WO2014026562A1 - 一种制备石墨烯的方法 - Google Patents

一种制备石墨烯的方法 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2014026562A1
WO2014026562A1 PCT/CN2013/081043 CN2013081043W WO2014026562A1 WO 2014026562 A1 WO2014026562 A1 WO 2014026562A1 CN 2013081043 W CN2013081043 W CN 2013081043W WO 2014026562 A1 WO2014026562 A1 WO 2014026562A1
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pressure
graphene
graphite
autoclave
solvent
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PCT/CN2013/081043
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French (fr)
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余检明
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余美群
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    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01BNON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B32/00Carbon; Compounds thereof
    • C01B32/15Nano-sized carbon materials
    • C01B32/182Graphene
    • C01B32/184Preparation
    • C01B32/19Preparation by exfoliation
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02PCLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P20/00Technologies relating to chemical industry
    • Y02P20/50Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals
    • Y02P20/54Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals using solvents, e.g. supercritical solvents or ionic liquids

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for preparing a graphene product, in particular to a method for preparing graphene by means of steam explosion.
  • graphene has caused great repercussions in the scientific community. Due to its extraordinary electrical conductivity, strong strength and toughness, and good light transmission, it has triggered a strong research boom in the field of modern electronic technology. Graphene is both the thinnest material and the toughest material, and its breaking strength is a hundred times higher than the best steel. At the same time, it has good elasticity and can stretch up to 20% of its own size. Although graphene has a short discovery time and is still in the research stage, its unique physical structure and excellent mechanical and electrical properties make it widely used in nanoelectronics, microelectronics, composite materials and energy storage materials. It has become a frontier and hot spot in scientific research, and is expected to be widely used in nanoelectronic devices, batteries, supercapacitors, hydrogen storage materials, field emission materials, and ultra-sensitive sensors.
  • Graphene is currently commonly used in four preparation methods: micromechanical stripping, epitaxial growth, vapor deposition, and redox. Although the first three methods can obtain graphene, they are not conducive to large-scale industrial production due to factors such as high reaction cost and high yield. In comparison, the graphite oxide reduction method is simple, low-cost, and can be applied to large-scale industrial production. However, this method will encounter a large amount of wastewater treatment in the scale production process, and the process is complicated, and the graphite is oxidized. Certain defects have been introduced in the process, which cannot be completely restored in the subsequent reduction process, resulting in some structural and performance loss, especially electrical properties.
  • the supercritical fluid enters the interior of the carbonaceous raw material (between the layers), and the purpose of stripping the carbonaceous raw material is achieved by rapid pressure relief, and the graphene product has a large area, complete crystal structure preservation, and simple process.
  • These methods are all used for rapid pressure relief, failing to achieve pressure relief in the instantaneous (milliseconds), so it is impossible to completely discharge the material in the high-pressure vessel (milliseconds), and the stripping effect on graphite is limited. There are certain limitations. Therefore, a low-cost, high-quality, simple method of preparing graphene is an urgent problem to be solved.
  • the technical problem to be solved by the present invention is: to provide a new method for preparing graphene, to achieve efficient stripping of graphite, to prepare a relatively good graphene product, and having a simple process and low cost, in view of the deficiencies of the prior art. , can be scaled production.
  • the collector is a long cylindrical shape having an interface at the tail.
  • the stainless steel collector, collector tail connection is connected to the solvent recovery system.
  • the material is collected by the collector after an instantaneous impact, and the treatment process is as follows: The collected material is placed in NN-dimethylformamide, stirred for 5 minutes, and allowed to stand for 12 hours. The dropper is taken from the upper layer of 3/5 and placed in a centrifuge tube to
  • the upper layer solution is the graphene dispersion.
  • the upper layer solution was concentrated, filtered, and the obtained material was washed three times with an appropriate amount of absolute ethanol, and the filter cake was dried at 80 ° C for 2 hours to obtain graphene.
  • the solvent after the solvent recovery of the solvent recovery system, the solvent can be reused or used for other purposes.
  • the method for preparing graphene can also be repeated for 15 times, and the graphene primary product is obtained again.
  • the rupture disc form may be in the form of a positive arch, an inverted arch, or a flat plate; the rupture discs are mature products, which are commercially available; the graphite is natural graphite powder or Expanded graphite powder.
  • the mass ratio of the graphite powder to the supercritical solvent is 1:1-4.
  • the co-solvent is NN-dimethylformamide or N-methylpyrrolidone or n-butanol.
  • the mass ratio of the cosolvent to the supercritical solvent is 1-5:100.
  • the autoclave is sealed and maintained at a certain temperature and pressure for a certain period of time, and the temperature is from 105 ° C to 280 ° C, and the pressure is 5-10 MPa.
  • the autoclave is sealed and maintained at a certain temperature and pressure for a certain period of time, which is 5-30 minutes.
  • the supercritical solvent may also be selected as a supercritical solvent when the surface energy of the solvent is close to the surface energy of the graphite, and the surface energy of the graphite may be
  • organic solvents meeting this condition are alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, n-butanol, etc.; halogenated hydrocarbons such as chloroform, chloroform; aromatic Hydrocarbons such as toluene; nitrogen-containing organic compounds such as cis-dimethylformamide; ketones such as acetone; and mixtures thereof.
  • the collected material is collected by the collector and then processed: the collected material is washed with ethanol several times, centrifuged, and vacuum dried at 50 ° C for 24 hours to obtain graphene powder.
  • TEM Transmission electron microscopy
  • HRTEM high-resolution transmission electron microscopy
  • Raman spectroscopy test Sample testing was carried out using a German Bruker SENTERRA Raman spectrometer. Sample preparation method: Take an appropriate amount of the sample in an ethanol solution, sonicate for 10 minutes, take a uniform suspension to a Si0 2 substrate, and let it dry naturally.
