WO2014181571A1 - ナトリウム溶融塩電池およびこれに用いる溶融塩電解質またはイオン性液体 - Google Patents
ナトリウム溶融塩電池およびこれに用いる溶融塩電解質またはイオン性液体 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2014181571A1 WO2014181571A1 PCT/JP2014/055397 JP2014055397W WO2014181571A1 WO 2014181571 A1 WO2014181571 A1 WO 2014181571A1 JP 2014055397 W JP2014055397 W JP 2014055397W WO 2014181571 A1 WO2014181571 A1 WO 2014181571A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/054—Accumulators with insertion or intercalation of metals other than lithium, e.g. with magnesium or aluminium
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
- H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
- H01M2300/0025—Organic electrolyte
- H01M2300/0045—Room temperature molten salts comprising at least one organic ion
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a sodium molten salt battery including a molten salt electrolyte having sodium ion conductivity, and particularly to improvement of a molten salt electrolyte or an ionic liquid contained in the molten salt electrolyte.
- non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries In recent years, the demand for non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries is increasing as a battery having a high energy density capable of storing electric energy.
- a molten salt battery using a flame retardant molten salt electrolyte has an advantage of excellent thermal stability.
- a sodium molten salt battery using a molten salt electrolyte having sodium ion conductivity is promising as a next-generation secondary battery because it can be manufactured from an inexpensive raw material.
- Patent Document 1 proposes an ionic liquid containing various organic onium cations including a pyrrolidinium cation.
- ionic liquids containing various trace components as impurities are used.
- little research has been conducted on the effects of impurities on molten salt batteries, and this is an unknown area.
- a salt containing a pyrrolidinium cation having a methyl group and an alkyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms in the 1-position has high heat resistance and low viscosity, so that it is used as a main component of a molten salt electrolyte. Promising.
- the sodium molten salt battery is stored in the battery and when it is repeatedly charged and discharged. Gas is generated. As a result, the charge / discharge capacity gradually decreases.
- the present inventors have analyzed impurities of various ionic liquids containing a pyrrolidinium cation having a methyl group and an alkyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms in the 1-position, and at the same time, a molten salt battery containing the analyzed ionic liquid
- the storage characteristics and charge / discharge cycle characteristics were evaluated.
- the ionic liquid contains 1-methylpyrrolidine as an impurity.
- the inventors have found that the storage characteristics and the charge / discharge cycle characteristics change significantly with changes in the concentration of 1-methylpyrrolidine.
- one aspect of the present invention includes a positive electrode including a positive electrode active material, a negative electrode including a negative electrode active material, a molten salt electrolyte including a sodium salt and an ionic liquid that dissolves the sodium salt, and the ionic property
- the liquid contains a salt of a pyrrolidinium cation having a methyl group and an alkyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms in the 1-position and an anion, and the content of 1-methylpyrrolidine in the molten salt electrolyte is 100 ppm by mass
- the following relates to a sodium molten salt battery.
- Another aspect of the present invention includes a sodium salt and an ionic liquid for dissolving the sodium salt, wherein the ionic liquid has a methyl group and an alkyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms at the 1-position.
- the present invention relates to a molten salt electrolyte for a sodium molten salt battery, which contains a salt of a cation and an anion, and the content of 1-methylpyrrolidine is 100 ppm or less by mass ratio.
- Still another aspect of the present invention includes a salt of a pyrrolidinium cation having a methyl group and an alkyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms at the 1-position and an anion, and the content of 1-methylpyrrolidine is
- the present invention relates to an ionic liquid for a sodium molten salt battery having a mass ratio of 100 ppm or less.
- the storage characteristics and charge / discharge cycle characteristics of the sodium molten salt battery are improved.
- FIG. 2 is a sectional view taken along line II-II in FIG. It is a front view of the negative electrode which concerns on one Embodiment of this invention.
- FIG. 4 is a sectional view taken along line IV-IV in FIG. 3. It is the perspective view which notched a part of battery case of the molten salt battery which concerns on one Embodiment of this invention.
- FIG. 6 is a longitudinal sectional view schematically showing a section taken along line VI-VI in FIG. 5.
- One aspect of the present invention includes a positive electrode including a positive electrode active material, a negative electrode including a negative electrode active material, and a molten salt electrolyte including an ionic liquid that dissolves a sodium salt and a sodium salt.
- a salt of a pyrrolidinium cation (hereinafter also simply referred to as a pyrrolidinium cation) having an alkyl group and an alkyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms at the 1-position with an anion
- a sodium molten salt battery whose mass ratio is 100 ppm or less.
- MPPY 1-methyl-1-propylpyrrolidinium cation
- MPPY is particularly preferred.
- MPPY is suitable as a main component of the molten salt electrolyte because it forms an ionic liquid having high heat resistance and low viscosity.
- the anion constituting the ionic liquid is preferably a bis (sulfonyl) imide anion.
- the sodium salt dissolved in the ionic liquid is preferably a salt of sodium ion and bis (sulfonyl) imide anion.
- the positive electrode active material may be any material that electrochemically occludes and releases sodium ions.
- the negative electrode active material may be a material that electrochemically occludes and releases sodium ions, and may be metal sodium, a sodium alloy (such as a Na—Sn alloy), or a metal alloyed with sodium (such as Sn).
- the negative electrode active material includes, for example, non-graphitizable carbon.
- non-graphitizable carbon By using non-graphitizable carbon as the negative electrode active material, gas generation associated with decomposition of the pyrrolidinium cation is further effectively suppressed.
- another aspect of the present invention includes a sodium salt and an ionic liquid that dissolves the sodium salt, and the ionic liquid has a methyl group and an alkyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms at the 1-position.
- a salt of an anion, and the content of 1-methylpyrrolidine is 100 ppm or less by mass ratio, and relates to a molten salt electrolyte for a sodium molten salt battery.
- Still another aspect of the present invention includes a salt of a pyrrolidinium cation having a methyl group and an alkyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms at the 1-position and an anion, and the content of 1-methylpyrrolidine is
- the present invention relates to an ionic liquid for a sodium molten salt battery having a mass ratio of 100 ppm or less. By using the ionic liquid, a molten salt battery excellent in storage characteristics and charge / discharge cycle characteristics can be obtained.
- the concentration of 1-methylpyrrolidine is diluted. Therefore, if the content of 1-methylpyrrolidine in the ionic liquid is 100 ppm or less by mass ratio, the content of 1-methylpyrrolidine in the molten salt electrolyte is also 100 ppm or less.
- the molten salt electrolyte includes a sodium salt and an ionic liquid that dissolves the sodium salt.
- Sodium salt corresponds to the solute of the molten salt electrolyte.
- the ionic liquid functions as a solvent for dissolving the sodium salt.
- the molten salt electrolyte may be liquid in the operating temperature range of the sodium molten salt battery.
- Molten salt electrolyte is advantageous in that it has high heat resistance and nonflammability. Therefore, it is desirable that the molten salt electrolyte does not contain components other than the sodium salt and the ionic liquid as much as possible. However, the molten salt electrolyte may contain various additives in amounts that do not significantly impair the heat resistance and nonflammability. In order not to impair heat resistance and incombustibility, it is preferable that 90% by mass or more, further 95% by mass or more of the molten salt electrolyte is occupied by the sodium salt and the ionic liquid.
- the ionic liquid contains a salt of a pyrrolidinium cation having a methyl group and an alkyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms at the 1-position and an anion.
