WO2013145364A1 - 空調制御システム、および、空調制御方法 - Google Patents
空調制御システム、および、空調制御方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2013145364A1 WO2013145364A1 PCT/JP2012/071859 JP2012071859W WO2013145364A1 WO 2013145364 A1 WO2013145364 A1 WO 2013145364A1 JP 2012071859 W JP2012071859 W JP 2012071859W WO 2013145364 A1 WO2013145364 A1 WO 2013145364A1
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- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- air conditioning
- conditioning control
- site
- air conditioner
- temperature
- Prior art date
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Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
- F24F11/00—Control or safety arrangements
- F24F11/30—Control or safety arrangements for purposes related to the operation of the system, e.g. for safety or monitoring
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
- F24F11/00—Control or safety arrangements
- F24F11/30—Control or safety arrangements for purposes related to the operation of the system, e.g. for safety or monitoring
- F24F11/46—Improving electric energy efficiency or saving
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
- G05B—CONTROL OR REGULATING SYSTEMS IN GENERAL; FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF SUCH SYSTEMS; MONITORING OR TESTING ARRANGEMENTS FOR SUCH SYSTEMS OR ELEMENTS
- G05B15/00—Systems controlled by a computer
- G05B15/02—Systems controlled by a computer electric
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for AC mains or AC distribution networks
- H02J3/12—Circuit arrangements for AC mains or AC distribution networks for adjusting voltage in AC networks by changing a characteristic of the network load
- H02J3/14—Circuit arrangements for AC mains or AC distribution networks for adjusting voltage in AC networks by changing a characteristic of the network load by switching loads on to, or off from, network, e.g. progressively balanced loading
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
- F24F11/00—Control or safety arrangements
- F24F11/50—Control or safety arrangements characterised by user interfaces or communication
- F24F11/52—Indication arrangements, e.g. displays
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
- F24F2110/00—Control inputs relating to air properties
- F24F2110/10—Temperature
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
- F24F2110/00—Control inputs relating to air properties
- F24F2110/20—Humidity
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J2310/00—The network for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by its spatial reach or by the load
- H02J2310/10—The network having a local or delimited stationary reach
- H02J2310/12—The local stationary network supplying a household or a building
- H02J2310/14—The load or loads being home appliances
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
- Y02B70/00—Technologies for an efficient end-user side electric power management and consumption
- Y02B70/30—Systems integrating technologies related to power network operation and communication or information technologies for improving the carbon footprint of the management of residential or tertiary loads, i.e. smart grids as climate change mitigation technology in the buildings sector, including also the last stages of power distribution and the control, monitoring or operating management systems at local level
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
- Y02B70/00—Technologies for an efficient end-user side electric power management and consumption
- Y02B70/30—Systems integrating technologies related to power network operation and communication or information technologies for improving the carbon footprint of the management of residential or tertiary loads, i.e. smart grids as climate change mitigation technology in the buildings sector, including also the last stages of power distribution and the control, monitoring or operating management systems at local level
- Y02B70/3225—Demand response systems, e.g. load shedding, peak shaving
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y04—INFORMATION OR COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES HAVING AN IMPACT ON OTHER TECHNOLOGY AREAS
- Y04S—SYSTEMS INTEGRATING TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO POWER NETWORK OPERATION, COMMUNICATION OR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMPROVING THE ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION, TRANSMISSION, DISTRIBUTION, MANAGEMENT OR USAGE, i.e. SMART GRIDS
- Y04S20/00—Management or operation of end-user stationary applications or the last stages of power distribution; Controlling, monitoring or operating thereof
- Y04S20/20—End-user application control systems
- Y04S20/222—Demand response systems, e.g. load shedding, peak shaving
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y04—INFORMATION OR COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES HAVING AN IMPACT ON OTHER TECHNOLOGY AREAS
- Y04S—SYSTEMS INTEGRATING TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO POWER NETWORK OPERATION, COMMUNICATION OR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMPROVING THE ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION, TRANSMISSION, DISTRIBUTION, MANAGEMENT OR USAGE, i.e. SMART GRIDS
- Y04S20/00—Management or operation of end-user stationary applications or the last stages of power distribution; Controlling, monitoring or operating thereof
- Y04S20/20—End-user application control systems
- Y04S20/242—Home appliances
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y04—INFORMATION OR COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES HAVING AN IMPACT ON OTHER TECHNOLOGY AREAS
- Y04S—SYSTEMS INTEGRATING TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO POWER NETWORK OPERATION, COMMUNICATION OR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMPROVING THE ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION, TRANSMISSION, DISTRIBUTION, MANAGEMENT OR USAGE, i.e. SMART GRIDS
- Y04S20/00—Management or operation of end-user stationary applications or the last stages of power distribution; Controlling, monitoring or operating thereof
- Y04S20/20—End-user application control systems
- Y04S20/242—Home appliances
- Y04S20/244—Home appliances the home appliances being or involving heating ventilating and air conditioning [HVAC] units
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an air conditioning control system and an air conditioning control method, and is particularly suitable for supporting, at a high voltage receiving electricity supplier and consumer, a balance between a reduction in electricity charges by automatic control of an air conditioner and a comfortable indoor environment.
