Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/41—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with two or more ring hetero atoms, at least one of which being nitrogen, e.g. tetrazole
  • A61K31/4164—1,3-Diazoles
  • A61K31/4184—1,3-Diazoles condensed with carbocyclic rings, e.g. benzimidazoles
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
  • A61K47/30—Macromolecular organic or inorganic compounds, e.g. inorganic polyphosphates
  • A61K47/42—Proteins; Polypeptides; Degradation products thereof; Derivatives thereof, e.g. albumin, gelatin or zein
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/14—Particulate form, e.g. powders, Processes for size reducing of pure drugs or the resulting products, Pure drug nanoparticles
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
  • A61P35/02—Antineoplastic agents specific for leukemia
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D235/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, condensed with other rings
  • C07D235/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, condensed with other rings condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
  • C07D235/04—Benzimidazoles; Hydrogenated benzimidazoles
  • C07D235/06—Benzimidazoles; Hydrogenated benzimidazoles with only hydrogen atoms, hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals, directly attached in position 2
  • C07D235/16—Radicals substituted by carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals

Definitions

• the present invention is directed to esters and amides of bendamustine for use in treating cancer.
• RIBOMUSTIN is marketed as the hydrochloride salt under the trade names RIBOMUSTIN and TREANDA and is a compound that has been used successfully for the treatment of blood cancers such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and multiple myeloma. These products are administered as intravenous infusions.
• bendamustine for the treatment of solid tumors is limited, however, by the compound's chemical instability in aqueous environment. Indeed, bendamustine has been reported as having a half- life of only about 6-10 minutes in vivo. As a result, circulating levels of bendamustine are not sustained for a long enough time for bendamustine to reach tumors outside of the circulatory system. Methods for increasing the circulation time of bendamustine are needed.
• the present invention is directed to compounds of formula I:
• Ri is C6-C2 4 alkyl or polyethylene glycol; or pharmaceutically acceptable salt forms thereof.
• R is Ci-C2 4 alkyl or polyethylene glycol; or pharmaceutically acceptable salt forms thereof for the treatment of solid and non-solid cancer tumors.
• the invention is further directed to compounds of formula II:
• R 2 is Ci-C2 4 alkylene; and R 3 is-COOCi_ 3 alkyl; or R2-R 3 is Ci-C2 4 alkyl; or pharmaceutically acceptable salt forms thereof.
• Nanoparticles including compounds of Formula I or IA, as well as lyophilized compositions comprising those nanoparticles, are also within the scope of the invention.
• FIG. 1 depicts plasma levels of certain embodiments of the invention in CD-I mice, dosing at 3 mg/kg i.v. in 3% DMSO, 30% Solutol, 100 ⁇ LL.
• FIG. 2 depicts the effects of bendamustine hydrochloride and certain embodiments of the invention on tumor volumes of mice bearing MDA-MB-231 xenografts.
• FIG. 3 depicts the amount of bendamustine observed over time after treating MDA-MB- 231 breast tumor S9 with certain embodiments of the invention.
• FIG. 4 depicts the amount of bendamustine observed over time after treating H460 non small cell lung tumor S9 with certain embodiments of the invention.
• FIG. 5 depicts plasma levels of bendamustine in rats after dosing one embodiment of the invention in rats using different formulations.
• FIG. 6 depicts plasma levels of one embodiment of the invention in rats after dosing that embodiment in rats using different formulations.
• FIG. 7 depicts Cryo-TEM images of nanoparticles of one embodiment of the invention, bendamustine C ester.
• FIG. 8 depicts plasma levels of bendamustine and one embodiment of the invention, bendamustine C 12 ester (as liquid and nanoparticle formulations), after dosing rats at 30 mg/kg i.v., 1 mL/kg with bendamustine C 12 ester.
• FIG. 9 depicts blood levels of bendamustine and one embodiment of the invention, bendamustine C 12 ester (as liquid and nanoparticle formulations), after dosing rats at 30 mg/kg i.v., 1 mL/kg with bendamustine C 12 ester.
• FIG. 10 depicts brain levels of bendamustine and one embodiment of the invention, bendamustine C 12 ester (as liquid and nanoparticle formulations), after dosing rats at 30 mg/kg i.v., 1 mL/kg with bendamustine C 12 ester.
• FIG. 11 depicts liver levels of bendamustine and one embodiment of the invention, bendamustine C 12 ester (as liquid and nanoparticle formulations), after dosing rats at 30 mg/kg i.v., 1 mL/kg with bendamustine C 12 ester.
• FIG. 12 depicts lung levels of bendamustine and one embodiment of the invention, bendamustine C 12 ester (as liquid and nanoparticle formulations), after dosing rats at 30 mg/kg i.v., 1 mL/kg with bendamustine C 12 ester.
• FIG. 13 depicts spleen levels of bendamustine and one embodiment of the invention, bendamustine C 12 ester (as liquid and nanoparticle formulations), after dosing rats at 30 mg/kg i.v., 1 mL/kg with bendamustine C 12 ester.
• FIG. 15 depicts plasma, blood, and organ levels of bendamustine in rat after
• bendamustine C 12 ester (as liquid formulation), after dosing rats at 30 mg/kg i.v., 1 mL/kg.
• FIG. 16 depicts plasma, blood, and organ levels of one embodiment of the invention, bendamustine C 12 ester, in rat after dosing rats at 30 mg/kg i.v., 1 mL/kg with bendamustine C 12 ester (as liquid formulation).
• FIG. 17 depicts plasma, blood, and organ levels of bendamustine in rat after
• bendamustine C 12 ester as nanoparticle formulation
• rats after dosing rats at 30 mg/kg i.v., 1 mL/kg.
• FIG. 18 depicts plasma, blood, and organ levels of one embodiment of the invention, bendamustine C 12 ester, in rat after dosing rats at 30 mg/kg i.v., 1 mL/kg with bendamustine C 12 ester (as nanoparticle formulation).
• FIG. 19 depicts plasma levels of bendamustine in rat after administration of embodiments of the invention, bendamustine PEG-2000 ester and bendamustine PEG-5000 ester, after dosing rats at 3 mg-eq/kg i.v., 1 mL/kg. Comparison is with TREANDA.
• FIG. 20 depicts plasma levels of bendamustine in CD-I mice after dosing embodiments of the invention at 3 mg/kg i.v., 3% DMSO, 30% Solutol.