- the pyrrolidinium cation having a methyl group and an alkyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms in the 1-position is usually produced using 1-methylpyrrolidine as a raw material.
- a desired pyrrolidinium cation is synthesized by reacting 1-methylpyrrolidine with an alkyl halide having an alkyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms (for example, propyl bromide or butyl bromide).
- an alkyl halide having an alkyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms for example, propyl bromide or butyl bromide.
- PY is a pyrrolidine ring
- X is a halogen atom
- n 2 to 5.
- the produced pyrrolidinium cation is purified, for example, through a washing step with an organic solvent.
- a considerable amount of 1-methylpyrrolidine remains as an impurity in the ionic liquid. Therefore, the ionic liquid contains 1-methylpyrrolidine as an inevitable impurity, for example, about 500 ppm or more by mass ratio.
- the molten salt electrolyte in which the content of 1-methylpyrrolidine is 100 ppm or less can be obtained by further purifying the ionic liquid containing 1-methylpyrrolidine synthesized as described above.
- the content of 1-methylpyrrolidine in the molten salt electrolyte that is a mixture of sodium salt and ionic liquid is also At 100 ppm or less.
- the method for reducing the concentration of 1-methylpyrrolidine in the synthesized pyrrolidinium cation (for example, a salt of pyrrolidinium cation and halide ions) or an ionic liquid containing the pyrrolidinium cation or a molten salt electrolyte is not particularly limited.
- effective methods include a method of purifying these liquids with an adsorbent and a method of purifying an ionic liquid by recrystallization.
- activated carbon activated alumina, zeolite, molecular sieve or the like can be used, but is not particularly limited.
- the adsorbent usually contains an alkali metal such as potassium or sodium. Therefore, the pyrrolidinium cation, ionic liquid, or molten salt electrolyte that has passed through the adsorbent cannot be used for a lithium molten salt battery or a lithium ion secondary battery. This is because when alkali metal ions such as potassium ions and sodium ions are eluted into the ionic liquid, the charge / discharge characteristics of the lithium ion secondary battery are greatly deteriorated. For example, since the redox potential of sodium and potassium is higher than that of lithium, the battery reaction of lithium ions is inhibited.
- the sodium molten salt battery originally contains sodium ions, so the charge / discharge characteristics of the sodium molten salt battery do not deteriorate. Further, the redox potential of sodium is higher than that of potassium, and potassium does not greatly affect the charge / discharge characteristics of the sodium molten salt battery.
- the concentration of 1-methylpyrrolidine contained in the molten salt electrolyte or ionic liquid can be measured by a method such as gas chromatography.
- the decomposition reaction of the pyrrolidinium cation is continued regardless of the content when the content of 1-methylpyrrolidine in the molten salt electrolyte exceeds a certain amount. proceed. From this, it is considered that 1-methylpyrrolidine acts as a catalyst for the decomposition reaction of pyrrolidinium cation.
- the content of 1-methylpyrrolidine in the molten salt electrolyte may be 100 ppm or less. If the content is about 100 ppm, the decomposition reaction of the pyrrolidinium cation is greatly suppressed, so that the gas generation does not significantly hinder the performance of the molten salt battery. However, the smaller the content of 1-methylpyrrolidine, the better. For example, when the content of 1-methylpyrrolidine is 100 ppm or less, further 50 ppm or less, the decomposition of the pyrrolidinium cation is further remarkably suppressed.
- the anion constituting the ionic liquid may be various anions such as a borate anion, a phosphate anion, and an imide anion.
- the borate anion includes a tetrafluoroborate anion
- the phosphate anion includes a hexafluorophosphate anion
- the imide anion includes, but is not limited to, a bis (sulfonyl) imide anion. .
- bis (sulfonyl) imide anions are preferred.
- the bis (sulfonyl) imide anion has an aspect of enhancing the activity of the pyrrolidinium cation and promoting the decomposition reaction. Therefore, when the ionic liquid is a salt of a pyrrolidinium cation and a bis (sulfonyl) imide anion, in order to reduce the amount of gas generated, the content of 1-methylpyrrolidine contained in the molten salt electrolyte is reduced. This is particularly important.
- the sodium salt dissolved in the ionic liquid may be a salt of various anions such as borate anion, phosphate anion and imide anion and sodium ion.
- the imide anion is preferably a bis (sulfonyl) imide anion.
- the sodium ion concentration contained in the molten salt electrolyte is preferably 2 mol% or more of the cation contained in the molten salt electrolyte. More preferably, it is more preferably 8 mol% or more.
- Such a molten salt electrolyte has excellent sodium ion conductivity, and it is easy to achieve a high capacity even when charging / discharging at a high rate of current.
- the sodium ion concentration is preferably 30 mol% or less, more preferably 20 mol% or less, and particularly preferably 15 mol% or less of the cation contained in the molten salt electrolyte.
- Such a molten salt electrolyte has a high content of ionic liquid, has a low viscosity, and easily achieves a high capacity even when charging / discharging at a high rate of current.
- the preferable upper limit and lower limit of the above sodium ion concentration can be arbitrarily combined to set a preferable range.
- the preferred range of sodium ion concentration can be 2-20 mol% or 5-15 mol%.
- pyrrolidinium cation having a methyl group and an alkyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms at the 1-position include 1-methyl-1-ethylpyrrolidinium cation, 1-methyl-1-propylpyrrolidinium cation ( MPPY + : 1-methyl-1-propylpyrrolidinium cation), 1-methyl-1-butylpyrrolidinium cation (MBPY + ), 1-methyl-1-pentylpyrrolidinium cation, etc. Is mentioned. Among these, MPPY + , MBPY + and the like are preferable because of particularly high electrochemical stability.
- the ionic liquid is a salt of an organic onium cation and an anion other than a salt of a pyrrolidinium cation and an anion having a methyl group and an alkyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms in the 1-position (hereinafter also referred to as a second component). Can also be included.
- the effect of suppressing gas generation by reducing the content of 1-methylpyrrolidine is that pyrrolidinium in which 30% by mass or more of the ionic liquid has a methyl group and an alkyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms in the 1-position. It becomes remarkable when it is a salt of a cation and an anion.
- the present invention is a salt of a pyrrolidinium cation and an anion in which 30% by mass or more, further 50% by mass or more of the ionic liquid has a methyl group and an alkyl group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms in the 1-position. It is especially effective in cases.
- Examples of the organic onium cation constituting the second component include nitrogen-containing onium cations other than the pyrrolidinium cation; a sulfur-containing onium cation; and a phosphorus-containing onium cation.
- nitrogen-containing onium cations are particularly preferable, and in addition to cations derived from aliphatic amines, alicyclic amines, and aromatic amines (such as quaternary ammonium cations), to nitrogen-containing other than the above pyrrolidinium cations.
- An organic onium cation having a terror ring that is, a cation derived from a cyclic amine) or the like is used.
- the quaternary ammonium cation e.g., trimethyl ammonium cation, hexyl trimethyl ammonium cation, trimethyl ammonium cations (TEA +: ethyltrimethylammonium cation), methyl triethylammonium cation (TEMA +: methyltriethylammonium cation) tetraalkylammonium cations such as ( And tetra C1-10 alkyl ammonium cation).
- TAA + ethyltrimethylammonium cation
- methyl triethylammonium cation methyl triethylammonium cation
- tetraalkylammonium cations such as ( And tetra C1-10 alkyl ammonium cation).
