WO2015001734A1 - 複合材料および複合材料の製造方法 - Google Patents
複合材料および複合材料の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2015001734A1 WO2015001734A1 PCT/JP2014/003203 JP2014003203W WO2015001734A1 WO 2015001734 A1 WO2015001734 A1 WO 2015001734A1 JP 2014003203 W JP2014003203 W JP 2014003203W WO 2015001734 A1 WO2015001734 A1 WO 2015001734A1
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- Prior art keywords
- apatite
- tube
- composite material
- crystal
- apatite crystal
- Prior art date
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- VSIIXMUUUJUKCM-UHFFFAOYSA-D pentacalcium;fluoride;triphosphate Chemical compound [F-].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O VSIIXMUUUJUKCM-UHFFFAOYSA-D 0.000 claims abstract description 120
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- A61L27/00—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses
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- B01J27/00—Catalysts comprising the elements or compounds of halogens, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, phosphorus or nitrogen; Catalysts comprising carbon compounds
- B01J27/14—Phosphorus; Compounds thereof
- B01J27/185—Phosphorus; Compounds thereof with iron group metals or platinum group metals
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- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
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- C30B—SINGLE-CRYSTAL GROWTH; UNIDIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION OF EUTECTIC MATERIAL OR UNIDIRECTIONAL DEMIXING OF EUTECTOID MATERIAL; REFINING BY ZONE-MELTING OF MATERIAL; PRODUCTION OF A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; SINGLE CRYSTALS OR HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; AFTER-TREATMENT OF SINGLE CRYSTALS OR A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; APPARATUS THEREFOR
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- C30B7/10—Single-crystal growth from solutions using solvents which are liquid at normal temperature, e.g. aqueous solutions by application of pressure, e.g. hydrothermal processes
- C30B7/105—Single-crystal growth from solutions using solvents which are liquid at normal temperature, e.g. aqueous solutions by application of pressure, e.g. hydrothermal processes using ammonia as solvent, i.e. ammonothermal processes
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L2430/00—Materials or treatment for tissue regeneration
- A61L2430/02—Materials or treatment for tissue regeneration for reconstruction of bones; weight-bearing implants
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J27/00—Catalysts comprising the elements or compounds of halogens, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, phosphorus or nitrogen; Catalysts comprising carbon compounds
- B01J27/14—Phosphorus; Compounds thereof
- B01J27/16—Phosphorus; Compounds thereof containing oxygen, i.e. acids, anhydrides and their derivates with N, S, B or halogens without carriers or on carriers based on C, Si, Al or Zr; also salts of Si, Al and Zr
- B01J27/18—Phosphorus; Compounds thereof containing oxygen, i.e. acids, anhydrides and their derivates with N, S, B or halogens without carriers or on carriers based on C, Si, Al or Zr; also salts of Si, Al and Zr with metals other than Al or Zr
- B01J27/1802—Salts or mixtures of anhydrides with compounds of other metals than V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, W, Mn, Tc, Re, e.g. phosphates, thiophosphates
- B01J27/1806—Salts or mixtures of anhydrides with compounds of other metals than V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, W, Mn, Tc, Re, e.g. phosphates, thiophosphates with alkaline or alkaline earth metals
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
- C01P2004/10—Particle morphology extending in one dimension, e.g. needle-like
- C01P2004/13—Nanotubes
Definitions
- the present invention relates to crystalline apatite applicable to a wide range of fields as a functional material.
- Non-Patent Document 1 a solid hexagonal columnar apatite single crystal is known.
- Patent Document 1 a method for separating proteins using needle-shaped hydroxyapatite whiskers has been devised.
- Apatite-based materials can be applied to various applications, and there is room for further improvement in shapes and components suitable for the applications.
- the present invention has been made in view of such circumstances, and an object thereof is to provide a new composite material having a tube-like apatite crystal.
- a composite material according to an aspect of the present invention includes a tubular apatite crystal, a functional part that is housed in a tube of the apatite crystal, and is made of a material having a physical property different from that of the apatite crystal.
- the apatite crystal has a general formula of M 2 5 (PO 4 ) 3 X (M 2 is at least one element selected from the group consisting of a divalent alkaline earth metal and Eu, and X is a group consisting of a halogen element and OH) It may be a single crystal represented by at least one element or molecule selected from. Thereby, a tubular apatite single crystal can be easily obtained.
- the apatite crystal may have a transmittance of 65% or more with respect to visible light.
- the functional part may be made of a material having higher rigidity than the apatite crystal. Thereby, the high intensity
- the functional unit may be composed of a photocatalytic substance.
- a photocatalytic substance is also arranged inside the tubular apatite crystal, a higher-performance photocatalytic material can be realized.
- the functional part may be comprised with the enzyme. Thereby, it can be used as, for example, a bioreactor column.
- the outer shape of the apatite crystal may be a hexagonal column, and the shape of the opening of the hole formed in the upper surface or the lower surface of the hexagonal column may be a hexagon.
- the apatite crystal may have an inner diameter of the tube hole of 3 nm to 800 ⁇ m.
- the diameter of the apatite crystal may be 1 ⁇ m to 1 mm.
- the apatite crystal may have a length in the longitudinal direction of 2 ⁇ m to 4 mm.
- Another aspect of the present invention is a method for producing a composite material.
- a metal material having higher rigidity than the apatite crystal is disposed in a tube of a tube-like apatite crystal, and the metal material is melted and fixed by laser light that passes through the apatite crystal.
- the metal material can be easily fixed in the apatite crystal tube.
- the metal material may be one kind of metal or an alloy, and may contain other substances other than the metal.
- the metal material may be lower than the melting point of the apatite crystal.
- Still another embodiment of the present invention is also a method for producing a composite material.
