WO2014126066A1 - ピストンリング及びその製造方法 - Google Patents
ピストンリング及びその製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2014126066A1 WO2014126066A1 PCT/JP2014/053094 JP2014053094W WO2014126066A1 WO 2014126066 A1 WO2014126066 A1 WO 2014126066A1 JP 2014053094 W JP2014053094 W JP 2014053094W WO 2014126066 A1 WO2014126066 A1 WO 2014126066A1
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- piston ring
- chromium
- plating
- plating solution
- compound
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D3/00—Electroplating: Baths therefor
- C25D3/02—Electroplating: Baths therefor from solutions
- C25D3/04—Electroplating: Baths therefor from solutions of chromium
- C25D3/06—Electroplating: Baths therefor from solutions of chromium from solutions of trivalent chromium
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D15/00—Electrolytic or electrophoretic production of coatings containing embedded materials, e.g. particles, whiskers, wires
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D3/00—Electroplating: Baths therefor
- C25D3/02—Electroplating: Baths therefor from solutions
- C25D3/04—Electroplating: Baths therefor from solutions of chromium
- C25D3/10—Electroplating: Baths therefor from solutions of chromium characterised by the organic bath constituents used
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D5/00—Electroplating characterised by the process; Pretreatment or after-treatment of workpieces
- C25D5/48—After-treatment of electroplated surfaces
- C25D5/50—After-treatment of electroplated surfaces by heat-treatment
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PRODUCTION OF COATINGS; ELECTROFORMING; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25D7/00—Electroplating characterised by the article coated
- C25D7/10—Bearings
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16J—PISTONS; CYLINDERS; SEALINGS
- F16J9/00—Piston-rings, e.g. non-metallic piston-rings, seats therefor; Ring sealings of similar construction
- F16J9/26—Piston-rings, e.g. non-metallic piston-rings, seats therefor; Ring sealings of similar construction characterised by the use of particular materials
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a piston ring having a chromium plating film and a method for manufacturing the same.
- chrome plating Since chrome plating has a high hardness and a low coefficient of friction, it is widely used for sliding members that require wear resistance, such as piston rings. However, a large amount of hexavalent chromium is used in the plating solution used for this plating. Since hexavalent chromium is concerned about the influence on the human body, development of a plating solution using trivalent chromium with little concern is desired.
- Patent Document 1 describes using a plating solution having a composition of chromium chloride hexahydrate, boric acid, glycine, ammonium chloride, and aluminum chloride hexahydrate. ing.
- This plating solution has an advantage that a good plating surface can be obtained.
- ammonium chloride in the plating solution may be decomposed to generate chlorine gas, there is a concern that the working environment may be adversely affected.
- Patent Document 2 describes that ammonium sulfamate is used as an ammonium source in order to deposit a thick chromium plating having a specular gloss.
- Patent Document 3 proposes adding urea to a trivalent chromium-containing liquid for the purpose of maintaining the water resistance of the film with trivalent chromium.
- the present applicant also has a film thickness that can be industrially satisfied in advance, and as a trivalent chromium plating solution capable of forming a chromium plating excellent in film properties such as corrosion resistance and wear resistance, a trivalent chromium compound,
- a trivalent chromium plating solution comprising an aqueous solution containing a pH buffer, an aminocarboxylic acid compound, a sulfamate compound and an aminocarbonyl compound was proposed (see Patent Document 4).
- the physical properties of the plating film are formed by positively forming a dense mesh-like macrocrack in the chromium plating film and the crack reaching the base material or the groove width of the crack widens.
- a method for suppressing deterioration is known.
- macro cracks become one factor of peeling and collapse of the coating during use of the plated member, studies are being made to improve the corrosion resistance by suppressing the occurrence of macro cracks. Macro cracks are likely to occur not only during the plating operation but also under heat treatment conditions of 200 ° C. or higher after plating.
- an object of the present invention is to produce macro cracks in the plating film even under high-temperature heat treatment conditions of about 200 to 300 ° C. with respect to a piston ring having a plating film formed using a trivalent chromium plating solution. It is intended to achieve excellent film properties in terms of corrosion resistance and wear resistance.
- a trivalent chromium compound As a result of intensive studies to further improve the properties of a plating film formed using a trivalent chromium plating solution, the present inventors have obtained a trivalent chromium compound, a pH buffer, a sulfamate compound, and an aminocarbonyl compound.
- a chromium plating is formed using a trivalent chromium plating solution in which a complexing agent selected from a dicarboxylic acid and a salt thereof is further added to a trivalent chromium plating solution containing benzene, it is 200 to 300 ° C. as compared with the conventional method. It has been found that a macroscopic crack in the plating film can be effectively suppressed even under heat treatment conditions of a certain degree, and a plating film having excellent film properties such as corrosion resistance and wear resistance can be formed. It was.
- the piston ring to be provided by the present invention has an annular piston ring base material and a plating film provided on the outer peripheral surface of the piston ring base material.