- sulfur-containing onium cations include tertiary sulfonium cations such as trialkylsulfonium cations such as trimethylsulfonium cation, trihexylsulfonium cation, and dibutylethylsulfonium cation (for example, tri-C 1-10 alkylsulfonium cation). it can.
- tertiary sulfonium cations such as trialkylsulfonium cations such as trimethylsulfonium cation, trihexylsulfonium cation, and dibutylethylsulfonium cation (for example, tri-C 1-10 alkylsulfonium cation).
- Phosphorus-containing onium cations include quaternary phosphonium cations, for example, tetraalkylphosphonium cations such as tetramethylphosphonium cation, tetraethylphosphonium cation, tetraoctylphosphonium cation (for example, tetra C 1-10 alkylphosphonium cation); triethyl (methoxy) Alkyl (alkoxyalkyl) phosphonium cations (eg, tri-C 1-10 alkyl (C 1-5 alkoxy C 1-5 alkyl) such as methyl) phosphonium cation, diethylmethyl (methoxymethyl) phosphonium cation, trihexyl (methoxyethyl) phosphonium cation And phosphonium cations).
- tetraalkylphosphonium cations such as tetramethylphosphonium cation, tetra
- the total number of alkyl groups and alkoxyalkyl groups bonded to the phosphorus atom is 4, and the number of alkoxyalkyl groups is preferably 1 or 2.
- nitrogen-containing heterocyclic skeleton examples include imidazoline, imidazole, pyridine, piperidine, etc., 5- to 8-membered heterocycles having 1 or 2 nitrogen atoms as ring constituent atoms; 1 or 2 ring constituent atoms such as morpholine Examples thereof include 5- to 8-membered heterocycles having a nitrogen atom and other heteroatoms (oxygen atom, sulfur atom, etc.).
- the nitrogen atom that is a constituent atom of the ring may have an organic group such as an alkyl group as a substituent.
- alkyl group examples include alkyl groups having 1 to 10 carbon atoms such as a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, and an isopropyl group.
- the alkyl group preferably has 1 to 8 carbon atoms, more preferably 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and particularly preferably 1, 2 or 3.
- organic onium cation having a pyridine skeleton examples include 1-alkylpyridinium cations such as 1-methylpyridinium cation, 1-ethylpyridinium cation, and 1-propylpyridinium cation. Of these, pyridinium cations having an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms are preferred.
- organic onium cation having an imidazoline skeleton examples include 1,3-dimethylimidazolium cation, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium cation (EMI + : 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium cation), 1-methyl- 3-propylimidazolium cation, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium cation (BMI + : 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium cation), 1-ethyl-3-propylimidazolium cation, 1-butyl-3-ethylimidazole Examples include a lithium cation. Of these, imidazolium cations having a methyl group and an alkyl group having 2 to 4 carbon atoms such as EMI + and BMI + are preferable.
- the ionic liquid may contain a salt of an alkali metal cation other than sodium and an anion such as a bis (sulfonyl) imide anion.
- alkali metal cations include potassium, lithium, rubidium and cesium. Of these, potassium is preferred.
- anion constituting the second component examples include various anions such as a borate anion, a phosphate anion, and an imide anion.
- a bis (sulfonyl) imide anion is preferable.
- bis (sulfonyl) imide anions constituting anions of ionic liquids and sodium salts include, for example, bis (fluorosulfonyl) imide anion [(N (SO 2 F) 2 ⁇ )], (fluorosulfonyl) (perfluoroalkyl).
- Sulfonyl) imide anion [(fluorosulfonyl) (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide anion ((FSO 2 ) (CF 3 SO 2 ) N ⁇ ) and the like], bis (perfluoroalkylsulfonyl) imide anion [bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) ) Imide anion (N (SO 2 CF 3 ) 2 ⁇ ), bis (pentafluoroethylsulfonyl) imide anion (N (SO 2 C 2 F 5 ) 2 ⁇ ) and the like].
- the carbon number of the perfluoroalkyl group is, for example, 1 to 10, preferably 1 to 8, more preferably 1 to 4, particularly 1, 2 or 3.
- bis (fluorosulfonyl) imide anions in particular, bis (fluorosulfonyl) imide anion (FSI ⁇ : bis (fluorosulfonyl) imide anion)); bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide anion (TFSI ⁇ : bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide anion) and bis (perfluoroalkylsulfonyl) imide anions such as bis (pentafluoroethylsulfonyl) imide anion (PFSI ⁇ : bis (pentafluoroethylsulfonyl) imide anion) and (fluorosulfonyl) (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide anion.
- FSI ⁇ bis (fluorosulfonyl) imide anion)
- TFSI ⁇ bis (fluoromethylsulfonyl) imide
- molten salt electrolyte a molten salt electrolyte containing a salt of sodium ion and FSI ⁇ as a sodium salt (Na ⁇ FSI) and containing a salt of MPPY + and FSI ⁇ as an ionic liquid (MPPY ⁇ FSI) And a molten salt electrolyte containing a salt of sodium ion and TFSI ⁇ as a sodium salt (Na ⁇ TFSI) and containing a salt of MPPY + and TFSI ⁇ as an ionic liquid (MPPY ⁇ TFSI).
- the molar ratio of sodium salt to ionic liquid may be, for example, 2/98 to 20/80, It is preferably 5/95 to 15/85.
- FIG. 1 is a front view of a positive electrode according to an embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line II-II in FIG.
- the positive electrode 2 for a sodium molten salt battery includes a positive electrode current collector 2a and a positive electrode active material layer 2b attached to the positive electrode current collector 2a.
- the positive electrode active material layer 2b includes a positive electrode active material as an essential component, and may include a conductive carbon material, a binder, and the like as optional components.
- a sodium-containing metal oxide may be used individually by 1 type, and may be used in combination of multiple types.
- the average particle size of the sodium-containing metal oxide particles is preferably 2 ⁇ m or more and 20 ⁇ m or less.
- the average particle diameter D50 is, for example, a value measured by a laser diffraction scattering method using a laser diffraction particle size distribution measuring apparatus, and the same applies to the following.
- sodium chromite NaCrO 2
- sodium chromite a part of Cr or Na may be substituted with other elements.
- M 1 and M 2 are each independently a metal element other than Cr and Na).
- x preferably satisfies 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.5
- M 1 and M 2 are at least one selected from the group consisting of Ni, Co, Mn, Fe and Al, for example.
- M 1 is an element occupying Na site and M 2 is an element occupying Cr site.
- Sodium manganate (such as Na 2/3 Fe 1/3 Mn 2/3 O 2 ) can also be used as the sodium-containing metal oxide.
- a part of Fe, Mn or Na of sodium iron manganate may be substituted with other elements.
- x preferably satisfies 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1/3.
- M 3 and M 4 are preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of Ni, Co and Al, for example.
- M 3 is an Na site
- M 4 is an element occupying an Fe or Mn site.
- Examples of the conductive carbon material included in the positive electrode include graphite, carbon black, and carbon fiber.
- the conductive carbon material is used to ensure a good conductive path.
- carbon black is particularly preferable because it can easily form a sufficient conductive path when used in a small amount.
- Examples of carbon black include acetylene black, ketjen black, and thermal black.
- the amount of the conductive carbon material is preferably 2 to 15 parts by mass and more preferably 3 to 8 parts by mass per 100 parts by mass of the positive electrode active material.