- the present invention relates to an air conditioning control system and an air conditioning control method.
- Non-Patent Document 1 Non-Patent Document 1, Non-Patent Document 1
- Patent Document 2 Therefore, in order to save the electricity rate, it is important to reduce the demand value (maximum required power).
- This demand controller is a device that monitors the power consumption of the demand / supply person that changes from moment to moment, and controls the load facility to prevent it from exceeding a certain value when it is predicted that the set demand value is exceeded. .
- Patent Document 1 discloses a system for automatically changing a setting value of a demand controller.
- Non-Patent Document 3 and Non-Patent Document 4 introduce an air conditioning controller capable of performing demand control.
- the demand controller for the air conditioner according to the prior art disclosed in Non-Patent Documents 3 and 4 has an excess demand prevention function as follows in order to suppress the demand value.
- (1) Energy saving mode of air conditioners For each air conditioner, set the device operation output by each time zone and the automatic off time.
- (2) Peak power cut function When the power value set in advance is expected to be exceeded or exceeded, the operation of the air conditioner is limited (stopping, weakening the degree of cooling / heating, etc.).
- the demand controller for the air conditioner has the following problems. (1) Since setting changes are made for each air conditioner, frequent setting changes can not be made. (2) Stopping the air conditioning causes a rapid rise / fall of the indoor temperature, which may lead to a deterioration in the working environment, an influence on stored materials, and the like.
- the present invention has been made to solve the above-mentioned problems, and an object thereof is to support both the reduction of the electricity charge by the automatic control of the air conditioner and the comfortable indoor environment especially by the high voltage receiving electricity supplier and demander. To provide an air conditioning control system.
- a power measurement monitor for measuring the power consumption of the electric equipment installed at each site
- a temperature and humidity sensor for measuring the temperature and humidity in the area constituting each site
- each site Connected to the air conditioner installed in the area that configures the unit, and the air conditioner or the outdoor unit of the air conditioner, which controls the air conditioner or the outdoor unit, and installed from the power measurement monitor and the temperature and humidity sensor
- a site terminal and measurement data in the area constituting the site are received, connected to an air conditioning control device, and a base terminal that transmits an air conditioning control command, connected to the base terminal by a network, management information of each site, air conditioning control And a server for holding information.
- the air conditioning control information includes the target power value of demand control at each site and the lower limit temperature and the upper limit temperature in the area configuring each site, and the base terminal receives the air conditioning control information from the server, and receives the air conditioning Based on the control information, when the power consumption value at the site exceeds the target power value for demand control, a control command to turn off the air conditioner is sent to the air conditioning control device, and the temperature measured in the area However, when the air conditioner is in the cooling operation, a control command to turn on the air conditioner is transmitted when the air conditioner is in the heating operation, and is lower than the lower limit temperature when the air conditioner is in the heating operation.