  • the method for preparing graphene of the invention has the following advantages: (1)
  • the invention can complete the pressure relief in an instant (millisecond level), which is superior to the prior art: the technology adopted by the invention
  • the scheme is to use a supercritical solvent to super-permeate and dissolve the raw material graphite under supercritical conditions in a supercritical state, so that the supercritical solvent enters the inside of the graphite powder (between the layers), and then adopts the form of steam explosion.
  • the energy is completely released in a very short time (milliseconds), accompanied by a shock wave.
  • the process is completed in milliseconds, and the expansion process is completed instantaneously.
  • the expanded gas acts on the graphite in the form of a shock wave.
  • the ink was subjected to interlayer peeling to complete the preparation of graphene.
  • the method realizes high-efficiency stripping of graphite, and the number of repeated operations is small, and the prepared graphene has good quality and has broad application prospects.
  • graphite is a layered structure, and six carbon atoms in each layer constitute a planar network structure, and the layers are connected by van der Waals force.
  • the graphite layer is not closed between the layers.
  • the organic solvent can enter between the graphite layer and the layer under supercritical conditions.
  • the pressure is released: First, the organic solvent entering between the graphite layers can be separated from the interlayer. The overflow, the second is that the organic solvent entering between the graphite layers can be vaporized from the interlayer. During the pressure relief process, the two possibilities exist at the same time.
  • the overflow is the main purpose of peeling off the graphite, and only the vaporization can reach
  • the purpose of stripping graphite is whether the organic solvent is mainly overflow or vaporization.
  • the key is the control of the pressure relief time. Only the pressure relief process is extremely short, the pressure relief process is completed in milliseconds, and the organic solvent entering the graphite layer is entered. It is too late to overflow, so it vaporizes between the graphite layers (instantaneous rapid expansion, the volume can expand several tens to hundreds of times, the thrust is generated, and the graphite is peeled off), the expanded gas acts on the graphite in the form of a shock wave, and the graphite is stripped into graphene.
  • the existing technical pressure release uses the piston to relieve pressure, and the piston is opened or closed in the form of hydraulic pressure.
  • the quick opening valve e.g., a ball valve
  • the existing technology only completes the supercritical solvent entering the graphite layer, failing to solve the supervaporization of the supercritical solvent in the interlayer (due to the slow pressure relief, the supercritical solvent overflows from the graphite layer), so the existing The technique has very limited effect on graphite stripping, and the preparation process requires repeated operations.
  • the method of graphene prepared by the invention not only solves the problem that the supercritical solvent enters between the graphite layers, but also solves the vaporization of the supercritical solvent between the graphite layers, because the invention adopts the rupture disc to release pressure, and the pressure releasing process thereof is in the order of milliseconds (1) After -8 milliseconds), the supercritical solvent is too late to overflow, and can only be vaporized between the graphite layers, thereby achieving the purpose of efficiently stripping graphite.
  • the graphene prepared by the invention has simple process, abundant domestic raw materials and low price, and the prepared graphene has low cost, and is expected to be used for large-scale industrial production of graphene, and has large economic benefits.
  • the invention has no three wastes:
  • the process of the invention avoids the use of a large amount of chemical raw materials, the supercritical solvent used for recycling or other uses, no three waste discharge, and no pollution to the environment.
  • the most promising large-scale production of graphene redox method the preparation of one ton of graphene requires tens of tons to hundreds of tons of inorganic acid, several tons to several tens of tons of inorganic oxidants, producing a large amount of acidic wastewater and washing wastewater, polluting the environment
  • the cost of wastewater treatment is large, which increases production costs.
  • the method of the invention does not need to oxidize the graphite and other chemical treatments, does not destroy the crystal structure of the graphite, and the physical process is used in the preparation process, so the prepared graphene has better quality and the crystal structure remains intact, from the invention of FIG. 3 Transmission electron micrographs of graphene can be demonstrated, and the number of layers of graphene is low, less than 5 layers.
  • the square of the good quality graphene can be obtained.
  • the method such as mechanical stripping method, has low yield, high cost, and is difficult to industrialize; and a method capable of industrially preparing graphene, such as redox method, graphene has poor quality, and its application is limited; graphene quality prepared by the method of the present invention It is better, the cost is low, and the process is simple. It provides a new way for the graphene prepared by the physical method, and has a broad prospect of industrial scale preparation of graphene.
  • the rupture disc used in the present invention is provided by Chengdu Chenghang Industrial Safety System Co., Ltd. or Suzhou Anli Gaoke Safety Equipment Development Co., Ltd., which is provided by Changsha Lianhu Acetylene Co., Ltd., and other raw materials and equipment used are from the market channel. Purchased.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic structural view of a device for preparing graphene by steam explosion according to the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing the structure of a positive arched rupture disc and a holder
  • Figure 3 is a transmission electron micrograph of graphene, wherein the inset is an FFT image;
  • Figure 4 is a transmission electron micrograph of graphene;
  • Figure 5 is a Raman spectrum of graphene.
  • Figure 1 Figure 2, 1 pressure gauge interface, 2 - supercritical solvent inlet, 3 - thermometer interface, 4 steam inlet, 5 - autoclave, 6 - gripper, 7 - rupture disc, 8 - steam outlet .
  • Figure 4 can clearly observe the sheet topography of graphene, the scale is close to 2 microns; graphene shows a tulle-like structure, the surface wrinkles are clearly visible, the surface defects are less, the integrity is better, and the color of the folded edge is better. Shallow, almost invisible, indicating that the thickness of the graphene sheets is very thin.
