Classifications

• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
  • B01D61/36—Pervaporation; Membrane distillation; Liquid permeation
  • B01D61/362—Pervaporation
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
  • B01D61/36—Pervaporation; Membrane distillation; Liquid permeation
  • B01D61/366—Apparatus therefor
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D63/00—Apparatus in general for separation processes using semi-permeable membranes
  • B01D63/02—Hollow fibre modules
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D63/00—Apparatus in general for separation processes using semi-permeable membranes
  • B01D63/08—Flat membrane modules
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D67/00—Processes specially adapted for manufacturing semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus
  • B01D67/0002—Organic membrane manufacture
  • B01D67/0006—Organic membrane manufacture by chemical reactions
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D67/00—Processes specially adapted for manufacturing semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus
  • B01D67/0081—After-treatment of organic or inorganic membranes
  • B01D67/0083—Thermal after-treatment
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D67/00—Processes specially adapted for manufacturing semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus
  • B01D67/0081—After-treatment of organic or inorganic membranes
  • B01D67/0093—Chemical modification
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D69/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
  • B01D69/06—Flat membranes
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D69/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
  • B01D69/08—Hollow fibre membranes
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D69/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
  • B01D69/10—Supported membranes; Membrane supports
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D69/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
  • B01D69/12—Composite membranes; Ultra-thin membranes
  • B01D69/1213—Laminated layers
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G73/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a linkage containing nitrogen with or without oxygen or carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule, not provided for in groups C08G12/00 - C08G71/00
  • C08G73/06—Polycondensates having nitrogen-containing heterocyclic rings in the main chain of the macromolecule
  • C08G73/18—Polybenzimidazoles
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D2257/00—Components to be removed
  • B01D2257/80—Water
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D2315/00—Details relating to the membrane module operation
  • B01D2315/22—Membrane contactor
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D2323/00—Details relating to membrane preparation
  • B01D2323/30—Cross-linking
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D2325/00—Details relating to properties of membranes
  • B01D2325/22—Thermal or heat-resistance properties
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01D—SEPARATION
  • B01D2325/00—Details relating to properties of membranes
  • B01D2325/30—Chemical resistance

Definitions

• An acid-resistant PBI membrane is used for the dehydration of an acidic solvent, e.g., acetic acid, via membrane-based pervaporation.
• an acidic solvent e.g., acetic acid
• Pervaporation is a process for the separation of liquid mixtures by partial vaporization through a membrane.
• the separation process has two steps: first, one component of the mixture permeates away from the mixture through the membrane (the escaping component is called the permeate, and the remaining mixture is called the retentate or concentrate); and second, the permeate evaporates away from the membrane.
• Pervaporation Wikipedia (3/10/2010).
• the efficacy of the pervaporation membrane may be determined by the membrane's selectivity (expressed as separation factor) and productivity (expressed as flux).
• Flux refers to the rate of flow or transfer of permeate from the mixture to vapor, and denotes a quantity of permeate that crosses a unit of area of a given surface in a unit of time.
• Separation factor refers to the membrane's ability to selectively remove more of one mixture component than the other components), of the mixture.
• US Publication 2011/0266222 discloses a method to dehydrate organic liquid ⁇ e.g., ethylene glycol, EG) by pervaporation using a PBI permselective hollow fiber.
• the PBI permselective layer of the hollow fiber is not chemically modified to make it acid resistant.
• the dehydration of acidic solvents is an important commercial operation.
• One acidic solvent, acetic acid is among the top 50 chemicals based upon production quantity.
• the dehydration of acidic solvents e.g., acetic acid
• This separation method is difficult as acetic acid and water have very close volatilities. As such, more energy is required to achieve acetic acid with purity higher than 95 wt% due to the need for greater reflux and a larger distillation column with many stages.
• research emphasis has been placed on the pervaporation dehydration of acetic acid. More specifically, research has focused on developing a membrane that gives a reasonable flux and has a good separation factor.
• pervaporative dehydration a significant number of pervaporation dehydration membranes are made from cross- linked polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), chitosan, and cellulose acetate. Accordingly, there is a need for new and better pervaporation membranes, particularly, pervaporation membranes for dehydration, and the dehydration of acidic solvents, such as acetic acid.