- the air conditioning control information includes the target temperature, and when the power consumption value at the site exceeds the target power value of the demand control, the temperature of the area terminal measured by the area is the cooling operation of the air conditioner.
- the base terminal When the air conditioner is in the heating operation, when the air conditioner is between the lower temperature limit and the target temperature, the base terminal operates the air conditioner in the area with respect to the air conditioning control device.
- the control command for partially suppressing is transmitted, and the temperature measured in the area is between the lower limit temperature and the target temperature when the air conditioner is in the cooling operation, and when the air conditioner is in the heating operation, the target temperature and the upper limit When it is between temperatures, the base terminal transmits, to the air conditioning control device, a control command to partially suppress the air conditioner operation in the area.
- the air conditioning control information includes information on date and time, and when the information on date and time falls, and the power consumption value at the site exceeds the target power value of demand control, the base terminal A control command to turn off the air conditioner is transmitted to the air conditioning control device.
- the air conditioning control information includes the types of cooling and heating of the air conditioner operation.
- the air conditioning control information includes a control order related to the operation of the air conditioner at the site, and the base terminal instructs the air conditioning control device to turn off the air conditioner in order from the air conditioner with the higher control order.
- an air conditioning control system that supports the coexistence of a comfortable indoor environment and the reduction of the electricity rate by the automatic control of the air conditioner, particularly by the high-voltage power receiving electricity supplier.
- FIGS. 1 to 21B An embodiment according to the present invention will be described using FIGS. 1 to 21B.
- FIG. 1 is a system configuration diagram of an air conditioning control system according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing the configuration of a base terminal according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is a block diagram showing the configuration of a server according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- the power monitoring in the air conditioning control system according to the present embodiment is managed in units of sites, and an area is defined as a subdivision thereof. This specific example will be described in detail later.
- the air conditioning control system includes a base terminal 100 (master unit), a power measurement monitor 10, a temperature and humidity sensor 50 (child unit), a signal conversion device 80, an air conditioning control device 90, It comprises a display terminal 400, a pulse detector 70, a router 40, a client terminal 30, and a server 20.
- the base terminal 100 receives and stores power consumed for a certain time by the facility from the power measurement monitor 10, temperature and humidity from the temperature / humidity sensor 50 as measurement data, and stores it in the server 20 via the router 40 via the Internet. Upload data Also, measurement data at regular time intervals is transmitted to the display terminal 400. The interval for receiving measurement data from the power measurement monitor 10 and the temperature and humidity sensor 50 and the interval for measuring the amount of power are one minute in this embodiment. Moreover, the period which uploads measurement data to the server 20 is 12 hours in this embodiment. The detailed configuration and operation of the base terminal 100 will be described in detail later.
- the base terminal 100 receives an air conditioning control condition from the server, gives a command to the air conditioning control device 90 according to the electric energy at the base measured by the power measurement monitor and the temperature condition from the wet temperature sensor 50, Control 300
- the power measurement monitor 10 transmits measurement data obtained by measuring the amount of power to the base terminal 100 via the signal conversion device 80 every minute.
- the signal conversion device 80 is a device that converts a serial interface into a network interface.
- the power measurement monitor is connected to, for example, a pulse detector 70 installed in the power meter 60 to measure the amount of power.
- the temperature and humidity sensor 50 transmits the measured temperature and humidity at the installation site to the base terminal 100, which is a parent device, every minute.
- the display terminal 400 is, for example, a general-purpose tablet PC, and displays information on power consumption, humidity, and temperature at each site based on measurement data sent from the base terminal 100.
- the router 40 is a device that connects the base terminal 100 to a network.
- the base terminal 100 is connected to the Internet by the router 40, sends measurement data to the server 20, and receives management information and air conditioning control conditions from the server 20.
- the server 20 receives an input of the air conditioning control condition of each site from the client terminal 30, stores measurement data of the site, and holds it as management information of each site. In addition, the air conditioning control conditions of each site are transmitted to the base terminal 100.
- the client terminal 30 is a device for inputting the air conditioning control condition of each site, accessing the management information of the server 20, and viewing the status of each site, and, for example, a general-purpose personal computer (hereinafter It is called PC).