• FIG. 21 depicts a representative nanoparticle embodiment of the invention at a magnification of 52,000x. Observed in the sample are: spherical particles that appear evenly denser than the surrounding buffer (left-most arrows), small particles in the background (rightmost arrow). Insets show the two particles denoted by the left-most arrows at a larger scale. Distance between crosses in the left image is 28 nm, between crosses in the right inset is 43 nm. Scale Bar: 200 nm.
• FIG. 22 depicts a representative nanoparticle embodiment of the invention at a magnification of 52,000x. Observed in the sample are: spherical particles that appear evenly denser than the surrounding buffer (left-most arrows), small particles in the background (rightmost arrow). Insets show the two particles denoted by the left-most arrows at a larger scale. Distance between crosses in the left image is 28 nm, between crosses in the right inset is 43 nm. Scale Bar: 200 nm.
• FIG. 23 depicts tumor volumes following administration of VELCADE®, bendamustine, and bendamustine C12 ester nanoparticles.
• FIG. 24 depicts body weight measurements following administration of VELCADE®, bendamustine, and bendamustine C12 ester nanoparticles.
• the lipophilicity of the resulting bendamustine derivative can be modified. Increasing lipophilicity has been correlated to increased stability of the ester/amide and longer circulating times of bendamustine.
• R is Ci-C 24 alkyl or polyethylene glycol; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt form thereof.
• Compounds of formula IA are useful for the treatment of solid or non-solid cancer tumors in patients.
• Compounds of the invention can be formulated into pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compound of formula IA, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt form thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.
• R is Cio-C24alkyl.
• R is Cioalkyl.
• R is Cioalkyl.
• R is C 12 alkyl.
• Other preferred embodiments include those where R is C ⁇ alkyl.
• Compositions where R is Ci 6 alkyl are also preferred.
• nanoparticles comprising a compound of formula IA.
• solid or non-solid tumors include chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, indolent non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (T-cell lymphoma, B-cell lymphoma), aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, multiple myeloma, acute lymphocytic leukemia, breast cancer or lung cancer (small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), for example).
• SCLC small cell lung cancer
• NSCLC non-small cell lung cancer
• solid and non-solid cancer tumors are also envisioned as being treatable with compounds and compositions of the invention, such as for example, sarcoma, bladder cancer, cervical cancer, testicular cancer, melanoma, glioblastoma, colon cancer, head and neck cancer, ovarian cancer, and prostate cancer.
• Other solid and non-solid cancer tumors are also envisioned as being treatable with compounds of the invention, for example, breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, and gastric cancer.
• Preferred compounds of the invention are those of formula I:
• Ri is C6-C2 4 alkyl or polyethylene glycol; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt form thereof.
• Compounds of formula I are useful for the treatment of solid or non-solid cancer tumors in patients.
• Ri is C8-C2 4 alkyl. In other embodiments, Ri is Cio-C2 4 alkyl. In yet other embodiments, Ri is Ci2-C2 4 alkyl. In still other embodiments, Ri is Ci 4 -C2 4 alkyl. Also preferred are those compounds of formula I wherein Ri is Ci 6 -C24alkyl. In other embodiments, Ri is Ci 8 -C24alkyl.
• Ri is Cioalkyl. In yet other embodiments, Ri is C 12 alkyl. In still other embodiments, Ri is C ⁇ alkyl. In other embodiments, Ri is Ci 6 alkyl.
• compositions comprising a compound of formula I and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.
• nanoparticles comprising a compound of formula I.
• cancers comprising administering to a patient a compound of formula I.
• a number of cancers including those that involve solid tumors as well as those that do not involve solid tumors may be amenable to such treatment. These cancers include chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, indolent non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (T-cell lymphoma, B-cell lymphoma), aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, multiple myeloma, acute lymphocytic leukemia, breast cancer or lung cancer (small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), for example).
• SCLC small cell lung cancer
• NSCLC non-small cell lung cancer
• Additional cancers that are also envisioned as being treatable with compounds and compositions of the invention are those characterized by the presence of solid tumors, include sarcoma, bladder cancer, cervical cancer, testicular cancer, melanoma, glioblastoma, colon cancer, head and neck cancer, ovarian cancer, and prostate cancer.
• solid tumors include sarcoma, bladder cancer, cervical cancer, testicular cancer, melanoma, glioblastoma, colon cancer, head and neck cancer, ovarian cancer, and prostate cancer.
• Other solid and non-solid cancer tumors are also envisioned as being treatable with compounds of the invention, for example, breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, and gastric cancer.
• Particularly preferred compounds of the invention include:
• R 2 is Ci-C24alkylene; and R 3 is-COOCi_ 3 alkyl; or R2-R 3 is Ci-C24alkyl; or a
• compositions of formula II are useful for the treatment of solid or non-solid cancer tumors in patients.
• R2-R 3 is C 8 -C24alkyl. In other embodiments, R2-R 3 is Cio-C24alkyl. In still other embodiments, R2-R 3 is Ci2-C24alkyl. In yet other embodiments, R2-R 3 is Ci4-C24alkyl. Also preferred is when R2-R 3 is Ci 6 -C24alkyl. In other embodiments, R2-R 3 is Ci 8 -C24alkyl.
• R2-R 3 is Cioalkyl. Also preferred is when R2-R 3 is Ci2alkyl. In other embodiments, R2-R 3 is C ⁇ alkyl. In yet other embodiments, R2-R 3 is Ci 6 alkyl.
• compositions comprising a compound of formula II and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.
• the compounds and compositions of the invention are used to treat patients who are resistant to one or more chemotherapeutic agents, such as, for example, alkylating agents.
• chemotherapeutic agents such as, for example, alkylating agents.
• alkylating agents to which patients may be resistant include: nitrogen mustards; ethylenimes; alkylsulfonates; triazenes; piperazines; and nitrosureas. More specific examples of the various types of chemotherapeutic agents to which patients can become resistant are listed below. Patients resistant to one or more of these agents would benefit by treatment with the compounds and compositions of the invention.
• Mechlorethamine marketed under the trade name Mustargen®, is given by injection to treat Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and as a palliative therapy for breast and lung cancers, and given as a topical treatment for skin lesions of mycosis fungoides (cutaneous T-cell lymphoma).