• PVA polyvinyl alcohol
• chitosan cellulose acetate
• a pervaporation membrane may be an acid-resistant polybenzidimazole (PBI) membrane.
• the acid-resistant PBI membrane may be a PBI membrane chemically modified by a process selected from the group consisting of sulfonation,
• a method for the dehydration of an acid material may include the steps of: contacting an acidic aqueous solution with a membrane of an acid-resistant polybenzidimazole; taking away a permeate stream rich in water; and taking away a concentrate steam rich in the acid.
• the acidic aqueous solution may be acetic acid.
• Figure 1 is a schematic illustration of a representative polybenzimidazole (PBI) molecule.
• Figure 2 is a chart comparing the separation factor and flux at various temperature of known pervaporation membranes used to dehydrate acetic acid to the present invention.
• PBI polybenzimidazole
• an influent stream is separated into two effluent streams known as the permeate and the concentrate (or retentate).
• the permeate is the portion of the influent stream passing through the semi-permeable membrane, whereas the concentrate stream contains the constituents that have been rejected by the membrane.
• This separation may be conducted in a membrane contactor where the influent stream is contacted with the membrane and the permeate and the concentrate are taken away from the contactor.
• the membrane may be flat membrane, a multi-layer flat membrane (e.g., a dual layer membrane), a hollow fiber membrane, a multi-layer hollow fiber membrane (e.g., a dual layer membrane), or tubular. In the multi-layer hollow fiber and tubular membranes, one layer is the membrane used in the separation and another membrane may be a support membrane.
• an acid-resistant polybenzimidazole (PBI) membrane may be used to dehydrate an acidic solvent.
• Acidic solvents may include, but are not limited to, methanol, ethanol, n-butanol, isopropanol, n-propanol, acetic acid, formic acid, hydrogen fluoride, and ammonia.
• the acidic solvent may be acetic acid.
• Polybenzimidazole (PBI) may be any PBI. PBI also refers to blends of PBI with other polymers, co-polymers of PBI, and combinations thereof.
• the PBI component is the major (i.e., at least 50 wt%) component.
• PBI also refers to, for example, the product of the melt polymerization of an tetraamine (e.g., aromatic and heteroaromatic tetra-amino compounds) and a second monomer being selected from the group consisting of free dicarboxylic acids, alkyl and/or aromatic esters of dicarboxylic acids, alkyl and/or aromatic esters of aromatic or heterocyclic dicarboxylic acid, and/or alkyl and/or aromatic anhydrides of aromatic or heterocyclic dicarboxylic acid. Further details may be obtained from US Patent Nos. Re 26065; 4506068;
• the aromatic and heteroaromatic tetra-amino compounds are preferably 3,3',4,4'-tetra-aminobiphenyl, 2,3,5,6-tetra- aminopyridine, 1 ,2,4,5-tetra-aminobenzene, S.S' ⁇ '-tetra-aminodiphenylsulfone, 3,3',4,4'-tetra-aminodiphenyl ether, 3,3',4,4'-tetra-aminobenzophenone, 3,3',4,4 -tetra- aminodiphenyl methane, and S ⁇ ' ⁇ '-tetra-aminodiphenyldimethylmethane, and their salts, in particular, their mono-, di-, tri-, and tetrahydrochloride derivatives.
• aromatic carboxylic acids used are dicarboxylic acids or its esters, or its anhydrides or its acid chlorides.
• aromatic carboxylic acids equally comprises heteroaromatic carboxylic acids as well.
• the aromatic dicarboxylic acids are isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid, phthalic acid, 5-hydroxyisophthalic acid, 4-hydroxyisophthalic acid, 2- hydroxyterephthalic acid, 5-aminoisophthalic acid, 5-N,N-dimethylaminoisophthalic acid, 5-N,N-diethylaminoisophthalic acid, 2,5-dihydroxyterephthalic acid, 2,6- dihydroxyisophthalic acid, 4,6-dihydroxyisophthalic acid, 2,3-dihydroxyphthalic acid, 2,4- dihydroxyphthalic acid, 3,4-dihydroxyphthalic acid, 3-fluorophthalic acid, 5- fluoroisophthalic acid, 2-fluoroterephthalic acid, tetrafluorophthalic acid, 5- fluoroisophthalic acid
• tetrafluoroisophthalic acid tetrafluoroterephthalic acid
• 1,4-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid 1 ,5-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid
• 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid 2,7- napthalenedicarboxylic acid
• diphenic acid 1 ,8-dihydroxynaphthalene-3,6-dicarboyxlic acid
• diphenyl ether-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid benzophenone-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid, diphenylsulfone-4,4'-dicarboyxlic acid, biphenyl-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid
• 4- trifluoromethylphthalic acid 2,2-bis(4-carboxyphenyl)hexafluoropropane, 4,4'- stilbenedicarboxylic acid, 4-carboxycinnamic acid, or their C1-C20-alkyl esters or C5- C
• heteroaromatic carboxylic acids used are heteroaromatic dicarboxylic acids or their esters or their anhydrides.