- PC general-purpose personal computer
- the air conditioning control devices 90 and 95 are devices for controlling the air conditioning device 300 in response to a command from the base terminal 100. There are two types of air conditioning control devices of this embodiment, and there are an air conditioning control device 90 of a type directly connected to the air conditioning device 300 and an air conditioning control device 95 of a type connected to the outdoor unit 305.
- the air conditioning control device 90 is connected to the air conditioning device 300, receives an instruction from the base terminal 100, and controls the air conditioning device 300.
- the air conditioning control device 95 is connected to the outdoor unit 305, receives an instruction from the base terminal 100, and controls the air conditioning device 300 by operating the air conditioning function of the outdoor unit 305.
- the base terminal 100 includes an MPU 110, a RAM 120, a ROM 130, a network IF 140, a USB IF 150, a card slot 160, a wireless IF 170, and an antenna 180.
- An MPU (Micro Processor Unit) 110 is a control unit, executes a program, performs various calculations, and issues an input / output command to each unit.
- a RAM (Random Access Memory) 120 is a main storage device made of a semiconductor, and holds programs executed by the MPU 110 and work data for calculation.
- a ROM (Read Only Memory) 130 is a memory that holds a program to be executed.
- the power / temperature and humidity management program and the air conditioning control program are written in the ROM 130 at the time of manufacture of the apparatus. Details of the power / temperature and humidity management program and the functions of the air conditioning control program will be described later.
- the power / temperature and humidity management program and the air conditioning control program may be periodically rewritten from the server 20 and updated to the latest one.
- the network IF 140 is an interface for a wired network, and is connected to the router 40 by Ethernet (registered trademark), for example.
- the base terminal 100 transmits measurement data from each site to the client terminal 30 via the network IF 140, and collectively transmits the measurement data to the server 20. Also, the management information of the site and the air conditioning control condition are received from the server 20 via the network IF 140.
- the USB IF 150 is an interface for connecting a USB (Universal Serial Bus) device.
- the USB is a general-purpose serial interface, and is used for maintenance such as writing the address of the server 20 in the base terminal 100 of the present embodiment, for example.
- the card slot 160 is a slot for inserting an SD / MicroSD memory card.
- the SD / Micro SD memory card is a standardized memory card using a flash memory as a storage medium.
- the base terminal 100 uses the SD / MicroSD memory card inserted into the card slot 160 as an auxiliary storage, and measurement data from each site and necessary tables are held in the SD / MicroSD memory card. .
- the wireless IF 170 is an interface for transmitting and receiving radio waves from the antenna 180 and performing wireless communication.
- wireless communication for example, communication based on standards such as IEEE 802.11b of frequency band 2.4 GHz, Bluetooth (registered trademark) can be used.
- the base terminal 100 of the present embodiment collects measurement data from the slaves installed at each site via the wireless IF 170, and transmits measurement data and necessary information to the display terminal 400.
- the server 20 is realized by a general computer, and a central processing unit (CPU) 201, a main storage unit 202, a network IF 203, a graphic IF 204, an input / output IF 205, an auxiliary storage unit IF 206, a bus It is in a combined form.
- CPU central processing unit
- the CPU 201 controls each part of the server 20 to load and execute necessary programs of the main storage device 202.
- the main storage device 202 is usually configured by volatile memory such as RAM, and stores programs executed by the CPU 201 and data to be referred to.
- the network IF 203 is an interface for connecting to the external Internet.
- the graphic IF 204 is an interface for connecting a display device 220 such as an LCD (Liquid Crystal Display).
- a display device 220 such as an LCD (Liquid Crystal Display).
- the input / output IF 205 is an interface for connecting input / output devices.
- the auxiliary storage device IF 206 is an interface for connecting an auxiliary storage device such as an HDD (Hard Disk Drive) 241 or a DVD drive (Digital Versatile Disk) 242.
- an HDD Hard Disk Drive
- DVD drive Digital Versatile Disk
- the HDD 241 has a large capacity storage capacity, and stores a program for executing the present embodiment.