• Ifosfamide sold under the trade name Ifex®, is used to treat both Hodgkin's and non- Hodgkin's lymphoma, as well as recurrent testicular cancer and germ cell tumors, sarcomas, lung cancer, bladder cancer, head and neck cancer, and cervical cancer.
• Melphalan is a chemotherapy drug sold under the brand name Alkeran®, and is also referred to as L-PAM or phenylalanine mustard. It is used to treat multiple myeloma, ovarian cancer, neuroblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, and breast cancer.
• Chlorambucil is sold by the trade name Leukeran®, and is most widely used to treat chronic lymphocytic leukemia, malignant lymphomas including lymphosarcoma, giant follicular lymphoma, and Hodgkin's disease. It has also been successfully used to treat non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, breast, ovarian and testicular cancer, Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia, thrombocythemia, and choriocarcinoma.
• Cyclophosphamide is marketed as Cytoxan® or Neosar®, and is used to treat Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, Burkitt's lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, chronic myelocytic leukemia, acute myelocytic leukemia, acute lymphocytic leukemia, t-cell lymphoma, multiple myeloma, neuroblastoma, retinoblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma;
• breast, testicular, endometrial, ovarian, and lung cancers are breast, testicular, endometrial, ovarian, and lung cancers.
• Streptozocin is sold under the trade name Zanosar®, and is used to treat islet cell pancreatic cancer.
• Carmustine is also known as BiCNU® or BCNU, and is used for some kinds of brain tumors, glioblastoma, brainstem glioma, medulloblastoma, astrocytoma, ependymoma, and metastatic brain tumors. It is also used in treatment for multiple myeloma, Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, melanoma, lung cancer, and colon cancer.
• Lomustine also known as CCNU or CeeNU®, is used to treat primary and metastatic brain tumors, Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and has also been used for melanoma, lung, and colon cancer.
• Busulfan sold under trade names Busulfex® and Myleran®, is used to treat chronic myelogenous leukemia.
• dacarbazine is sold under the trade name DTIC-Dome® and is used to treat metastatic malignant melanoma, Hodgkin's disease, soft tissue sarcomas, neuroblastoma, fibrosarcomas, rhabdomyosarcoma, islet cell carcinoma, and medullary thyroid carcinoma.
• Temozolomide is sold under the trade name Temodar®, and is used to treat the specific types of brain tumors anaplastic astrocytoma and glioblastoma multiforme.
• Thiotepa known under the trade name Thioplex®, is an alkylating agent used to treat breast cancer, ovarian cancer, Hodgkin's disease, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
• Altretamine is sold under the trade name Hexalen®, and is also called
• hexamethylmelamine or HMM hexamethylmelamine or HMM. It is used to treat ovarian cancer.
• Ci-C 24 alkyl refers to straight or branched, saturated hydrocarbon groups containing from one to 24 carbon atoms.
• Representative alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec -butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, n- hexyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, n-dodecyl, etc.
• Ci-C 24 alkyl also encompasses “cycloalkyl,” which refers to monocyclic, bicyclic, and tricyclic saturated hydrocarbons, for example, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclobutyl,
• polyethylene glycol also referred to as “PEG,” refers to polymers of the general formula H(OCH 2 CH 2 ) n O- or H(OCH 2 CH 2 ) n OCH 3 , wherein n is at least 4.
• the preferred PEG has an average molecular weigh of from about 200 to about 5000 Daltons, with a more preferred PEG from about 2000 to about 5000 Daltons.
• pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent refers to solvents, dispersion media, coatings, bulking agents, stabilizing agents, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents, and the like, that are physiologically compatible.
• Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include one or more of water, saline, phosphate buffered saline, dextrose, glycerol, ethanol, sugars such as trehalose and sucrose, polyalcohols such as mannitol, sorbitol, mixtures of sugars and polyalcohols, and sodium chloride.
• Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers may further include auxiliary substances such as wetting or emulsifying agents, preservatives, and buffers.
• composition refers to a composition suitable for administration in medical or veterinary use. Such compounds will preferably include a compound of the invention in combination with one or more carriers and/or diluents. Such compositions are also referred to as "formulations.”
• administering refers to any means within the art by which compounds of the invention can be delivered to the patient.
• Preferred administration methods include local administration, that is, administration of the compounds of the invention directly to the location where the effect of the compounds is desired, and systemic administration.
• Examples of administration methods include, but are not limited to, oral, enteric, sublingual, sublavial, subcutaneous, nasal, intravenous, intraarterial, intramuscular, and intraperitoneal administration.
• solid tumor refers to a malignant tumor that is a localized mass of tissue.
• solid cancer tumors include lymphomas, sarcomas, and carcinomas and include breast cancer, brain cancer, bone cancer, colon cancer, pancreatic cancer, lung cancer, and the like.
• non-solid tumor cancer refers most commonly to hematologic cancers, that is, malignant cancers of the blood.
• examples of non-solid tumor cancers include chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, indolent non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (T-cell lymphoma, B-cell lymphoma), multiple myeloma, and the like.
• nanoparticles refers to a particle having an average diameter of about 0.2 ⁇ or less, preferably about 0.1 ⁇ or less, as measured by Malvern Zetasizer.
• Method A To a 1L three neck, round bottom flask equipped with an overhead stirrer, condenser with nitrogen sweep, and thermocouple with temperature controller was charged 4-(5- amino-1 -methyl- lH-benzoimidazol-2-yl)-butyric acid methyl ester (10.2 g, 41.2 mmol. 1.0 eq), and chloroacetic acid (81.9 g, 866 mmol), and 20 mL of dry tetrahydrofuran (THF). The slurry was stirred in a tap water bath to allow all of the solids to be dissolved. Borane-THF (288 mL, 288 mmol) was added slowly via an additional funnel over 25 minutes.
• 4-(5- amino-1 -methyl- lH-benzoimidazol-2-yl)-butyric acid methyl ester (10.2 g, 41.2 mmol. 1.0 eq)
• chloroacetic acid 81.9 g, 866 mmol
• the resulting reaction solution was stirred at room temperature for 1.5 hours and then heated at 58 °C using a heat mantle for 45 minutes. The reaction was cooled and held at room temperature overnight and then quenched with methanol (10 mL). The resulting solution was concentrated to approximately one-third weight by evaporation on the rotary evaporator and neutralized to pH 8-9 with an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide in an ice- water bath. The solid was collected by vacuum filtration, washed with water (200 mL), then reslurried with a dilute aqueous solution of sodium bicarbonate (50 mL) for 20 minutes.