• heteromatic dicarboxylic acids include aromatic systems that contain at least one nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, or phosphorus atom in the ring.
• it is pyridine-2,5- dicarboxylic acid, pyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid, pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid, pyridine- 2,4-dicarboxylic acid, 4-phenyl-2,5-pyridine dicarboxylic acid, 3,5-pyrazole dicarboxylic acid, 2,6-pyrimidine dicarboxylic acid, 2,5-pyrazine dicarboxylic acid, 2,4,6-pyridine tricarboxylic acid, and benzimidazole-5,6-dicarboxylic acid, as well as their C1-C20-alkyl esters or C5-C12-aryl esters, or their acid anhydrides or their acid chlorides.
• aromatic and heteroaromatic diaminocarboxylic acid used in accordance with the invention is preferably diaminobenzoic acid and its mono- and dihydrochloride derivatives.
• mixtures of at least 2 different aromatic carboxylic acids are used.
• These mixtures are, in particular, mixtures of N-heteroaromatic dicarboxylic acids and aromatic dicarboxylic acids or their esters.
• Non-limiting examples are isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid, phthalic acid, 2,5-dihydroxyterephthalic acid, 2,6-dihydroxyisophthalic acid, 4,6-dihydroxyisophthalic acid, 2,3-dihydroxyphthalic acid, 2,4-dihydroxyphthalic acid, 3,4-dihydroxyphthalic acid, 1 ,4-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, 1 ,5- naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, 2,7- naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, diphenic acid, 1 ,8-dihydroxynapthalene-3,6-dicarboxylic acid, diphenyl ether-4,4'-dicarboxylic acid
• Poly-2,2'- (m-phenylene)-5,5'-bibenzimidazole a preferred polymer, can be prepared by the reaction of 3,3',4,4'-tetraaminobiphenyl with a combination of isophthalic acid with diphenyl isophthalate or with a dialkyl isophthalate such as dimethyl isophthalate; a combination of diphenyl isophthalate and a dialkyl isophthalate such as dimethyl isophthalate; or at least one dialkyl isophthalate such as dimethyl isophthalate, as the sole dicarboxylic component.
• Acid-resistant PBI refers to a chemically modified PBI that is resistant to acids.
• the acid-resistant PBI has greater resistance to adsorbing (or imbibing) the acidic solvent to be dehydrated than the same non-acid-resistant PBI.
• PBI's inherent affinity for acid is decreased so that its separation efficiency is increased.
• the acid-resistant PBI may be obtained by any modification method. Such modifications methods may include, without limitation, cross-linking, N-substitution, sulfonation, phosphonation, and combinations thereof.
• This modification may be at the surface (if, for example, the PBI is in the form of a sheet, fiber, hollow fiber, or tube) or may be throughout the shaped PBI (if, for example, the PBI is made acid-resistant prior to being shaped).
• sulfonate i.e., add a sulfate group to the PBI polymer backbone. They include, without limitation, i) direct sulfonation of the PBI structure, ii) chemical grafting of the monomers with sulfate group, and iii) sulfonation following radiation grafting of monomer groups.
• the invention will be described with reference to a PBI film where the surface of the film is directly sulfonated, it being understood that the invention is not so limited.
• the PBI film may be made in any fashion.
• the PBI film is a solid film without pores or micropores.
• the film may be cast from a PBI solution.
• Solvents for the PBI polymer may include, without limit, DMAc, N- methyl pyrrolidinone (NMP), ⁇ , ⁇ -dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethyl sulfoxide
• the PBI solution in one embodiment, may contain 10-45 wt% PBI, and in others, 12-30 wt% PBI, and 14-28 wt% PBI.