- the server 20 configures RAID in response to requests for data security and always-on operation. Also, although not shown, it is also possible to connect a dedicated mass storage device.
- An air conditioning control condition setting program 261 and a site management program 262 are stored in the HDD 241 of the present embodiment.
- the DVD drive 242 is a device for writing data to an optical disc such as a DVD or a CD or reading data from the optical disc, and can install a program provided by a CD-ROM on the server 20, for example.
- the server 20 of the present embodiment installs the necessary programs in the computer as described above to execute each function.
- FIG. 4 is a diagram showing a model of an air conditioning control system according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- the model of the air conditioning control system is called the A department store Shinjuku store (hereinafter referred to as "A department store Shinjuku store site", etc.) and the 1F section and 1F office. Area (hereinafter referred to as "1F section area” etc., etc., etc. are included),
- a department store Shibuya shop site includes 2F section area, 5F office area,
- a department store headquarters site includes management section area Assume a model that
- a temperature and humidity sensor a50, an air conditioner a300, an air conditioner b300, an air conditioner c300, an air conditioning control device a90, an air conditioning control device b90, and an air conditioning control device c90 are included in the 1F section area of the A department store Shinjuku store site.
- the temperature and humidity sensor b50, the air conditioner d300, the air conditioning control device d90, and the client terminal a30 are included in the 1F office area of the A department store Shinjuku store site.
- a base terminal a100 and a power measurement monitor a10 are installed in the A department store Shinjuku store site. And, it is connected to the base terminal a 100 via the signal conversion device a 80 in the 1F floor area. Further, the base terminal a100 is connected to the network via the router a40, and can communicate with the server 20 in the management area 20 of the A department store head office site.
- the temperature / humidity sensor a 50 located in the 1F section area of the A department store Shinjuku store site transmits data of the measured temperature and humidity to the base terminal 100 by wireless.
- the power measurement monitor 10 measures the power and transmits the power to the base terminal 100 via the signal conversion device 80.
- the base terminal 100 transmits the transmitted measurement data of temperature and humidity and the measurement data of power with the server 20 of the management area 20 of the A department store head office site, and based on the air conditioning control condition sent from the server 20,
- the air conditioning control device a90, the air conditioning control device b90, the air conditioning control device c90 in the 1F section area, and the air conditioning control device d90 in the 1F office area are controlled.
- a unit at which the base terminal 100 controls the air conditioning control device is one area unit.
- air conditioning control conditions are input and transmitted to the server 20 in the management section area 20 of the A department store headquarters site via the router 40, It receives site management information from the server 20 and displays it.
- a router 40 is installed at the A department store head office site, and a client terminal b30 and a server 20 are installed in the management unit area.
- the server 20 receives the air conditioning control condition input from the client terminal 30 in each area via the router c 40 and transmits it to each base terminal 100. Also, upon receiving a request for display of management information of a site from the client terminal 30 of each area, the management information is transmitted via the router c40.
- the function of the client terminal b30 is similar to the function of the client terminal a30.
- the temperature and humidity sensor c50, the outdoor unit a305, the air conditioner e315, the air conditioner f315, the air conditioner g315, and the air conditioning control device e95 are included in the 2F section area of the A department store Shibuya shop site.
- the 5F office area of the A department store Shibuya store site includes a temperature and humidity sensor d50, an outdoor unit b, an air conditioner h300, and an air conditioning control device f95.
- a base terminal b100 and a power measurement monitor b10 are installed in the A department store Shibuya shop site. And, it is connected to the base terminal a 100 via the signal conversion device b 80 in the 2F floor area.
- the base terminal b100 is connected to the network via the router b40 and can communicate with the server 20 in the management area 20 of the A department store head office site.
- the functions of the devices of the A department store Shibuya store site are almost the same as those of the A department store Shinjuku store site, but the air conditioner control device e95 controls the outdoor unit a305 to obtain an air conditioner e315, an air conditioner f315, an air conditioner
- the indirect control of the function of the air conditioner h315 is different from the indirect control of the function of the machine g315 and the control of the outdoor unit b305 by the air conditioning control device f95.