- avidin molecules are adsorbed in a tube of a tube-like apatite crystal, and a solution containing an enzyme labeled with biotin is permeated into the tube to immobilize the enzyme in the tube.
- the enzyme can be easily immobilized in the apatite crystal tube.
- a new composite material having a tube-like apatite can be provided.
- the apatite crystal according to the present embodiment is a tube-shaped single crystal.
- the apatite crystal has a general formula of M 2 5 (PO 4 ) 3 X (M 2 is at least one element selected from the group consisting of a divalent alkaline earth metal and Eu, and X is a halogen element and OH. Represents at least one element or molecule selected from the group).
- the alkaline earth metal is, for example, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra, Mg, Be.
- the halogen element is, for example, F, Cl, Br, or I.
- Example 7 are methods for synthesizing chlorapatite single crystals.
- Examples 8 to 10 are methods for synthesizing a hydroxyapatite single crystal. Examples of the synthesis method include a flux method, a coprecipitation method, and a sol-gel method.
- Example 1 Flux method
- CaHPO 4 , CaCO 3 , and CaCl 2 are weighed so that the molar ratio of Ca: P: Cl is 5: 3: 1 and mixed uniformly.
- NaCl was added so that the chlorapatite concentration was 0.15 mol%, and the mixture was heated in a platinum crucible to 800 to 1100 ° C. at a heating rate of 100 to 500 ° C./h, and a synthesis temperature of 800 to 1100 ° C.
- the temperature is lowered from 800 to 1100 ° C. to 500 ° C. at a temperature drop rate of 5 to 300 ° C./h, and then cooled to room temperature by natural cooling.
- it is carefully washed with warm pure water (about 80 ° C.) to take out the chlorapatite single crystal.
- Example 2 Flux method
- CaHPO 4 , CaCO 3 , and CaCl 2 are weighed so that the molar ratio of Ca: P: Cl is 5: 3: 1 and mixed uniformly. Thereafter, a large amount of CaCl 2 was added, and the mixture was heated in a platinum crucible to 800 to 1100 ° C. at a heating rate of 100 to 500 ° C./h, synthesized at a synthesis temperature of 800 to 1100 ° C. for 48 hours, and then cooled down. The temperature is lowered from 800 to 1100 ° C. to 500 ° C. at 5 to 300 ° C./h, and then cooled to room temperature by natural cooling. After firing, it is carefully washed with warm pure water (about 80 ° C.) to take out the chlorapatite single crystal.
- Example 3 Flux method
- CaHPO 4 , CaCO 3 , SrCO 3 , CaCl 2 , SrCl 2 are weighed so that the molar ratio of Ca + Sr: P: Cl is 5: 3: 1 and uniformly mixed.
- SrCl 2 was added so that the chlorapatite concentration was 0.15 mol%, and the mixture was heated in a platinum crucible to 800 to 1100 ° C. at a heating rate of 100 to 500 ° C./h, and the synthesis temperature was 800 to 1100.
- the temperature is decreased from 800 to 1100 ° C. to 500 ° C. at a temperature decrease rate of 5 to 300 ° C./h, and then cooled to room temperature by natural cooling.
- it is carefully washed with warm pure water (about 80 ° C.) to take out the chlorapatite single crystal.
- Example 4 Flux method
- CaHPO 4 , CaCO 3 , MgCO 3 , CaCl 2 , and MgCl 2 are weighed so that the molar ratio of Ca + Mg: P: Cl is 5: 3: 1 and uniformly mixed.
- MgCl 2 was added so that the chlorapatite concentration was 0.15 mol%, and the mixture was heated in a platinum crucible to 800 to 1100 ° C. at a heating rate of 100 to 500 ° C./h, and a synthesis temperature of 800 to 1100 ° C. After being synthesized for 48 hours, the temperature is lowered from 800 to 1100 ° C. to 500 ° C. at a temperature drop rate of 5 to 300 ° C./h, and then cooled to room temperature by natural cooling. After firing, it is carefully washed with warm pure water (about 80 ° C.) to take out the chlorapatite single crystal.
- Example 5 Coprecipitation method
- calcium nitrate and calcium chloride are dissolved in pure water, phosphoric acid is dropped into the solution, and the pH is adjusted to 5 to 9 to form a precipitate (seed crystal).
- the seed crystal prepared by the coprecipitation method is grown as a seed crystal by the Czochralski method.
- a Ca 2 ClPO 4 concentration of 15 mol% is heated to 1200 ° C., the seed crystal is immersed in a high temperature solution, and gradually cooled from 1200 ° C. to 1050 ° C. While pulling up the crystal, a chloroapatite single crystal was obtained.
- Example 6 Sol-gel method
- phosphoric acid ethoxide total molar concentration of calcium and phosphorus; 0.05 mol / liter
- concentrated hydrochloric acid chlorine is 1 mol per 1 mol of calcium. 1 mol
- This solution was dried at 60 ° C. for 2 hours to remove distilled water to obtain seed crystals.
- the seed crystal prepared by the sol-gel method is grown as a seed crystal by the Czochralski method.
- a Ca 2 ClPO 4 concentration of 15 mol% is heated to 1200 ° C., the seed crystal is immersed in a high temperature solution, and gradually cooled from 1200 ° C. to 1050 ° C. While pulling up the crystal, a chloroapatite single crystal was obtained.
- Example 7 Sol-gel method
- phosphoric acid was further added (total molar concentration of calcium and phosphorus; 0.05 mol / L), and stirred, and then concentrated hydrochloric acid was added.
- This solution was dried at 60 ° C. for 2 hours to remove distilled water to obtain seed crystals.
- the seed crystal prepared by the sol-gel method is grown as a seed crystal by the Czochralski method.
