WO2015152163A1 - 空気調和装置およびその設置方法 - Google Patents
空気調和装置およびその設置方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2015152163A1 WO2015152163A1 PCT/JP2015/059952 JP2015059952W WO2015152163A1 WO 2015152163 A1 WO2015152163 A1 WO 2015152163A1 JP 2015059952 W JP2015059952 W JP 2015059952W WO 2015152163 A1 WO2015152163 A1 WO 2015152163A1
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- Prior art keywords
- refrigerant
- conditioning apparatus
- range
- air conditioner
- air conditioning
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
- F24F1/00—Room units for air-conditioning, e.g. separate or self-contained units or units receiving primary air from a central station
- F24F1/0007—Indoor units, e.g. fan coil units
- F24F1/0059—Indoor units, e.g. fan coil units characterised by heat exchangers
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B45/00—Arrangements for charging or discharging refrigerant
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
- F24F1/00—Room units for air-conditioning, e.g. separate or self-contained units or units receiving primary air from a central station
- F24F1/0007—Indoor units, e.g. fan coil units
- F24F1/0043—Indoor units, e.g. fan coil units characterised by mounting arrangements
- F24F1/0047—Indoor units, e.g. fan coil units characterised by mounting arrangements mounted in the ceiling or at the ceiling
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
- F24F1/00—Room units for air-conditioning, e.g. separate or self-contained units or units receiving primary air from a central station
- F24F1/0007—Indoor units, e.g. fan coil units
- F24F1/0043—Indoor units, e.g. fan coil units characterised by mounting arrangements
- F24F1/005—Indoor units, e.g. fan coil units characterised by mounting arrangements mounted on the floor; standing on the floor
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
- F24F1/00—Room units for air-conditioning, e.g. separate or self-contained units or units receiving primary air from a central station
- F24F1/0007—Indoor units, e.g. fan coil units
- F24F1/0043—Indoor units, e.g. fan coil units characterised by mounting arrangements
- F24F1/0057—Indoor units, e.g. fan coil units characterised by mounting arrangements mounted in or on a wall
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
- F24F13/00—Details common to, or for air-conditioning, air-humidification, ventilation or use of air currents for screening
- F24F13/32—Supports for air-conditioning, air-humidification or ventilation units
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B49/00—Arrangement or mounting of control or safety devices
- F25B49/02—Arrangement or mounting of control or safety devices for compression type machines, plants or systems
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B2345/00—Details for charging or discharging refrigerants; Service stations therefor
- F25B2345/001—Charging refrigerant to a cycle
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B2400/00—General features or devices for refrigeration machines, plants or systems, combined heating and refrigeration systems or heat-pump systems, i.e. not limited to a particular subgroup of F25B
- F25B2400/12—Inflammable refrigerants
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B2500/00—Problems to be solved
- F25B2500/19—Calculation of parameters
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an air conditioner using a flammable refrigerant and a method for installing the same.
- HFC refrigerant such as R410A
- R410A which is nonflammable.
- this R410A has zero ozone depletion coefficient (hereinafter referred to as “ODP”) and does not destroy the ozone layer. (Hereinafter referred to as “GWP”).
- ODP ozone depletion coefficient
- GWP ozone depletion coefficient
- studies are underway to change from an HFC refrigerant having a high GWP, such as R410A, to a refrigerant having a low GWP (hereinafter referred to as a “low GWP refrigerant”).
- HC refrigerants such as R290 (C 3 H 8 ; propane) and R 1270 (C 3 H 6 ; propylene), which are natural refrigerants, exist as candidates for the low GWP refrigerant.
- R290 C 3 H 8 ; propane
- R 1270 C 3 H 6 ; propylene
- such an HC refrigerant unlike R410A, which is nonflammable, has strong combustion level combustibility, and therefore requires attention and countermeasures against refrigerant leakage.
- an HFC refrigerant that does not have a carbon double bond in the composition, for example, R32 (CH 2 F 2 ; difluoromethane) having a lower GWP than R410A.
- a halogenated hydrocarbon having a carbon double bond in the composition which is a kind of HFC refrigerant as in the case of R32.
- a halogenated hydrocarbon for example, HFO-1234yf (CF 3 CF ⁇ CH 2 ; tetrafluoropropene) and HFO-1234ze (CF 3 —CH ⁇ CHF) are known.
- an HFC refrigerant having a carbon double bond is changed to an olefin (unsaturated hydrocarbon having a carbon double bond). It is often expressed as “HFO refrigerant” using “O” (called olefin).