- each area is one control unit of air conditioning in both A department store Shinjuku shop site and A department store Shibuya shop site.
- the A department store Shinjuku store site can individually control the individual air conditioners a300, b300, and c300 in one area individually
- the air conditioning control device e95 can be controlled at the A department store Shibuya store site. Since the outdoor unit a305 is controlled, the individual air conditioners e315, air conditioners f315, and air conditioners g315 are different in that they can not be controlled individually.
- FIG. 5 is a diagram showing a site demand management table.
- FIG. 6 is a diagram showing a site configuration table.
- FIG. 7 is a diagram showing an air conditioning control setting table.
- FIG. 8 is a diagram showing a temperature control setting table.
- FIG. 9 is a diagram showing a base terminal management table.
- FIG. 10 is a diagram showing an air conditioning control condition table.
- FIG. 11 is a diagram showing a temperature control condition table.
- FIG. 12 is a diagram showing an air conditioning control device configuration table.
- FIG. 13 is a diagram showing an air conditioning control state management table.
- FIG. 14 is a diagram showing an air conditioning operation history table.
- the site demand management table, the site configuration table, the air conditioning control setting table, the temperature control setting table, and the base terminal management table shown in FIGS. 5 to 9 are tables held in the server 20.
- the air conditioning control condition table, the temperature control condition table, the air conditioning control device configuration table, the air conditioning control state management table, and the air conditioning operation history table are tables held in the base terminal 100.
- the site demand management table is a table for holding a target demand value at each site, and as shown in FIG. 5, includes fields of “site” and “demand value”.
- the target demand value is the maximum demand power (average power for 30 minutes) targeted by the power recipient as a management standard.
- the site configuration table is a table showing the configuration of each site, and as shown in FIG. 6, includes fields of “site”, “area”, “air conditioning control device”, and “greenhouse degree sensor”. For example, in this example, it is indicated that there are air conditioning control devices a, b and c, and a greenhouse degree sensor a in the 1F section area of the A department store Shinjuku store site.
- the air conditioning control setting table is a table for storing control conditions of power set by the user, and as shown in FIG. 7, “site”, “period”, “time”, “automatic OFF”, “non-operating day” , "Control setting name”, "control order”, and "operation point value” fields.
- Site indicates a site to which this setting is applied.
- the “control setting name” is a name input by the user in order to uniquely distinguish the setting of this record (described later).
- Period and “time” indicate the period and time for operating the air conditioner.
- Auto off is a flag indicating whether to turn off the air conditioning automatically when the time is over for the specified period, and when "valid", the time for the specified period is over When the air conditioning is automatically turned off, and “ineffective”, it indicates that the air conditioning is not automatically turned off when the specified period of time is over.
- the “non-operation day” indicates, on a day of the week, a day when the air conditioning is not operated even if it is a designated period or time.
- control order indicates the priority order of performing the demand control operation of the air conditioning control device, and the demand control operation is performed from the air conditioning control device having the higher priority order.
- the “operation point value” is a value indicating what percentage of the demand value shown in FIG. 5 the demand control operation is to be performed.
- the setting of the control setting name “Shinjuku store summer season” relates to the A department store Shinjuku store site, and the time from 9:45 to 20:00 during the period from June 10 to September 14 And turn off the automatic off, "non-operating day” is Wednesday, and the air conditioning control equipment is in the order of d, c, b, a, and the demand control operation is performed to 90% of the demand value. It indicates that the demand control operation is started when it becomes.
- the temperature control setting table is a table storing control conditions of the temperature set by the user, and as shown in FIG. 8, “site”, “area”, “operation selection”, “lower limit temperature”, “target temperature And “upper limit temperature” fields.
- “Site” and “Area” indicate the site and area to which this setting applies.
- the “operation selection” indicates whether the air conditioner is to be in the cooling operation or the heating operation.