- the binder serves to bond the positive electrode active materials to each other and fix the positive electrode active material to the positive electrode current collector.
- fluororesin polyamide, polyimide, polyamideimide and the like can be used.
- fluororesin polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer, vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer, and the like can be used.
- the amount of the binder is preferably 1 to 10 parts by weight and more preferably 3 to 5 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the positive electrode active material.
- the positive electrode current collector 2a a metal foil, a non-woven fabric made of metal fibers, a porous metal sheet, or the like is used.
- the metal constituting the positive electrode current collector is preferably aluminum or an aluminum alloy because it is stable at the positive electrode potential, but is not particularly limited. When using an aluminum alloy, it is preferable that metal components (for example, Fe, Si, Ni, Mn, etc.) other than aluminum are 0.5 mass% or less.
- the thickness of the metal foil serving as the positive electrode current collector is, for example, 10 to 50 ⁇ m, and the thickness of the metal fiber nonwoven fabric or the metal porous sheet is, for example, 100 to 600 ⁇ m.
- a current collecting lead piece 2c may be formed on the positive electrode current collector 2a. As shown in FIG. 1, the lead piece 2 c may be formed integrally with the positive electrode current collector, or a separately formed lead piece may be connected to the positive electrode current collector by welding or the like.
- FIG. 3 is a front view of a negative electrode according to an embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view taken along line IV-IV in FIG.
- the negative electrode 3 includes a negative electrode current collector 3a and a negative electrode active material layer 3b attached to the negative electrode current collector 3a.
- the negative electrode active material layer 3b for example, metal sodium, a sodium alloy, or a metal alloyed with sodium can be used. Since the content of 1-methylpyrrolidine contained in the molten salt electrolyte is 100 ppm or less, Hofmann decomposition of the pyrrolidinium cation is remarkably suppressed even in the presence of metallic sodium or the like.
- Such a negative electrode includes, for example, a negative electrode current collector formed of a first metal and a second metal that covers at least a part of the surface of the negative electrode current collector.
- the first metal is a metal that is not alloyed with sodium
- the second metal is a metal that is alloyed with sodium.
- the negative electrode current collector formed of the first metal a metal foil, a non-woven fabric made of metal fibers, a metal porous sheet, or the like is used.
- the first metal aluminum, aluminum alloy, copper, copper alloy, nickel, nickel alloy and the like are preferable because they are not alloyed with sodium and stable at the negative electrode potential. Of these, aluminum and aluminum alloys are preferable in terms of excellent lightness.
- the aluminum alloy for example, an aluminum alloy similar to that exemplified as the positive electrode current collector may be used.
- the thickness of the metal foil serving as the negative electrode current collector is, for example, 10 to 50 ⁇ m, and the thickness of the metal fiber non-woven fabric or metal porous sheet is, for example, 100 to 600 ⁇ m.
- a current collecting lead piece 3c may be formed on the negative electrode current collector 3a. As shown in FIG. 3, the lead piece 3c may be formed integrally with the negative electrode current collector, or a separately formed lead piece may be connected to the negative electrode current collector by welding or the like.
- the second metal examples include zinc, zinc alloy, tin, tin alloy, silicon, and silicon alloy. Of these, zinc and zinc alloys are preferred in terms of good wettability with respect to the molten salt.
- the thickness of the negative electrode active material layer formed of the second metal is preferably 0.05 to 1 ⁇ m, for example.
- metal components for example, Fe, Ni, Si, Mn, etc.
- other than zinc or tin in a zinc alloy or a tin alloy shall be 0.5 mass% or less.
- a negative electrode current collector formed of aluminum or an aluminum alloy (first metal), and zinc, zinc alloy, tin or tin alloy (at least part of the surface of the negative electrode current collector) are coated.
- first metal aluminum or an aluminum alloy
- second metal zinc, zinc alloy, tin or tin alloy
- the negative electrode active material layer made of the second metal can be obtained, for example, by attaching a second metal sheet to the negative electrode current collector or pressure bonding. Further, the second metal may be gasified and attached to the negative electrode current collector by a vapor phase method such as a vacuum deposition method or a sputtering method, or the second metal may be deposited by an electrochemical method such as a plating method. Fine particles may be attached to the negative electrode current collector. According to the vapor phase method or the plating method, a thin and uniform negative electrode active material layer can be formed.
- the negative electrode active material layer 3b may be a mixture layer that includes a negative electrode active material that electrochemically occludes and releases sodium ions as an essential component, and includes a binder, a conductive material, and the like as optional components.
- the binder and the conductive material used for the negative electrode the materials exemplified as the constituent elements of the positive electrode can be used.
- the amount of the binder is preferably 1 to 10 parts by mass and more preferably 3 to 5 parts by mass per 100 parts by mass of the negative electrode active material.
- the amount of the conductive material is preferably 5 to 15 parts by mass and more preferably 5 to 10 parts by mass per 100 parts by mass of the negative electrode active material.
- negative electrode active materials that occlude and release sodium ions electrochemically include sodium-containing titanium compounds and non-graphitizable carbon (hard carbon). Etc. are preferably used.
- sodium titanate is preferable, and more specifically, it is preferable to use at least one selected from the group consisting of Na 2 Ti 3 O 7 and Na 4 Ti 5 O 12 . Moreover, you may substitute a part of Ti or Na of sodium titanate with another element.
- Na 2 -x M 5 x Ti 3 -y M 6 y O 7 (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 3/2, 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 8/3, M 5 and M 6 are independently other than Ti and Na
- a metal element for example, at least one selected from the group consisting of Ni, Co, Mn, Fe, Al, and Cr
- Na 4-x M 7 x Ti 5-y M 8 y O 12 ( 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 11/3, 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 14/3, M 7 and M 8 are each independently a metal element other than Ti and Na, for example, from Ni, Co, Mn, Fe, Al and Cr
- a sodium containing titanium compound may be used individually by 1 type, and may be used in combination of multiple types.
- Sodium-containing titanium compounds may be used in combination with non-graphitizable carbon.
- M 5 and M 7 are Na sites
- M 6 and M 8 are elements occupying Ti sites.
- Non-graphitizable carbon is a carbon material in which a graphite structure does not develop even when heated at a high temperature (for example, 3000 ° C.) in an inert atmosphere. Fine graphite crystals are arranged in random directions, and a crystal layer A material having a nano-order gap between the crystal layer and the crystal layer. Since the diameter of a typical alkali metal sodium ion is 0.95 angstrom, the size of the void is preferably sufficiently larger than this.
- the average particle diameter of the non-graphitizable carbon (particle diameter D50 at 50% cumulative volume of the volume particle size distribution) may be, for example, 3 to 20 ⁇ m, and 5 to 15 ⁇ m. It is desirable from the viewpoint of enhancing the pH and suppressing side reactions with the electrolyte (molten salt).
- Non-graphitizable carbon may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- an average interplanar spacing d002 of (002) plane measured by an X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectrum of the carbon material is used.
- the average interplanar spacing d 002 of carbon materials classified as graphite is as small as less than 0.337 nm, but the average interplanar spacing d 002 of non-graphitizable carbon having a turbostratic structure is large, for example, 0.37 nm or more. is there.
- the upper limit of the average spacing d 002 of the non-graphitizable carbon is not particularly limited, the average spacing d 002, for instance, can be less than or equal to 0.42 nm.