  • Figure 5 shows a single, sharp 2D peak with an intensity of about 1.5 times the G peak, indicating that the graphene has a very low number of layers ( ⁇ 5); and the D peak is compared to the 2D and G peaks. The graphene has few surface defects and good quality.
  • the rupture disc When the pressure in the autoclave exceeds the pressure of 5 MPa which can be withstood by the rupture disc, the rupture disc is blasted, and the material is completely rushed out at once, and collected by a long cylindrical stainless steel collector with an interface at the end.
  • the material and collector tail interface are connected to the solvent recovery system.
  • the collected materials are placed in NN-dimethylformamide, stirred for 5 minutes, allowed to stand for 12 hours, and the upper layer of 3/5 solution is taken with a dropper and placed in a centrifuge tube. Centrifuge at 1000-4000 rpm / min and separate for 5-10 minutes. The unpeeled graphite particles and graphite sheets are settled on the bottom of the centrifuge tube.
  • the upper layer is taken with a dropper.
  • the amount of graphene is about 7%.
  • the number of layers is less than 10 layers.
  • Example 2 60g of graphite powder and 4. 8 g of NN-dimethylformamide were injected into the autoclave to mix the two. The inverted arch rupture disc was used to seal the autoclave. After vacuuming, 240 g of propylene was poured into the autoclave. , the mass ratio of graphite to propylene is 1: 4, the mass ratio of dimethylformamide to propylene is 2: 100; the temperature of the autoclave is controlled at 120 ° C, and the temperature is maintained at this temperature for 5 minutes, then the temperature is slightly increased. The pressure is increased (the temperature can also be maintained, and the pressure is increased by the compressor).
  • the rupture disc When the pressure in the autoclave exceeds the pressure of 6 MPa which can be withstood by the rupture disc, the rupture disc is blasted, and the material is completely rushed out at the moment, using a long circle with an interface at the end.
  • the cylindrical stainless steel collector collects the material, the collector tail interface is connected with the solvent recovery system, and the collected materials are charged into the autoclave. The above operation is repeated once, and the collected materials are placed in NN-dimethylformamide and stirred for 5 minutes. After standing for 12 hours, take the upper layer of 3/5 solution with a dropper, place it in a centrifuge tube, centrifuge at 1000-4000 rpm / min, and separate for 5-10 minutes to sediment the unpeeled graphite particles and graphite sheets.
  • the upper layer solution is a graphene dispersion.
  • the upper layer solution is concentrated and filtered.
  • the obtained material is washed 3 times with an appropriate amount of absolute ethanol.
  • the filter cake is dried at 80 ° C. In hours, it is graphene.
  • the amount of graphene is about 13%.
  • the number of layers is less than 5 layers.
  • the rupture disc When the pressure in the autoclave exceeds the pressure of the rupture disc which can withstand 8 MPa, the rupture disc is blasted, and the material is completely rushed out at once, and collected by a long cylindrical stainless steel collector with an interface at the end. Material, collector tail interface and solvent
  • the recovery system is connected, the collected materials are charged into the autoclave, and the above operation is repeated 3 times.
  • the collected materials are placed in NN-dimethylformamide, stirred for 5 minutes, allowed to stand for 12 hours, and the upper layer is taken with a dropper.
  • the solution is placed in a centrifuge tube, centrifuged at 1000-4000 rpm / min, separated for 5 10 minutes, and the unstripped graphite particles and graphite sheets are settled on the bottom of the centrifuge tube.
  • the upper layer is taken with a dropper, the upper layer.
  • the solution is a graphene dispersion, the upper layer solution is concentrated, filtered, and the obtained material is washed 3 times with an appropriate amount of absolute ethanol, and the filter cake is dried at 80 ° C for 2 hours, which is graphene.
  • the amount of graphene is about 24%.
  • the number of layers is less than 5 layers.
  • the rupture disc is blasted, the material is completely rushed out at the moment, and the material is collected by a long cylindrical stainless steel collector with an interface at the end.
  • the rear end of the collector is connected with the solvent recovery system, and the collected materials are reloaded.
  • the collected materials were placed in NN-dimethylformamide, stirred for 5 minutes, allowed to stand for 12 hours, and the upper layer of 3/5 solution was taken with a dropper and placed in a centrifuge tube. Centrifuge at 1000-4000 rpm / min, separate for 5-10 minutes, and let the unpeeled graphite particles and graphite tablets settle on the bottom of the centrifuge tube.
  • Example 5 After centrifugation, take the upper layer liquid with a dropper, and the upper layer solution is a graphene dispersion. Will be on The layer solution was concentrated, filtered, and the obtained material was washed three times with an appropriate amount of anhydrous ethanol, and the filter cake was dried at 80 ° C for 2 hours to obtain graphene. The amount of graphene is about 33%. After the detection, the number of layers is less than 10 layers. After the solvent recovery of the solvent recovery system, the solvent can be reused or used for other purposes.
  • Example 5 Example 5:
  • Inject 40g of graphite powder into the autoclave select the positive arch rupture disc, seal the autoclave, and after vacuuming, inject 80g into the autoclave.
  • the mass ratio of graphite to Zhengyi is 1: 2, control the temperature of the autoclave. At 280 ° C, stay at this temperature for 20 minutes, and then increase the pressure.
  • the pressure in the autoclave exceeds the pressure of the rupture disc of 10 MPa, the rupture disc is blasted, and the material is completely rushed out in an instant, with a long circle with an interface at the end.
