (a ring system with fully delocalized pi-electron system) that contain(s) one or more heteroatoms, that is, an element other than carbon, including but not limited to, nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur.
  • alkyl refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon chain fully saturated (no double or triple bonds) hydrocarbon group.
  • C 1-4 alkyl indicates that there are one to four carbon atoms in the alkyl chain, i.e., the alkyl chain is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, propyl, iso-propyl, butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, and tert-butyl.
  • Typical alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, tertiary butyl, and the like.
  • alkenyl refers to an alkyl group that contains in the straight or branched hydrocarbon chain bearing one or more double bonds.
  • alkynyl refers to an alkyl group that contains in the straight or branched hydrocarbon chain with one or more triple bonds.
  • hydrophobic moiety refers to a moiety which is attached to a polymer side chain and interacts with another hydrophobic moiety or hydrophobic drugs. Any hydrophobic moiety known in the art could be used for the invention as far as it does not affect adversely to the properties of polymer conjugate. In one embodiment, hydrophobic moiety is selected from the group consisting of DENA and DMBA.
  • cation refers to a counter ion of the anionic group, e.g., carboxyl group on the side chain of the polymer backbone.
  • examples of cation may include, but are not limited to, hydrogen, ammonium, alkali metal, and alkali earth metal. In one embodiment, cation is sodium.
  • the molecular weight of the polymer backbone may vary. In some embodiments, the molecular weight of the polymer backbone can be in the range of about 15 kDa to about 80 kDa.
  • n are both an integer, where m is 0 or defined such that the ratio of m:n is from 1:9 to 5:5.
  • the hydrophobic moiety is represented by the formula (VI); wherein, a and b are independently an integer of 0 to 4, preferably both 1; Ar is independently an aryl or heteroaryl, preferably aryl; Z is independently selected from the group consisted of O, S, SO, SO 2 , NR, CR 2 , preferably O; Y is CH or N; As is one to three substituents independently selected from the group consisted of halides, OR, NR 2 , COOR, CONR 2 , or CN, preferably CONR 2 ; and R is independently selected from the group as defined above, preferably ethyl or methyl.
  • the hydrophobic moiety is independently selected from
  • polymer conjugate described above is able to aggregate and form a polymer micelle.
  • one aspect of the present invention encompasses the polymer micelle which is formed by the polymer conjugate described herein.
  • the polymer conjugate described herein could be produced by the conventional procedure, such as dehydrated condensation of hydrophobic moiety with polymer backbone carboxylic residue.
  • Non-limiting examples of the preparation of the polymer conjugates of the invention are described in below.
  • the polymer conjugate described herein may be used as a carrier for transporting a compound, in particular a hydrophobic compound (such as hydrophobic drug), in the body.
  • a hydrophobic compound such as hydrophobic drug
  • the polymer conjugate described herein may be used to form a polymer micelle as a nanoparticulate carrier, which may be used for transporting the encapsulated compound to tumor site in the body.
  • compositions comprising a polymer conjugate carrier described above and a hydrophobic compound operatively associated with the hydrophobic moiety of the polymer conjugate to form a hydrophobic core.
  • the hydrophobic compound may be therapeutic drug, labeling compound etc.
  • the composition is a therapeutic composition comprising of a polymer conjugate carrier described above and a hydrophobic drug operatively associated with the carrier.
  • carrier may be used to refer to various types of substances, including a polymeric carrier or a micellar carrier.
  • a carrier can be operatively associated with one or more compounds, e.g., a therapeutic drug and/or a targeting agent.
  • operatively associated refers to an electronic interaction between the carrier and the agent(s). Such interaction may take the form of a chemical bond, including, but not limited to, a covalent bond, a polar covalent bond, an ionic bond, an electrostatic association, a coordinate covalent bond, an aromatic bond, a hydrogen bond, a dipole, or a van der Waals interaction.
  • Those of ordinary skill in the art understand that the relative strengths of such interactions may vary widely.
  • terapéutica refers to the alleviation, prevention, or inhibition of any undesired signs or symptoms of a disease or condition to any extent. Such undesired signs may include those that worsen the subject's overall feeling of well-being or appearance. This term does not necessarily indicate total cure or abolition of the disease or condition.