- the plating film is an aqueous solution containing a trivalent chromium compound, a pH buffer, a sulfamate compound, an aminocarbonyl compound, and a complexing agent containing at least one selected from dicarboxylic acids and salts thereof. It is chromium plating formed from a trivalent chromium plating solution.
- the occurrence of macro cracks in the plating film provided on the surface of the piston ring can be more effectively suppressed even under heat treatment conditions of about 200 to 300 ° C., and the corrosion resistance, wear resistance, etc.
- a piston ring having a chromium plating with excellent film properties is provided.
- the plating film of the piston ring of the present invention can have a film thickness sufficient for piston ring applications.
- the trivalent chrome plating solution used to obtain the piston ring according to the present invention suppresses the generation of harmful gases such as halogen gas due to decomposition of components in the solution, so that it has excellent long-term storage and improves the working environment. Can contribute.
- FIG. 4 is a scanning electron micrograph of a longitudinal section of a plating film in Example 2.
- FIG. 4 is a scanning electron micrograph of a longitudinal section of a plating film in Example 4.
- FIG. 1 (a) is a perspective view showing an embodiment of a piston ring
- FIG. 1 (b) is an end view in the II direction of the piston ring of FIG. 1 (a).
- the piston ring 1 of the present embodiment includes an annular piston ring base material 2 having two end portions facing each other in the circumferential direction, and an inner peripheral surface and an outer peripheral surface S facing each other in the radial direction, and an outer peripheral surface of the piston ring base material 2 And a plating film 3 covering S.
- the piston ring 1 has two end portions facing each other in the circumferential direction, and an inner circumferential surface and an outer circumferential surface facing each other in the radial direction.
- the outer peripheral surface of the piston ring 1 is a sliding surface that slides against a mating member such as a liner when the piston ring is used in an engine or the like.
- the plating film 3 is chromium plating formed using a trivalent chromium plating solution described below.
- the piston ring 1 can be manufactured, for example, by a method including a step of forming the plating film 3 on the outer peripheral surface S of the piston ring base material 2 using a chromium plating solution.
- the plating film may also be provided on a surface other than the outer peripheral surface S of the piston ring base material 2.
- the trivalent chromium plating solution for forming chromium plating on the piston ring substrate is an aqueous solution containing water as a medium.
- This plating solution contains a trivalent chromium compound, a pH buffer, an aminocarboxylic acid compound, a sulfamate compound, an aminocarbonyl compound, and at least one complexing agent selected from carboxylic acids and salts thereof. To do.
- a water-soluble compound having a trivalent chromium valence can be used without particular limitation.
- examples of such compounds include inorganic acid chromium such as chromium chloride, chromium nitrate, chromium sulfate and chromium phosphate, chromium lactate, chromium gluconate, chromium glycolate, chromium oxalate, chromium malate, chromium maleate, and malon.
- Organic acid chromium such as chromium acid chromium, chromium citrate, chromium acetate and chromium tartrate can be mentioned.
- trivalent chromium compounds can be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- concentration of trivalent chromium in the plating solution is 0.2 to 1.8 mol / liter, or 0.4 to 1.4 mol / liter, based on the volume of the plating solution, because chromium plating can be performed successfully. It may be.
- the pH buffer contained in the plating solution is blended for the purpose of successfully carrying out chrome plating by making the pH suitable for chrome plating.
- Suitable pH buffering agents for this purpose include, for example, boric acid, sodium borate, potassium borate, ammonium sulfate, phosphoric acid, disodium hydrogen phosphate, dipotassium hydrogen phosphate, sodium carbonate, and sodium bicarbonate. .
- boric acid, sodium borate or potassium borate can be used. These compounds can be used alone, or can be used as a buffer system combining two or more kinds.
- the blending amount of the pH buffering agent can be set such that the pH of the plating solution can be maintained at 0.3 to 2.0, or 0.4 to 1.5.
- boric acid is used as a pH buffering agent, there is an advantage that, in addition to the pH buffering action, the metal chromium crystals produced by the reduction become finer.
- the sulfamate compound contained in the plating solution mainly has a role as a supporting electrolyte in the plating solution, and is blended for the purpose of increasing the electrical conductivity of the plating solution to a predetermined level. Since the sulfamate compound also has a pH buffering action of the plating solution, the pH of the plating solution is further stabilized by the combined use with the pH buffer described above.
- the sulfamate compound also has a catalytic action of a reaction in which trivalent chromium is reduced, whereby a metal chromium crystal refining action and a chromium film glossing action are exhibited.
- sulfamate for example, ammonium sulfamate, sodium sulfamate, or potassium sulfamate can be used. These compounds can be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the sulfamate can be blended in an amount of 0.3 to 2.5 mol, particularly 0.5 to 2 mol with respect to 1 mol of trivalent chromium in the plating solution. By using such a blending amount, the voltage at the time of electrolytic plating decreases, the rise in the temperature of the plating solution is suppressed, and the production of chromium hydroxide that affects the properties of the plating film is suppressed. .
- the concentration of sulfamate in the plating solution can be 0.4 to 2.1 mol / liter, particularly 0.6 to 1.9 mol / liter, based on the volume of the plating solution.