  • the cylindrical stainless steel collector collects the material, the collector tail interface is connected with the solvent recovery system, the collected materials are placed in NN-dimethylformamide, stirred for 5 minutes, allowed to stand for 12 hours, and the upper layer is taken 3/5 by a dropper.
  • the solution is placed in a centrifuge tube, centrifuged at 1000-4000 rpm / min, and separated for 5-10 minutes. The unpeeled graphite particles and graphite sheets are settled at the bottom of the centrifuge tube. After centrifugation, the upper layer is taken with a dropper.
  • the solution is a graphene dispersion
  • the upper layer solution is concentrated, filtered, and the obtained material is washed 3 times with an appropriate amount of absolute ethanol, and the filter cake is dried at 80 ° C for 2 hours. It is the graphene.
  • the amount of graphene is about 6%.
  • the number of layers is less than 5 layers.
  • the rupture disc is blasted, and the material is completely rushed out at once, using a long cylindrical stainless steel with a joint at the end.
  • the collector collects the materials, and the collected materials are placed in NN-dimethylformamide, stirred for 5 minutes, allowed to stand for 12 hours, and the upper layer of 3/5 solution is taken with a dropper. Put into a centrifuge tube, centrifuge at 1000-4000 rpm / min, separate for 5-10 minutes, and let the unpeeled graphite particles and graphite sheet settle on the bottom of the centrifuge tube. After centrifugation, take the upper layer liquid with a dropper.
  • the upper layer solution was concentrated, filtered, and the obtained material was washed 3 times with an appropriate amount of absolute ethanol, and the filter cake was dried at 80 ° C for 2 hours to obtain graphene.
  • the amount of graphene is about 8%.
  • the number of layers is less than 10 layers.

Abstract

一种制备石墨烯的方法,该方法具体为以正己烷或丙烷为超临界溶剂,将石墨粉或石墨粉与共溶剂注入高压釜中,选用合适的爆破片将高压釜密封,高压釜抽真空后,再加入正己烷或丙烷,在一定温度和压力下,在超临界状态下保持一定的时间,随后略增加温度和压力,或仅增加压力,当压力超出爆破片承受的压力时,爆破片爆破,物料瞬间冲出,收集器收集后进行处理,制备成石墨烯产品,本方法实现了瞬间毫秒级泄压,从而可以实现对石墨的高效剥离,本法属物理过程,不会对石墨烯的结构造成大的破坏,制备过程简单,不需要大量的无机酸和氧化剂,无三废,所制备的石墨烯晶体结构完整,质量好,可望实现石墨烯的规模化工业生产。

Description

一种制备石墨烯的方法
技术领域
本发明涉及石墨烯产品制备方法, 具体是一种利用汽爆的方式制 备石墨烯的方法。
背景技术
