WO2014157089A1 - 銅合金粉末、銅合金焼結体および高速鉄道用ブレーキライニング - Google Patents
銅合金粉末、銅合金焼結体および高速鉄道用ブレーキライニング Download PDFInfo
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- WO2014157089A1 WO2014157089A1 PCT/JP2014/058089 JP2014058089W WO2014157089A1 WO 2014157089 A1 WO2014157089 A1 WO 2014157089A1 JP 2014058089 W JP2014058089 W JP 2014058089W WO 2014157089 A1 WO2014157089 A1 WO 2014157089A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- copper alloy
- sintered body
- powder
- iron
- alloy powder
- Prior art date
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- 229910000881 Cu alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 53
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 36
- 239000002783 friction material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 30
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 claims description 15
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 5
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 abstract description 5
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 80
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 31
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 15
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 12
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910000640 Fe alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 2
- IYRDVAUFQZOLSB-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper iron Chemical compound [Fe].[Cu] IYRDVAUFQZOLSB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000006698 induction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011812 mixed powder Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000006104 solid solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005728 strengthening Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000007088 Archimedes method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000000889 atomisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052797 bismuth Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001771 impaired effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003754 machining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004663 powder metallurgy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007712 rapid solidification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C9/00—Alloys based on copper
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
- B22F3/12—Both compacting and sintering
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F5/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the special shape of the product
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F9/00—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof
- B22F9/02—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes
- B22F9/06—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from liquid material
- B22F9/08—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from liquid material by casting, e.g. through sieves or in water, by atomising or spraying
- B22F9/082—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from liquid material by casting, e.g. through sieves or in water, by atomising or spraying atomising using a fluid
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C1/00—Making non-ferrous alloys
- C22C1/04—Making non-ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy
- C22C1/0425—Copper-based alloys
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16D—COUPLINGS FOR TRANSMITTING ROTATION; CLUTCHES; BRAKES
- F16D69/00—Friction linings; Attachment thereof; Selection of coacting friction substances or surfaces
- F16D69/02—Composition of linings ; Methods of manufacturing
- F16D69/027—Compositions based on metals or inorganic oxides
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16D—COUPLINGS FOR TRANSMITTING ROTATION; CLUTCHES; BRAKES
- F16D2200/00—Materials; Production methods therefor
- F16D2200/0004—Materials; Production methods therefor metallic
- F16D2200/0026—Non-ferro
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16D—COUPLINGS FOR TRANSMITTING ROTATION; CLUTCHES; BRAKES
- F16D2200/00—Materials; Production methods therefor
- F16D2200/006—Materials; Production methods therefor containing fibres or particles
- F16D2200/0069—Materials; Production methods therefor containing fibres or particles being characterised by their size
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16D—COUPLINGS FOR TRANSMITTING ROTATION; CLUTCHES; BRAKES
- F16D2200/00—Materials; Production methods therefor
- F16D2200/0082—Production methods therefor
- F16D2200/0086—Moulding materials together by application of heat and pressure
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16D—COUPLINGS FOR TRANSMITTING ROTATION; CLUTCHES; BRAKES
- F16D2250/00—Manufacturing; Assembly
- F16D2250/0023—Shaping by pressure
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a copper alloy powder, a copper alloy sintered body, and a brake lining for a high-speed railway.
- a base material such as a brake lining material and a disc brake pad material used for a high-speed railway vehicle
- a sintered body obtained by molding and sintering metal powder is used.
- copper has high thermal conductivity, the interface temperature at the time of friction can be lowered, so that it is frequently used as a lining material for high-speed railways.
- addition of iron is also examined from the viewpoint of wear.
- Patent Documents 1 to 4 describe examples in which copper-iron alloys are used for brakes and friction materials.
- Patent Documents 5 and 6 describe a technique in which iron is uniformly and finely dispersed in copper by ultrasonic stirring or rapid cooling when cooling a high-temperature melt mixed with copper and iron.
- JP 2009-102583 A JP-A-1-320329 JP-A-5-86359 JP 2006-16680 A JP-A-6-17163 JP 11-131111 A
- any of the above documents 5% or more iron is contained in copper. Addition of such a large amount of iron is effective for strengthening the copper alloy, but has a problem of reducing the thermal conductivity of the copper alloy.
- a high-speed railway brake lining such as the Shinkansen has a particularly high thermal conductivity because the temperature rises to about 800 ° C. during braking.