- the average interplanar spacing d 002 of non-graphitizable carbon is, for example, 0.37 to 0.42 nm, and may be 0.38 to 0.4 nm.
- the negative electrode active material preferably contains non-graphitizable carbon or a sodium-containing titanium compound.
- Gas generation accompanying decomposition of the pyrrolidinium cation is more effective by making non-graphitizable carbon or sodium-containing titanium compound 80% by mass or more, preferably 100% by mass of the negative electrode active material included in the mixture layer.
- Non-graphitizable carbon and sodium-containing titanium compounds electrochemically reversibly occlude and release sodium ions, so that metal sodium is unlikely to precipitate in the negative electrode. Therefore, it is considered that the Hofmann decomposition reaction of the pyrrolidinium cation does not proceed further.
- a separator can be disposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
- the material of the separator may be selected in consideration of the operating temperature of the battery, but from the viewpoint of suppressing side reactions with the molten salt electrolyte, glass fiber, silica-containing polyolefin, fluororesin, alumina, polyphenylene sulfite (PPS) Etc.) are preferably used.
- a glass fiber nonwoven fabric is preferable because it is inexpensive and has high heat resistance.
- Silica-containing polyolefin and alumina are preferable in terms of excellent heat resistance.
- a fluororesin and PPS are preferable in terms of heat resistance and corrosion resistance. In particular, PPS has excellent resistance to fluorine contained in the molten salt.
- the thickness of the separator is preferably 10 ⁇ m to 500 ⁇ m, more preferably 20 to 50 ⁇ m. If the thickness is within this range, an internal short circuit can be effectively prevented, and the volume occupancy of the separator in the electrode group can be kept low, so that a high capacity density can be obtained.
- the sodium molten salt battery is used in a state where the electrode group including the positive electrode and the negative electrode and the molten salt electrolyte are accommodated in a battery case.
- the electrode group is formed by laminating or winding a positive electrode and a negative electrode with a separator interposed therebetween.
- a metal battery case by making one of the positive electrode and the negative electrode conductive with the battery case, a part of the battery case can be used as the first external terminal.
- the other of the positive electrode and the negative electrode is connected to a second external terminal led out of the battery case in a state insulated from the battery case, using a lead piece or the like.
- FIG. 5 is a perspective view of the sodium molten salt battery 100 with a part of the battery case cut away
- FIG. 6 is a longitudinal sectional view schematically showing a cross section taken along line VI-VI in FIG.
- the molten salt battery 100 includes a laminated electrode group 11, an electrolyte (not shown), and a rectangular aluminum battery case 10 that houses them.
- the battery case 10 includes a bottomed container body 12 having an upper opening and a lid 13 that closes the upper opening.
- the electrode group 11 is configured and inserted into the container body 12 of the battery case 10.
- a step of injecting the molten salt electrolyte into the container body 12 and impregnating the molten salt electrolyte into the gaps of the separator 1, the positive electrode 2, and the negative electrode 3 constituting the electrode group 11 is performed.
- the molten salt electrolyte may be impregnated with the electrode group, and then the electrode group including the molten salt electrolyte may be accommodated in the container body 12.
- An external positive terminal 14 is provided near one side of the lid portion 13 so as to penetrate the lid portion 13 while being electrically connected to the battery case 10, and is insulated from the battery case 10 at a location near the other side of the lid portion 13. In this state, an external negative electrode terminal 15 that penetrates the lid portion 13 is provided. In the center of the lid portion 13, a safety valve 16 is provided for releasing gas generated inside when the internal pressure of the electronic case 10 rises.
- the stacked electrode group 11 is composed of a plurality of positive electrodes 2, a plurality of negative electrodes 3, and a plurality of separators 1 interposed between them, each having a rectangular sheet shape.
- the separator 1 is formed in a bag shape so as to surround the positive electrode 2, but the form of the separator is not particularly limited.
- the plurality of positive electrodes 2 and the plurality of negative electrodes 3 are alternately arranged in the stacking direction in the electrode group 11.
- a positive electrode lead piece 2 c may be formed at one end of each positive electrode 2.
- the plurality of positive electrodes 2 are connected in parallel by bundling the positive electrode lead pieces 2 c of the plurality of positive electrodes 2 and connecting them to the external positive terminal 14 provided on the lid portion 13 of the battery case 10.
- a negative electrode lead piece 3 c may be formed at one end of each negative electrode 3.
- the plurality of negative electrodes 3 are connected in parallel by bundling the negative electrode lead pieces 3 c of the plurality of negative electrodes 3 and connecting them to the external negative terminal 15 provided on the lid portion 13 of the battery case 10.
- the bundle of the positive electrode lead pieces 2c and the bundle of the negative electrode lead pieces 3c are desirably arranged on the left and right sides of one end face of the electrode group 11 so as to avoid mutual contact.
- the external positive terminal 14 and the external negative terminal 15 are both columnar, and at least a portion exposed to the outside has a screw groove.
- a nut 7 is fitted in the screw groove of each terminal, and the nut 7 is fixed to the lid portion 13 by rotating the nut 7.
- a flange portion 8 is provided in a portion of each terminal accommodated in the battery case, and the flange portion 8 is fixed to the inner surface of the lid portion 13 via a washer 9 by the rotation of the nut 7.
- Examples 1 to 3 Commercially available MPPY • FSI (ionic liquid A1) was sufficiently purified by passing through a column packed with zeolite (HS-320 manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.). However, the column length was adjusted to change the concentration of 1-methylpyrrolidine contained in the ionic liquid. Thereby, the ionic liquid B1 (Example 1) having a content of 1-methylpyrrolidine of less than 10 ppm by mass, the ionic liquid B2 (Example 2) of 50 ppm and the ionic liquid B3 (Example 3) of 98 ppm. was prepared.
- zeolite HS-320 manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.
- Examples 4 to 6 >> Commercially available MBPY ⁇ FSI (ionic liquid A2) was sufficiently purified by passing through a column packed with zeolite (HS-320 manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.). However, the column length was adjusted to change the concentration of 1-methylpyrrolidine contained in the ionic liquid. Thereby, the ionic liquid B4 (Example 4) having a content of 1-methylpyrrolidine of less than 10 ppm by mass, the ionic liquid B5 (Example 5) of 50 ppm and the ionic liquid B6 (Example 6) of 98 ppm. was prepared.
- Examples 7 to 9 >> Molar ratio 10:90 of sodium bis (fluorosulfonyl) imide (Na ⁇ FSI) and MPPY ⁇ FSI (ionic liquid B1, B2 or B3) containing 1-methylpyrrolidine at a mass ratio of less than 10 ppm, 50 ppmm or 98 ppm Molten salt electrolytes B1 (Example 7), B2 (Example 8), and B3 (Example 9) comprising the above mixture were prepared.
- Na ⁇ FSI sodium bis (fluorosulfonyl) imide
- MPPY ⁇ FSI ionic liquid B1, B2 or B3 containing 1-methylpyrrolidine at a mass ratio of less than 10 ppm, 50 ppmm or 98 ppm
- Molten salt electrolytes B1 (Example 7), B2 (Example 8), and B3 (Example 9) comprising the above mixture were prepared.