石墨烯的出现在科学界引起了巨大的反响, 因其具有非同寻常的 导电性能、极强的强度和韧性、 良好的透光性等, 在现代电子科技领域 引发了一场强烈研究热潮。石墨烯既是最薄的材料,也是最强韧的材料, 断裂强度比最好的钢材还要高出百倍。同时它又有很好的弹性,拉伸幅 度能达到自身尺寸的 20%。 虽然石墨烯的发现时间很短, 还处于研究阶 段, 但是独特的物理结构和优异的力学、 电学性能使其在纳米电子学、 微电子学、复合材料以及储能材料等领域具有广泛的应用前景,成为科 学界研究的前沿和热点, 可望在纳米电子器件、 电池、超级电容、 储氢 材料、 场发射材料以及超灵敏传感器等领域得到广泛的应用。
石墨烯目前常用的制备方法有四种:微机械剥离、 外延生长、 气相 沉积和氧化还原法。前三种方法虽然能获得石墨烯,但因其反应条件苛 亥 |J、成本较高及产率较低等因素而不利于大规模的工业生产。相比较而 言,氧化石墨还原法操作简便、低成本、且可应用于大规模的工业生产, 但是,这种方法在规模生产过程中将遇到大量的废水处理, 同时工序复 杂,石墨在氧化过程中引入了一定的缺陷,在后续的还原过程中不能被 彻底的还原, 导致一些结构和性能损失, 特别是电性能。
近年来物理法制备石墨烯越来越受到重视, 物理法制备的石墨烯 质量好, 制备过程较简单, 成本低。 中国专利 201110021033. 0, "超 临界流体制备石墨烯的方法", 该法重复使用压力 (10-100 M P a)及 温度 (200-700°C ) 过高, 制备重复步骤多, 难以实现工业规模制备。 中国专利 201110377170. 8, "一种制备石墨烯的方法" , 中国专利 201210001582. 6, "一种超临界二氧化碳剥离制备大尺寸石墨烯的方 法" , 上述方法都是利用超临界流体对碳质原料的高渗透性、 高溶解 性, 使超临界流体进入碳质原料内部 (层与层之间) , 通过快速卸压, 达到剥离碳质原料的目的,得到石墨烯产品面积大,晶体结构保存完整, 工艺简单。但是以上这几种方法都是采用的快速卸压,未能达到在瞬间 (毫秒级)泄压, 因此无法将高压容器内物料瞬间(毫秒级)全部泄出, 对石墨的剥离作用有限。鉴于以上方法都存在一定的局限性, 因此, 低 成本、 高质量、 简单的制备石墨烯的方法是急需解决的问题。
发明内容
本发明所要解决的技术问题是: 针对现有技术存在的不足, 提供 一种新的制备石墨烯的方法,实现对石墨的高效剥离,制备出比较好的 石墨烯产品, 而且工艺简单, 成本低, 可以进行规模化生产。
本发明采用的技术方案是:
以正己垸或丙垸为超临界溶剂, 将石墨粉或石墨粉与共溶剂注入 高压釜中, 选用合适的爆破片将高压釜密封, 高压釜抽真空后, 再加入 正己垸或丙垸,在一定温度和压力下,在超临界状态下保持一定的时间, 随后略增加温度和压力,或仅增加压力, 当压力超出爆破片承受的压力 时, 爆破片爆破, 物料瞬间冲出后由收集器收集物料后进行处理, 制备 成石墨烯产品。
上述技术方案中, 所述的收集器为一个尾部具有接口的长圆筒形 不锈钢收集器, 收集器尾部接口与溶剂回收系统相连。
上述技术方案中,所述的物料瞬间冲击后由收集器收集物料后进行 处理, 其处理工艺为: 收集的物料放入 NN—二甲基甲酰胺中, 搅拌 5分 钟, 静置 12小时, 用滴管取上层 3/5的溶液, 放入离心管中, 以
1000-4000rpm / min速度离心,分离 5— 10分钟,使未剥离的石墨颗粒和 石墨片沉降于离心管底部, 离心完后, 用滴管取上层液体, 上层溶液即 为石墨烯分散液, 将上层溶液浓缩, 过滤, 得到的物料以适量的无水乙 醇洗涤 3次, 滤饼 80°C干燥 2小时, 即为石墨烯。
上述技术方案中,溶剂回收系统的溶剂回收后,溶剂可以重复利用, 也可作其他用途。
上述技术方案中, 所述的制备石墨烯的方法也可重复操作 1 5次, 再次得到石墨烯初级产品。
上述技术方案中, 所述的爆破片形式可以选用正拱形、反拱形、平 板形三种形式; 所述的爆破片均为成熟产品, 市场有购; 所述的石墨为 天然石墨粉或膨胀石墨粉。
上述技术方案中, 所述的石墨粉与超临界溶剂质量比为 1 : 1-4。 上述技术方案中, 所述的共溶剂为 NN—二甲基甲酰胺或 N 甲基吡 咯垸酮、 正丁醇。
上述技术方案中, 所述的共溶剂与超临界溶剂质量比 1-5 : 100。 上述技术方案中,所述的高压釜密封好后在一定的温度和压力下保 持一定的时间, 其温度为 105°C— 280°C, 其压力为 5-10Mpa。
上述技术方案中, 所述的高压釜密封好后在一定的温度和压力下, 保持一定的时间, 该时间为 5— 30分钟。 上述技术方案中,所述的超临界溶剂还可选用溶剂表面能与石墨的 表面能相近时的溶剂作为超临界溶剂, 所述的石墨表面能在
70mJ. m— 2_80mJ. m— 2之间; 符合这一条件的有机溶剂有醇类, 如甲醇、 乙 醇、 正丁醇等; 卤代烃, 如三氯甲垸、 二氯甲垸; 芳香烃类, 如甲苯; 含氮有机化合物, 如顺-二甲基甲酰胺; 酮类, 如丙酮; 及它们之间的 混合物。
上述技术方案中,所述的由收集器收集物料后进行处理是:收集的 物料用乙醇多次清洗、离心, 50°C真空干燥 24小时, 即获得石墨烯粉末
-in口
广 ΡΠ
测试方法说明
透射电镜(TEM)和高分辨透射电镜(HRTEM)测试:采用美国 FEI-F20 型透射电子显微镜进行样品测试。样品制备方法:取适量样品置于乙醇 溶液中, 超声 10 分钟, 取均匀悬浮液一滴到微栅碳膜上, 自然晾干。