- a Ca 2 ClPO 4 concentration of 15 mol% is heated to 1200 ° C., the seed crystal is immersed in a high temperature solution, and gradually cooled from 1200 ° C. to 1050 ° C. While pulling up the crystal, a chloroapatite single crystal was obtained.
- Example 8 Coprecipitation method
- Single crystal precipitation by adding 0.5 mol / L phosphoric acid aqueous solution dropwise to 0.3 mol / L calcium hydroxide suspension and adjusting the pH to 5-9, taking care to form single crystals.
- a product seed crystal
- the seed crystal prepared by the coprecipitation method is grown as a seed crystal by the Czochralski method. Calcium hydroxide was heated to 1650 ° C., the seed crystal was immersed in a high-temperature solution, and the crystal was pulled up while gradually cooling from 1650 ° C. to 1000 ° C. to obtain a needle-like hydroxyapatite single crystal.
- Example 9 Hydrothermal synthesis method
- lactic acid is dissolved in 1 liter of water, then 22.11 g of calcium hydroxide is added, and 6.92 g of phosphoric acid is mixed and dissolved.
- the slurry thus prepared is filled in an autoclave and subjected to hydrothermal treatment at 165 ° C. for 5 hours.
- the treated slurry was filtered and dried to obtain a hydroxyapatite single crystal.
- Example 10 Sol-gel method
- 1.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 2 moles of calcium diethoxide is dissolved in 6.5 ml of ethylene glycol.
- a mixed solution of calcium diethoxide in ethylene glycol and triethyl phosphite is stirred for 2 hours to form a precipitate. It was heated at 200 ° C. for 2 hours to obtain a seed crystal.
- the seed crystal prepared by the sol-gel method is grown as a seed crystal by the Czochralski method.
- Calcium hydroxide was heated to 1650 ° C., the seed crystal was immersed in a high-temperature solution, and the crystal was pulled up while gradually cooling from 1650 ° C. to 1000 ° C. to obtain a needle-like hydroxyapatite single crystal.
- Example 11 Chlorine apatite single crystal (20 mg) is put in a platinum capsule (2.6 mm ⁇ , length 3.3 mm) together with 6.25 (mol / L) aqueous potassium hydroxide (KOH) (40 ⁇ l) and sealed.
- the hydrothermal treatment is performed under conditions of 100 MPa using water as a pressure medium in a test tube type autoclave. The heating rate is 20 ° C. per minute, the processing temperature is 400 ° C., and the processing time is constant for 48 hours. Thereby, a hydroxyapatite single crystal was obtained.
- Example 12 Chloroapatite single crystal (20 mg) is heated to 1300 ° C. and reacted in steam through steam for 2 weeks to convert it into a hydroxyapatite single crystal.
- FIG. 1 is an example of an X-ray diffraction pattern of a crystal prepared by the method of the example. As shown in FIG. 1, the crystal was a single layer of chlorapatite crystal Ca 5 (PO 4 ) 3 Cl.
- FIG. 2 is a photograph showing an example of a chloroapatite tube single crystal observed by SEM.
- the apatite single crystal according to the present embodiment has a tube shape, and the outer shape is a hexagonal column.
- the shape of the opening part of the hole formed in the upper surface or lower surface of a hexagonal column is a hexagon. Therefore, the thickness of the outer wall of the tube is almost uniform.
- the inner diameter of the hole in the opening of the tubular single crystal is about 3 nm to 800 ⁇ m, preferably about 10 nm to 60 ⁇ m.
- the diameter of the tube-shaped single crystal is about 20 nm to 1 mm.
- the tube-shaped single crystal has a length in the longitudinal direction of about 50 nm to 4 mm.
- the tube-shaped single crystal has a transmittance of 65% or more with respect to visible light.
- a tube is formed by a composite material having the above-described tube-like apatite crystal and a functional part that is housed in the tube of the apatite crystal and is composed of a material having a physical property different from that of the apatite crystal.
- a new function difficult to obtain with a single apatite crystal alone is obtained. Therefore, the use of a new composite material having a tube-like apatite will be described more specifically.
- the performance required as a reinforcing material used for artificial bones is desired to be (i) high biocompatibility and (ii) high strength.
- a reinforcing material having high biocompatibility and higher strength than conventional biomaterial apatite has been desired.
- the biocompatibility is high, Moreover, the inventors have come up with a composite material as a reinforcing material that can provide high strength.
- the diameter of the hollow (tube-shaped) hexagonal columnar apatite single crystal is, for example, about 1 ⁇ m to 1 mm.
- the inner diameter of the hole in the opening of the tubular apatite single crystal is, for example, about 0.5 ⁇ m to 800 ⁇ m.
- the length in the longitudinal direction of the tubular apatite single crystal is, for example, about 2 ⁇ m to 4 mm.
- a tube-shaped hydroxyapatite single crystal having a length of 200 ⁇ m, a diameter of 40 ⁇ m, and an inner diameter of the opening of 20 ⁇ m was obtained by the method described in Example 1 and Example 12 above.
- This apatite single crystal is a substance that transmits visible light. Therefore, an aluminum wire was inserted into the hollow portion of the obtained tube-shaped hydroxyapatite single crystal, and the aluminum wire was fixed inside the tube by performing a local heat treatment at about 700 ° for 1 hour from the outside using a YAG laser. Reinforcing material was used.
- the tubular apatite single crystal preferably has a transmittance of 65% or more with respect to visible light. Since such a tube-like apatite single crystal is transparent, the laser beam can be transmitted and the aluminum wire can be selectively heated. Therefore, damage caused by heating by the laser to the apatite single crystal can be reduced.
- the method for manufacturing the composite material (reinforcing material) according to the present embodiment includes a metal material (titanium, aluminum, magnesium, or an alloy thereof) having higher rigidity than the apatite crystal in the tube of the tube-like apatite crystal. Etc.), and the metal material is melted and fixed by a laser beam transmitted through the apatite crystal. Thereby, the metal material can be easily fixed in the tube of the apatite crystal.