- the aminocarbonyl compound contained in the plating solution is a compound having at least one carbonyl group and at least one amino group in the molecule.
- the aminocarbonyl compound has the effect of increasing the reduction rate of trivalent chromium.
- the reason is considered as follows. That is, in the process where trivalent chromium is reduced to metallic chromium, divalent chromium is generated. It is considered that divalent chromium is present adsorbed on the cathode or in the electric double layer.
- the reduction of trivalent chromium to metallic chromium is the rate-limiting step.
- the aminocarbonyl compound has a function of increasing the rate at which divalent chromium is reduced to metallic chromium.
- the present inventor believes that the rate at which trivalent chromium is reduced to metallic chromium is increased.
- the aminocarbonyl compound also has an action of suppressing the triation of trivalent chromium.
- trivalent chromium In the process in which trivalent chromium is reduced to metallic chromium, hydrolysis and olation reactions occur near the cathode, which may inhibit metal chromium electrodeposition.
- an aminocarbonyl compound When an aminocarbonyl compound is present in the plating solution, the compound forms a complex with trivalent chromium. Since this complex formation reaction is a competitive reaction with the trivalent chromium olation, the trivalent chromium olation can be minimized. This also increases the reduction rate of trivalent chromium.
- the aminocarbonyl compound acts as a pH buffer agent that hardens the plating film by supplying nitrogen atoms contained in the compound to the plating film, and maintains the pH of the plating solution. It also has the effect of.
- aminocarbonyl compounds have a remarkable effect when used in combination with the sulfamate compounds described above. Details are as follows.
- the advantages of blending the sulfamate compound in the plating solution of the present embodiment are as described above, and the electrodeposition stress of the plating film tends to increase due to the use of the sulfamate compound.
- An increase in electrodeposition stress causes cracks in the plating film.
- the sulfamate compound and the aminocarbonyl compound coexist, the growth rate of the chromium crystal is increased by the aminocarbonyl compound, so that the development of the magnetic field is inhibited, and as a result, the electrodeposition stress is lowered. This effectively suppresses the occurrence of cracks in the plating film.
- the blending amount of the sulfamate with respect to the aminocarbonyl compound used in the present embodiment may be in the range of 0.4 to 1.5 in molar ratio.
- aminocarbonyl compounds examples include compounds having at least one amide group formed by bonding the carbonyl group and amino group, such as urea and carbamic acid. These compounds can be used alone or in combination.
- urea has high acidity of hydrogen at the ⁇ -position with respect to the carbonyl group, so that hydrogen can be easily extracted.
- the aminocarbonyl compound may be blended in an amount of 0.2 to 3.0 mol, particularly 0.3 to 2.2 mol, with respect to 1 mol of trivalent chromium in the plating solution.
- the concentration of the aminocarbonyl compound in the plating solution may be 0.1 to 4.4 mol / liter, particularly 0.2 to 2.5 mol / liter.
- Patent Document 3 described above also describes that urea, which is a kind of aminocarbonyl compound, is added to a trivalent chromium plating solution.
- urea which is a kind of aminocarbonyl compound
- the reason for using urea in the same document is to decompose urea to produce ammonia and to improve the water resistance of the plating film with ammonia (paragraph [0033] of Patent Document 3). Therefore, urea itself does not exist in the plating solution described in this document, or even if it exists, the amount thereof is considered to be very small.
- this document relates to a chromate chemical conversion treatment solution, and the role of urea is completely different from the plating solution of this embodiment.
- the complexing agent selected from the dicarboxylic acids or salts thereof contained in the plating solution is for the purpose of forming a complex with trivalent chromium in the plating solution to stabilize the plating solution, and to successfully perform chromium plating. Blended.
- the present applicants previously used an aminocarboxylic acid compound as a drug having this type of function, but in this embodiment, by using a complexing agent selected from dicarboxylic acid or a salt thereof, an aminocarboxylic acid is used.
- a plating film that can more effectively suppress the occurrence of macro cracks even under heat treatment conditions of about 200 to 300 ° C., and has better film properties such as corrosion resistance and wear resistance. Can be formed.
- Dicarboxylic acid is a compound having two carboxyl groups in the molecule.
- the dicarboxylic acid include malonic acid, malic acid, maleic acid, tartaric acid, succinic acid, succinic acid, and the like.
- the dicarboxylic acid may be in the form of a salt such as an alkali metal salt such as disodium malonate, sodium malate, and sodium tartrate. These complexing agents can be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the complexing agent used in the present embodiment can include a dicarboxylic acid having 2 to 3 carbon atoms or a salt thereof.
- malonic acid has a particularly high effect of suppressing the occurrence of macro cracks in the plating film, and can form a plating film that is more excellent in terms of film properties such as corrosion resistance and wear resistance.