- Examples 10 to 12 >> Molar ratio 10:90 of sodium bis (fluorosulfonyl) imide (Na ⁇ FSI) and MBPY ⁇ FSI (ionic liquid B4, B5 or B6) containing 1-methylpyrrolidine at a mass ratio of less than 10 ppm, 50 ppmm or 98 ppm Molten salt electrolytes B4 (Example 10), B5 (Example 11) and B6 (Example 12) consisting of the above mixture were prepared.
- Na ⁇ FSI sodium bis (fluorosulfonyl) imide
- MBPY ⁇ FSI ionic liquid B4, B5 or B6 containing 1-methylpyrrolidine at a mass ratio of less than 10 ppm, 50 ppmm or 98 ppm
- Molten salt electrolytes B4 (Example 10), B5 (Example 11) and B6 (Example 12) consisting of the above mixture were prepared.
- Separator A polyolefin separator having a thickness of 50 ⁇ m and a porosity of 90% was prepared. The separator was also punched into a coin shape with a diameter of 16 mm or a rectangle with a size of 34 mm ⁇ 64 mm.
- the coin-type positive electrode, negative electrode, and separator were sufficiently dried by heating at 90 ° C. or higher under a reduced pressure of 0.3 Pa. Thereafter, a coin-type positive electrode is placed in a shallow cylindrical SUS / Al clad container, and a coin-type negative electrode is placed thereon via a coin-type separator, and a predetermined amount of molten salt electrolyte is placed. A1 was injected into the container. Thereafter, the opening of the container was sealed with a shallow cylindrical SUS sealing plate having an insulating gasket on the periphery.
- the rectangular positive electrode, negative electrode, and separator were sufficiently dried by heating at 90 ° C. or higher under a reduced pressure of 0.3 Pa. Thereafter, lead pieces were connected to the positive electrode and the negative electrode, respectively, and the positive electrode and the negative electrode were arranged to face each other via a separator to form a flat electrode group.
- the electrode group was accommodated in a container of a laminated film bag body including an aluminum foil as a barrier layer, and a predetermined amount of molten salt electrolyte A1 was injected into the container. Then, the bag body inlet was welded and sealed in a reduced pressure atmosphere. However, the lead pieces were led out from the welded portion of the container. Next, the electrode group was pressurized in the thickness direction to ensure contact between the members. Thus, a rectangular sodium molten salt battery A1 having a design capacity of 24 mAh was produced.
- Examples 13 to 15 A coin-type or rectangular sodium molten salt battery B1 (Example 13), B2 (Example 14) is used in the same manner as in Comparative Example 5, except that the molten salt electrolyte B1, B2, or B3 is used instead of the molten salt electrolyte A1. ) And B3 (Example 15) were prepared.
- Comparative Example 6 A coin-type or rectangular sodium molten salt battery A2 was produced in the same manner as in Comparative Example 5, except that the molten salt electrolyte A2 was used instead of the molten salt electrolyte A1.
- Examples 16 to 18 A coin-type or rectangular sodium molten salt battery B4 (Example 16), B5 (Example 17) is used in the same manner as in Comparative Example 5, except that the molten salt electrolyte B4, B5, or B6 is used instead of the molten salt electrolyte A1. ) And B6 (Example 18), respectively.
- Table 5 shows the results of capacity retention rates of Examples 13 to 15 and Comparative Example 5.
- Table 6 shows the results of capacity retention ratios of Examples 16 to 18 and Comparative Example 6.
- the sodium molten salt battery according to the present invention is excellent in storage characteristics and charge / discharge cycle characteristics, it is required to have long-term reliability, for example, a large-scale power storage device for home use or industrial use, an electric vehicle, and a hybrid vehicle. It is useful as a power source.
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Abstract
Description
すなわち、本発明の一局面は、正極活物質を含む正極と、負極活物質を含む負極と、ナトリウム塩および前記ナトリウム塩を溶解させるイオン性液体を含む溶融塩電解質と、を含み、前記イオン性液体が、メチル基および炭素数2~5のアルキル基を1位に有するピロリジニウムカチオンと、アニオンとの塩を含み、前記溶融塩電解質における1-メチルピロリジンの含有量が、質量割合で100ppm以下である、ナトリウム溶融塩電池に関する。
最初に本発明の実施形態の内容を列記して説明する。