- the metal material may be one kind of metal (titanium, aluminum, magnesium, or the like) or an alloy thereof, or may contain a substance other than the metal.
- the metal material may be lower than the melting point of the apatite crystal. In this case, the metal material can be selectively dissolved without melting the apatite single crystal.
- the composite material of the comparative example uses a needle-like apatite single crystal. Specifically, a 0.5 mol / L phosphoric acid aqueous solution is dropped into a 0.3 mol / L calcium hydroxide suspension, and the pH is adjusted to 5 to 9 taking care to form single crystals. Gave a single crystal precipitate. This precipitate was grown at 1200 ° C. for 48 hours to obtain a needle-like hydroxyapatite single crystal having a length of 200 ⁇ m and an outer diameter of 40 ⁇ m.
- the reinforcing material of the example (tube shape) or the comparative example (needle shape) is added to the hydroxyapatite / pore control material mixed powder at a rate of 10 vol%, and about 1 g is filled in a carbon die having a diameter of 15 mm.
- sintering was performed at 1000 ° C. for 10 minutes in a vacuum.
- the heating rate during sintering was about 100 ° C./min, and the cooling was naturally allowed to cool in the apparatus.
- the temperature of the die was measured. From the result of powder X-ray diffraction, the sintered body was composed of hydroxyapatite and CaO, and no reaction between the two compounds was observed.
- the fracture strength [MPa] in Table 1 is also the fracture stress (load per unit area) in a phenomenon in which a solid material separates into two or more parts under the action of external force.
- the fracture strength shows the measurement result of the J toughness value, and was determined by three-point bending based on the JIS standard.
- the fracture toughness value (KIC) [MPa ⁇ m 1/2 ] is a stress intensity factor necessary for progressing cracks, and uses a test piece having the same size as the test piece for fracture strength measurement. Then, a U groove having a width of 0.1 mm and a depth of 0.75 mm was formed at the center of the test piece, measured at room temperature under a span of 30 mm and a crosshead speed of 0.75 mm / min, and determined according to the following formula.
- KIC Y ⁇ a 1/2
- Y is the shape factor
- ⁇ the bending strength
- a is the crack length.
- fracture energy refers to the total energy added to a material before it breaks, and a material with a large fracture energy is expressed as “rigid”.
- the fracture energy was calculated from the area of the stress-strain curve obtained during the fracture toughness test and the cross-sectional area of the specimen fracture surface.
- needle-shaped apatite single crystal (comparative example) is added to the artificial bone using a composite material (example) filled with a metal material inside a tube-like apatite single crystal as a reinforcing material.
- the fracture strength, fracture energy, and fracture toughness values are all higher than the artificial bone.
- the apatite itself coated with a photocatalytic substance is often in a powder state from the viewpoint of handleability.
- clogging tends to occur and liquid permeability cannot be secured.
- light does not sufficiently reach the inside of the column.
- One solution is to use hydroxyapatite with a large particle size in order to solve the clogging, but there is a problem that the specific surface area decreases due to an increase in the particle size and the photocatalytic performance decreases.
- the surface area of the apatite single crystal is expanded due to the tube shape, and the light transmitted through the apatite single crystal is formed by forming a titanium oxide film on the surface of the transparent apatite single crystal. Also, the activity of the photocatalytic reaction can be increased, so that an excellent use as a photocatalyst can be realized.
- Example 13 and Example 14 the manufacturing method of the composite material which has a photocatalytic function based on this Embodiment is demonstrated.
- Example 13 In the method described in Examples 1 to 12 above, a tube-like hydroxy having a composition of Ca 5 (PO 4 ) 3 (OH) and having a length of 0.3 to 2 mm and an inner diameter of the opening of 80 to 300 nm. A single crystal of (hydroxylated) apatite was obtained. This single crystal is immersed in a room temperature glass coating agent containing 0.1 to 5 wt% of Ti-modified apatite for 1 hour, washed with pure water, and then dried at 80 ° C. for 12 hours. This was annealed at 700 ° C. for 1 hour, and a part of the surface of the apatite tube was replaced with titanium to give a photocatalytic function.
- Example 14 A tube-shaped chloroapatite having a composition of Ca 5 (PO 4 ) 3 Cl and having a length of 0.3 to 2 mm and an inner diameter of an opening of 50 to 200 nm by the method described in Examples 1 to 12 above. A single crystal was obtained. This single crystal is immersed in a room temperature glass coating agent containing 0.1 to 5 wt% of Ti-modified apatite for 1 hour, washed with pure water, and then dried at 80 ° C. for 12 hours. This was annealed at 700 ° C. for 1 hour, and a part of the surface of the apatite tube was replaced with titanium to give a photocatalytic function.
- the photocatalytic activity was evaluated using the composite materials having the photocatalytic function obtained in Example 13 and Example 14. First, the sample powder of the composite material according to each example was weighed so as to have a surface area based on a specific surface area measurement result. Then, the weighed sample was filled so that the upper lid had a uniform thickness at the bottom of the quartz glass container, and the inside of the container was replaced with synthetic air (oxygen 20 volume%, nitrogen 80 volume%).
- acetaldehyde was injected into the container so that the acetaldehyde gas concentration was 1% by volume, and left in the dark for 1 hour until the acetaldehyde gas reached adsorption equilibrium with the sample powder. Thereafter, irradiation with light from a xenon lamp as a light source was started (3 hours after standing in the dark), 1 hour later (2 hours after standing in the dark), and 2 hours later (3 hours after standing in the dark). After) and after 3 hours (4 hours after standing in the dark), the gas inside the container was extracted with a cylinder, and the CO 2 gas concentration was measured using gas chromatography. As a result, a CO2 gas concentration of 5 g / L (liter) or more was observed in 2 hours after irradiation with the light source, and high photocatalytic activity was shown in each sample.