- Such low GWP refrigerants are not as flammable as HC refrigerants such as natural refrigerant R290 (C 3 H 8 ; propane), but are different from non-flammable R410A, It has a slightly flammable level. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to refrigerant leakage as in the case of R290.
- coolant which has combustibility even if it is a slight fuel level is called "flammable refrigerant
- the allowable refrigerant amount m max per room that is not ventilated as defined in, for example, Patent Document 1, IEC 60335-2-40.
- the refrigerant amount calculated from the installation floor area manually input according to the relational expression uniquely determined with reference to the following (Equation I) with respect to kg] is compared with the refrigerant amount in the air conditioner, and the refrigerant exceeding m max Is disclosed in which the refrigerant is discharged from the refrigerant circuit and transferred to a surplus refrigerant storage device.
- m max 2.5 ⁇ (LFL) 1.25 ⁇ h 0 ⁇ (A) 0.5 (Formula I) m max : Allowable refrigerant amount per room [kg], A: Installation floor area [m 2 ], LFL: lower limit combustion temperature of refrigerant [kg / m 3 ], h 0 : Installation height of the device (indoor unit) [m] Here installation height h 0, the floor-standing 0.6m, Surface mounting 1.8m, window-standing 1.0m, ceiling-shaped 2.2m.
- the present invention was made to solve the above problems, and in an air conditioner using a combustible refrigerant having a density greater than air under atmospheric pressure, while filling an effective amount of refrigerant,
- An object of the present invention is to provide an air conditioner that does not impair safety and an installation method thereof.
- An air conditioner according to the present invention includes an indoor unit on which an indoor heat exchanger is mounted, and is an air conditioner using a flammable refrigerant having a density greater than air under atmospheric pressure.
- the installation height h 0 [m] (according to IEC 60335-2-40.
- the refrigerant amount M [kg] to be installed and filled may be within the range of the following (formula II).
- the air conditioner of the present invention even if a flammable refrigerant having a density higher than that of air is used under atmospheric pressure, safety is not impaired while an effective amount of refrigerant is charged.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of an indoor unit that constitutes an air-conditioning apparatus (hereinafter, referred to as an air-conditioning apparatus 100) according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating another example of an indoor unit that configures the air-conditioning apparatus 100.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram illustrating still another example of the indoor unit that configures the air-conditioning apparatus 100.
- FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram illustrating still another example of the indoor unit that configures the air conditioning apparatus 100.
- FIG. 5 is a schematic configuration diagram showing a refrigerant circuit configuration of the air-conditioning apparatus 100. Based on FIGS. 1 to 5, the air conditioner 100 will be described focusing on indoor units.
- the air conditioner 100 is assumed to use a combustible refrigerant, and includes an indoor unit 1 shown in FIGS. 1 to 4, an outdoor unit 10 connected to the indoor unit 1 via a refrigerant pipe 15, have.
- FIG. 1 shows a schematic configuration of a wall-hanging indoor unit 1.
- FIG. 2 shows a schematic configuration of the ceiling-type indoor unit 1.
- FIG. 3 shows a schematic configuration of the window-mounted indoor unit 1.
- FIG. 4 shows a schematic configuration of the floor-standing indoor unit 1.
- 1 to 4 show a separate type air conditioner 100 as an example, but the heat exchanger 2 is not limited to the separate type as long as the heat exchanger 2 is accommodated in the indoor unit 1, and is an integrated type. It may be.
- the indoor unit 1 to 4 has a heat exchanger (indoor heat exchanger) 2 although the installation method is different. Further, the indoor unit 1 has a suction port 3 for taking indoor air into the indoor unit 1 and a blower outlet 4 for supplying conditioned air via the heat exchanger 2 to the outside of the indoor unit 1. is doing. Further, a refrigerant pipe joint 16 is usually installed in the refrigerant pipe 15 connected to the outdoor unit 10.
- the heat exchanger 2 functions as an element of the refrigerant circuit together with the compressor 11 accommodated in the outdoor unit 10, the outdoor heat exchanger 12, and the expansion valve 13.
- the refrigerant flows in the order of the compressor 11, the heat exchanger 2, the expansion valve 13, and the heat exchanger 12. That is, the heat exchanger 2 is operated as a condenser and the heat exchanger 12 is operated as an evaporator, and the indoor air passing through the heat exchanger 2 is warmed by heating, and the heating operation is performed.
- the refrigerant flows in the order of the compressor 11, the heat exchanger 12, the expansion valve 13, and the heat exchanger 2. That is, the heat exchanger 2 functions as an evaporator and the heat exchanger 12 functions as a condenser, and the indoor air is cooled by taking cold heat from the refrigerant passing through the heat exchanger 2 and performs a cooling operation.