- the present invention has been made to solve such problems of the prior art, and an object thereof is to obtain a sintered body capable of satisfying both the strength required as a friction material and high thermal conductivity at a low cost.
- the present inventors have repeatedly studied to achieve the above object, and have obtained the following knowledge.
- the strength of the sintered body decreases at a high temperature. Therefore, the sintered body preferably has a high thermal conductivity and easily lowers the temperature of the friction interface.
- the present inventors made further studies based on the above findings and obtained the following findings.
- the present inventors have developed a technique for obtaining a sintered body from a mixed powder obtained by adding iron powder to copper powder.
- This technique exhibits an excellent braking force due to the striking effect when the iron particles contained in the sintered body lining are in friction with the steel disk.
- iron powder is added to copper powder, it is difficult to mix uniformly, and as a result, the particle size of iron particles existing in the sintered body becomes large and difficult to disperse uniformly throughout the sintered body. It is.
- the particle size of the iron particles is relatively large, and the strength of the portion where many iron particles are present is increased. The strength of the small part remains low, and as a result, it is difficult to strengthen the base material itself of the sintered body, and iron is also a heat source.
- (D) Therefore, it is effective to use a copper alloy powder containing a small amount of iron as a sintering raw material. This is because by using the copper powder as the copper alloy powder, fine iron particles can be uniformly dispersed in the sintered body, and the base material itself can be strengthened. Moreover, since copper and iron do not form a solid solution, the copper alloy powder is one in which minute iron is precipitated in copper. In this way, if the copper alloy powder contains a small amount of iron, the iron particles are surrounded by copper having high thermal conductivity, so that it is easy to dissipate frictional heat and suppress an increase in the temperature of the friction interface. it can.
- the present invention has been made on the basis of the above findings, and the gist of the present invention is as follows.
- a copper alloy powder used in the manufacture of sintered friction materials for high-speed railways which is manufactured by an atomizing method from a copper alloy containing, by mass, Fe: 0.1 to 2.0%.
- a certain copper alloy powder is manufactured by an atomizing method from a copper alloy containing, by mass, Fe: 0.1 to 2.0%.
- the present invention it is possible to obtain a sintered body capable of satisfying both the strength required as a friction material and high thermal conductivity at a low cost. Since the obtained sintered body has excellent wear resistance, it is optimal for use in sintered friction materials for high-speed railways such as brake linings for high-speed railways.
- the copper alloy powder of the present invention is a raw material for forming a copper alloy sintered body by powder metallurgy and sintering to obtain a copper alloy sintered body. Used as a sintered friction material for railways.
- the copper alloy powder contains Fe: 0.1 to 2.0% by mass.
- Iron has the effect of improving the strength (hardness) of copper alloys. In order to acquire the effect, the content is made 0.1% or more. On the other hand, since iron is inferior in thermal conductivity, when its content is excessive, it becomes easy to increase the temperature during braking of a high-speed railway. However, if the iron content is 2.0% or less, it is possible to obtain a copper alloy powder in which minute iron is precipitated in copper having high thermal conductivity, facilitating the dissipation of frictional heat, and the friction interface. The rise in temperature can be suppressed.
- the lower limit of the iron content is preferably 0.1%, and the upper limit is preferably 1.0%.
- the copper alloy powder of the present invention may contain Fe: 0.1 to 2.0%, and the balance may be made of copper.
- Fe for example, the wettability of Fe to Cu You may contain the trace amount Ti to give.
- the copper alloy powder of this invention may contain an impurity, when a large amount of impurities are contained, there exists a possibility that the high thermal conductivity which is the objective of this invention may be impaired. Therefore, it is desirable to use oxygen-free copper for Cu and electrolytic iron powder (for example, Tomi Zinc Atomilon) for Fe.
- the impurities mean components mixed in various raw materials, components mixed in the manufacturing process of alloy powder, and the like. Impurities are allowed within the following ranges. That is, C: 0.03% by mass or less, Si: 0.01% by mass or less, Mn: 0.03% by mass or less, P: 0.01% by mass or less, S: 0.03% by mass or less As: 0. 003 mass% or less, Sb: 0.005 mass% or less, Bi: 0.001 mass% or less, and Pb: 0.005 mass% or less.
- the copper alloy powder according to the present invention is manufactured by an atomizing method. For example, a copper alloy raw material adjusted to the above chemical composition is melted in an induction heating furnace, and the obtained copper alloy molten metal is squeezed out with a nozzle at the bottom of the furnace and rapidly cooled in the process of free fall, or a jet fluid is added to the molten copper alloy. It is better to make it powdery by spraying.