本発明の一局面は、正極活物質を含む正極と、負極活物質を含む負極と、ナトリウム塩およびナトリウム塩を溶解させるイオン性液体を含む溶融塩電解質と、を含み、イオン性液体が、メチル基および炭素数2~5のアルキル基を1位に有するピロリジニウムカチオン(以下、単にピロリジニウムカチオンとも称する)と、アニオンとの塩を含み、溶融塩電解質における1-メチルピロリジンの含有量が、質量割合で100ppm以下である、ナトリウム溶融塩電池に関する。
次に、本発明の実施形態の詳細について説明する。
以下、ナトリウム溶融塩電池の構成要素について詳述する。
溶融塩電解質は、ナトリウム塩およびナトリウム塩を溶解させるイオン性液体を含む。
ナトリウム塩は、溶融塩電解質の溶質に相当する。イオン性液体は、ナトリウム塩を溶解させる溶媒として機能する。溶融塩電解質は、ナトリウム溶融塩電池の作動温度域で液体であればよい。
このような溶融塩電解質は、イオン性液体の含有量が多く、低粘度であり、高レートの電流で充放電を行う場合でも、高容量を達成することが容易となる。
ン[(フルオロスルフォニル)(トリフルオロメチルスルフォニル)イミドアニオン((FSO2)(CF3SO2)N-)など]、ビス(パーフルオロアルキルスルフォニル)イミドアニオン[ビス(トリフルオロメチルスルフォニル)イミドアニオン(N(SO2CF3)2 -)、ビス(ペンタフルオロエチルスルフォニル)イミドアニオン(N(SO2C2F5)2 -)など]などが挙げられる。パーフルオロアルキル基の炭素数は、例えば、1~10、好ましくは1~8、さらに好ましくは1~4、特に1、2または3である。これらのアニオンは、一種を単独でまたは二種以上を組み合わせて使用できる。
図1は、本発明の一実施形態に係る正極の正面図であり、図2は図1のII-II線断面図である。
ナトリウム溶融塩電池用正極2は、正極集電体2aおよび正極集電体2aに付着した正極活物質層2bを含む。正極活物質層2bは、正極活物質を必須成分として含み、任意成分として導電性炭素材料、結着剤等を含んでもよい。
導電性炭素材料の量は、正極活物質100質量部あたり、2~15質量部が好ましく、3~8質量部がより好ましい。
図3は、本発明の一実施形態に係る負極の正面図であり、図4は図3のIV-IV線断面図である。
負極3は、負極集電体3aおよび負極集電体3aに付着した負極活物質層3bを含む。
負極活物質層3bには、例えば、金属ナトリウム、ナトリウム合金、ナトリウムと合金化する金属を用いることができる。なお、溶融塩電解質に含まれる1-メチルピロリジンの含有量は100ppm以下であるため、金属ナトリウム等の存在下でもピロリジニウムカチオンのホフマン分解は顕著に抑制される。このような負極は、例えば、第1金属により形成された負極集電体と、負極集電体の表面の少なくとも一部を被覆する第2金属とを含む。ここで、第1金属は、ナトリウムと合金化しない金属であり、第2金属は、ナトリウムと合金化する金属である。
正極と負極との間には、セパレータを配置することができる。セパレータの材質は、電池の使用温度を考慮して選択すればよいが、溶融塩電解質との副反応を抑制する観点からは、ガラス繊維、シリカ含有ポリオレフィン、フッ素樹脂、アルミナ、ポリフェニレンサルファイト(PPS)などを用いることが好ましい。なかでもガラス繊維の不織布は、安価であり、耐熱性も高い点で好ましい。また、シリカ含有ポリオレフィンやアルミナは、耐熱性に優れる点で好ましい。また、フッ素樹脂やPPSは、耐熱性と耐腐食性の点で好ましい。特にPPSは、溶融塩に含まれるフッ素に対する耐性に優れている。
ナトリウム溶融塩電池は、上記の正極と負極を含む電極群および溶融塩電解質を、電池ケースに収容した状態で用いられる。電極群は、正極と負極とを、これらの間にセパレータを介在させて積層または捲回することにより形成される。このとき、金属製の電池ケースを用いるとともに、正極および負極の一方を電池ケースと導通させることにより、電池ケースの一部を第1外部端子として利用することができる。一方、正極および負極の他方は、電池ケースと絶縁された状態で電池ケース外に導出された第2外部端子と、リード片などを用いて接続される。
図5は、電池ケースの一部を切り欠いたナトリウム溶融塩電池100の斜視図であり、図6は、図5におけるVI-VI線断面を概略的に示す縦断面図である。
次に、実施例に基づいて、本発明をより具体的に説明する。ただし、以下の実施例は、本発明を限定するものではない。
(イオン性液体の検討)
《比較例1》
市販の1-メチル-1-プロピルピロリジニウム・ビス(フルオロスルフォニル)イミド(MPPY・FSI:イオン性液体A1)を準備した。イオン性液体A1の1-メチルピロリジンの含有量をガスクロマトグラフィーで分析したところ、120ppmであった。
市販の1-メチル-1-ブチルピロリジニウム・ビス(フルオロスルフォニル)イミド(MBPY・FSI:イオン性液体A2)を準備した。イオン性液体A2の1-メチルピロリジンの含有量をガスクロマトグラフィーで分析したところ、190ppmであった。
市販のMPPY・FSI(イオン性液体A1)を、ゼオライト(和光純薬工業(株)製のHS-320)を充填したカラムに通して十分に精製した。ただし、カラムの長さを調整して、イオン性液体に含まれる1-メチルピロリジンの濃度を変化させた。これにより、1-メチルピロリジンの含有量が質量割合で10ppm未満のイオン性液体B1(実施例1)、50ppmのイオン性液体B2(実施例2)および98ppmのイオン性液体B3(実施例3)を調製した。
市販のMBPY・FSI(イオン性液体A2)を、ゼオライト(和光純薬工業(株)製のHS-320)を充填したカラムに通して十分に精製した。ただし、カラムの長さを調整して、イオン性液体に含まれる1-メチルピロリジンの濃度を変化させた。これにより、1-メチルピロリジンの含有量が質量割合で10ppm未満のイオン性液体B4(実施例4)、50ppmのイオン性液体B5(実施例5)および98ppmのイオン性液体B6(実施例6)を調製した。
実施例1~6および比較例1、2のイオン性液体を90℃の恒温室内に24時間保存し、保存前後のイオン性液体の変色の度合いを調べた。実施例1~3および比較例1の結果を表1に示す。実施例4~6および比較例2の結果を表2に示す。
(溶融塩電解質の検討)
《比較例3》
ナトリウム・ビス(フルオロスルフォニル)イミド(Na・FSI)と、1-メチルピロリジンを質量割合で120ppm含むMPPY・FSI(イオン性液体A1)とのモル比10:90の混合物からなる溶融塩電解質A1を調製した。
ナトリウム・ビス(フルオロスルフォニル)イミド(Na・FSI)と、1-メチルピロリジンを質量割合で190ppm含むMBPY・FSI(イオン性液体A2)とのモル比10:90の混合物からなる溶融塩電解質A2を調製した。
ナトリウム・ビス(フルオロスルフォニル)イミド(Na・FSI)と、1-メチルピロリジンを質量割合で10ppm未満、50ppmmまたは98ppm含むMPPY・FSI(イオン性液体B1、B2またはB3)とのモル比10:90の混合物からなる溶融塩電解質B1(実施例7)、B2(実施例8)およびB3(実施例9)を調製した。
ナトリウム・ビス(フルオロスルフォニル)イミド(Na・FSI)と、1-メチルピロリジンを質量割合で10ppm未満、50ppmmまたは98ppm含むMBPY・FSI(イオン性液体B4、B5またはB6)とのモル比10:90の混合物からなる溶融塩電解質B4(実施例10)、B5(実施例11)およびB6(実施例12)を調製した。
実施例7~12および比較例3、4の溶融塩電解質を90℃の恒温室内に24時間保存し、保存前後の溶融塩電解質の変色の度合いを調べた。実施例7~9および比較例3の結果を表3に示す。実施例10~12および比較例4の結果を表4に示す。
(正極の作製)
平均粒径10μmのNaCrO2(正極活物質)85質量部、アセチレンブラック(導電性炭素材料)10質量部およびポリフッ化ビニリデン(結着剤)5質量部を、分散媒であるN-メチル-2-ピロリドン(NMP)に分散させ、正極ペーストを調製した。得られた正極ペーストを、厚さ20μmのアルミニウム箔の片面に塗布し、乾燥させ、圧延し、所定の寸法に裁断して、厚さ80μmの正極活物質層を有する正極を作製した。正極は、直径12mmのコイン型または30mm×60mmの矩形に打ち抜いた。
平均粒子径9μm、比表面積6m2/g、真密度1.52g/cm3の難黒鉛化性炭素(負極活物質)92質量%およびポリイミド(結着剤)8質量部を、N-メチル-2-ピロリドン(NMP)に分散させて、負極ペーストを調製した。得られた負極ペーストを、厚さ18μmの銅箔の片面に塗布し、十分に乾燥させ、圧延して、厚さ30μmの負極合剤層を有する総厚48μmの負極を作製した。負極は、直径14mmのコイン型または32mm×62mmの矩形に打ち抜いた。
厚さ50μm、空隙率90%のポリオレフィン製のセパレータを準備した。セパレータも、直径16mmのコイン型または34mm×64mmの矩形に打ち抜いた。
コイン型の正極、負極およびセパレータを、0.3Paの減圧下で、90℃以上で加熱して十分に乾燥させた。その後、浅底の円筒型のSUS/Alクラッド製容器に、コイン型の正極を載置し、その上にコイン型のセパレータを介してコイン型の負極を載置し、所定量の溶融塩電解質A1を容器内に注液した。その後、周縁に絶縁ガスケットを具備する浅底の円筒型のSUS製封口板で、容器の開口を封口した。これにより、容器底面と封口板との間で、正極、セパレータおよび負極からなる電極群に圧力を印加し、部材間の接触を確保した。こうして、設計容量1.5mAhのコイン型ナトリウム溶融塩電池A1を作製した。