- the amount of leakage from the side having a low height from the floor surface (hereinafter referred to as the floor height) among the openings such as the inlet 3 or the outlet 4 is large. Is common.
- the influence of the height above the floor of the leakage occurrence point is also considered.
- a flammable area may be generated in the indoor space.
- control device 18 input means for inputting M, A, LFL, h 0 , G, ⁇ , ⁇ , means for detecting and monitoring whether or not the (formula II) is satisfied (control device 18), When the control device 18 detects that the set threshold value is exceeded, a notification means (display means or the like) for notifying is provided. In addition, the control device 18 disables the operation of the air conditioner 100 when no improvement is observed in a certain time after the notification.
- the control device 18 is configured by, for example, hardware such as a circuit device that realizes this function, or software executed on an arithmetic device such as a microcomputer or a CPU.
- h 0 basically uses a value according to IEC 60335-2-40. Or it may be used the values of inlet 3 or any lower floor height of the air outlet 4 h 0 of the indoor unit 1 (A). Alternatively, the lower floor height h 0 (B) of the refrigerant pipe 15 or the refrigerant pipe joint 16 of the indoor unit 1 may be used.
- the suction port 3 or the outlet 4 is h 0.
- (A) is equal to h 0 according to IEC 60335-2-40.
- h 0 according to IEC 60335-2-40 is different from h 0 (A) and h 0 (B), so values are set appropriately.
- the following indoor unit 1 is used as an experiment target.
- the minimum value of A is 4m 2 with reference to the minimum floor area required by the regulations.
- the ceiling height shall be 2.2m or more with reference to the Building Standard Law.
- the assumed leak rate is 5 kg / h, 10 kg / h, 75 kg / h with reference to “Environment and New Refrigerant, International Symposium 2012” p98 issued by Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association, and the median value of 10 kg / h is set.
- it is standard most of the refrigerant leakage accidents are described as a leak rate of 1 kg / h or less, and even if 5 kg / h is used, safety is not impaired.
- FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram showing a schematic configuration of an experimental apparatus 200 used for evaluating the safety (combustible region generation behavior) of the indoor unit 1 and obtaining ⁇ and ⁇ . Based on FIG. 6, while evaluating the safety
- the sealed space 50 is produced.
- the sealed space 50 is produced by bonding a prepared veneer plate having a thickness of about 10 mm so as to have a predetermined floor area and a predetermined ceiling height.
- the space between the plywood and the plywood is filled with a silicon-based adhesive, and the doors are made of aluminum tape or the like so that there is no gap.
- the indoor unit 1 that leaks the refrigerant is installed.
- FIG. 6 the state which installed the wall-hanging type indoor unit 1 is shown as an example.
- a gas concentration sensor 51 is installed at a predetermined height.
- FIG. 6 a state in which five gas concentration sensors 51 are arranged at the top and bottom in the central portion of the sealed space 50 is shown as an example, but depending on the form and arrangement position of the indoor unit 1, the shape of the sealed space 50, and the like.
- Increases the position and number of the gas concentration sensors 51 specifies the position showing the maximum gas concentration, and performs measurement. This time, gas concentration sensors 51 were installed at several positions including the front of the indoor unit in advance, and measurements were made. It was confirmed that there was no problem by representing the gas concentration in the center of the room.
- a general capillary 53 is connected to a charge hose 55 by an open / close valve 54.
- the charge hose 55 is connected to the charge hose 56 by an open / close valve 57.
- the charge hose 55 is installed so as to pass through the inside and outside of the sealed space 50, the opening / closing valve 54 is inside the sealed space 50, and the opening / closing valve 57 is outside the sealed space 50.
- the other end of the charge hose 56 that is not connected to the open / close valve 57 is connected to the main plug 59 of the refrigerant cylinder 58.
- the capillary 53 is for adjusting the leakage speed when the refrigerant is leaked, and a general copper capillary tube can be used as it is or after being partially processed.
- a general copper capillary tube can be used as it is or after being partially processed.
- general ones such as TASCO TA-136A can be used.
- the open / close valve 57 is closed with the leak rate adjusted in the preliminary experiment adjusted, and the main plug 59 is opened.
- the refrigerant cylinder 58 is placed on the electronic platform scale 60, and the opening / closing valve 57 is opened while constantly recording the change in the weight of the refrigerant cylinder 58 with a personal computer.
- the leak rate can be estimated as an average leak rate V [kg / h] by using a slope obtained by linearly approximating the change in the weight of the refrigerant cylinder 58 with time.