- the copper alloy powder according to the present invention is manufactured by rapid solidification by atomization, Fe contained in the alloy exists in a state of solid solution in Cu or finely precipitated on the nanoscale.
- the average particle size of the copper alloy powder according to the present invention is preferably in the range of 63 ⁇ m or less. If the average particle size of the copper alloy powder is too large, there is a problem that sintering becomes difficult. On the other hand, if the average particle size of the copper alloy powder is too small, there is a problem that the yield (yield) is remarkably lowered for the production by the atomizing method. Therefore, the average particle size is preferably 35 ⁇ m or more.
- the copper alloy powder adjusted to a predetermined chemical composition is classified, filled in a mold, compacted at a predetermined pressure, and then heat-treated in an inert gas atmosphere for production.
- the sintering temperature is preferably 1083 ° C. or lower. This is because if the sintering is performed at a temperature exceeding 1083 ° C., only the copper in the copper alloy is melted, and iron is aggregated in the solidification process, so that the average crystal grain size of iron may become too large. If the sintering temperature is too low, a sintered body is not formed, so the lower limit of the sintering temperature is preferably 800 ° C.
- the average particle size of the Fe particles contained in the copper alloy sintered body is 5 ⁇ m or less. preferable. If the average particle size of Fe particles is too large, the thermal conductivity will decrease, and when this is used for sintered friction materials for high-speed railways, the temperature at the friction interface will rise and the wear resistance of the friction materials will deteriorate. At the same time, the disk temperature also rises and the disk shape may be warped.
- the average particle size of the Fe particles is set to 5 um or less so long as it is about 10% of the average particle size of the alloy powder that is a sintered body raw material. Because. Even if the average particle size of the Fe particles is too small, the above effect is saturated and the manufacturing cost is increased. Therefore, it is realistic to set the average particle size to 0.1 ⁇ m or more.
- the obtained sintered body was examined for Vickers hardness and density.
- the density was measured by the Archimedes method in accordance with JIS Z8807. The results are shown in Table 1.
- disk-shaped test pieces having an outer diameter of 20 mm ⁇ thickness of 4.5 mm were prepared by machining. Each test piece was subjected to a high-temperature friction / wear test in the following manner. The results are also shown in Table 1.
- a pin-on-disk test (a test for checking the wear of a disk at that time by pressing a pin against the disk) was performed using CSM THT1000, which is widely used as a test apparatus.
- Test conditions are Pin: SUJ2 ball (outer diameter 6mm)
- Disc Copper-iron alloy sintered body (outer diameter 20 mm x thickness 4.5 mm)
- Friction conditions load 5N, rotation radius 3 mm, rotation speed 100 rpm, rotation speed 3000
- Test temperature Room temperature (22 ° C.), 600 ° C. and 800 ° C. The amount of wear was measured by measuring the depth of wear marks formed circularly on the disk surface after the test at four points (every 90 °). The average wear area was determined.
- the hardness increases as the iron content increases.
- the thermal conductivity decreases as the Fe content increases.
- the average wear area is minimum at room temperature and 800 ° C. when the iron content is 0.96%, and at 600 ° C., it is minimum when the iron content is 1.84%.
- FIG. 1 is a TEM photograph of Example 6 of the present invention. As shown in this figure, in the sintered body that satisfies the conditions of the present invention, fine iron particles are uniformly dispersed throughout the sintered body. I understand that. On the other hand, as shown in FIG. 2, in the TEM photograph of Comparative Example 9, it can be seen that relatively large iron particles are scattered and not uniformly dispersed.