• Method B To a 2L three-neck glass vessel equipped with a heating mantle,
• Method A To a 1L three-neck glass vessel equipped with a heating mantle,
• thermocouple, condenser, nitrogen inlet/outlet, and overhead stirrer was charged bendamustine HC1 (30.0g, 76 mmol, 1.0 eq.), ethanol (300 mL) , and methanesulfonic acid (1.48 mL, 22.8 mmol).
• the reaction mixture was heated at 70 °C for one hour.
• the reaction solution was cooled to 40 °C and concentrated under vacuum. Water (300 mL) was added to the concentrated residue, and a saturated aqueous solution of NaHCC (1 15 mL) was used to neutralize the mixture to pH 6 over 1.5 hours.
• Method B To a 500 mL three-neck glass flask equipped with a heating mantle, thermocouple, condenser, nitrogen inlet/outlet, and overhead stirrer was charged 4-(5-amino-l- methyl-lH-benimidazol-2-yl)-butyric acid ethyl ester (6.4g, 1.0 eq.), chloroacetic acid (42.5 g), and tetrahydrofuran (THF, 13 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred for 1.5 hours in a water bath at room temperature. Borane-THF (150 mL) was added over 20 minutes. Once the charge was complete, the reaction mixture was heated to 55-58 °C and stirred for 1.5 hours. In-process analysis by HPLC showed 94A% of the desired product. The reaction was cooled to room temperature and telescoped to the next step of hydrolysis to generate bendamustine.
• Method A A 250 mL three neck round bottom flask was equipped with an overhead stirrer, thermocouple, temperature controller and nitrogen sweep then charged with 10.0 g (25.34 mmol) of bendamustine hydrochloride, 2.62 g (3.22 mL, 25.6 mmol, 1.01 eq) of 1-hexanol, 5.3 g (25.6 mmol, 1.01 eq) of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC), 100 mL of MDC and 0.31 g (2.54 mmol, 0.1 eq) of DMAP. The reaction was stirred at room temperature overnight at which time an in process analysis indicated the reaction was complete.
• DCC dicyclohexylcarbodiimide
• Method B A one liter 4-necked round bottom flask equipped with an overhead stirrer, thermocouple and nitrogen in/oulet was charged with 30 g (76.0 mmol) of bendamustine hydrochloride and 300 mL of dichloromethane. Agitation was begun and 10.6 mL (7.69 g, 76.0 mmol) of triethlamine was added via syringe then stirred for 15 minutes at room temperature before adding l-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDAC, 21.86 g , 114 mmol) and n-hexyl alcohol (9.57 mL, 7.84 g, 76.8 mmol).
• EDAC l-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide
• Method A A 250 mL three necked round bottom flask equipped with a stir bar, thermocouple and nitrogen in/outlet was charged with 10.0 g (25.3 mmol) of bendamustine hydrochloride, 4.9 mL (4.08 g, 25.6 mmol, 1.01 eq) of decyl alcohol, 5.3 g (25.6 mmol, 1.01 eq) of dicyclohexyl carbodiimide (DCC), 100 mL of dichloromethane and 0.31 g (2.53 mmol, 0.1 eq) of ⁇ , ⁇ -dimethylamino pyridine (DMAP). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 18 hours at which time an HPLC analysis indicated the reaction was complete.
• DCC dicyclohexyl carbodiimide
• Method B A 250 mL 4-necked round bottom flask equipped with a magnetic stir bar, thermocouple and nitrogen in/oulet was charged with 10 g (25.3 mmol) of bendamustine hydrochloride and 100 mL of dichloromethane. Agitation was begun and 3.53 mL (2.56 g, 25.3 mmol) of triethlamine was added via syringe then stirred for 15 minutes at room temperature before adding l-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDAC, 7.28 g , 38 mmol) and n-decyll alcohol (4.88 mL, 4.04 g, 25.5 mmol). The cloudiy white reaction mixture became a clear solution after stirring for 20 minutes. Agitation was continued for 20 h at room
• Method A A 250 mL three neck round bottom flask was equipped with an overhead stirrer, thermocouple, temperature controller and nitrogen sweep then charged with 10.0 g (25.34 mmol) of bendamustine hydrochloride, 4.77 g (25.6 mmol, 1.01 eq) of 1-dodecanol, 5.3 g (25.6 mmol, 1.01 eq) of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC), 100 mL of MDC and 0.31 g (2.54 mmol, 0.1 eq) of DMAP. The reaction was stirred at room temperature overnight at which time an in process analysis indicated the reaction was complete. Solids were removed by vacuum filtration and washed with 25 mL of MDC.
• the filtrate was washed with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution (2 X 100 mL), DI water (1 X 100 mL) and brine (1 X 100 mL) before drying over sodium sulfate, filtering and concentrating to dryness in vacuo to an off-white semisolid.
• This solid was triturated with 25 mL of MDC and the solid impurities were removed by vacuum filtration and washed with 5 mL of MDC.
• the filtrate was concentrated to dryness in vacuo to yield 11.53 g (21.9 mmol, 86.4%) of the product as an off-white semisolid with an HPLC purity of 93.7A%.
• Method B A 20 liter jacketed cylindrical ChemGlass reaction vessel equipped with a thermocouple, heater/chiller, nitrogen inlet/outlet, addition funnel, and vacuum line was charged with the free base of bendamustine (374 g, 1.04 mol, 1.0 eq.), l-ethyl-3-(3- dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDAC, 300 g , 1.57 mol, 1.5 equivalents), and
• Method A A 500 mL three necked round bottom flask equipped with a stir bar, thermocouple and nitrogen in/outlet was charged with 10.0 g (25.3 mmol) of bendamustine hydrochloride, 6.5 g (30.4 mmol, 1.2 eq) of teradecyl alcohol, 6.3 g (30.4 mmol, 1.2 eq) of dicyclohexyl carbodiimide (DCC), 100 mL of dichloromethane and 0.62 g (5.1 mmol, 0.2 eq) of ⁇ , ⁇ -dimethylamino pyridine (DMAP). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 20 hours at which time an HPLC analysis indicated the reaction was complete.