- the leakage speed can be adjusted by performing a preliminary experiment using the experimental apparatus 200 and adjusting the specifications (inner diameter and length) of the capillary 53 and the degree of opening of the opening / closing valve 54.
- the refrigerant leakage amount can be adjusted by looking at the memory of the electronic platform scale 60 and closing the open / close valve 57 when the target weight is reached.
- a gas concentration sensor 51 is set at a predetermined height in the center of the sealed space 50, and the detection results are continuously recorded by a personal computer.
- the gas concentration sensor 51 for example, an R32 gas sensor VT-1 (manufactured by Shin Cosmos Electric Co., Ltd.) can be used.
- the gas concentration sensor for R32 displays the volume concentration
- 14.4 vol% which is the volume display LFL of R32 according to IEC 60335-2-40 is used as an index
- the maximum concentration of R32 is When it became 14.4 vol% or more, it was set as "(circle)" when it was less than 14.4 vol%, as a mark which produced the combustible region.
- a combustible region was not generated within the range satisfying (Formula I), as described in paragraph [0009], it was described as a comparative example because there is a concern of being excessive.
- the reason why the embodiment was not performed due to leakage from a real machine is as follows.
- a real machine refrigeration cycle apparatus such as an air conditioner
- most of the refrigerant is stored in the compressor. Therefore, when the refrigerant is leaked from the actual machine into the room, the refrigerant leaks from the compressor.
- the refrigerant gas that has leaked at a high speed due to the high pressure at the start of the leakage reduces the internal pressure of the refrigerant circuit as the amount of refrigerant remaining in the refrigeration cycle apparatus decreases, and the leakage speed also greatly decreases.
- Tables 1 to 9 show that the wall-mounted indoor unit 1 has an inner dimension floor area of 12, 36, 64 m 2 and a ceiling height of 2.5 m so that the lower end of the indoor unit 1 has a floor height of 1.8 m.
- the amount of refrigerant leaked is 0.5 to 70.0 kg
- the average leakage speed V is 5, 10, 75 kg / h
- the installation floor height of the gas concentration sensor is 50, 100, 250 , 500, 1000, 1500, and 2000 mm, the state of combustible area generation when R32 is leaked is investigated.
- the allowable refrigerant amount (M upper limit) incapable of flammable area and the relationship between m max and installation floor area A according to IEC 60335-2-40 (M upper limit / A and m max / A) are: It becomes like Table 10.
- M / A may be used as an index.
- the ceiling-type indoor unit 1 is installed at the center of the ceiling of the sealed space 50 with an inner floor area of 12, 36, 64 m 2 so that the lower end of the floor unit is 2.2 m above the floor, and the amount of leaked refrigerant 0.532 to 53.4 kg, the average leakage rate V is 5, 10, 75 kg / h, and the gas concentration sensor is installed at a floor height of 50, 100, 250, 500, 1000, 1500, 2000 mm.
- Example 3 The window-mounted indoor unit 1 is installed on a part of the wall surface of the sealed space 50 with an inner dimension floor area of 12, 36, 64 m 2 so that the lower end of the indoor unit 1 is 1.0 m above the floor.
- Table 12 As a result of investigating the flammable zone generation situation in the case of leakage, it was as shown in Table 12.
- the amount of refrigerant leaked is 0.5-38.5 kg
- the average leakage speed V is 5, 10, 75 kg / h
- the gas concentration sensor is installed at a floor height of 50, 100, 250, 500, 1000, 1500, 2000 mm, R32
- Table 13, Table 14, and Table 15 the results were as shown in Table 13, Table 14, and Table 15.
- Example 4 As described above, in Example 4, the same results as in Examples 1 to 3 (a combustible area is not generated even if m max is exceeded, the upper limit of M needs to be smaller as G is larger, and G and M / A are correlated. Obtained).
- H 0 in the formula VII) is not a value according to IEC 60335-2-40, but the floor height (h 0 (A)) of the outlet 4 or the inlet 3 whichever is lower, the refrigerant pipe 15 or the refrigerant pipe joint It is also possible to use the floor height (h 0 (B)), whichever is lower of 16.
- M / A ⁇ 0.421 [kg / m 2 ] for h 0 1.0 [m] or more.
- M / A ⁇ 0.252 [kg / m 2 ] for h 0 0.6 [m] or more.
- M / A ⁇ 0.189 [kg / m 2 ] for h 0 0.45 [m] or more.
- M / A ⁇ 0.0546 [kg / m 2 ] for h 0 0.15 [m] or more.