- the complexing agent selected from dicarboxylic acids or salts thereof may be blended in an amount of 0.01 to 0.8 mol, particularly 0.05 to 0.6 mol, with respect to 1 mol of trivalent chromium in the plating solution. These blending amounts are advantageous in that a stable chromium complex plating solution can be obtained and appropriate electrolytic plating can be performed. For the same reason, the concentration of the dicarboxylic acid or its salt in the plating solution may be 0.01 to 0.8 mol / liter, particularly 0.05 to 0.5 mol / liter.
- the rate at which trivalent chromium is reduced to metallic chromium is high, while more effectively suppressing the occurrence of macro cracks seen in the plating film, A plating film having a film thickness that can be industrially satisfied can be easily formed.
- advantageous effects such as an increase in the hardness of the plating film and an increase in corrosion resistance, wear resistance and the like are also exhibited.
- the plating solution used to obtain the piston ring of the present embodiment does not need to contain ammonium chloride, which is a component mixed in the conventional plating solution. Generation of generated chlorine gas can be prevented, and the environment of the plating operation is improved. From this point of view, the plating solution of the present embodiment may not contain ammonium halide such as ammonium chloride.
- the concentration of ammonium halide in the plating solution may be 0.1 mol / liter or less based on the volume of the plating solution.
- ceramic particles can also be blended in the plating solution used to obtain the piston ring of the present embodiment. Ceramic particles are taken into the plating film during the metal chromium electrodeposition process. Ceramic particles are mainly present at grain boundaries or defects in the plating film, thereby suppressing the propagation of cracks and effectively mitigating fatigue, fracture, and delamination. In addition, the ceramic particles exposed on the surface are in contact with the mating sliding surface as a sliding surface in the friction and wear action with the mating sliding surface, improving wear resistance and seizure resistance, and forming an oil film. Will help.
- the ceramic particles may have an average particle size of 0.2 to 12 ⁇ m, in particular 0.4 to 6.0 ⁇ m, especially 0.5 to 3.0 ⁇ m. The average particle diameter of the ceramic particles can be measured by, for example, a laser method.
- the average particle size of the ceramic particles blended in the plating solution of the present embodiment is within the above range, the average particle size of the ceramic particles taken into the plating film is usually 0.2 to 8.0 ⁇ m, 0.3 to 5.0 ⁇ m, or 0.5 to 3.0 ⁇ m. Thereby, the effects such as fatigue, breakage, and peeling effectively described above can be further prominent.
- the shape of the ceramic particles may be spherical or the like from the viewpoint of improving the friction with the mating sliding surface and the wear action.
- the ceramic particles are not particularly limited as long as they do not adversely affect the reduction of trivalent chromium. From the viewpoint of easy incorporation into the plating film, those having a zeta potential in the plating solution of 20 to 100 mV, particularly 40 to 70 mV can be used. Examples of such ceramic particles include Al 2 O 3 , Si 3 N 4 , AlN, Cr 3 C 2 , B 4 C, TiC, WC, TiO 2 , Cr 2 O 3 , c-BN, and Fe 3 O 4. And the like. These ceramic particles can be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the ceramic particles are blended in the plating solution of this embodiment so as to be 5 to 100 g / liter, particularly 10 to 60 g / liter, so that the fluidity of the plating solution is suitable.
- the amount of ceramic particles taken up can be easily adjusted to an appropriate amount.
- Ceramic particles generally have a large specific gravity, so they tend to settle in the plating solution. Depending on the particle size, ceramic particles may aggregate in the plating solution. From the viewpoint of preventing these problems, when ceramic particles are blended in the plating solution, aluminum chloride can be blended together with the ceramic particles as an aggregation inhibitor. Various surfactants can also be blended in the plating solution as an aggregation inhibitor.
- Surfactants include anionic surfactants such as monoalkyl sulfates and alkylpolyoxyethylene sulfates, cationic surfactants such as alkyltrimethylammonium salts and dialkyldimethylammonium salts, polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers and fatty acid sorbitans
- anionic surfactants such as monoalkyl sulfates and alkylpolyoxyethylene sulfates
- cationic surfactants such as alkyltrimethylammonium salts and dialkyldimethylammonium salts
- polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers and fatty acid sorbitans
- Nonionic surfactants such as esters are exemplified.
- aluminum chloride exhibits an advantageous effect of controlling the zeta potential of the ceramic particles to improve the dispersibility of the particles and preventing the particles from aggregating. Moreover, it becomes easy to take in ceramic particles uniformly in a plating film. From the viewpoint of making these effects more prominent, aluminum chloride may be added in an amount of 0.005 to 0.5 mol, particularly 0.01 to 0.3 mol, per 1 mol of trivalent chromium in the plating solution. Good. For the same reason, the concentration of aluminum chloride in the plating solution may be 0.02 to 0.5 mol / liter, particularly 0.05 to 0.3 mol / liter, based on the volume of the plating solution.
- a water-soluble organic solvent can also be blended in the plating solution used to obtain the piston ring of the present embodiment.
- tip can be prevented effectively by the mixing
- the water-soluble organic solvent may be added in an amount of 0.4 to 2.1 mol, particularly 0.6 to 1.3 mol, with respect to 1 mol of trivalent chromium in the plating solution.