- the tubular apatite crystal has a specific surface area [cm 2 / g] of about 1.5 to 4 times that of the acicular apatite crystal, and the photocatalytic performance is also 1.5 times. About 4 times. That is, the composite material according to the present embodiment can realize a higher photocatalytic performance because the photocatalytic substance can be arranged inside the tube-like apatite crystal.
- the enzyme used in the liquid is basically disposable, the cost increases. Therefore, in order to effectively use the precious enzyme, it is a proposal to make a bioreactor in which the enzyme is immobilized on an insoluble carrier, the organic raw material is brought into contact with the carrier, and the enzyme acts as a catalyst. .
- a tubular apatite single crystal useful as a biomaterial is used as a carrier for immobilizing an enzyme, and an apatite adsorption action is used to immobilize the enzyme to constitute a bioreactor column. That is, the functional unit according to the present embodiment is composed of an immobilized enzyme.
- Apatite has a cation adsorbing part (Ca 2+ etc.) and an anion adsorbing part (HPO 4 2 ⁇ , PO 4 3 ⁇ , OH ⁇ , X ⁇ etc .; X is a halogen element) depending on pH. Therefore, the enzyme is immobilized on the adsorption part by electrostatic adsorption. In addition, what is adsorbed on either the cation adsorbing part or the anion adsorbing part may be appropriately selected depending on the type of enzyme.
- a basic glycoprotein avidin molecule which is easily bioaffinity-bound with the enzyme, is electrostatically adsorbed to apatite in advance, and the enzyme labeled with biotin, a water-soluble vitamin, is immobilized on the avidin molecule by bioaffinity binding Make a bioreactor column. Since biotin can be added to the enzyme molecule without losing the activity of the enzyme, an enzyme labeled with biotin is obtained. By binding the enzyme labeled with biotin to the avidin molecule adsorbed on the apatite, the enzyme can be immobilized in the apatite tube.
- various enzymes such as a saccharolytic enzyme and a proteolytic enzyme can be selected as the enzyme to be immobilized.
- the enzyme and biotin labeling agent are suspended in a buffer solution (pH 8.5) so that the mixing molar ratio is 1: 2 to 1:10. Next, it is incubated for 2 to 4 hours in a thermostatic layer (25 ° C.) while penetrating the suspension. Then, the obtained solution is subjected to gel chromatography to separate the labeled enzyme.
- Example 15 In the method described in Examples 1 to 12 above, a tube-like hydroxy having a composition of Ca 5 (PO 4 ) 3 (OH) and having a length of 0.3 to 2 mm and an inner diameter of the opening of 80 to 600 nm. A single crystal of (hydroxylated) apatite was obtained. Then, a solution in which amylase is suspended in a pH 5 to 6.5 buffer solution is permeated into the apatite tube, and incubated in a warm bath at 20 to 35 ° C. for 8 hours to immobilize the amylase in the apatite tube. .
- Example 16 A tube-shaped chloroapatite having a composition of Ca 5 (PO 4 ) 3 Cl and having a length of 0.3 to 2 mm and an inner diameter of a hole of an opening of 3 to 40 nm is obtained by the method described in Examples 1 to 12 above. A single crystal was obtained. Then, a solution in which glucoamylase is suspended in a buffer solution of pH 7 to 9 is permeated into the apatite tube and incubated in a warm bath at 20 to 35 ° C. for 8 hours to immobilize glucoamylase in the apatite tube. .
- Example 17 In the method described in Examples 1 to 12 above, a tube-shaped chloroapatite having a composition of Ca 5 (PO 4 ) 3 Cl and having a length of 0.5 to 4 mm and an inner diameter of the opening of 3 to 40 nm was formed. A single crystal was obtained. Then, a solution in which avidin molecules are dispersed in a pH 6 to 8 buffer solution is permeated into the apatite tube, and incubated in a warm bath at 20 to 35 ° C. for 4 hours, whereby the avidin molecules are placed in the apatite tube by electrostatic action. Immobilize.
- the enzyme with biotin label is suspended in a buffer solution of pH 6-8, infiltrated into the apatite tube, and incubated at 20-25 ° C for 30 minutes, so that the enzyme is immobilized in the apatite tube by the biotin-avidin reaction.
- enzymes having different molecular weights and isoelectric points such as amylase, cellulase, xylase, racemers, etc. can be easily immobilized.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of an apparatus using the bioreactor column according to the present embodiment.
- a bioreactor column 10 was prepared by packing a tube-like apatite single crystal in which glucoamylase was immobilized by a biotin-avidin method into a column having an inner diameter of 10 mm and a length of 100 mm.
- the buffer solution adjusted to pH 7-8 containing oligosaccharide was supplied from the raw material container 12 to the bioreactor column 10 by the tube pump 14.
- the buffer solution was supplied by continuous steady operation under conditions of a liquid temperature of 30 ° C. and a liquid volume of 0.3 ml / min.
- the solution discharged from the bioreactor column 10 was collected in a collection container 16 every hour, and the contents were separated and identified by thin layer chromatography. As a result, it was found that most of the oligosaccharides were decomposed into glucose in the collected sample solutions at all times, and the bioreactor column 10 was functioning sufficiently.
- the apatite single crystal of the present invention can be used as various functional materials including phosphors.