- Embodiment 2 The experiment performed in the first embodiment was performed by changing the refrigerant gas to HFO-1234yf.
- Embodiment 3 The experiment conducted in Embodiment 1 was carried out by changing to propane (R290: C 3 H 8 ) exhibiting strong flammability.
- the upper limit value of the refrigerant amount M needs to be smaller for a gas having higher flammability (for example, propane). It was also found that the upper limit value of the refrigerant amount M can be increased as the gas with lower combustibility.
- ⁇ is a positive constant that mainly correlates with LFL of refrigerant
- ⁇ is a positive constant that correlates mainly with density of refrigerant. From Table 17, as LFL increases, ⁇ increases and gas density increases. It can be seen that ⁇ becomes smaller.
- ⁇ Xexp [Y ⁇ LFL]
- ⁇ ⁇ ZLn [W ⁇ density] +1
- X, Y, Z, and W are positive constants determined by the refrigerant type.
- R32, HFO-1234yf, and R290 have been described as representative examples, but it goes without saying that other HFC refrigerants and mixed refrigerants thereof can be similarly applied. It goes without saying that the air conditioner installed as shown in the above embodiment does not impair safety while filling an effective amount of refrigerant.
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Abstract
Description
また、低GWP冷媒の候補として、組成中に炭素の二重結合を持たないHFC冷媒、例えばR410AよりもGWPが低いR32(CH2F2;ジフルオロメタン)が存在している。
mmax:一室当たりの許容冷媒量[kg]、
A :据付床面積[m2]、
LFL:冷媒の燃焼下限濃度[kg/m3]、
h0 :装置(室内機)の据付高さ[m]
ここで据付高さh0は、床置形0.6m、壁掛形1.8m、窓置形1.0m、天井形2.2m。
また本発明に係る空気調和装置の設置方法は、前記空気調和装置を用いたものである。
図1は、本発明の実施の形態1に係る空気調和装置(以下、空気調和装置100と称する)を構成する室内機の一例を示す概略図である。図2は、空気調和装置100を構成する室内機の別の一例を示す概略図である。図3は、空気調和装置100を構成する室内機の更に別の一例を示す概略図である。図4は、空気調和装置100を構成する室内機の更に別の一例を示す概略図である。図5は、空気調和装置100の冷媒回路構成を示す概略構成図である。図1~図5に基づいて、空気調和装置100について、室内機を中心として説明する。
または、室内機1の吸込口3または吹出口4のいずれか低い方の床上高さh0(A)の値を用いてもよい。
または、室内機1の冷媒配管15または冷媒配管継手16のいずれか低い方の床上高さh0(B)を用いても良い。
一般的に、吸込口3または吹出口4が、室内機1の下端部にある壁掛形(図1)、天井形(図2)、窓置形(図3)の室内機1においては、h0(A)とIEC60335-2-40に従うh0とは等しくなる。
一方、床置形(図4)の室内機1については、IEC60335-2-40に従うh0と、h0(A)とh0(B)とが異なるため、適宜値を設定する。
図1に示す「壁掛形」では、IEC60335-2-40に従った据付高さh0=1.8[m]と、吸込口3または吹出口4のいずれか低い方の床上高さh0(A)と同じで、冷媒配管15または冷媒配管継手16のいずれか低い方の床上高さh0(B)よりも低い、すなわちh0=h0(A)<h0(B)とする。