拉曼光谱测试:采用德国 Bruker SENTERRA型拉曼光谱仪进行样品 测试。 样品制备方法: 取适量样品置于乙醇溶液中, 超声 10 分钟, 取 均匀悬浮液一滴到 Si02基片上, 自然晾干。
本发明的制备石墨烯的方法, 与现有技术相比, 具有如下优点: ( 1 ) 、 本发明能在瞬间 (毫秒级) 完成泄压, 优于现有的技术: 本发明所采用的技术方案是在超临界状态下,利用超临界溶剂在超 临界状态下对原料石墨的高渗透性和溶解性,使超临界溶剂进入石墨粉 内部(层与层之间) , 然后采用汽爆的形式, 能量在极短的时间 (毫秒 级)内瞬间全部释放完毕, 伴随冲击波产生, 其过程在毫秒级时间内完 成, 瞬间完成膨胀过程, 膨胀的气体以冲击波的形式作用于石墨, 对石 墨进行层间剥离,完成石墨烯的制备。该方法实现了对石墨的高效剥离, 重复操作次数少, 所制备的石墨烯质量较好, 具有广阔的应用前景。
而现有的技术虽然也采用了快速卸压,但是达不到在毫秒级内物料 全部冲出,没有产生毫秒级冲击波,物料依次按前后顺序从高压向低压 释放平衡, 故无法产生瞬间爆破的行为, 从而达不到瞬间泄压的效果, 减压过程远未达到在毫秒级内将容器内高压快速降为常压,这些做功过 程由于时间较长, 不产生瞬间大功率, 没有冲击波产生, 也就无法达到 所预期的对石墨的剥离效果。
(2 ) 、 本发明剥离效果高:
众所周知, 石墨为层状结构, 每一层中的 6个碳原子构成平面网状 结构, 层和层之间以范德瓦尔斯力连接。 石墨层与层之间不是封闭的, 有机溶剂在超临界状态下可以进入石墨层与层之间,在泄压时有两种可 能性:一是进入石墨层之间的有机溶剂可以从层间溢出,二是进入石墨 层之间的有机溶剂可以从层间汽化,在泄压过程中这两种可能性同时存 在,溢出为主则达不到剥离石墨的目的,只有以汽化为主才能达到剥离 石墨的目的,有机溶剂以溢出为主还是以汽化为主,关键是泄压时间的 控制, 只有泄压过程时间极短, 在毫秒级时间内完成泄压过程, 进入石 墨层间的有机溶剂来不及溢出, 于是在石墨层间汽化 (瞬间急速膨胀, 体积可以膨胀几十倍至几百倍, 产生推力, 使石墨剥离) , 膨胀的气体 以冲击波的形式作用于石墨,将石墨剥离成石墨烯,现有的技术压力释 放采用的是活塞卸压, 以液压的形式开启或关闭活塞,利用此种形式卸 压无法瞬间完成, 采用快开阀 (例如球阀) 卸压, 同样不能瞬间完成, 超临界溶剂进入石墨层和从石墨层间汽化,是两个相辅相承的过程,缺 一不可,现有的技术只完成超临界溶剂进入石墨层间,未能解决超临界 溶剂在层间汽化(因卸压慢, 以超临界溶剂从石墨层间溢出为主), 因 此现有的技术对石墨剥离作用非常有限, 制备过程需多次重复操作。
而本发明制备的石墨烯的方法不但解决了超临界溶剂进入石墨层 间,而且解决了超临界溶剂在石墨层间汽化,因本发明采用爆破片泄压, 其泄压过程在毫秒级 (1-8毫秒) 内完成, 超临界溶剂来不及溢出, 只 能在石墨层间汽化, 从而达到高效剥离石墨的目的。
(3 ) 、 本发明工艺简单:
本发明制备的石墨烯工艺简单, 国内原料丰富, 价格低廉, 制备的 石墨烯成本低,可望用于大规模工业生产石墨烯,产生较大的经济效益。
(4) 、 本发明无三废:
本发明工艺避免了使用大量的化学原料,所使用的超临界溶剂回收 循环利用或作其他用途, 无三废排放, 对环境无污染。而目前最有希望 大规模生产石墨烯的氧化还原法,制备一吨石墨烯需要几十吨至百吨无 机酸, 数吨至几十吨无机氧化剂, 产生大量的酸性废水和洗涤废水, 污 染环境, 其废水治理费用大,增加了生产成本。
(5) 、 本发明产品质量较好:
本发明的方法不需要对石墨进行氧化处理及其他化学处理,不会破 坏石墨的晶体结构,其制备过程使用物理方法, 因此制备的石墨烯质量 较好, 晶体结构保持完整,从本发明图 3 石墨烯的透射电子显微镜图可 以证明, 而且石墨烯的层数低, 小于 5层。
(6) 、 本发明的方法具有工业化的前景:
从现有制备的石墨烯的技术来看, 能够获得质量好的石墨烯的方 法, 如机械剥离法, 产量低, 成本高, 难于工业化; 而能够工业化制备 石墨烯的方法, 例如氧化还原法, 石墨烯质量较差, 其应用受到限制; 本发明的方法制备的石墨烯质量较好, 成本低, 工艺简单, 为用物理法 制备的石墨烯提供了一条新的途径,具有工业规模化制备石墨烯的广阔 前景。
本发明所用的爆破片由成都成航工业安全系统有限责任公司或苏 州安理高科安全设备开发有限公司提供,丙垸由长沙莲湖乙炔有限公司 提供, 其他所使用的原料及设备等均从市场渠道购到。
附图说明
图 1为本发明汽爆制备石墨烯的装置结构示意图;
图 2为正拱形爆破片及夹持器结构剖面示意图;
图 3为石墨烯的透射电子显微镜图, 其中插图为 FFT图像; 图 4为石墨烯的透射电子显微镜图;
图 5为石墨烯的拉曼光谱图。
图 1、 图 2中, 1一压力表接口, 2—超临界溶剂入口, 3—温度计接 口, 4一蒸汽进口, 5—高压釜, 6—夹持器, 7—爆破片, 8—蒸汽出口。
图 3中, 由于铜网上碳膜的因素导致石墨烯的图像不是十分清晰, 但插图中的 FFT图像表明该石墨烯的层数很低 (〈5),且电子衍射图为标 准的六边形,没有重影或杂点,说明石墨烯的结晶状态很好,缺陷很少, 质量高;