矩形の正極、負極およびセパレータを、0.3Paの減圧下で、90℃以上で加熱して十分に乾燥させた。その後、正極と負極にそれぞれリード片を接続し、正極と負極とをセパレータを介して対向配置し、平坦な電極群を形成した。次に、バリア層としてアルミニウム箔を具備するラミネートフィルムの袋体の容器に、電極群を収容し、所定量の溶融塩電解質A1を容器内に注液した。その後、減圧雰囲気中で、袋体の入口を溶着させて密閉した。ただし、容器の溶着部分からリード片をそれぞれ導出させた。次に、電極群を厚さ方向に加圧し、部材間の接触を確保した。こうして、設計容量24mAhの矩形ナトリウム溶融塩電池A1を作製した。
溶融塩電解質A1の代わりに、溶融塩電解質B1、B2またはB3を用いたこと以外、比較例5と同様に、コイン型または矩形のナトリウム溶融塩電池B1(実施例13)、B2(実施例14)およびB3(実施例15)をそれぞれ作製した。
溶融塩電解質A1の代わりに溶融塩電解質A2を用いたこと以外、比較例5と同様に、コイン型または矩形のナトリウム溶融塩電池A2を作製した。
溶融塩電解質A1の代わりに、溶融塩電解質B4、B5またはB6を用いたこと以外、比較例5と同様に、コイン型または矩形のナトリウム溶融塩電池B4(実施例16)、B5(実施例17)およびB6(実施例18)をそれぞれ作製した。
実施例13~18および比較例5、6のコイン型ナトリウム溶融塩電池を、恒温室内で90℃になるまで加熱し、温度が安定した状態で、以下の(1)~(3)の条件を1サイクルとして、100サイクルの充放電を行い、1サイクル目の放電容量に対する50サイクル目または100サイクル目の放電容量の割合(容量維持率)を求めた。
(2)3.5Vの定電圧で終止電流0.01Cまで充電
(3)放電電流0.2Cで、放電終止電圧2.5Vまで放電
実施例13~18および比較例5、6の矩形のナトリウム溶融塩電池の充放電を1000サイクル繰り返し、1サイクル目の電池厚みに対する300サイクル目の電池厚みの増加率を求めた。
Claims (7)
- 正極活物質を含む正極と、
負極活物質を含む負極と、
ナトリウム塩および前記ナトリウム塩を溶解させるイオン性液体を含む溶融塩電解質と、を含み、
前記イオン性液体が、メチル基および炭素数2~5のアルキル基を1位に有するピロリジニウムカチオンと、アニオンとの塩を含み、
前記溶融塩電解質における1-メチルピロリジンの含有量が、質量割合で100ppm以下である、ナトリウム溶融塩電池。 - 前記ピロリジニウムカチオンが、1-メチル-1-プロピルピロリジニウムカチオンである、請求項1に記載のナトリウム溶融塩電池。
- 前記アニオンが、ビス(スルフォニル)イミドアニオンである、請求項1または2に記載のナトリウム溶融塩電池。
- 前記ナトリウム塩が、ナトリウムイオンと、ビス(スルフォニル)イミドアニオンと、の塩である、請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載のナトリウム溶融塩電池。
- 前記負極活物質が、難黒鉛化性炭素を含む、請求項1~4のいずれか1項に記載のナトリウム溶融塩電池。
- ナトリウム塩および前記ナトリウム塩を溶解させるイオン性液体を含み、
前記イオン性液体が、メチル基および炭素数2~5のアルキル基を1位に有するピロリジニウムカチオンと、アニオンと、の塩を含み、
1-メチルピロリジンの含有量が、質量割合で100ppm以下である、ナトリウム溶融塩電池用溶融塩電解質。 - メチル基および炭素数2~5のアルキル基を1位に有するピロリジニウムカチオンと、アニオンと、の塩を含み、
1-メチルピロリジンの含有量が、質量割合で100ppm以下である、ナトリウム溶融塩電池用イオン性液体。
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| US14/890,122 US20160111752A1 (en) | 2013-05-10 | 2014-03-04 | Sodium molten-salt battery and molten-salt electrolyte or ionic liquid used therein |
| CN201480025769.7A CN105190982A (zh) | 2013-05-10 | 2014-03-04 | 钠熔盐电池和用于其中的熔盐电解质或离子液体 |
| KR1020157031200A KR20160006684A (ko) | 2013-05-10 | 2014-03-04 | 나트륨 용융염 전지 및 이것에 이용하는 용융염 전해질 또는 이온성 액체 |
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| JP2013-100495 | 2013-05-10 |
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| JP (1) | JP2014220199A (ja) |
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| JP6282457B2 (ja) * | 2013-12-12 | 2018-02-21 | 国立大学法人鳥取大学 | ナトリウムイオン電池用電解液およびナトリウムイオン電池 |
| CN111384360B (zh) * | 2018-12-27 | 2022-02-22 | 财团法人工业技术研究院 | 金属离子电池 |
| JP7698980B2 (ja) | 2021-05-26 | 2025-06-26 | Tdk株式会社 | リチウムイオン二次電池 |
| JP7698471B2 (ja) | 2021-05-26 | 2025-06-25 | Tdk株式会社 | リチウムイオン二次電池 |
| JP7724637B2 (ja) | 2021-05-26 | 2025-08-18 | Tdk株式会社 | リチウムイオン二次電池 |
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| JP2004186246A (ja) * | 2002-11-29 | 2004-07-02 | Honda Motor Co Ltd | 電気二重層キャパシタ |
| JP2007207675A (ja) * | 2006-02-03 | 2007-08-16 | Dai Ichi Kogyo Seiyaku Co Ltd | イオン性液体を用いたリチウム二次電池 |
| JP2008179622A (ja) * | 2006-12-25 | 2008-08-07 | Nichicon Corp | イオン性化合物 |
| JP2009506505A (ja) * | 2005-08-29 | 2009-02-12 | イドロ−ケベック | 電解質の精製方法、この方法により得られる電解質および発電装置ならびにこれらの使用 |
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| JP4158939B2 (ja) * | 2006-07-27 | 2008-10-01 | 株式会社日本触媒 | 電解液材料および電解液 |
| JP2011192474A (ja) * | 2010-03-12 | 2011-09-29 | Sumitomo Electric Ind Ltd | 電池用負極材料、電池用負極前駆体材料、及び電池 |
| WO2011148864A1 (ja) * | 2010-05-24 | 2011-12-01 | 住友電気工業株式会社 | 溶融塩電池 |
| JP6065443B2 (ja) * | 2012-08-01 | 2017-01-25 | 住友電気工業株式会社 | 耐熱電池およびその充放電方法 |
| US20150229001A1 (en) * | 2012-08-21 | 2015-08-13 | Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd. | Molten salt composition and secondary battery using the molten salt composition |
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| JP2004186246A (ja) * | 2002-11-29 | 2004-07-02 | Honda Motor Co Ltd | 電気二重層キャパシタ |
| JP2009506505A (ja) * | 2005-08-29 | 2009-02-12 | イドロ−ケベック | 電解質の精製方法、この方法により得られる電解質および発電装置ならびにこれらの使用 |
| JP2007207675A (ja) * | 2006-02-03 | 2007-08-16 | Dai Ichi Kogyo Seiyaku Co Ltd | イオン性液体を用いたリチウム二次電池 |
| JP2008179622A (ja) * | 2006-12-25 | 2008-08-07 | Nichicon Corp | イオン性化合物 |
| JP2012134126A (ja) * | 2010-11-30 | 2012-07-12 | Sumitomo Electric Ind Ltd | 溶融塩電池 |
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| US20160111752A1 (en) | 2016-04-21 |
| KR20160006684A (ko) | 2016-01-19 |
| CN105190982A (zh) | 2015-12-23 |
| JP2014220199A (ja) | 2014-11-20 |
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