  • a “therapeutic drug” is a compound that, upon administration to a mammal in a therapeutically effective amount, provides a therapeutic benefit to the mammal. In some embodiment, a therapeutic agent may be hydrophobic drug. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the term “therapeutic drug” is not limited to drugs that have received regulatory approval.
  • a “therapeutic drug” can be operatively associated with at least one carrier and/or other agent.
  • polymer hydrotropes of the invention described herein contains modified PGGA-based polymer micelles. Since PGGA is proved to be highly water soluble, biocompatible, biodegradable, non-immunogenic, non-hemolytic, and versatile in making both polymer drug conjugates as well as polymeric micelle formulations, the PGGA-based polymer micelles would have the following advantageous points: i) high drug loading capacity; ii) elimination of the use of unnatural non-biodegradable PEG or other highly toxic solubilizing excipients; iii) enhanced tumor accumulation; iv) systemic toxicity reduction; and v) therapeutic efficacy enhancement.
  • a carrier may associate with some compounds other than the hydrophobic compound encapsulated in the polymer micelles.
  • the examples of the compounds other than the hydrophobic compound encapsulated in the polymer micelles include, but are not limited to, label, targeting agents and additional therapeutic drugs.
  • the additional therapeutic drugs may or may not be hydrophobic.
  • Non-limiting examples of targeting agents, etc. may be found, e.g., in Xu et al., Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2013; 65(1):121-38; Yu et al., Mol Membr Biol. 2010; 27(7):286-98 and Kamaly et al., Chem Soc Rev. 2012; 41(7):2971-3010.
  • the therapeutic drug is not limited as far as it is hydrophobic.
  • therapeutic drugs may include, but not limited to, families of taxanes, macrocyclic polyketides, and resorcinylic isoxazole amides.
  • the therapeutic drugs may include, but are not limited to, paclitaxel, docetaxel, tanespimycin, griseofulvin, nifedipine, progesterone, probucol, clofibrate, coenzyme Q10, glibenclamide, felodipine, fenofibrate, itraconazole, anthracene and dihydroanthracene.
  • the therapeutic drug may be anticancer drug.
  • the examples of the anticancer drug may include, but are not limited to, paclicaxel, docetaxel and tanespimycin.
  • the therapeutic drug may be antibiotics, hormones, and the like.
  • the composition of the invention is the composition for use in treating diseases or in other words, pharmaceutical compositions, wherein the composition comprises the polymer conjugate described herein and the hydrophobic drug described herein.
  • the diseases include, but are not limited to cancer, infectious diseases, hypertension, angina, gynecological diseases, endocrine diseases, and hyperlipidemia.
  • compositions described herein can be administered to a human patient per se, or in pharmaceutical compositions where they are mixed with other active ingredients, as in combination therapy, or suitable pharmaceutical carriers or excipient(s).
  • Suitable routes of administration may, for example, include oral, rectal, transmucosal, topical, or intestinal administration; parenteral delivery, including intramuscular, subcutaneous, intravenous, intramedullary injections, as well as intrathecal, direct intraventricular, intraperitoneal, intranasal, or intraocular injections.
  • the compositions can also be administered in sustained or controlled release dosage forms, including depot injections, osmotic pumps, pills, transdermal (including electrotransport) patches, and the like, for prolonged and/or timed, pulsed administration at a predetermined rate.
  • compositions may be formulated in any conventional manner using one or more physiologically acceptable pharmaceutical carriers comprising excipients and auxiliaries, which facilitate processing of the active compounds into pharmaceutical preparations. Proper formulation is dependent upon the route of administration chosen. Any of the well-known techniques, pharmaceutical carriers, and excipients may be used as suitable and as understood in the art; e.g., in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, above.
  • compositions suitable for administration include compositions where the active ingredients are contained in an amount effective to achieve its intended purpose.
  • the therapeutically effective amount of the compounds disclosed herein required as a dose will depend on the route of administration, the type of animal, including human, being treated, and the physical characteristics of the specific animal under consideration. The dose can be tailored to achieve a desired effect, but will depend on such factors as weight, diet, concurrent medication and other factors which those skilled in the medical arts will recognize. More specifically, a therapeutically effective amount means an amount of compound effective to prevent, alleviate, or ameliorate either symptoms of disease or prolong the survival of the subject being treated. Determination of a therapeutically effective amount is well within the capability of those skilled in the art, especially in light of the detailed disclosure provided herein.