図2に示す「天井形」では、IEC60335-2-40に従った据付高さh0=2.2[m]=h0(A)<h0(B)とする。
図3に示す「窓置形」では、IEC60335-2-40に従った据付高さh0=1.0[m]=h0(A)<h0(B)とする。
図4に示す「床置形」では、IEC60335-2-40に従った据付高さh0=0.6[m]、h0(A)=0.15[m]、h0(B)=0.45[m]とする。
α、βは、以下に説明する冷媒漏洩実験結果から求めるが、基本的に冷媒種による。αは主にLFL、βは主に密度(分子量)の影響を受けると考えられるが、詳細は明確でない。
また、密閉空間50には、ガス濃度センサ51を所定高さに設置する。図6では、一例として、密閉空間50の中央部に上下に5つのガス濃度センサ51を配置した状態を例に示しているが、室内機1の形態や配置位置、密閉空間50の形状などによっては、ガス濃度センサ51の位置や数を増やし、最大ガス濃度を示す位置を特定後、測定を行う。今回は、事前に室内機前を含めたいくつかの位置にガス濃度センサ51を設置して測定を行ない、部屋中央部のガス濃度を代表とすることで問題ないことを確認した。
また、冷媒漏洩量は、電子台秤60のメモリを見て、狙い重量になった時点で開閉バルブ57を閉じることで、調整することができる。
そして密閉空間50の中央部には、ガス濃度センサ51が所定高さに設定されており、検知結果をパソコンによって連続的に記録する。ガス濃度センサ51としては、例えばR32用ガスセンサVT-1(新コスモス電機(株)製)を、用いることができる。
また(式I)を満たす範囲で可燃域を生成しない確認も行ったが、段落[0009]で述べた通り、過剰である懸念があるため比較例として記載した。
実機では、冷媒の大半が圧縮機に貯留されている。そのため、実機から冷媒を室内に漏洩させた場合、冷媒は、圧縮機から漏洩していくことになる。この場合、漏洩開始時に高圧により高速漏洩だった冷媒ガスは、冷凍サイクル装置内に残存する冷媒量の減少とともに冷媒回路の内圧が低下し、漏洩速度も大きく低下する。これにより、漏洩冷媒量によって漏洩速度が変化し、また全量放出できないため漏洩量がわからないなど、安全性を議論するための定量的なデータ取得が困難となるからである。
なお、本実施の形態を行う前に予備実験を行い、本実施の形態で示す手法と同量の冷媒をほぼ同速度で漏洩させた場合、室内濃度が実機から漏洩させた場合の方が低いことを確認した。
表1~9は、壁掛形の室内機1を、その下端部が床上高さ1.8mになるように、内寸床面積を12、36、64m2、天井高さを2.5mとした密閉空間50の一つの壁面に据え付け、漏洩冷媒量を0.5~70.0kg、平均漏洩速度Vを5、10、75kg/h、ガス濃度センサの設置床面高さを50、100、250、500、1000、1500、2000mmとした場合の、R32を漏洩させた場合の可燃域発生状況について調べたものである。
mmax=2.5×(LFL)1.25×h0×(A)0.5
=2.5×(0.306)1.25×h0×(A)0.5
=0.569×h0×A0.5・・・(式III)
A=12m2のとき、mmax=1.02×120.5=3.53[kg]となる。
従って、mmax/A=3.53[kg]/12[m2]=0.294[kg/m2]となる。
A=36m2のとき、1.02×360.5=6.12[kg]となる。
従って、mmax/A=6.12/36=0.170[kg/m2]となる。
A=64m2のとき、1.02×640.5=8.16[kg]となる。
従って、mmax/A=8.16/64=0.128[kg/m2]となる。
(1)mmaxを超えて冷媒を漏洩させても、可燃域は生成しない。
(2)M上限は、Vが大きい程小さくする必要がある。すなわち、Gが大きい程小さくする必要がある。
(3)M上限/A(A一定の場合、「M/Aの最大値」と同義)は、V一定に対して、すなわちG一定に対して一定となる。
なお、想定最大漏洩速度Gを大きくする程、より安全性が向上することは、容易に類推できる。
天井形の室内機1を、その下端部が床上高さ2.2mになるように、内寸床面積を12、36、64m2とした密閉空間50の天井の中央部に据え付け、漏洩冷媒量を0.5~53.4kg、平均漏洩速度Vを5、10、75kg/h、ガス濃度センサを床上高さ50、100、250、500、1000、1500、2000mmに設置した場合の、R32を漏洩させた場合の可燃域発生状況についても同様に調べた結果、表11のようになった。
窓置形の室内機1を、その下端部が床上1.0mになるように、内寸床面積を12、36、64m2とした密閉空間50の壁面の一部に据え付け、漏洩冷媒量を0.5~53.4kg、平均漏洩速度Vを5、10、75kg/h、ガス濃度センサの設置床面高さを50、100、250、500、1000、1500、2000mmとした場合の、R32を漏洩させた場合の可燃域発生状況についても同様に調べた結果、表12のようになった。