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Abstract
Description
(実施例1:フラックス法)
はじめに、CaHPO4、CaCO3、CaCl2を、Ca:P:Clのモル比が5:3:1となるように計量し、均一混合する。その後、塩素アパタイト濃度が0.15mol%となるようにNaClを追加し、混合物を白金るつぼ中で800~1100℃まで昇温速度100~500℃/hで昇温させ、合成温度800~1100℃で48時間合成した後、降温速度5~300℃/hで800~1100℃から500℃まで降温させ、その後は自然冷却で常温まで冷却する。焼成後、温純水(約80℃)で丹念に洗浄し、塩素アパタイト単結晶を取り出す。
はじめに、CaHPO4、CaCO3、CaCl2を、Ca:P:Clのモル比が5:3:1となるように計量し、均一混合する。その後、多量のCaCl2を追加し、混合物を白金るつぼ中で800~1100℃まで昇温速度100~500℃/hで昇温させ、合成温度800~1100℃で48時間合成した後、降温速度5~300℃/hで800~1100℃から500℃まで降温させ、その後は自然冷却で常温まで冷却する。焼成後、温純水(約80℃)で丹念に洗浄し、塩素アパタイト単結晶を取り出す。
はじめに、CaHPO4、CaCO3、SrCO3,CaCl2,SrCl2を、Ca+Sr:P:Clのモル比が5:3:1となるように計量し、均一混合する。その後、塩素アパタイト濃度が0.15mol%となるようにSrCl2を追加し、混合物を白金るつぼ中で800~1100℃まで昇温速度100~500℃/hで昇温させ、合成温度800~1100℃で48時間合成した後、降温速度5~300℃/hで800~1100℃から500℃まで降温させ、その後は自然冷却で常温まで冷却する。焼成後、温純水(約80℃)で丹念に洗浄し、塩素アパタイト単結晶を取り出す。
はじめに、CaHPO4、CaCO3、MgCO3、CaCl2、MgCl2を、Ca+Mg:P:Clのモル比が5:3:1となるように計量し、均一混合する。その後、塩素アパタイト濃度が0.15mol%となるようMgCl2を追加し、混合物を白金るつぼ中で800~1100℃まで昇温速度100~500℃/hで昇温させ、合成温度800~1100℃で48時間合成した後、降温速度5~300℃/hで800~1100℃から500℃まで降温させ、その後は自然冷却で常温まで冷却する。焼成後、温純水(約80℃)で丹念に洗浄し、塩素アパタイト単結晶を取り出す。
はじめに、純水に硝酸カルシウム、塩化カルシウムを溶解させ、その溶液中にリン酸を滴下し、pHを5~9に調整することにより沈殿(種結晶)を生じさせる。この共沈法により調整した種結晶を、チョクラルスキー法により種結晶成長させる。CaCl2-Ca2ClPO4系相図において、Ca2ClPO4濃度が15mol%のものを1200℃まで加熱し、高温溶液となった中に種結晶を浸し、1200℃から1050℃まで徐冷しながら結晶を引き上げることにより、塩素アパタイト単結晶を得た。
はじめに、蒸留水に硝酸カルシウムを溶解させ、更にリン酸エトキシドを添加して(カルシウムとリンの合計モル濃度;0.05モル/リットル)撹拌した後、濃塩酸(カルシウム1モルに対して塩素は1モル)を加えた。この溶液を60℃で2時間乾燥して蒸留水を除去し、種結晶を得た。このゾル-ゲル法により調整した種結晶を、チョクラルスキー法により種結晶成長させる。CaCl2-Ca2ClPO4系相図において、Ca2ClPO4濃度が15mol%のものを1200℃まで加熱し、高温溶液となった中に種結晶を浸し、1200℃から1050℃まで徐冷しながら結晶を引き上げることにより、塩素アパタイト単結晶を得た。
はじめに、蒸留水にカルシウムエトキシドを溶解させ、更にリン酸を添加して(カルシウムとリンの合計モル濃度;0.05mol/L)撹拌した後、濃塩酸を加えた。この溶液を60℃で2時間乾燥して蒸留水を除去し、種結晶を得た。このゾル-ゲル法により調整した種結晶を、チョクラルスキー法により種結晶成長させる。CaCl2-Ca2ClPO4系相図において、Ca2ClPO4濃度が15mol%のものを1200℃まで加熱し、高温溶液となった中に種結晶を浸し、1200℃から1050℃まで徐冷しながら結晶を引き上げることにより、塩素アパタイト単結晶を得た。
(実施例8:共沈法)
0.3mol/Lの水酸化カルシウム懸濁液に、0.5mol/Lのリン酸水溶液を滴下し、単結晶が生成するよう留意してpHを5~9に調整することにより、単結晶沈殿物(種結晶)を得た。この共沈法により調整した種結晶を、チョクラルスキー法により種結晶成長させる。水酸化カルシウムを1650℃まで加熱し、高温溶液となった中に種結晶を浸し、1650℃から1000℃まで徐冷しながら結晶を引き上げることにより、針状の水酸アパタイト単結晶を得た。
はじめに、水1リットルに乳酸63.37gを溶解し、次に水酸化カルシウム22.11gを加え、更にリン酸6.92gを混合溶解させる。こうして調製したスラリーをオートクレーブに充填し、165℃で5時間、水熱処理を施す。そして、処理後のスラリーを濾過乾燥し、水酸アパタイト単結晶を得た。
カルシウムジエトキシド1.0×10-2モル分を6.5mlのエチレングリコールに溶解させる。次に、亜リン酸トリエチルを、水酸アパタイトの組成比がCa/P=5/3となるように、6.0×10-3モル採取し、所定量のエタノールに溶かして使用する。その後、カルシウムジエトキシドのエチレングリコール溶液と亜リン酸トリエチルとの混合溶液を2時間撹拌し、沈殿物を生じさせる。それを200℃で2時間加熱し、種結晶を得た。このゾル-ゲル法により調整した種結晶を、チョクラルスキー法により種結晶成長させる。水酸化カルシウムを1650℃まで加熱し、高温溶液となった中に種結晶を浸し、1650℃から1000℃まで徐冷しながら結晶を引き上げることにより、針状の水酸アパタイト単結晶を得た。