  • the useful in vivo dosage to be administered and the particular mode of administration will vary depending upon the age, weight and mammalian species treated, the particular compounds employed, and the specific use for which these compounds are employed.
  • the determination of effective dosage levels can be accomplished by one skilled in the art using routine pharmacological methods. Typically, human clinical applications of products are commenced at lower dosage levels, with dosage level being increased until the desired effect is achieved. Alternatively, acceptable in vitro studies can be used to establish useful doses and routes of administration of the compositions identified by the present methods using established pharmacological methods.
  • the exact formulation, route of administration and dosage for the pharmaceutical compositions can be chosen by the individual physician in view of the patient's condition. (See e.g., Fingl et al. 1975, in "The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics", which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, with particular reference to Ch. 1, p. 1).
  • the dose range of the composition administered to the patient can be from about 0.5 to about 1000 mg/kg of the patient's body weight.
  • the dosage may be a single one or a series of two or more given in the course of one or more days, as is needed by the patient.
  • the dosages will be about the same, or dosages that are about 0.1% to about 500%, more preferably about 25% to about 250% of the established human dosage.
  • a suitable human dosage can be inferred from ED 50 or ID 50 values, or other appropriate values derived from in vitro or in vivo studies, as qualified by toxicity studies and efficacy studies in animals.
  • the daily dosage regimen for an adult human patient may be, for example, an oral dose of about 0.1 mg to 2000 mg of each active ingredient, preferably about 1 mg to about 500 mg, e.g. 5 to 200 mg.
  • an intravenous, subcutaneous, or intramuscular dose of each active ingredient of about 0.01 mg to about 100 mg, preferably about 0.1 mg to about 60 mg, e.g. about 1 to about 40 mg is used.
  • dosages may be calculated as the free base.
  • the composition is administered l to 4 times per day.
  • compositions may be administered by continuous intravenous infusion, preferably at a dose of each active ingredient up to about 1000 mg per day.
  • each active ingredient up to about 1000 mg per day.
  • the compounds disclosed herein in certain situations it may be necessary to administer the compounds disclosed herein in amounts that exceed, or even far exceed, the above-stated, preferred dosage range in order to effectively and aggressively treat particularly aggressive diseases or infections.
  • the compounds will be administered for a period of continuous therapy, for example for a week or more, or for months or years.
  • the invention described herein encompasses a method for treating a disease or condition via administering the therapeutic composition of the present invention to a subject in need thereof in an effective amount to achieve the intended purpose.
  • the disease which may be treated is not limited, provided that the therapeutic drug is hydrophobic and the drug may improve the condition of the disease.
  • the examples of the disease may include, but are not limited to, cancer, infectious diseases, hypertension, angina, gynecological diseases, endocrine diseases, and hyperlipidemia.
  • the disease is cancer.
  • the aspect of the invention encompasses the embodiment of administering the therapeutic composition described above. Therefore, every examples described in the embodiment of the therapeutic composition above such as the examples for administration route, dosage forms, amounts subjects and the like would also be applied to the method for treating diseases described herein.
  • N,N-Diethyl-2-((4-(hydroxymethyl)benzyl)oxy)nicotinamide ( 4 ) To a solution of N,N-diethyl-2-hydroxynicotinamide ( 2 ) (5g, 25.7 mmol) in 150 mL of anhydrous acetone with K 2 CO 3 (7.12g, 51.5 mmol), (4-(chloromethyl)phenyl)methanol ( 3 ) was added dropwise at 60 o C and the reaction mixture was stirred under nitrogen for 20 hours. The crude reaction mixture was then filtered and the product was purified by flash column chromatography using 1:1/THF:Hex on silica gel.
  • the reaction mixture was then poured slowly into 600 mL of 0.2 N HCl solutions stirred by a magnetic stir. After stirred for 10 minutes, the white crude product was isolated by centrifugation. The crude, after washed with 0.2 N HCl and MilliQ sequentially, was dissolved into 500 mL of 0.3N NaHCO 3 solution with stirring until a clear solution was obtained. The solution was first filtered and the filtrate was then purified by a TFF system (3 kDa, mPES column) until the permeate solution conductivity was less than 0.05 mS/cm. The retentate was finally lyophilized to provide 10.5 g of pGG-40mol%DENA-Na conjugate (94% yield).