図4に示すような床置形の室内機1を、内寸床面積が12、36、64m2の密閉空間50の床面に据え付けた(IEC60335-2-40に従うh0=0.6[m])。図6に示す室内機1内のキャピラリ53の下端位置を、図4の熱交換器2の右横空間内に、室内機1の冷媒配管15または冷媒配管継手16のいずれか低い方の床上高さh0(B)=0.6、0.45、0.15[m]となるようにテープで固定した。漏洩冷媒量を0.5~38.5kg、平均漏洩速度Vを5、10、75kg/h、ガス濃度センサを床上高さ50、100、250、500、1000、1500、2000mmに設置し、R32を漏洩させた場合の可燃域発生状況についても同様に調べた結果、表13、表14、表15のようになった。
そこで、各平均漏洩速度V(5kg/h、10kg/h、75kg/hで一定)における(M/Aの最大値)[kg/m2]とh0[m]との関係を調べた。
横軸に各Vにおける(M/Aの最大値)、縦軸にh0をプロットすると、以下の関係式が得られた。
h0(V=5[kg/h])=1.69×(M/A)・・・(式IV)
h0(V=10[kg/h])=2.38×(M/A)・・・(式V)
h0(V=75[kg/h])=5.21×(M/A)・・・(式VI)
M=1.11×V-0.41×h0×Aとなり、VとGを置き換えることで、
M=1.11×G-0.41×h0×A・・・(式VII)が得られる。
ここで、Mは冷媒量[kg]、Gは想定最大漏洩速度[kg/h]、h0は据付高さ[m]、Aは据付床面積[m2]である。
これにより、IEC60335-2-40に従うh0と比較して、実際に生じる冷媒漏洩位置(床上高さ)が低い場合に、安全性が一層向上する。
但し、表15のA=64[m2]、G=75[kg/h]のように、実質解がないような範囲もあり得る。これは、h0(B)=0.15[m]のときにh0=0.6[m]とすることが、G=75[kg/h]のような高速漏洩時にはもはや成り立たないことを示し、本発明の有効性には何ら問題がない。
段落[0023]に示した通り、想定最大漏洩速度Gとしては5kg/hで十分安全性を確保できるが、Gを10kg/hとすることで、ほぼ全ての冷媒漏洩事故における可燃域生成が抑制可能と考えられ、より一層安全性が高まる。特に床置形については、h0をできるだけ低くすることで、より一層安全性が高まる。すなわち、以下とすることでより一層安全性が高まる。
h0=2.2[m]以上のものについて、M/A≦1.30[kg/m2]
h0=1.8[m]以上のものについて、M/A≦0.925[kg/m2]
h0=1.0[m]以上のものについて、M/A≦0.421[kg/m2]
h0=0.6[m]以上のものについて、M/A≦0.252[kg/m2]
h0=0.45[m]以上のものについて、M/A≦0.189[kg/m2]
h0=0.15[m]以上のものについて、M/A≦0.0546[kg/m2]
またさらに、表16において、別の近似を行うことも可能である。例えば、横軸に平均漏洩速度V[kg/h]、縦軸にgrad[m3/kg]をプロットして、対数近似を行うと、以下の式が得られる。
grad=(h0・A)/M=1.3×Ln(V)+0.5・・・(式VIII)
ここでLn(V)は、Vの自然対数を示す。
これより、M={1/(1.3×Ln(V)+0.5)}×h0×A・・・(式IX)となり、VをGに置き換える。
M≦{1/(1.3×Ln(G)+0.5)}×h0×A・・(式X)
でも可燃域の生成を抑制することができる。
その他にも、
grad=0.9×V0.41や、1/grad=-0.14×Ln(V)+0.8など様々な近似が可能であるが、最も汎用性および精度が高いものは(式VII)であることは、明白である。
実施の形態1で行った実験を、冷媒ガスをHFO-1234yfに変えて実施してみた。
2.5×(LFL)1.25×h0×(A)0.5≦M≦α×G-β×h0×A
α=0.78,β=0.34
下限は、
2.5×(0.294[kg/m3])1.25×h0=2.5×0.217×h0=0.54[kg]となり、HFO-1234yfについても、本発明の効果が得られることを確認した。
実施の形態1で行った実験を、強燃焼性を示すプロパン(R290:C3H8)に変えて実施してみた。
2.5×(LFL)1.25×h0×(A)0.5≦M≦α×G-β×h0×A
α=0.22,β=1.0
下限は、
2.5×(0.038[kg/m3])1.25×h0×(A)0.5
=2.5×0.0168×h0×(A)0.5
=0.042×h0×(A)0.5となる。
一方上限は、
0.22×G-1×h0×Aとなる。
M≦0.22×(5)-1×h0×A=0.044×h0×Aとなり、
h0=0.6[m]に対しては、M≦0.0264Aが成り立ち、
h0=2.2[m]に対しては、M≦0.0968Aが成り立つ。
α=0.2exp[6×LFL]
β=-0.5Ln[ガス密度]+1
以上より、αは燃焼下限濃度[kg/m3]に、βは25℃前後のガス密度と相関する。
但し、これら量については、液化温度や飽和蒸気圧の影響等を受けるため、厳密に従わない場合もある。
α=Xexp[Y×LFL]
β=-ZLn[W×密度]+1
ここで、X、Y、Z、Wは、冷媒種によって定まる正の定数である。
また、上記実施の形態で示したように設置した空気調和装置が、実効性のある冷媒量を充填しつつ、安全性を損なわないことは、言うまでもない。
Claims (15)