- “Lower limit temperature” and “upper limit temperature” are the lower limit temperature and upper limit temperature which become the reference of whether to turn ON or OFF when air conditioning operation is performed, and “target temperature” is closer to this temperature
- the target temperature to be The relationship between the “lower limit temperature”, the “upper limit temperature”, and the “target temperature” and the air conditioning control will be described in detail later.
- the base terminal management table is a table for storing the IP address of the base terminal 100 at each site, and as shown in FIG. 9, each field of "site", "base terminal” and “IP address cold” It consists of In this example, the IP address of the base terminal of the A department store Shinjuku store is 172.16.0.1.
- the air conditioning control condition table is a table for storing the air conditioning control conditions sent from the server 20, and as shown in FIG. 10, each of “power threshold”, “time”, and “automatic OFF”. It consists of fields. Note that, in this example, the air conditioning control condition is transmitted from the server 20 to the base terminal 100 the day before once a day.
- Power threshold indicates a value for performing demand control operation of the air conditioning control device when the power consumption at the site exceeds this value.
- Time is the air conditioning operation time
- Auto OFF is a flag indicating whether or not to automatically turn off the air conditioning when the time is over for a designated period
- control priority is the air conditioning The priority of performing the demand control operation of the control device is shown.
- the temperature control condition table is a table for storing, among the air conditioning control conditions sent from the server 20, a value related to the temperature, and as shown in FIG. 11, “area”, “operation selection” , “Lower limit temperature”, “target temperature”, and “upper limit temperature”. "Area” indicates an area to which this setting is applied. The meanings of “operation selection”, “lower limit temperature”, “target temperature”, and “upper limit temperature” are the same as in FIG. Note that, in this example, the air conditioning control condition is transmitted from the server 20 to the base terminal 100 the day before once a day.
- the air conditioning control device configuration table is a table showing the configuration of the air conditioning control device 300 in the area, and as shown in FIG. 12, includes fields of “area” and “air conditioning control device”.
- the air conditioning control devices a, b and c are installed in the 1F floor area.
- the air conditioning control state management table is a table showing the current state of air conditioning control, and as shown in FIG. 13, from the fields of "air conditioning control equipment”, "control order”, "operation state”, and "operation selection" Obviously.
- control order in the area of the air conditioning control device a is the fourth, which indicates that the operation is performed with cooling.
- the air conditioning operation history table is a table showing the history of the air conditioning operation so far, and as shown in FIG. 14, includes an “air conditioning control device”, an “operation period”, and a “operation selection” field.
- the air conditioning control device a performs the cooling operation from 11:00 to 14:00 on August 12, 2012.
- FIG. 15 is a diagram showing a program configuration on the server side.
- FIG. 16 is a diagram showing a program configuration on the base terminal side.
- the programs stored in the HDD 241 of the server 20 are, as shown in FIG. 15, an air conditioning control condition setting program and a site management program.
- the air conditioning control condition setting program has a control condition recording function and a control condition communication function.
- the control condition recording function is a function of receiving and recording the air conditioning control condition from the client terminal 30.
- the control condition communication function is a function of communicating the air conditioning control condition to the base terminal 100.
- the site management program has a site condition setting function, a site operation history recording function, and a site measurement data recording function.
- the site condition setting function is a function for setting the air conditioning control condition of each site in the client terminal 30.
- the site operation history recording function is a function to receive and record the air conditioning operation history from each site.
- the site measurement data recording function is a function to receive and record measurement data from each site.
- the programs stored in the ROM 130 of the base terminal 100 or the SD / Micro SD memory card include an electric power, a temperature and humidity management program, and an air conditioning control program as shown in FIG.
- the power and temperature and humidity management program has a power and temperature and humidity measurement data collection function, a measurement data storage function, and a measurement data communication function.
- the power / temperature / humidity measurement data collection function is a function of collecting measurement data of power from the power measurement monitor 10 and measurement data of temperature / humidity from the temperature / humidity sensor 50.
- the measurement data storage function is a function of recording the transmitted measurement data of power, temperature and humidity on the SD / Micro SD card.
- the measurement data communication function is a function of transmitting measurement data to the server 20.