  • GPC-MALS 83.2 kDa, PDI: 1.558, UV loading: 38%, Z ave : 24 nm.
  • Other pGG-DENA-Na conjugates were also prepared using the same protocol with different quantities of 4 .
  • the reaction mixture was then poured slowly into 600 mL of 0.2 N HCl solutions stirred by a magnetic stir. After stirred for 10 minutes, the white crude product was isolated by centrifugation. The crude, after washed with 0.2 N HCl and MilliQ sequentially, was dissolved into 500 mL of 0.3 N NaHCO 3 solution with stirring until a clear solution was obtained. The solution was first filtered and the filtrate was purified by a TFF system (3 kDa, mPES column) until the permeate solution conductivity was less than 0.05 mS/cm. The retentate was finally lyophilized to provide 9.1 g of the title compound (97% yield).
  • GPC-MALS 69.7 kDa
  • PDI 1.417
  • UV loading 29%
  • Z ave 20 nm.
  • Other pGG-DMBA-Na conjugates were also prepared using the same protocol with different quantities of 7 .
  • Example 3 Preparation of drug-encapsulated pGG-hydrotrope polymer micelles All drug-encapsulated pGG-hydrotrope PMs were prepared following the industrial standard quick mixing method. Briefly, an ethanol solution of drug and a solution of pGG-hydrotrope in PBS buffer in a given mass ratio are mixed rapidly at a T-joint by one peristaltic pump and the mixture is then quickly diluted with a buffer derived by another pump. A diafiltration system is then employed to remove the ethanol as well as concentrate the crude formulations. The final Ready-To-Use (RTU) dosage form will be available after filtration via a 0.2 um membrane filtering medium. Examples of hydrophobic drugs that could be encapsulated by pGG-hydrotropes include paclitaxel, docetaxel, and tanespimycin.
  • polymer hydrotropes of the invention described above have been demonstrated being capable of interacting with the hydrophobic drugs and form stable polymer micelles. From these polymer hydrotropes, paclitaxel encapsulated in pGG-30mol%DENA polymer micelles (PTX-PGGA-Hydrotrope III, also referred to as Nitto X) were used for the subsequent studies. The physical properties of PTX-PGGA-Hydrotrope III are shown in below table.
  • In vivo efficacy assay Example 4 Establishment of Mia-Paca-2 pancreatic cancer xenograft model Tumor xenograft Mia-Paca-2 cell line was purchased from ATCC and maintained in RPMI-1640 supplemented with 10% Fetal Bovine Serum, 100 U/ml penicillin and 100 ug/ml streptomycin. Cells were harvested in the log phase of growth from the tissue culture after lightly trypsinized with trypsin-EDTA. The number of viable cells were counted and determined in a hemocytometer in the presence of trypan blue (only viable cells were counted).
  • Tumor volume (length x (width) 2 )/2.
  • Example 5 Dose response effect Once the tumors established in Example 4 reached approximately 200-220 mm 3 (average tumor volume at 209 mm 3 ), the mice were assigned into the vehicle control and various treatment groups, such that the mean tumor volumes in the treated groups were within 10% of the mean tumor volume in the vehicle control group, and the CV% of tumor volume was less than 25%. On the same day, freshly prepared test articles (e.g. PTX-encapsulated PGGA-hydrotrope III PMs, NittoX) and the vehicle control group was injected through a tail vein at dosages of 40, 60, and 80 mg (PTX equiv.)/kg at dosing volume of 10 mL/kg. Tumor volume was monitored twice a week. Bodyweight measurements were also taken. Tumor volume was then calculated using the formula provided above. Once the individual tumor volume reached 3,000 mm 3 or the tumor ulcerated, the animals would be sacrificed based on IACUC regulations.
  • PTX-encapsulated PGGA-hydrotrope III PMs, NittoX
  • Fig. 1 As is understood from the figure, tumor growth was completely suppressed at varied doses, among which the lowest dose was 40 mg/kg. The results demonstrated that PTX-encapsulated PGGA-hydrotrope III PMs have excellent anticancer efficacy. The dose response was not evident because of complete suppression.