图 4可以清晰的观察到石墨烯的薄片形貌,尺度接近 2微米;石墨烯 表现出薄纱状的结构,其表面褶皱清晰可见,表面缺陷少,完整性较好, 没有折叠的边缘颜色较浅, 几乎不可见,这说明石墨烯片的厚度很薄。 图 5 中测量到一个单独、尖锐的 2D峰, 强度约为 G峰的 1. 5倍, 表明 该石墨烯的层数很低(〈5);而且 D峰值相比 2D峰和 G峰则说明该石墨烯表 面缺陷少, 质量较好。
具体实施方式
下面通过实施例对本发明进一步说明;下述实施例中所用的方法如 无特殊说明均为常规方法。
实施例 1 :
将 25g石墨粉、 0. 5g正丁醇注入高压釜, 使两者混匀, 选用正拱形 爆破片, 将高压釜密封好, 抽真空后, 灌入 50g丙垸至高压釜; 石墨与 丙垸质量比为 1 : 2, 正丁醇与丙垸质量比为 1 : 100, 控制高压釜的温度 为 105°C, 在此温度下停留 15分钟, 随后略为增加温度, 压力增高 (也 可维持温度不变, 用压缩机增加压力), 当高压釜内压力超过爆破片所 能承受的压力 5MPa时, 爆破片爆破, 物料瞬间全部冲出, 用一个尾部具 有接口的长圆筒形不锈钢收集器收集物料,收集器尾部接口与溶剂回收 系统相连, 收集的物料放入 NN—二甲基甲酰胺中, 搅拌 5分钟, 静置 12 小时, 用滴管取上层 3/5的溶液, 放入离心管中, 以 1000-4000rpm / min 速度离心, 分离 5— 10分钟, 使未剥离的石墨颗粒和石墨片沉降于离心 管底部, 离心完后, 用滴管取上层液体, 上层溶液即为石墨烯分散液, 将上层溶液浓缩, 过滤, 得到的物料以适量的无水乙醇洗涤 3次, 滤饼 80°C干燥 2小时, 即为石墨烯。 石墨烯得量约为 7%, 通过检测, 层数少 于 10层以下, 溶剂回收系统的溶剂回收后, 溶剂可以重复利用, 也可作 其他用途。
实施例 2 : 将 60g石墨粉、 4. 8 gNN—二甲基甲酰胺注入高压釜, 使两者混匀, 选用反拱形爆破片, 将高压釜密封好, 抽真空后, 灌入 240g丙垸至高压 釜, 石墨与丙垸质量比为 1 : 4, 二甲基甲酰胺与丙垸质量比为 2 : 100; 控制高压釜的温度为 120°C,在此温度下停留 5分钟,随后略为增加温度, 压力增高(也可维持温度不变, 用压缩机增加压力) , 当高压釜内压力 超过爆破片所能承受的压力 6MPa时, 爆破片爆破, 物料瞬间全部冲出, 用一个尾部具有接口的长圆筒形不锈钢收集器收集物料,收集器尾部接 口与溶剂回收系统相连,收集的物料再装入高压釜,重复上述操作 1次, 收集的物料放入 NN—二甲基甲酰胺中, 搅拌 5分钟, 静置 12小时, 用滴 管取上层 3/5的溶液, 放入离心管中, 以 1000-4000rpm / min速度离心, 分离 5— 10分钟, 使未剥离的石墨颗粒和石墨片沉降于离心管底部, 离 心完后, 用滴管取上层液体, 上层溶液即为石墨烯分散液, 将上层溶液 浓缩, 过滤, 得到的物料以适量的无水乙醇洗涤 3次, 滤饼 80°C干燥 2 小时, 即为石墨烯。石墨烯得量约为 13%,通过检测,层数少于 5层以下, 溶剂回收系统的溶剂回收后, 溶剂可以重复利用, 也可作其他用途。
实施例 3 :
将 60g石墨粉、 5. 4gN—甲基吡咯垸酮注入高压釜, 使之混匀, 选用 平板形爆破片, 将高压釜密封好, 抽真空后, 灌入 180g丙垸, 石墨与丙 垸质量比为 1 : 3, 甲基吡咯垸酮与丙垸质量比为 3 : 100, 控制高压釜的 温度为 110°C, 在此温度下停留 10分钟, 随后略为增加温度, 压力增高 (也可维持温度不变, 用压缩机增加压力), 当高压釜内压力超过爆破 片所能承受的压力 8MPa时, 爆破片爆破, 物料瞬间全部冲出, 用一个尾 部具有接口的长圆筒形不锈钢收集器收集物料,收集器尾部接口与溶剂 回收系统相连, 收集的物料再装入高压釜, 重复上述操作 3次, 收集的 物料放入 NN—二甲基甲酰胺中, 搅拌 5分钟, 静置 12小时, 用滴管取上 层 3/5的溶液, 放入离心管中, 以 1000-4000rpm / min速度离心, 分离 5 10分钟,使未剥离的石墨颗粒和石墨片沉降于离心管底部,离心完后, 用滴管取上层液体, 上层溶液即为石墨烯分散液, 将上层溶液浓缩, 过 滤, 得到的物料以适量的无水乙醇洗涤 3次, 滤饼 80°C干燥 2小时, 即为 石墨烯。 通过检测, 石墨烯得量约为 24 %, 通过检测, 层数少于 5层以 下,溶剂回收系统的溶剂回收后,溶剂可以重复利用,也可作其他用途。
实施例 4:
将 100g石墨粉和 10gN 甲基吡咯垸酮注入高压釜,使之混匀,选用 正拱形爆破片, 将高压釜密封好, 抽真空后, 灌入 200g丙垸, 石墨与丙 垸质量比为 1 : 2, 甲基吡咯垸酮与丙垸质量比为 5: 100, 控制高压釜的 温度为 130°C, 并在此温度下停留 30分钟, 随后增加压力, 当高压釜内 压力超过爆破片所能承受的压力 6. 5MPa时,爆破片爆破,物料瞬间全部 冲出,用一个尾部具有接口的长圆筒形不锈钢收集器收集物料,收集器 尾部接口与溶剂回收系统相连,收集的物料再装入高压釜,重复上述操 作 5次,收集的物料放入 NN—二甲基甲酰胺中,搅拌 5分钟,静置 12小时, 用滴管取上层 3/5的溶液,放入离心管中, 以 1000-4000rpm / min速度离 心,分离 5— 10分钟,使未剥离的石墨颗粒和石墨片沉降于离心管底部, 离心完后, 用滴管取上层液体, 上层溶液即为石墨烯分散液, 将上层溶 液浓缩, 过滤, 得到的物料以适量的无水乙醇洗涤 3次, 滤饼 80°C干燥 2 小时, 即为石墨烯。 石墨烯得量约为 33%, 通过检测, 层数少于 10层以 下,溶剂回收系统的溶剂回收后,溶剂可以重复利用,也可作其他用途。 实施例 5 :