- the water-soluble organic solvent include glycerin, polyethylene glycol, ethanol, methanol, and n-propanol.
- the plating solution of this embodiment contains a pH buffer as described above, and the pH of the solution may be kept in the range of 0.3 to 2.0, or 0.5 to 1.5.
- the water as the plating solution medium used to obtain the piston ring of the present embodiment may be pure water, ion exchange water, industrial water, tap water, distilled water, or the like. Of these, industrial water and tap water can be used from the economical aspect on the premise that the storage stability of the plating solution and the film properties are not affected.
- the plating film of the piston ring of this embodiment can contain self-lubricating particles as necessary.
- a plating solution containing self-lubricating particles By using a plating solution containing self-lubricating particles, a plating film containing self-lubricating particles can be formed.
- the surface frictional force is reduced when the particles are exposed to the surface, so that the wear resistance of the plating film can be further improved.
- the self-lubricating particles include graphite, molybdenum disulfide, tungsten disulfide, fluororesin, or boron nitride (h-BN) particles.
- the compounding amount of the self-lubricating particles may be 5 to 70 g / liter, particularly 10 to 50 g / liter, based on the volume of the plating solution.
- the self-lubricating particles may be scaly. In the case of scales, the thickness may be 0.5 to 2 ⁇ m and the diameter may be 1 to 10 ⁇ m.
- the temperature of the plating bath can be set to 20 to 60 ° C. or 30 to 60 ° C.
- the current density can be set to 15 to 60 A / dm 2 or 20 to 40 A / dm 2 .
- the anode graphite or various dimensionally stabilized anodes (DSA) such as a Ti—Pt electrode can be used, and as the cathode, a piston ring substrate which is an object to be plated can be used.
- DSA various dimensionally stabilized anodes
- chromium is generally amorphous. Amorphous chromium plating films tend to have lower hardness than crystalline ones. Therefore, the plating film can be made into a crystalline chromium film by performing a heat treatment process on the plating film formed by electrolytic plating.
- the heat treatment conditions may be 150 to 600 ° C., 200 to 600 ° C., or 200 to 450 ° C. in the atmosphere.
- the heating time can be 30 to 90 minutes, provided that the temperature is within this range.
- the plating film obtained by electrolytic plating under the above conditions has a film thickness that is sufficient to be applied to the piston ring and that is industrially satisfactory.
- the film thickness may be 3 to 300 ⁇ m, or 5 to 100 ⁇ m.
- the plating film obtained by electrolytic plating under the above conditions is particularly excellent in film properties such as wear resistance and corrosion resistance. Therefore, the sliding characteristics required for the piston ring can be imparted by plating the sliding surface (outer peripheral surface) of the piston ring base material using the trivalent chromium plating solution of the present embodiment.
- Piston ring base material The piston ring base material is not particularly limited and can be appropriately selected from those usually used in the art.
- the material of the piston ring base material may be, for example, a metal such as iron, or a ceramic or plastic such as alumina with a conductive film on the surface.
- the piston ring substrate has, for example, an outer diameter of 20 mm to 100 mm, an inner diameter of 15 mm to 950 mm, and a thickness of 0.5 mm to 50 mm.
- low chromium steel 5 ⁇ 5 ⁇ 20 tip 10R
- SUS304 50 ⁇ 100 ⁇ 5 mm
- the obtained plated product was heat-treated at 200 ° C. for 30 minutes in the air, and then evaluated.
- Comparative Example 3 The components shown in Table 1 below were added to water to prepare a hexavalent chromium plating solution having the composition shown in the same table. Using the obtained plating solution, electrolytic plating was performed under the conditions shown in the same table. The same cathode as in Example 1 was used. A lead tin plate was used as the anode. As a base material for plating, low chromium steel (tip 10R of dimensions 5 ⁇ 5 ⁇ 20) was used for evaluating wear resistance of the plating film, and SUS304 (dimension 50 ⁇ 100 ⁇ 5 mm) was used for evaluating corrosion resistance. . After the plating treatment, the obtained plated product was heat-treated at 200 ° C. for 30 minutes in the air, and then evaluated.
- tip 10R of dimensions 5 ⁇ 5 ⁇ 20
- SUS304 dimension 50 ⁇ 100 ⁇ 5 mm
- the thickness of the chromium plating film in the obtained plated product was measured by the following method. Further, the appearance of the surface of the plating film was visually observed to investigate the degree of gloss and the presence of cracks. Further, the Vickers hardness of the plating film was measured by the following method, and the wear resistance and corrosion resistance were evaluated by the following methods. Furthermore, about Example 2 and 3 and the comparative example 2, the content rate (dispersion degree) of the ceramic particle in a plating film was measured with the following method. The results are shown in Table 2 below.
- Thickness of plating film The thickness of the cross section of the plating film was measured at a magnification of 400 times using a laser microscope (LEXTO OLS1100 manufactured by OLYMPUS).