  • Example 6 Effect of drug encapsulated PGGA-Hydrotropepolymer micelle compared to conventional drug Mice bearing lung cancer xenograft derived from NCI-H460 cell lines (purchased from ATCC) were prepared in the same manner as Example 4. The mice were assigned into the vehicle control and various treatment groups in the same manner to Example 5. As for the assay, the test was performed in a similar manner but slightly modified, such that the Abraxane (R) (albumin-bound paclitaxel) was administered at a dosage of 80 mg/kg, as a comparison for the same dosage of PTX-PGGA-Hydrotrope III.
  • R Abraxane
  • tumor size reached 500-600 mm 3
  • animals were administrated with PTX-PGGA-Hydrotrope III at 100 mg/kg (IV, qd x1).
  • Plasma, tumor and livers were harvested at the indicated time points.
  • Tumor was split into two parts, one for measuring paclitaxel concentration as pharmacokinetics (PK) analysis, and the other for measuring PD (Pharmacodynamics) biomarker including acetylated tubulin and Ki67.
  • PK pharmacokinetics
  • PD Pharmacodynamics
  • One slice of liver was dissected from right lobe of liver for PK analysis.
  • PTX was quantified by LC/MS/MS for PK analysis.
  • acetylated tubulin was assessed using ELISA method.
  • tumor samples were broken down using tissue lysis buffer (Cat: FNN0071, Life Technology) according to manufactory's instruction and the protein in question was quantified subsequently.
  • the expression of acetylated tubulin was examined using ELISA method (Cat: 7204, Cell Signaling).
  • ELISA method Cat: 7204, Cell Signaling
  • the sample preparation was the same as described above.
  • the expression of Ki67 was measured using ELISA method (#CSB-E16294).
  • PTX-PGGA-Hydrotrope III demonstrated three-fold elevation of C max and AUC (0-168h) as compared with Abraxane (R) in tumor, indicating more desirable tumor accumulation was achieved by PTX-PGGA-Hydrotrope III.
  • R Abraxane
  • no substantial difference was observed for plasma and liver PK profiles between PTX-PGGA-Hydrotrope III and Abraxane (R) .
  • acetylated tubulin level was increased first but get back within 24 hours. This agreed very well with the corresponding PK data.
  • expression of Ki67 was also monitored as a second biomarker to verify the PD data. Ki67 level fell down to lower than 40% within 4 hours and stayed around 40% throughout the rest of the experiment. This was again perfectly in consistent with the PK data.
  • Example 8 Toxicity evaluation Both female and male naive Balb/C mice at 7-8 week old were purchased from Charles River. Animals were housed and maintained in a controlled environment and all procedures were performed in accordance with Nitto NDT and UCSD IACUC regulations. After acclimation for 5 days, animals were administrated with PTX-PGGA-Hydrotrope III at 20, 30 and 40 mpk, (IV, qd x5). Cage side clinical observation was monitored twice a day and bodyweight was measured daily. At 48 h post dosing, blood samples were harvested and submitted for hematological parameters analysis, including complete blood count (CBC), differentials count, as well as platelet and reticulocyte counts. The data was processed using Prism Graphpad.
  • CBC complete blood count
  • differentials count as well as platelet and reticulocyte counts. The data was processed using Prism Graphpad.
  • PTX-PGGA-Hydrotrope III had showed a slightly better tolerability than Abraxane (R) in term of toxicity at the same dose level. No gender difference in toxicity was observed.
  • composition described herein is statistically significantly more efficacious than Abraxane (R) in NCI-H460 lung cancer xenograft at the same dose level. Dosages are well tolerated by animals in terms of body weight loss and survival. In addition to NCI-H460, The composition described herein is also found remarkably potent in a variety of tumor models, including pancreatic and breast cancers. (ii) The improved efficacy is presumably attributed to its superior plasma and tumor pharmacokinetic profile.
  • composition described herein not only enhances circulation stability over Abraxane (R) , but also preferentially delivers paclitaxel in three-fold elevation of C max and AUC (0-168h) as compared with Abraxane (R) . Meanwhile, these results are also in accordance with those derived from pharmacodynamic analyses of tubulin polymerization alteration and consequent tumor cell proliferation inhibition. Strong correlation between tumor PK and PD is observed. (iii)The composition described herein has also showed a slightly better hematological toxicity than Abraxane (R) .
  • composition described herein has potential to be a more potent taxane-based nanomedicine superior to Abraxane (R) .

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