将 40g石墨粉注入高压釜, 选用正拱形爆破片, 将高压釜密封好, 抽真空后, 注入 80g正己垸入高压釜, 石墨与正已垸质量比为 1 : 2, 控 制高压釜的温度为 280°C, 在此温度下停留 20分钟, 随后增加压力, 当 高压釜内压力超过爆破片所能承受的压力 lOMPa时, 爆破片爆破, 物料 瞬间全部冲出, 用一个尾部具有接口的长圆筒形不锈钢收集器收集物 料,收集器尾部接口与溶剂回收系统相连,收集的物料放入 NN—二甲基 甲酰胺中, 搅拌 5分钟, 静置 12小时, 用滴管取上层 3/5的溶液, 放入离 心管中, 以 1000-4000rpm / min速度离心, 分离 5— 10分钟, 使未剥离的 石墨颗粒和石墨片沉降于离心管底部, 离心完后, 用滴管取上层液体, 上层溶液即为石墨烯分散液, 将上层溶液浓缩, 过滤, 得到的物料以适 量的无水乙醇洗涤 3次, 滤饼 80°C干燥 2小时, 即为石墨烯。石墨烯得量 约为 6%, 通过检测, 层数少于 5层以下, 溶剂回收系统的溶剂回收后, 溶剂可以重复利用, 也可作其他用途。
实施例 6 :
将 30g膨胀石墨粉、 0. 9g正丁醇注入高压釜, 使两者混匀, 选用正 拱形爆破片, 将高压釜密封好, 抽真空后, 灌入 30g丙垸至高压釜, 石 墨与丙垸质量比为 1 : 1, 正丁醇与丙垸质量比为 3 : 100; 控制高压釜的 温度为 105°C, 在此温度下停留 15分钟, 随后略为增加温度, 压力增高 (也可维持温度不变, 用压缩机增加压力), 当高压釜内压力超过爆破 片所能承受的压力 5. 8MPa时, 爆破片爆破, 物料瞬间全部冲出, 用一个 尾部具有接口的长圆筒形不锈钢收集器收集物料, 收集的物料放入 NN 一二甲基甲酰胺中,搅拌 5分钟,静置 12小时,用滴管取上层 3/5的溶液, 放入离心管中, 以 1000-4000rpm / min速度离心, 分离 5— 10分钟, 使未 剥离的石墨颗粒和石墨片沉降于离心管底部,离心完后,用滴管取上层 液体, 上层溶液即为石墨烯分散液, 将上层溶液浓缩, 过滤, 得到的物 料以适量的无水乙醇洗涤 3次, 滤饼 80°C干燥 2小时, 即为石墨烯。石墨 烯得量约为 8%, 通过检测, 层数少于 10层以下, 溶剂回收系统的溶剂回 收后, 溶剂可以重复利用, 也可作其他用途。

Claims

权利要求
1、 一种制备石墨烯的方法, 其特征在于: 以正己垸或丙垸为超临界溶 剂, 将石墨粉或石墨粉与共溶剂注入高压釜中, 选用合适的爆破片将高压 釜密封, 高压釜抽真空后, 再加入正己垸或丙垸, 在一定温度和压力下, 在超临界状态下保持一定的时间, 随后略增加温度和压力, 或仅增加压力, 当压力超出爆破片承受的压力时, 爆破片爆破, 物料瞬间冲出, 收集器收 集后进行处理, 制备成石墨烯产品。
2、 根据权利要求 1所述的制备石墨烯的方法, 其特征在于: 所述的收 集器为一个尾部具有接口的长圆筒形不锈钢收集器, 收集器尾部接口与溶 剂回收系统相连。
3、 根据权利要求 1所述的制备石墨烯的方法, 其特征在于: 所述的物 料瞬间冲击后由收集器收集物料后进行处理, 其处理工艺为: 收集的物料 放入 NN—二甲基甲酰胺中, 搅拌 5分钟, 静置 12小时, 用滴管取上层 3/5 的溶液, 放入离心管中, 以 1000-4000rpm / min速度离心, 分离 5— 10分 钟, 使未剥离的石墨颗粒和石墨片沉降于离心管底部, 离心完后, 用滴管 取上层液体, 上层溶液即为石墨烯分散液, 将上层溶液浓缩, 过滤, 得到 的物料以适量的无水乙醇洗涤 3次, 滤饼 80°C干燥 2小时, 即为石墨烯。
4、 根据权利要求 1所述的制备石墨烯的方法, 其特征在于: 所述的制 备石墨烯的方法重复操作 1一 5次, 得到不同规格的石墨烯产品。
5、 根据权利要求 1所述的制备石墨烯的方法, 其特征在于: 所述的爆 破片形式可以选用正拱形、 反拱形、 平板形三种形式, 所述的石墨为天然 石墨粉或膨胀石墨粉。
6、 根据权利要求 1所述的制备石墨烯的方法, 其特征在于: 所述的石 墨粉与超临界溶剂质量比为 1 : 1-4。
7、 根据权利要求 1所述的制备石墨烯的方法, 其特征在于: 所述的共 溶剂为 NN—二甲基甲酰胺或 N—甲基吡咯垸酮、 正丁醇; 所述的共溶剂与 超临界溶剂质量比 1-5 : 100。
8、 根据权利要求 1所述的制备石墨烯的方法, 其特征在于: 所述的高 压釜密封好后在一定的温度和压力下保持一定的时间, 其温度为 105°C— 280 °C ; 其压力为 5-10Mpao
9、 根据权利要求 1所述的制备石墨烯的方法, 其特征在于: 所述的高 压釜密封好后在一定的温度和压力下, 保持一定的时间, 时间为 5— 30分 钟。
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