• DCC dicyclohexyl carbodiimide
• Method B To a 150 mL three-neck glass vessel equipped with a thermocouple, condenser, nitrogen inlet/outlet, and overhead mechanical stirrer was charged the free base of bendamustine (16.0g, 44.6 mmol, 1.0 eq.), l-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDAC, 9.42 g , 49.2 mol), 1 -tetradecanol (10.6 g, 49.2 mmol) and dichloromethane (120 mL) . The reaction mixture was stirred at 27 °C overnight. The reaction solution was cooled to room temperature and washed with 100 mL of water.
• Method A To a 250 mL, three neck, round bottom flask equipped with an overhead stirrer, condenser with nitrogen sweep, heating mantle with temperature controller and thermocouple was charged 1-octadecanol (50g, 185 mmol, 7.3 eq). The solid was heated to melt it before adding slowly 4-(5 -amino- 1 -methyl- lH-benzoimidazol-2-yl)-butyric acid (10 g, 25.3 mmol. 1.0 eq) and sulfuric acid (0.5 mL). The resulting slurry was stirred at 70 °C for 6 hours and then cooled to 56 °C, where methylene chloride (150 mL) was added.
• reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and washed with water (100 mL). After phase separation, another extraction was performed with methylene chloride (100 mL). The organic phases were combined and dried over MgS0 4 . The drying agent was removed by filtration. The filtrate was concentrated and subjected to SFC isolation. A white solid was obtained from evaporation of solvent in the SFC fractions under reduced pressure and dried with house vacuum at room temperature for 5 days, giving 1.2 g of the desired product in 7.1% yield and with 95.4A% purity.
• Method B To a 500 mL, three neck, round bottom flask equipped with a stir bar, nitrogen sweep, and thermocouple was charged with bendamustine HC1 (5.04g, 12.8 mmol), 1- octadecanol (4.15g, 15.3mmol), ⁇ , ⁇ '-Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide ( DCC, 3.17g, 15.4 mmol), 4- Dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP, 0.3 lg, 2.56 mmol) and methylene chloride (250 mL). The resulting slurry was stirred at room temperature for 16 hours. A solid was produced and removed from the reaction mixture by filtration. The filtrate was washed with water (150 mL).
• a 20 liter jacketed cylindrical ChemGlass reaction vessel equipped with thermocouple, heater/chiller, nitrogen inlet, addition funnel, condenser, and vacuum line was charged with a slurry of 428 g (1.10 mmol) of pretreated bendamustine hydrochloride in 10 volumes of trace GC analysis grade methylene chloride. Agitation was set at 100 RPM and the jacket was set at 20 °C. To this mixture was added diisopropylethylamine (213 ml, 1.1 eq) via an addition funnel over 10 minutes. After a 34 minute hold, melted dodecanol (227 g, 1.1 eq) was added in one portion.
• Methoxypolyethylene glycol 2000 (PEG-OMe-2000, 12.2g, 6.1 mmol) and l-ethyl-3-(3- dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDAC, 1.5 g , 7.6 mol) were added.
• the reaction mixture was stirred at 22 °C for 5.5 hours, at this point addition of PEG-OMe-2000 (1.0g) was followed by stirring for 3 days through weekend. Water (20 mL) was added and pH was adjusted to pH 5- 6 by adding 1M hydrochloric acid. The phases separated slowly. The aqueous portion was re- extracted with 20 mL of dichloromethane, and the combined dichloromethane portions were dried over MgS0 4 .
• Triethyl amine (0.18 mL, 1.28 mmol) was added to the slurry at 22 °C and stirred for 20 minutes along with methoxypolyethylene glycol 5000 (PEG-OMe-5000, 6.33g, 1.27 mmol) and, l-ethyl-3-(3- dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDAC, 0.36 g , 1.88 mol).
• the reaction mixture was stirred at 22 °C overnight. Water (20 mL) was added and pH was adjusted to pH 3-4 by adding 1M hydrochloric acid. The phases separated slowly. The aqueous portion was re-extracted with 10 mL of dichloromethane.
• the reaction was cooled to 6.6°C where a solution of 6.2 mL (4.59 g, 35.5 mmol) of DIPEA, 5.11 mL (4.1 g, 25.6 mmol) of decyl amine in 20 mL of DMF was added drop-wise over 13 min at 2.7-7.6°C. Once addition was complete the reaction was allowed to stir at ⁇ 10°C for 1.5 hours at which time an in process analysis indicated the reaction was complete. The batch was quenched onto 200 mL of DI water and extracted with ethyl acetate (2 X 175 mL).
• the reaction was cooled to 2.0°C where a suspension of 6.2 mL (4.59 g, 35.5 mmol) of DIPEA, 7.65 g (25.6 mmol) of octadecyl amine in 0 mL of DMF was added via pipet. Once addition was complete the reaction became very thick and difficult to stir. It was warmed to room temperature and the magnetic stir bar was replaced with an overhead stirrer. The batch was stirred at RT overnight after which time an in process analysis indicated the reaction was complete. The batch was quenched onto 300 mL of DI water and extracted with dichloromethane (2 X 150 mL).
• the product containing fractions were combined and concentrated to dryness in vacuo to yield 5.1 1 g (8.38 mmol, 33%) of the desired product as a white solid with an HPLC purity of 90.9A%.
• the major impurity was shown to be the C-16 amide which results from an impurity in the starting amine.
• a stock solution of the bendamustine ester of the invention was dissolved in a 60/40 (v/v) mixture of dimethylacetamide ("DMA”) and Solutol® HS-15 at about 100 mg/mL concentration. The mixture was stirred at room temperature until dissolved. The resulting stock solution, which was stable for several months, was diluted with 0.9% saline to the desired concentration and dosed within about 2 hours.
• Bendamustine C14 Ester Solution Formulation A stock solution was prepared by dissolving 320.1 mg of bendamustine C 4 ester in 4 mL of a 60/40 (v/v) mixture of DMA and Solutol® HS-15. The mixture was stirred for about 2 hours until dissolved. Prior to dosing, the stock solution was diluted by removing 1.00 mL of the stock solution and adding 16.20 mL saline and stirring for 5 minutes at room temperature. The resulting formulation was 3 mg- equ/mL bendamustine.