- Vickers Hardness of Plating Film The Vickers hardness of the cross section of the plating film was measured with a load of 200 gf ⁇ 15 sec using a microhardness tester (HM-103 manufactured by Mitutoyo).
- the abrasion resistance of the plating films was evaluated using a Kaken type corrosion wear tester.
- Cast iron FC250 conforming to JIS G 5501-1995
- the contact load in the friction tester was 39N.
- the temperature of the corrosive liquid was normal temperature.
- the amount of wear of the plating film was measured, and the value was used as an index of wear resistance.
- a SUS304 plated product obtained in the examples or comparative examples having a plating film area of 1 cm 2 was prepared.
- the plated product was suspended in a sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid aqueous solution (volume: 1 liter) adjusted to a predetermined pH with a vinyl fishing line.
- the temperature of the aqueous solution was kept at 70 ° C., and the aqueous solution was stirred for 1 hour. Thereafter, the amount of chromium dissolved in the aqueous solution was measured by an ICP emission spectrometer (ICPS-7510 manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation), and used as a measure of corrosion resistance.
- ICPS-7510 manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation
- the content rate here is an area ratio of ceramic particles in an observation field per unit area when a cross section of the plating film is observed. This area ratio is measured by the following method. That is, the longitudinal section of the plating film was observed at a magnification of 1000 times using a laser microscope (LEXTO OLS1100 manufactured by OLYMPUS). And the ratio of the area which the ceramic particle which exists in a 30 micrometer square frame occupies was measured using the laser microscope.
- the plating film was heat-treated under the conditions shown in Table 2, and after the heat treatment, the film cross-section of the plating film was corroded with Murakami's reagent, and then a laser microscope (LEXTO OLS1100 manufactured by OLYMPUS) was used. Measurement was performed at double magnification, and the degree of macro cracks was evaluated based on the following evaluation criteria.
- the scanning electron micrograph of the longitudinal cross-section of the plating film in the chromium plating obtained from Example 1 and Comparative Example 1 is shown in FIG. A: Less than 10 macro cracks B: 10 or more and less than 20 macro cracks C: 20 or more macro cracks
- Example 1 As is clear from the comparison between Example 1 and Examples 2 and 3, it can be seen that the wear resistance of the plating film is further improved by blending ceramic particles in the plating solution.
- Piston ring fabrication and evaluation Piston ring base material made of low-chromium steel for piston rings with a bore of 73 mm, width (radial direction) 2.3 mm, and thickness (piston travel direction) 1.0 mm Prepared as.
- chromium plating plating film
- the plating film was heat-treated at 200 ° C. for 30 minutes in the air.
- the piston ring was attached to a 4-cylinder gasoline engine with a displacement of 1500 cm 3 (bore diameter 73 mm), and the engine was operated intermittently for 100 hours under the operating conditions of a rotational speed of 5,700 rpm and a load of 4/4.
- the piston ring was taken out and the wear amount of the plating film and the cylinder wear depth were measured.
- the wear amount of the plating film the difference in the thickness of the piston ring before and after the test was measured at five locations at equal intervals in the circumferential direction of the piston ring.
- the cylinder wear depth 1/2 of the difference in the cylinder diameter before and after the test was measured at five locations near the center in the axial direction of the sliding portion of the top ring at equal intervals in the circumferential direction.
- engine performance engine oil consumption was measured immediately after the start of operation and immediately before the end of operation for 100 hours. The evaluation results are shown in Table 3.
- FIG. 3 shows a scanning electron micrograph of the longitudinal section of the plating film obtained in Example 2. As shown in FIG. 3, it was confirmed that spherical ceramic particles were taken into the plating film.
- Example 4 A trivalent chromium plating solution having the same composition as in Example 1 was prepared except that 30 g / liter of scaly molybdenum disulfide particles having an average thickness of 1 ⁇ m and an average diameter of 6 ⁇ m were added as self-lubricating particles. And the piston ring which has a plating film by the method similar to Example 1 was created. A scanning electron micrograph of the longitudinal section of the created piston ring is shown in FIG. The dark portions in FIG. 4 are molybdenum disulfide particles, and it was confirmed that a good plating film was formed in which the scaly molybdenum disulfide particles were arranged in the lateral direction so as to interrupt the current.
- a piston ring was prepared using the same plating solution as in Example 1 except that 30 g / liter of spherical molybdenum disulfide particles having an average particle diameter of 2 ⁇ m were contained.
- the surface friction force of the obtained plating film of the piston ring was 67% with respect to the surface friction force of the plating film of Example 1.
- the occurrence of macro cracks in the plating film is more effectively suppressed even under heat treatment conditions of about 200 to 300 ° C., and has a film thickness that is industrially satisfactory, and has corrosion resistance and wear resistance.
- a piston ring having a chromium plating having excellent coating properties such as properties is provided.
- a possible piston ring is provided.