- 室内熱交換器が搭載された室内機を有し、大気圧下において密度が空気より大きい可燃性冷媒を用いた空気調和装置であって、
前記室内機は、
据付床面積A[m2]の空間に、据付高さh0[m]以上に据え付けられ、充填する冷媒量M[kg]を以下の式の範囲内とした
空気調和装置。
(式)M≦α×G-β×h0×A
LFL 前記冷媒の燃焼下限濃度[kg/m3]
G 前記冷媒の想定最大漏洩速度[kg/h]
α 前記冷媒の、主にLFLと相関する正の定数
β 前記冷媒の、主に密度と相関する正の定数 - 前記h0が2.2m以上のものにおいて、
前記冷媒量Mを、前記式よりM≦1.3Aを満たす範囲とした
請求項1に記載の空気調和装置。 - 前記h0が1.8m以上のものにおいて、
前記冷媒量Mを、前記式よりM≦1.1Aを満たす範囲とした
請求項1に記載の空気調和装置。 - 前記h0が1.0m以上のものにおいて、
前記冷媒量Mを、前記式よりM≦0.42Aを満たす範囲とした
請求項1に記載の空気調和装置。 - 前記h0が0.6m以下のものにおいて、
前記冷媒量Mを、前記式よりM≦0.25Aを満たす範囲とした
請求項1に記載の空気調和装置。 - 前記冷媒として炭素の二重結合を有するハロゲン化炭化水素冷媒の、単一または混合冷媒を使用している
請求項1~5のいずれか一項に記載の空気調和装置。 - 前記冷媒としてR32の、単一または混合冷媒を使用している
請求項1~5のいずれか一項に記載の空気調和装置。 - α=Xexp[Y×LFL]、β=-ZLn[W×密度]+1とした
請求項1に記載の空気調和装置。
ここで、X、Y、Z、Wは、冷媒種によって定まる正の定数である。 - αを0.22≦α≦1.1、βを0.3≦β≦1.0の範囲とした
請求項1に記載の空気調和装置。 - αを0.22≦α≦1.1、βを0.3≦β≦1.0の範囲とし、
前記冷媒が、R32、HFO-1234yf、C3H8のうち少なくとも1つ以上が含まれた混合冷媒である
請求項9に記載の空気調和装置。 - αを0.78≦α≦1.1、βを0.34≦β≦0.41の範囲とし、
前記冷媒が、R32、HFO-1234yfのうち少なくとも1つ以上が含まれた混合冷媒である
請求項10に記載の空気調和装置。 - αを1.1、βを0.41とし、
前記冷媒がR32である
請求項1に記載の空気調和装置。 - αを0.78、βを0.34とし、
前記冷媒がHFO-1234yfである
請求項1に記載の空気調和装置。 - αを0.22、βを1.0とし、
前記冷媒がC3H8である
請求項1に記載の空気調和装置。 - 請求項1~14のいずれか一項に記載の空気調和装置を用いた
ことを特徴とする空気調和装置の設置方法。
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JP6081033B1 (ja) * | 2016-05-24 | 2017-02-15 | 三菱電機株式会社 | 空気調和装置 |
WO2017203606A1 (ja) * | 2016-05-24 | 2017-11-30 | 三菱電機株式会社 | 空気調和装置 |
WO2020158652A1 (ja) * | 2019-01-31 | 2020-08-06 | ダイキン工業株式会社 | 冷媒サイクル装置 |
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US11448440B2 (en) | 2019-01-31 | 2022-09-20 | Daikin Industries, Ltd. | Refrigerant cycle apparatus having refrigerant leak detector used to control first and second shutoff valves |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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JP6023356B2 (ja) | 2016-11-09 |
CN106164598A (zh) | 2016-11-23 |
WO2015151238A1 (ja) | 2015-10-08 |
CN204629722U (zh) | 2015-09-09 |
AU2015239199B2 (en) | 2017-09-07 |
JP2017003265A (ja) | 2017-01-05 |
EP3139105A1 (en) | 2017-03-08 |
JPWO2015152163A1 (ja) | 2017-04-13 |
US20170146274A1 (en) | 2017-05-25 |
US10436486B2 (en) | 2019-10-08 |
AU2015239199A1 (en) | 2016-10-27 |
EP3139105A4 (en) | 2018-02-21 |
CN106164598B (zh) | 2021-05-11 |
EP3139105B1 (en) | 2021-11-17 |
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