(実施例11)
塩素アパタイト単結晶(20mg)を6.25(mol/L)の水酸化カリウム(KOH)水溶液(40μl)とともに、白金カプセル(2.6mmφ、長さ3.3mm)中に入れ溶封する。水熱処理は、テストチューブ型オートクレーブで圧力媒体として水を用い、100MPaの条件下で行う。昇温速度は毎分20℃とし、処理温度は400℃で行い、処理時間は48時間一定とする。これにより水酸アパタイト単結晶を得た。
塩素アパタイト単結晶(20mg)を1300℃に加熱し、炉内に水蒸気を通じて2週間かけて反応させて、水酸アパタイト単結晶に変換する。
次に、実施例の方法で作成した塩素アパタイト結晶の組成について検討した。図1は、実施例の方法で作成された結晶のX線回折パターンの一例である。図1に示すように、結晶は、塩素アパタイト結晶Ca5(PO4)3Clの単一層であった。
次に、塩素アパタイトチューブ単結晶の元素分析を行った。その結果、この結晶は、Ca=39.10mass%、P=18.00mass%、Cl=5.30mass%であった。
次に、塩素アパタイトチューブ単結晶の形状を走査型電子顕微鏡(SEM)にて観察した。図2は、SEMで観察した塩素アパタイトチューブ単結晶の一例を示す写真である。図2に示すように、本実施の形態に係るアパタイト単結晶は、チューブ状であり、外形が六角柱である。また、六角柱の上面または下面に形成されている穴の開口部の形状が六角形である。そのため、チューブの外壁の厚みがほぼ一様になっている。
本願発明者らが鋭意検討したところ、上述のチューブ状のアパタイト結晶と、アパタイト結晶のチューブ内に収容され、アパタイト結晶と異なる物性の材料で構成された機能部と、を有する複合材料によって、チューブ状のアパタイト結晶単独では得にくい新たな機能が得られる。そこで、チューブ状のアパタイトを有する新たな複合材料の用途についてより具体的に説明する。
本実施の形態では、上述の六角柱のチューブ状アパタイト単結晶の人工骨補強材への応用について説明する。具体的には、人工骨の強度を向上させる補強材として、生体材料アパタイトのチューブ状単結晶を用いた複合材料を考案した。チューブ状のアパタイト結晶は、従来の中実の針状アパタイト結晶とは違い、チューブ内部にチタンなどの強度の高い金属を挿入することができるため、従来の補強材よりも高い強度を得ることができる。
前述の実施例1や実施例12で説明した方法で、長さ200μm、直径40μm、開口部の穴の内径20μmのチューブ状ハイドロキシアパタイトの単結晶を得た。このアパタイト単結晶は、可視光が透過する物質である。そこで、得られたチューブ状ハイドロキシアパタイト単結晶の中空部にアルミニウムワイヤーを挿入し、外部からYAGレーザを用いて約700°で1時間、局部加熱処理することによりチューブ内部にアルミニウムワイヤーを固定し、補強材とした。なお、チューブ状アパタイト単結晶は、可視光に対して透過率が65%以上のものが好ましい。このようなチューブ状アパタイト単結晶は透明であるため、レーザ光が透過し、アルミニウムワイヤーを選択的に加熱できるため、レーザによる加熱がアパタイト単結晶に与えるダメージを低減できる。
パルス通電焼結装置を用いて、気孔制御材となるCaOを700℃で10分間焼結した。CaO焼結体を粗粉砕し、約100~200μmに分級した。平均粒径が約10μmのハイドロキシアパタイト球状粉末と分級された気孔制御材を均一に混合した。気孔制御材の混合比率は50vol%である。なお、ハイドロキシアパタイトのCa/P比は化学量論である1.67である。
KIC=Yσa1/2
ここで、Y:形状因子、σ:曲げ強度、a:亀裂長さである。
本実施の形態では、上述の六角柱のチューブ状アパタイト単結晶の光触媒への応用について説明する。酸化チタン等で被膜されたハイドロキシアパタイトは、環境に対して有害な金属原子を含まず、担体のハイドロキシアパタイト自身が有機物等を吸着する性能を持ち、かつ酸化チタン被膜による可視光から紫外光に対して吸収性を示す、優れた光触媒活性を有する。
前述の実施例1~12で説明した方法で、Ca5(PO4)3(OH)の組成を持つ、長さ0.3~2mm、開口部の穴の内径80~300nmのチューブ状のハイドロキシ(水酸化)アパタイトの単結晶を得た。この単結晶を、Ti修飾アパタイトを0.1~5wt%含有させた常温ガラスコーティング剤に1時間浸漬させ、純水で洗浄後、80℃、12時間乾燥する。これを700℃、1時間アニールし、アパタイトチューブの表面の一部をチタンに置換し、光触媒機能を持たせた。
前述の実施例1~12で説明した方法で、Ca5(PO4)3Clの組成を持つ、長さ0.3~2mm、開口部の穴の内径50~200nmのチューブ状のクロロアパタイトの単結晶を得た。この単結晶を、Ti修飾アパタイトを0.1~5wt%含有させた常温ガラスコーティング剤に1時間浸漬させ、純水で洗浄後、80℃、12時間乾燥する。これを700℃、1時間アニールし、アパタイトチューブの表面の一部をチタンに置換し、光触媒機能を持たせた。
実施例13および実施例14で得られた光触媒機能を有する複合材料を用いて光触媒活性の評価を行った。はじめに、各実施例に係る複合材料の試料粉末を比表面積測定結果に基づく表面積となるように秤量した。そして、秤量した試料を、上蓋が石英ガラス製の容器の底部に厚さが均一となるように充填し、合成空気(酸素20容量%、窒素80容量%)で容器内部を置換した。
本実施の形態では、上述の六角柱のチューブ状アパタイト単結晶のバイオリアクターへの応用について説明する。工業的に広く使用されている白金等の無機触媒と異なり、生体触媒である酵素は、主として生体内で作用し、特異性や選択性を利用して糖やタンパク質等の有機物を吸着したり分解したりする。このことから、常温常圧の水溶液中で比較的早い反応をする酵素反応は、化学工業または機器分析における有機物の合成反応ルートの簡略化に寄与し、環境負荷が少ないため、低炭素社会の実現のためにも有用な技術となりうる。