• Nanoparticles were formed from an O/W emulsion using dichloromethane and HSA as a surfactant.
• the oil phase was prepared by dissolving the desired amount of bendamustine ester in dichloromethane at a concentration of about 120 mg/mL.
• the water phase was prepared by dissolving 2-4x the amount of HSA (w/w base on the bendamustine ester) in 5-15x the volume of water (w/w based on dichloromethane).
• mannitol was added to the aqueous phase at 5-10% to make the solution isotonic for injection and to provide a pharmaceutically appropriate product post lyophilization.
• the O/W emulsion was formed by emulsifying the oil phase and the water phase using and IKA hand-held homogenizer at medium intensity for about 30 seconds.
• the nanoparticles were formed by processing the crude O/W emulsion through a
• Microfluidizer® high pressure homogenizer (5 passes at about 30,000 psi) to provide 50-100 nm sized particles, as measured using dynamic light scattering (Malvern Zetasizer). The solvent was removed under vacuum and the resulting concentrate was either lyophilized or stored frozen prior to dosing. These formulations exhibited good physical and chemical stability.
• the lyophilized nanoparticles were reconstituted and analyzed using cryo-Transmission Electron Microscopy (c-TEM).
• c-TEM cryo-Transmission Electron Microscopy
• the majority of the nanoparticles were 20-40 nm solid spheres that were readily dispersed in water.
• a minority of particles were in the 125 nm range. The particles all had a smooth surface.
• Bendamustine C12 Ester HSA Nanoparticles An oil phase was prepared by dissolving 600 mg of bendamustine C 12 ester in 5 mL of dichloromethane. The oil phase was emulsified with an aqueous phase comprised of 60 mL deionized (“DI") water, 2.4 g HSA (lyophilized solid from Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) and 6.6 g mannitol using an IKA Ultra-Turrex hand held homogenizer to obtain a coarse emulsion. This emulsion was passed five times through a DI" deionized (“DI") water, 2.4 g HSA (lyophilized solid from Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) and 6.6 g mannitol using an IKA Ultra-Turrex hand held homogenizer to obtain a coarse emulsion. This emulsion was passed five times through a DI" deionized (“DI") water, 2.4 g HSA (
• the dichloromethane was removed from the resulting nanoparticle suspension using a rotory-evaporator and the resulting aqueous suspension was diluted to bring the total volume to 100 mL with DI water. This suspension was then portioned in 10 mL aliquots into 30 mL serum vials and lyophilized.
• An oil phase was prepared by dissolving 300 mg of bendamustine C 12 ester and 500 mg of
• PLGA 50/50 lactic to glycolic with a MW of 7,000-17,000; Aldrich Part# 719897) in 2.5 mL of dichloromethane.
• the oil phase was emulsified with an aqueous phase comprised of 30 mL DI water, 1.2 g HSA (lyophilized solid from Sigma-Aldrich) and 3.3 g mannitol using and IKA Ultra-Turrex hand held homogenizer to obtain a coarse emulsion.
• This emulsion was passed five times through a Microfluidics M-l 10P high pressure homogenizer at about 30,000 psi.
• the dichloromethane was removed from the resulting nanoparticle using a roto-evaporator and the resulting aqueous suspension was diluted to bring the total volume to 50 mL with DI water.
• the resulting nanoparticles had a particle size of 90.5 nm (Z avg ) as measured by Malvern Zetasizer. This suspension was then portioned in 10 mL aliquots into 30 mL serum vials and lyophilized.
• PEGylated Nanoparticle Formulations of Bendamustine Esters of the Invention A series of nanoparticle formulations were prepared with a PEG coating, which was reported in the literature (Alexis, F., Molecular Pharmaceutics, 5, (2008), 505-515) to provide a "stealth" coating and aid in the particle ability to avoid the body's immune system.
• the incorporation of PEG was done by using a PEG based surfactant (copolymer of PEG and poly lactic acid) instead of HSA or using bioconjugate chemistry to covalently attach PEG groups to the free NH 2 groups on the surface of the HSA nanoparticles. Both systems showed increased plasma circulation times in PK studies.
• An oil phase was prepared by dissolving 600 mg of bendamustine C 12 ester in 5 mL of dichloromethane.
• the oil phase was emulsified with an aqueous phase comprised of 60 mL DI water, 2.4 g HSA (lyophilized solid from Sigma-Aldrich) and 6.6 g mannitol using and IKA Ultra-Turrex hand held homogenizer to obtain a coarse emulsion.
• This emulsion was passed five times through a Microfluidics M-l 10P high pressure homogenizer at -30,000 psi.
• the dichloromethane was removed from the resulting nanoparticle suspension using a roto- evaporator and the resulting aqueous suspension was diluted to bring the total volume to 50 mL with DI water.
• the suspension of nanoparticles were then diluted into 200 mL of a 100 mM pH 8.5 borate buffer and the particle size and zeta-potential of the resulting nanoparticles were measured using a Malvern Zetasizer.
• the nanoparticles had a particle size of 78.9 nm (Z avg ) and a surface charge of -13.0 mV.
• the suspension was stirred and 150 mg of methoxy-PEGs ⁇ ooo-n- hydroxysuccinimide ester (Laysan Polymer) was added. The reaction was mixed for ⁇ 90 minutes at room temperature and the particle size and zeta-potential were re-measured. The nanoparticles particle size was found to be 83.6 nm (Zavg) and the zeta-potential was -7.35 mV. The nanoparticles were buffer exchanged and concentrated with a 6.6% (wt/wt) mannitol solution and a 50,000 MWCO diafiltration cartridge. This suspension was then portioned in 10 mL aliquots into 30 mL serum vials and lyophilized.
• Bendamustine C12 Ester Nanoparticles with poly-Lactic glycolic Acid (PLGA) and polyoxyEthylene Lactic Acid copolymer (PELA) surfactant An oil phase was prepared by dissolving 300 mg of bendamustine C 12 ester and 500 mg of PLGA (50/50 lactic to glycolic with a MW of 7,000-17,000; Aldrich Part# 719897) in 2.5 mL of dichloromethane. The oil phase was emulsified with an aqueous phase comprised of 30 mL DI water, 0.6 g a copolymer of PEG- 5,000-poly lactic acid 1,000 (copolymer prepared using procedure from A.