Abstract
Description
ピストンリング基材上にクロムめっきを形成するための三価クロムめっき液は水を媒体として含有する水溶液である。このめっき液は、三価クロム化合物と、pH緩衝剤と、アミノカルボン酸化合物と、スルファミン酸塩化合物と、アミノカルボニル化合物と、カルボン酸及びその塩から選ばれる少なくとも一種の錯化剤とを含有する。
本出願人らは、先にこの種の機能を持つ薬剤としてアミノカルボン酸化合物を用いていたが、本実施形態では、ジカルボン酸又はその塩から選ばれる錯化剤を用いることで、アミノカルボン酸化合物を用いたものに比べて、200~300℃程度の加熱処理条件下でもマクロクラックの発生をより効果的に抑制でき、また、より優れた耐食性及び耐摩耗性等の皮膜特性を有するめっき皮膜を形成することができる。ジカルボン酸は分子中に2個のカルボキシル基を有する化合物である。ジカルボン酸の例としては、マロン酸、リンゴ酸、マレイン酸、酒石酸、及び蓚酸、コハク酸等が挙がられる。また、本実施形態において、ジカルボン酸は、マロン酸二ナトリウム、リンゴ酸ナトリウム及び酒石酸ナトリウム等のアルカリ金属塩等の塩の形態であってもよい。これらの錯化剤は1種又は2種以上を組み合わせて用いることができる。
ピストンリング基材は、特に制限なく、当該技術分野において通常用いられるものから適宜選択することができる。ピストンリング基材の材料は、例えば、鉄などの金属や、導電性の皮膜を表面に付したアルミナなどのセラミックスやプラスチックであってもよい。ピストンリング基材は、例えば、20mm~100mmの外径、15mm~950mmの内径、及び0.5mm~50mmの厚さを有する。
実施例1ないし3並びに比較例1及び2
以下の表1に示す成分を水に添加して、同表に示す組成を有する三価のクロムのめっき液を調製した。得られためっき液を用い、同表に示す条件で電解めっきを行い、母材の表面上にめっき皮膜を形成させた。陽極としては高密度黒鉛板を用いた。陰極としてはピストンリング基材のひとつである低クロム鋼を用いた。
また、めっきを行う母材として、めっき皮膜の耐摩耗性評価用などに低クロム鋼(寸法5×5×20の先端10R)を、耐食性評価用にSUS304(寸法50×100×5 mm)を用いた。めっき処理の後、得られためっき物を200℃で30分間、大気中で加熱処理してから、各評価を行った。
以下の表1に示す成分を水に添加して、同表に示す組成を有する六価のクロムのめっき液を調製した。得られためっき液を用い、同表に示す条件で電解めっきを行った。陰極は実施例1と同様のものを用いた。陽極としては鉛錫板を用いた。
めっきを行う母材として、めっき皮膜の耐摩耗性評価用などに低クロム鋼(寸法5×5×20の先端10R)を、耐食性評価用にSUS304(寸法50×100×5 mm)を用いた。めっき処理の後、得られためっき物を200℃で30分間、大気中で加熱処理してから、各評価を行った。
得られためっき物におけるクロムめっき皮膜の厚みを以下の方法で測定した。また、めっき皮膜の表面の外観を目視観察して光沢の程度及びクラックの発生の有無を調査した。更に以下の方法で、めっき皮膜のビッカース硬度を測定し、耐摩耗性及び耐食性を以下の方法で評価した。更に実施例2及び3並びに比較例2については、めっき皮膜中のセラミック粒子の含有率(分散度)を以下の方法で測定した。それらの結果を以下の表2に示す。
めっき皮膜の断面の厚みを、レーザー顕微鏡(OLYMPUS社製 LEXTO OLS1100)を用いて400倍の倍率で測定した。
めっき皮膜の断面のビッカース硬度を、微小硬さ試験機(ミツトヨ製 HM-103)を用いて、荷重200gf×15secで測定した。
実施例及び比較例で得られためっき処理を施したリング材について、科研式腐食摩耗試験機を用いてめっき皮膜の耐摩耗性を評価した。摩擦の相手となるライナー材として鋳鉄(JIS G 5501-1995に準拠したFC250)を用いた。
摩擦試験器における接触荷重は39Nとした。摩擦速度は0.25m/sec、摩擦距離は5400m(=6時間)とした。腐食液として硫酸水溶液(pH=2.0)を用い、1.5ml/minで滴下した。腐食液温度は常温とした。めっき皮膜の摩耗量を測定し、その値を耐摩耗性の指標とした。
めっき皮膜の面積が1cm2である、実施例又は比較例で得られたSUS304のめっき物を準備した。該めっき物を所定のpHに調整された硫酸及び塩酸水溶液(容積1リットル)中に、ビニール製の釣糸で吊り下げた。水溶液の温度を70℃に保ち、水溶液を1時間にわたって攪拌した。その後、水溶液中に溶解したクロムの量をICP発光分析装置(島津製作所社製 ICPS-7510)によって測定し、耐食性の尺度とした。