• the casting solution is degassed, cast onto a substrate, then the solvent is driven from the cast film, and the solvent-free cast film is vacuum-dried and cooled.
• the cast PBI film may then be chemically modified to be acid-resistant.
• the film may be sulfonated.
• the film may be immersed in a sulfuric acid (e.g., concentration up to 20 wt% or 1-20 wt%, or 2-15 wt%, or 2-10 wt% or 2-6 wt%) at a given temperature (e.g., from 30-80°C, or 40-70°C, or 45-55°C) for given time (e.g., 1 - 4 hours, or 1.5-3.5 hours or 1 .75-2.5 hours). Thereafter, excess acid may be removed from the surface of the film.
• a sulfuric acid e.g., concentration up to 20 wt% or 1-20 wt%, or 2-15 wt%, or 2-10 wt% or 2-6 wt
• a given temperature e.g., from 30-80°C, or 40-70°C, or 45-55°C
• time e.g., 1
• the sulfonated film may be thermally stabilized.
• the sulfonated film is heated to a given temperature (e.g., 300-500°C, or 350-450°C, or 400-450°C) for a given time (e.g., up to 5 minutes, or 0.3-4.5 minutes, or 0.5-1 .5 minutes).
• a given temperature e.g., 300-500°C, or 350-450°C, or 400-450°C
• a given time e.g., up to 5 minutes, or 0.3-4.5 minutes, or 0.5-1 .5 minutes.
• the sulfonated film may be freed of trace sulfonate groups. This may be accomplished by immersing the sulfonated film in boiling water for a give time (e.g., 1-5 hours, or 2-4 hours, or 2.5-3.5 hours).
• this film may be dried to remove any adsorbed water molecules by placing the film in a vacuum oven.
• a contactor may be used to house the foregoing membranes.
• Contactors are known and may include: plate-and-frame modules, tubular modules, hollow fiber modules, and spiral wound modules. See for example: “Membrane technology,” Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia (20 2); Kesting, R. E., Synthetic Polymeric
• a dehydration system may comprise one or more of the foregoing contactors or other equipment containing the foregoing membranes that are used to dehydrate the aqueous acidic solvent.
• a plurality of contactors arranged in series or parallel or a combination of both, and associated equipment (e.g., pumps,
• the aqueous acidic solvent may be dehydrated by contacting an acidic aqueous solution with a membrane comprising an acid-resistant polybenzidimazole; taking away a permeate stream rich in water; and taking away a concentrate steam rich in the acid.
• the permeate stream is coupled to a vacuum.
• the feed concentration of the acidic aqueous solution may be, in one embodiment, any concentration. In other embodiments, the feed concentration may range from 50-95 wt%, or 75-95 wt%, or 78-92 wt%.
• the operating temperature during the dehydration may be, in one embodiment, any temperature. In other embodiments, the temperature may range from 20-85°C, or 25-75°C.
• the invention is not so limited.
• the acid-resistant membrane may be used in other pervaporation processes or dehydration processes.
• PBI Polybenzimidazole
• DMAc dimethylacetamide
• LiCI lithium chloride
• Concentrated sulfuric acid (H2SO 4 ) of analytical grade, obtained from Merck was used to mix with de-ionized water to prepare the sulfonation solution with varied concentration.
• a dense flat-sheet PBI membrane with sulfonation modification on the membrane surface was prepared.
• the flat-sheet PBI dense membrane is cast from a 15 wt% PBI polymer solution in DMAc.
• the polymer dope solution of PBI/DMAc/LiCI (15/84.1/0.9 wt%) is prepared by diluting the supplied PBI solution.
• the diluted solution is allowed to degas overnight prior to casting onto a glass plate with a casting knife at a thickness of about 70-100 ⁇ .
• the as-cast membrane is then placed on a hot plate preset at 75 °C for 15 hours, to allow the solvent evaporated slowly.
• the resultant film is carefully peeled off from the glass plate and then dried in a vacuum oven between two wire meshes, with temperature gradually increased to 250°C at a rate of 0.6°C/min and held there for 24 hours to remove the residual solvents before cooling down naturally.
• the wire meshes not only prevent the membrane from sticking to the glass plate but also help uniformly dry the membrane from both surfaces. With this drying protocol, the LiCI remains in the as-fabricated PBI membrane.