• PLGA poly-Lactic glycolic Acid
• PELA polyoxyEthylene Lactic Acid copolymer
• An oil phase was prepared by dissolving 4.8 g of Bendamustine C 12 ester in 13.4 g of dichloromethane.
• the oil phase was emulsified with an aqueous phase comprised of 11 1 g deionized ("DI") water and 9 g HSA using an IKA Ultra-Turrex hand held homogenizer to obtain a coarse emulsion.
• This emulsion was passed five times through a Microfluidics M-l 10P high pressure homogenizer at about 30,000 psi.
• the resulting nanoemulsion concentrate was stabilized by adding 12 g NaCl and mixing until dissolved. Stabilization can also be achieved using other methods known in the art, for example, other salts, controlled heating, and/or pH adjustments. Cross-linking with, for example, glutaraldehyde, can also assist in preventing aggregation.
• the dichloromethane was removed from the resulting nanoparticle suspension using a rotory-evaporator.
• the resulting aqueous suspension was mixed with 12 g of sucrose and DI water was added to bring the total weight to 480 g. This suspension was then portioned in 7.5 mL aliquots into 20 mL serum vials and lyophilized.
• the tissue was forced through the filter using the flat end of a syringe plunger.
• the cell strainer was washed with 5 mLs of media containing FBS.
• the cells were spun down and the supernatant was discarded.
• the cells were resuspended in 20 mLs of complete media containing P/S and placed in a 75 cm flask. This data is set forth in Table 1.
• FIG. 20 Plasma levels of bendamustine after administration of the foregoing esters are depicted in FIG. 20.
• H460 tumor cells large cell lung cancer
• RPMI-1640 medium containing 10% FBS
• 95% air and 5% C0 2 at 37°C When reaching to 80-90% confluent, the cells were detached by 0.25% Trypsin-EDTA solution within 5-10 minutes, neutralized with fresh cultured medium, and counted by a cell counter (Cellometer, Auto T4 by Nexcelom). 2 x 10 6 cells/100 ul in the mix of medium and Matrigel (1 : 1 ratio) solution was injected into right back flank of each nu/nu mouse. The implanted mice were monitored and measured with electric calipers. The study started when the tumors reached -150 mm 3 in size. The mice were measured and randomized into 9 groups with 10 mice in each group per the below table:
• mice were weighed and tumors measured twice weekly. At the last day of the study, plasma, tumor, lung, liver, spleen, left kidney, brain and legs were collected and quickly frozen for further analysis two hours post- dosing. The results are shown in Table 3.
• Plasma and other tissues were prepared for high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)/mass spectrometric analysis according to a standard protocol following protein precipitation with acetonitrile containing an internal standard. The samples were then analyzed for both bendamustine HCl and
• mice were sacrificed by decapitation and trunk blood was collected into heparinized tubes at the sampling times stipulated.
• each rat unanesthetized was placed in a clear Plexiglas® restraining tube, and blood samples (approximately 0.25 mL) were drawn from a lateral tail vein into heparinized collection tubes at the sampling times stipulated. (Note: No pre-dose samples were obtained.)
• the exception to this procedure was the last sampling time in which the rats were sacrificed by decapitation and trunk blood was obtained rather than blood via a tail vein.
• the blood samples were placed on wet ice until centrifuged to separate plasma.
• the plasma fraction was transferred into clean, dry tubes, frozen on dry ice and stored at approximately - 20°C pending analysis.
• Whole brains and other highly perfused organs live, lung, spleen, kidney and heart) were rapidly removed at the predetermined time points and frozen on dry ice. All tissue samples were also stored at approximately -20°C pending analysis.
• pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated by non-compartmental analysis (Gibaldi and Perrier 1982) of the plasma concentration versus time data using WinNonlin software (Professional Version 4.1, Pharsight Corporation, Palo Alto, CA).
• the terminal rate constant for elimination from plasma ( ⁇ ) was estimated by linear regression of the terminal portion of the semi- logarithmic plasma concentration versus time curve.
• the apparent terminal half-life (tl/2) was calculated as 0.693 divided by ⁇ .
• the area under the plasma concentration versus time curve from time zero to the time of the last measurable concentration (AUCO-t) after a single dose was determined by the linear trapezoidal rule.
• the area from zero to infinity (AUC0- ⁇ ) was calculated as the sum of AUCO-t and the area extrapolated from the last measurable
• concentration to infinity Oast/ ⁇ . Concentrations pre-dose were all assumed to be zero for the purpose of calculation of the AUC. Any concentration that was below the limit of quantification (BLQ) after the last quantifiable sampling time was considered to be an empty value for the purpose of calculation of the AUC; it was treated as zero for the calculation of the mean concentration for a given sampling time.
• BLQ limit of quantification
• Table 1 1 Plasma, Blood, and Organ Levels of Bendamustine C12 Ester After
• Table 12 Plasma, Blood, and Organ Levels of Bendamustine in Rat After Administration
• Table 13 Plasma, Blood, and Organ Levels of Bendamustine C12 Ester After
• Table 15 Plasma Levels of Bendamustine C12 Ester in Rat After Dosing Bendamustine C12
• bendamustine C 4 ester was formulated into a nanoparticle intraveneous formulation according to the methods described above and administered to CD-I mice.
• the amount of bendamustine (BMl) and bendamustine C h ester was determined in the mice plasma. The results of these experiments are summarized in Table 18.
• Table 18 Table 18
• PEG-ylated esters of bendamustine were also tested. Data for PEG-2000 and PEG-5000 esters of bendamustine is depicted in Tables 19 and 20 below. This data is also depicted in FIG. 19.
• Table 20 Plasma Levels of Bendamustine in Rat Dased as Bendamustine PEG-5000 Ester
• Tumor S9 preparation Charles River Labs athymic nude mice bearing breast (MB- 231) or non-small-cell lung cancers (H460) were sacrificed. Tumors were immediately removed and rinsed with ice-cold 1.15% KCl. The tumors were weighed, cut and minced. Minced tissues were mixed with 4X (v/w) ice-cold SET buffer (250 mM sucrose, 5.4 mM Na 2 EDTA and 20 mM Tris, pH 7.4) and homogenized with tissue homogenizers. Homogenates were transferred into clean polycarbonate ultracentrifuge tubes and spun at 10,000g at 4°C for 20 min. Lipid at the top of the ultracentrifuge tubes was removed with cotton swabs, and the supernatant (S9) aliquots were stored in a -80°C freezer.