ここでいう含有率とは、めっき皮膜の断面を観察したときに、単位面積あたりの観察視野に占めるセラミック粒子の面積率のことである。この面積率は次の方法で測定される。すなわち、めっき皮膜の縦断面を、レーザー顕微鏡(OLYMPUS社製 LEXTO OLS1100)を用いて、1000倍の倍率で観察した。そして、30μm四方の枠内に存在するセラミック粒子が占有する面積の比率を、同レーザー顕微鏡を用いて計測した。
表2に示す条件でめっき皮膜を加熱処理し、加熱処理後のめっき皮膜の皮膜断面を、村上試薬で腐食してから、レーザー顕微鏡(OLYMPUS社製 LEXTO OLS1100)を用い1000倍の倍率で測定し、下記評価基準に基づいて、マクロクラックの存在の程度を評価した。実施例1及び比較例1から得られたクロムめっき物におけるめっき皮膜の縦断面の走査型電子顕微鏡写真を図2に示す。
A;マクロクラックが10個未満
B;マクロクラックが10個以上20個未満
C;マクロクラックが20個以上
ピストンリング用低クロム鋼で作製された、ボア径73mm、幅(半径方向)2.3mm、厚さ(ピストンの進行方向)1.0mmのトップリングをピストンリング基材として準備した。複数のピストンリング基材をその軸方向にスタックした状態で、ピストンリング基材の外周面上に、表1の実施例、比較例の各めっき液を用いてクロムめっき(めっき皮膜)を形成させた、その後、200℃で30分間、大気中でめっき皮膜を加熱処理した。
自己潤滑性を有する粒子として平均厚さ1μm、平均直径6μmの鱗片状の二硫化モリブデン粒子を30g/リットル加えたこと以外は実施例1と同様の組成を有する三価のクロムのめっき液を調製し、実施例1と同様の方法によりめっき皮膜を有するピストンリングを作成した。作成したピストンリングの縦断面の走査型電子顕微鏡写真を図4に示す。図4の暗い箇所が二硫化モリブデン粒子であり、鱗片状の二硫化モリブデン粒子が電流をさえぎるように横方向に並んでいる良好なめっき皮膜が形成されたことが確認された。このめっき皮膜の表面摩擦力を測定したところ、その値は実施例1のめっき皮膜の表面摩擦力に対し23%であった。さらに、平均粒径2μmの球形の二硫化モリブデン粒子を30g/リットル含有すること以外は実施例1と同様のめっき液を用いてピストンリングを作成した。得られたピストンリングのめっき皮膜の表面摩擦力は、実施例1のめっき皮膜の表面摩擦力に対して67%であった。
Claims (12)
- 環状のピストンリング基材と、
前記ピストンリング基材の外周面上に形成されためっき皮膜と、
を有し、
前記めっき皮膜が、三価クロム化合物と、pH緩衝剤と、スルファミン酸塩化合物と、アミノカルボニル化合物と、ジカルボン酸及びその塩から選ばれる少なくとも一種を含む錯化剤と、を含有する水溶液である三価クロムめっき液を用いて形成されたクロムめっきである、
ピストンリング。 - 前記クロムめっき液がセラミック粒子を更に含有する、請求項1記載のピストンリング。
- 前記セラミック粒子が、前記クロムめっき液中で20~100mVのゼータ電位を有する、請求項2記載のピストンリング。
- 前記クロムめっき液がセラミック粒子の凝集防止剤を更に含有する、請求項2又は3記載のピストンリング。
- 前記凝集防止剤が塩化アルミニウムを含む、請求項4に記載のピストンリング。
- 前記三価クロム化合物が、塩化クロム、硝酸クロム、硫酸クロム及びリン酸クロムからなる群より選ばれる少なくとも一種を含む、請求項1~5のいずれか一項に記載のピストンリング。
- 前記pH緩衝剤が、ホウ酸、ホウ酸ナトリウム及びホウ酸カリウムからなる群より選ばれる少なくとも一種を含む、請求項1~6のいずれか一項に記載のピストンリング。
- 前記スルファミン酸塩化合物が、スルファミン酸アンモニウム、スルファミン酸ナトリウム及びスルファミン酸カリウムからなる群より選ばれる少なくとも一種を含む、請求項1~7のいずれか一項に記載のピストンリング。
- 前記錯化剤がマロン酸を含む、請求項1~8のいずれか一項に記載のピストンリング。
- 前記クロムめっき液が自己潤滑性を有する粒子を更に含有する、請求項1~9のいずれか一項に記載のピストンリング。
- 環状のピストンリング基材の外周面上に、クロムめっき液を用いてめっき皮膜を形成する工程を備え、
前記クロムめっき液が、三価クロム化合物と、pH緩衝剤と、スルファミン酸塩化合物と、アミノカルボニル化合物と、ジカルボン酸及びその塩から選ばれる少なくとも一種を含む錯化剤と、を含有する水溶液である、
請求項1記載のピストンリングを製造する方法。 - 前記めっき皮膜を加熱処理する工程を更に備える、請求項11記載の方法。
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US20200088297A1 (en) * | 2018-09-13 | 2020-03-19 | Tenneco Inc. | Piston ring with wear resistant coating |
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