• Modification of the PBI membrane is a combination of sulfonation and thermal treatment.
• PBI membranes were immersed in a sulfuric acid aqueous solution of a fixed concentration at 50°C for 2 hours. They were subsequently dried using filter paper to remove the excess sulfuric acid on their surface.
• the PBI membranes were then thermally treated by placing them in a furnace pre-set at 450°C for a fixed time in air (without vacuum). Thereafter, the samples were immersed in boiling water for 3 hours to remove traces of sulfate groups and dried between two wire meshes at 100°C in the Binder programmable vacuum oven to remove adsorbed water molecules.
• a Mitutoyo micrometer was then employed to measure the final membrane thickness, which was about 15-20 pm.
• a static pervaporation cell was used to test flat-sheet dense membrane performance at room temperature. Also see: Y. Wang, M. Gruender, T. S. Chung, Pervaporation dehydration of ethylene glycol through polybenzimidazole (PBI)-based membranes. 1. Membrane fabrication, J. Membr. Sci. 363 (2010) 149-159, incorporated herein by reference. A testing membrane was placed in the stainless steel permeation cell with an effective surface area of 15.2 cm 2 . The system was stabilized for 2 hours before the collection of samples. Thereafter, permeate samples were collected by a cold trap immersed in liquid nitrogen. The samples were weighted.
• the sample compositions were analyzed with three parallel injections by a Hewlett-Packard GC 7890 A with a HP-INNOWAX column (packed with cross-linked polyethylene glycol) and a TCD detector. Finally, the data of flux and composition were averaged.
• the feed content varied less than 0.5 wt% during the entire experiment and can be therefore considered as constant during the experiment because of the large quantity of feed solution comparing to the permeate sample.
• the feed flow rate was maintained at 1.38 l/min.
• the operating temperature was room temperature (22 ⁇ 2°C) unless stated otherwise.
• the permeate pressure was maintained at less than 3 mbar by a vacuum pump, unless it is stated. Flux and separation factors were calculated by the following equations:
• J is the flux
• Q is the total mass transferred over time t (hour)
• A the membrane area (m 2 )
• subscripts 1 and 2 refer to acetic acid and water, respectively
• y w and x w are the weight fractions of components in the permeate and feed, respectively, and were analyzed through a Hewlett-Packard GC 7890 A with a HP-INNOWAX column (packed with cross-linked polyethylene glycol) and a TCD detector.
• the present examples in pervaporation application are intended to help illustrate the process of the present invention.
• the flux of permeate in all examples for acetic acid (AA) dehydration through the flat-sheet dense membranes is given in unit of g m/m 2 hr, which is normalized by the membrane thickness.
• Examples 1-4 demonstrate the pervaporation performance of the sulfonated PBI dense membranes with the effect of varying sulfuric acid concentration for the feed composition of AA/H 2 0 (50/50 wt%).
• the post thermal treatment is carried at 450 °C for 30 seconds.
• the separation factor is less than 10 and the total flux is about 100 g/m 2 hr. With sulfonation of the PBI membrane, both the flux and separation factor are significantly improved.
• Examples 5-10 demonstrate the pervaporation performance with the effect of varying post thermal treatment duration after sulfonation, for pervaporation dehydration of acetic acid with the feed composition of AA/H 2 0 (50/50 wt%). All PBI membranes were sulfonated in 2.5 wt% sulfuric acid solution for 2 hours before thermal treatment. The thermal treatment after the sulfonation stabilizes the sulfonated structure. Examples 5-10
• Examples 1 -16 the effect of feed composition on the normalized total flux and separation factor of the sulfonated PBI membranes is demonstrated with the pervaporation operation at room temperature. All PBI membranes were sulfonated with 2.5 wt% sulfuric acid solution for 2 hours and thermal treated at 450 °C for 30 seconds.
• the separation factor for feeds with 80 and 90 wt% of acetic acid are assigned an arbitrarily value of greater than 10,000 as the permeate contains less than 0.05 wt% of acetic acid. From the results, the separation factor generally increases with the increase in acetic acid concentration in the feed up to 90 wt% of acetic acid and then decreases slightly. On the other hand, the flux generally decreases for feed containing between 50 and 95 wt% of acetic acid.

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