前述の実施例1~12で説明した方法で、Ca5(PO4)3(OH)の組成を持つ、長さ0.3~2mm、開口部の穴の内径80~600nmのチューブ状のハイドロキシ(水酸化)アパタイトの単結晶を得た。そして、pH5~6.5の緩衝液にアミラーゼを懸濁させた溶液をアパタイトチューブ内に浸透させ、20~35℃の温浴中で8時間インキュベートすることで、アパタイトチューブ中にアミラーゼを固定化する。
前述の実施例1~12で説明した方法で、Ca5(PO4)3Clの組成を持つ、長さ0.3~2mm、開口部の穴の内径3~40nmのチューブ状のクロロアパタイトの単結晶を得た。そして、pH7~9の緩衝液にグルコアミラーゼを懸濁させた溶液をアパタイトチューブ内に浸透させ、20~35℃の温浴中で8時間インキュベートすることで、アパタイトチューブ中にグルコアミラーゼを固定化する。
前述の実施例1~12で説明した方法で、Ca5(PO4)3Clの組成を持つ、長さ0.5~4mm、開口部の穴の内径3~40nmのチューブ状のクロロアパタイトの単結晶を得た。そして、pH6~8の緩衝液にアビジン分子を分散させた溶液をアパタイトチューブ内に浸透させ、20~35℃の温浴中で4時間インキュベートすることで、静電作用によりアビジン分子をアパタイトチューブ中に固定化する。その後、ビオチン標識を持つ酵素を、pH6~8の緩衝液に懸濁させ、アパタイトチューブに浸透させ、20~25℃で30分間することで、ビオチン・アビジン反応により酵素がアパタイトチューブ内に固定化差される。この方法の場合、アミラーゼ、セルラーゼ、キシラーゼ、ラセマーズ等、分子量や等電点の異なる酵素も簡易に固定化できる。
Claims (12)
- チューブ状のアパタイト結晶と、
前記アパタイト結晶のチューブ内に収容され、該アパタイト結晶と異なる物性の材料で構成された機能部と、
を有する複合材料。 - 前記アパタイト結晶は、一般式がM2 5(PO4)3X(M2は2価のアルカリ土類金属及びEuからなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1種の元素、Xはハロゲン元素及びOHからなる群より選ばれる少なくとも一種の元素または分子を示す。)で表される単結晶であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の複合材料。
- 前記アパタイト結晶は、可視光に対して透過率が65%以上であることを特徴とする請求項1または2に記載の複合材料。
- 前記機能部は、前記アパタイト結晶よりも剛性が高い材料で構成されていることを特徴とする請求項1乃至3のいずれか1項に記載の複合材料。
- 前記機能部は、光触媒物質で構成されていることを特徴とする請求項1乃至3のいずれか1項に記載の複合材料。
- 前記機能部は、酵素で構成されていることを特徴とする請求項1乃至3のいずれか1項に記載の複合材料。
- 前記アパタイト結晶は、外形が六角柱であり、六角柱の上面または下面に形成されている穴の開口部の形状が六角形であることを特徴とする請求項1乃至6のいずれか1項に記載の複合材料。
- 前記アパタイト結晶は、チューブの穴の内径が3nm~800μmであることを特徴とする請求項1乃至7のいずれか1項に記載の複合材料。
- 前記アパタイト結晶は、直径が1μm~1mmであることを特徴とする請求項1乃至8のいずれか1項に記載の複合材料。
- 前記アパタイト結晶は、長手方向の長さが2μm~4mmであることを特徴とする請求項1乃至9のいずれか1項に記載の複合材料。
- チューブ状のアパタイト結晶のチューブ内に、該アパタイト結晶よりも剛性が高い金属材料を配置し、前記アパタイト結晶を透過するレーザ光で前記金属材料を溶融し固定化することを特徴とする複合材料の製造方法。
- チューブ状のアパタイト結晶のチューブ内にアビジン分子を吸着させ、ビオチンで標識化された酵素を含む溶液をチューブ内に浸透させることで酵素をチューブ内に固定化することを特徴とする複合材料の製造方法。
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WO2023234424A1 (ja) * | 2022-06-02 | 2023-12-07 | 株式会社小糸製作所 | DDS(Drug Delivery System)用担持体およびDDS用担持体の製造方法 |
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JP6746117B2 (ja) | 2016-06-15 | 2020-08-26 | 株式会社小糸製作所 | アパタイト結晶の製造方法 |
CN114075076A (zh) * | 2020-08-17 | 2022-02-22 | 厦门稀土材料研究所 | 一种氯磷灰石陶瓷及其制备方法和应用 |
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JPWO2015001734A1 (ja) | 2017-02-23 |
EP3018096A4 (en) | 2017-05-10 |
US10208302B2 (en) | 2019-02-19 |
EP3018096A1 (en) | 2016-05-11 |
CN105358479B (zh) | 2018-10-09 |
JP2019026554A (ja) | 2019-02-21 |
JP6609016B2 (ja) | 2019-11-20 |
EP3018096B1 (en) | 2018-06-13 |
CN105358479A (zh) | 2016-02-24 |
JP6466839B2 (ja) | 2019-02-06 |
US20160102302A1 (en) | 2016-04-14 |
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