- the sintered compact which can make compatible the intensity
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- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Powder Metallurgy (AREA)
- Manufacture Of Metal Powder And Suspensions Thereof (AREA)
- Braking Arrangements (AREA)
Abstract
Description
試験装置として汎用的に用いられているCSM社 THT1000を用い、ピンオンディスク試験(ディスクにピンを押し付けて、その時のディスクの摩耗を調査する試験)を実施した。試験条件は、
ピン :SUJ2ボール(外径6mm)
ディスク:銅鉄合金焼結体(外径20mm×厚さ4.5mm)
摩擦条件:荷重5N、回転半径3mm、回転速度100rpm、回転数3000
試験温度:室温(22℃)、600℃および800℃の三通り
なお、摩耗量は、試験後のディスク表面に円形に形成される摩耗痕の深さを、4点(90°ごと)測定し、平均摩耗面積を求めた。
Claims (5)
- 高速鉄道用焼結摩擦材の製造に用いられる銅合金粉末であって、
質量%で、Fe:0.1~2.0%を含有する銅合金からアトマイズ法によって製造されたものである銅合金粉末。 - 請求項1に記載の銅合金粉末を含む粉末を成形し、焼結して得た銅合金焼結体。
- 前記銅合金焼結体中に含まれるFe粒子の平均粒径が5μm以下である請求項2に記載の銅合金焼結体。
- 焼結温度が1083℃以下である請求項2または3に記載の銅合金焼結体。
- 請求項2から4までのいずれかに記載の銅合金焼結体を用いた高速鉄道用ブレーキライニング。
Priority Applications (6)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
BR112015024379A BR112015024379A2 (pt) | 2013-03-25 | 2014-03-24 | pó de liga de cobre, corpo de liga de cobre sinterizado e lona de freio para uso em ferrovia de alta velocidade |
JP2015508485A JPWO2014157089A1 (ja) | 2013-03-25 | 2014-03-24 | 銅合金粉末、銅合金焼結体および高速鉄道用ブレーキライニング |
US14/774,806 US20160047016A1 (en) | 2013-03-25 | 2014-03-24 | Copper alloy powder, sintered copper alloy body, and brake lining for use in high-speed railways |
KR1020157030361A KR20150133273A (ko) | 2013-03-25 | 2014-03-24 | 구리 합금 분말, 구리 합금 소결체 및 고속 철도용 브레이크 라이닝 |
CN201480018051.5A CN105102157A (zh) | 2013-03-25 | 2014-03-24 | 铜合金粉末、铜合金烧结体和高速铁道用制动衬片 |
EP14776277.7A EP2979780A4 (en) | 2013-03-25 | 2014-03-24 | Copper alloy powder, sintered copper alloy body and brake lining for use in high-speed railway |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
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JP2013-061381 | 2013-03-25 | ||
JP2013061381 | 2013-03-25 |
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WO2014157089A1 true WO2014157089A1 (ja) | 2014-10-02 |
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US (1) | US20160047016A1 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP2979780A4 (ja) |
JP (1) | JPWO2014157089A1 (ja) |
KR (1) | KR20150133273A (ja) |
CN (1) | CN105102157A (ja) |
BR (1) | BR112015024379A2 (ja) |
TW (1) | TWI544094B (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2014157089A1 (ja) |
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WO2018185944A1 (ja) * | 2017-04-07 | 2018-10-11 | 新日鐵住金株式会社 | 焼結摩擦材 |
JP2019011483A (ja) * | 2017-06-29 | 2019-01-24 | 福田金属箔粉工業株式会社 | 粉末冶金用銅系合金粉末及び該銅系合金粉末からなる焼結体 |
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JP6820943B2 (ja) * | 2016-12-01 | 2021-01-27 | 日本製鉄株式会社 | 鉄道車両用焼結摩擦材及びその製造方法 |
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- 2014-03-24 BR BR112015024379A patent/BR112015024379A2/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2014-03-24 JP JP2015508485A patent/JPWO2014157089A1/ja active Pending
- 2014-03-24 WO PCT/JP2014/058089 patent/WO2014157089A1/ja active Application Filing
- 2014-03-24 US US14/774,806 patent/US20160047016A1/en not_active Abandoned
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WO2018185944A1 (ja) * | 2017-04-07 | 2018-10-11 | 新日鐵住金株式会社 | 焼結摩擦材 |
JPWO2018185944A1 (ja) * | 2017-04-07 | 2019-12-12 | 日本製鉄株式会社 | 焼結摩擦材 |
US11534829B2 (en) | 2017-04-07 | 2022-12-27 | Nippon Steel Corporation | Sintered friction material |
JP2019011483A (ja) * | 2017-06-29 | 2019-01-24 | 福田金属箔粉工業株式会社 | 粉末冶金用銅系合金粉末及び該銅系合金粉末からなる焼結体 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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EP2979780A1 (en) | 2016-02-03 |
TWI544094B (zh) | 2016-08-01 |
JPWO2014157089A1 (ja) | 2017-02-16 |
KR20150133273A (ko) | 2015-11-27 |
TW201502290A (zh) | 2015-01-16 |
US20160047016A1 (en) | 2016-02-18 |
CN105102157A (zh) | 2015-11-25 |
BR112015024379A2 (pt) | 2017-07-18 |
EP2979780A4 (en) | 2017-01-04 |
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