• In vitro incubation Incubation mixture containing 50 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), an NADPH- (reduced nicotinamide adenosine diphosphate) regenerating system and 1 mg/mL tumor S9 were pre-warmed in a 37°C water bath. Reactions were initiated by adding 1 ⁇ of bendamustine C6, C8, C12 or C14 ester into separate incubation mixtures to obtain final concentrations of each bendamustine ester of 10 ⁇ .
• LC-MS/MS method The LC-MS/MS system consisted of a Shimadzu HPLC and a Sciex API 4000 MS. The chromatography was performed on a Phenomenex 00B-4448-B0, Luna PFP(2) column (50 x 2 mm, 5 ⁇ particle size). The total mobile phase flow rate was 0.5 mL/min. The gradient began at 70% mobile phase A (0.1% aqueous trifluoroacetic acid) and 30% mobile phase B (100% acetonitrile). The proportion of mobile phase B was then linearly increased to 95% within 0.5 min and was maintained at that ratio for 1.3 min, re-equilibrating to initial conditions within 1 min.
• the mass spectrometer was tuned to the respective optimal conditions for each bendamustine ester, monitoring transitions of 442.2/340.1 (C6), 470.2/340.1 (C8), 526.3/340.1 (C12) and 554.3/340.1 (C14).
• Sample Preparation for c-TEM Study Sample was solubilized by adding 7.8mL of water for injection (WFI) to the sample and mixed by inverting by hand. Sample dissolved quickly, -2-5 minutes, with no visible undissolved particles in the solution. The sample was preserved in vitrified ice supported by carbon coated holey carbon films on 400 mesh copper grids. The sample was prepared by applying a 3 ⁇ , drop of undiluted sample solution to a cleaned grid, blotting away with filter paper and immediately proceeding with vitrification in liquid ethane. Grids were stored under liquid Nitrogen until transferred to the electron microscope for imaging.
• WFI water for injection
• T12 electron microscope operating at 120KeV equipped with an FEI Eagle 4K x 4K CCD camera.
• the grid was transferred into the electron microscope using a cryostage that maintains grids at a temperature below -170C. Images of the grid were acquired at multiple scales to assess the overall distribution of the specimen. After identifying potentially suitable target areas for imaging at lower magnifications, high magnification images were acquired at nominal magnifications of 52,000x (0.21 nm/pixel), and 21,000x (0.50 nm/pixel). The images were acquired at a nominal underfocus of -4 ⁇ (52,000x) and -5 ⁇ (21,000x) and electron doses of -10-15 e/A2.
• Circulation times of bendamustine and bendamustine esters of the invention can be extended using HSA-based nanoparticle formulation wherein the protein moieties are covalently cross-linked after the nanoparticle structures are formed. See, e.g., K. Langer et al. International Journal of Pharmaceutics 347 (2008) 109-117. This would provide more structure to the surface coating and would prevent a rapid release of the nanoparticle contents. This could also provide "stealth" protection of the nanoparticle by introducing a PEG group to the cross-linking agent. Effective encapsulation and hardening of the HSA nanoparticle was demonstrated using the commercially available dialdehyde, glutaraldehyde. Introduction of an appropriately-sized PEG moiety could be added using, for example, the trifunctional PEG cross-linking agent prepared as shown below:
• HSA nanoparticles were diluted with DI water to a concentration of 1.5 mg/mL C14 ester of bendamustine, which corresponds to a 6 mg/mL concentration of HSA.
• the resulting suspension of nanoparticles was then aliquoted in 1 mL portion into five glass vials outfitted with a magnetic stir bar.
• the appropriate amount of a 50% glutaraldehyde solution was added and each vial was capped and stirred at room temperature over-night.
• Each sample was then diluted 1 to 10 into N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) and the sample spun for ⁇ 2 minutes using a micro-centrifuge to remove HSA and cross-linked HSA nanoparticles.
• NMP N-methylpyrrolidone
• the supernatant was then analyzed by HPLC and the concentration (peak area) of the C14 ester of bendamustine was determined to confirm particle encapsulation.
• the table below shows the concentration of un- encapsulated C14 ester of bendamustine as a function of the ⁇ , of gluturaldehyde:
• RPMI 8226 Human Plasmacytoma, Myeloma B Cells ATCC # CCL-155;
• Velcade® (Bortezomib) 3.5mg lyophilized in vial, Lot# BIZSCOO
• Cells (originated from ATCC) were cultured on RPMI medium. Cell suspension was centrifuged and resuspended in 50% Matrigel/HBSS to a final concentration of 7xl0 7 cells/ml. The suspension was implanted s.c. in the right flank of the anesthetized mouse at a volume of 100 ⁇ .
• VELCADE® was prepared once a week. Seven ml saline were added to the original vial containing 3.5mg powder resulting in 0.5mg/ml. Three ml of this solution were added to 27ml saline to receive 0.05mg/ml concentration.
• bendamustine preparation 13.5mg was dissolved in 3.6ml of 1 : 1 mixture of 0.9% saline/5% mannitol just before the treatment. 1.05ml of this solution was added to 0.95ml diluent for 2mg/ml solution.
• C12NP preparation 3.1ml SWFI was added into sample vial containing 17.62mg just before the treatment. 1.05ml of this solution was added to 0.95ml diluent for 2mg/ml solution.
• mice were implanted subcutaneously, with 7 xl06 RPMI 8226 cells/mouse (in 50% Martigel/HBSS) on Day 0. On day 21, mice were sorted by the optimal average tumor volume (-150 mm 3 ) and were allocated into eight groups of 9 mice each.
• SCID mice i.e., severely immune-compromised
• C12NP used in NUDE mice which are comparatively less immune-compromised
• dosing SCID mice at 100 mg/kg and 70 mg/kg revealed unacceptable tolerance issues (i.e., more than 20% body weight loss)(data not shown). It is believed that this (tolerance difference between nude vs. SCID) is a strain-related phenomenon. As such, the study proceeding using doses of 37.5 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg of C12NP.
• Tumor volume was calculated as follows: ⁇ ⁇ J .
• the analysis of weight gain and tumor volume progression was made using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey post- hoc comparisons.

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