- the air conditioning control program has a demand power management function, a temperature management function, an air conditioning control device instruction function, and an air conditioning control device state management function.
- the demand power management function is a function to suppress the operation of the air conditioner when the power consumption increases to the set rate of the demand value.
- the temperature management function is a function of controlling the operation of the air conditioner such that the temperature becomes a set temperature.
- the air conditioning control device command function is a function that gives a command to the air conditioning control device.
- the air conditioning control device state management function is a function that holds the operation history of the air conditioner and transmits the operation history to the server 20.
- FIG. 17 is a timing chart showing information exchanged with processing of each part of the air conditioning control system according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 18 is a data flow diagram showing in detail an air conditioning control system according to an embodiment of the present invention, in particular, a portion related to air conditioning control.
- the power measurement monitor 10 shown in FIG. 1 transmits measurement data on power to the base terminal 100 (A01).
- the temperature and humidity sensor 50 wirelessly transmits measurement data regarding temperature and humidity to the base terminal 100 (A02).
- the base terminal 100 stores the measurement data received from the power measurement monitor 10 and the temperature and humidity sensor 50 in the SD / Micro SD card (S01).
- the base terminal 100 periodically transmits measurement data via the network (A03).
- the server 20 records the measurement data transmitted from the base terminal 100 (S08).
- the user inputs an air conditioning control condition from the client terminal 30 (S09).
- the input air conditioning control conditions are transmitted from the client terminal 30 to the server 20 (A10).
- the server 20 stores the transmitted air conditioning control conditions in the air conditioning control setting table shown in FIG. 7 and the temperature control setting table shown in FIG. 8 (S06).
- the air conditioning control conditions necessary such as obtaining the power threshold value are calculated by multiplying the demand value of the site demand management table shown in FIG. 5 and the operation time point value of the air conditioning control setting table shown in FIG. (S07).
- the server 20 transmits the received and calculated air conditioning control condition to the base terminal 100 (A04). This transmission is transmitted the day before the target day, and the frequency is once a day.
- the base terminal 100 stores the transmitted air conditioning control conditions in the air conditioning control condition table shown in FIG. 10 and the temperature control condition table shown in FIG. 11 (S02).
- the base terminal 100 determines the air conditioning control based on the values stored in the air conditioning control condition table and the temperature control condition table (S03). The specific determination method will be described in detail later.
- the base terminal 100 refers to the air conditioning control state management table of FIG. 13 and, based on the determination result of S03, when it becomes necessary to issue a control command such as a state change, the air conditioning control device 90 is sent. , Issue a control command (A05).
- the air conditioning controller 90 issues a control command to the air conditioner 300 (A06), and based on that, the air conditioner 300 performs the air conditioning operation (S04).
- the air conditioner 300 reports the status of “normal”, “abnormal” or the like to the air conditioning control device 90 (A07), and based on that, the air conditioning control device 90 reports the status to the base terminal 100 (A08) .
- the base terminal 100 stores the operating state in the air conditioning operation history table shown in FIG. 14 based on the state report of the air conditioning control device 90 (S05).
- the history of the air conditioning operation is periodically transmitted from the base terminal 100 to the server 20, for example, once a day (A09).
- the server 30 transmits the site management information to the client terminal 30 (A12), and the client terminal 30 displays it (S10) .
- the site management information includes power consumption at the site, history of temperature and humidity, air conditioning control conditions currently set at the site, history of air conditioning operation, site configuration information, and the like.
- FIGS. 19A and 19B the details of the air conditioning control determination process in the base terminal will be described using FIGS. 19A and 19B.
- FIG. 19A is a diagram showing an air conditioning control determination process in the base terminal at the time of the cooling operation.
- FIG. 19B is a diagram showing an air conditioning control determination process in the base terminal during heating operation.
- the base terminal 100 gives a control command to the air conditioning control device 90 so as to operate only a part or intermittently operate the air conditioner.
- the control order of the air conditioner is specified, the air conditioner is turned off from the one with the high control order when turning it off, conversely, the one with the high control order or the off control when turning it on Turn on the air conditioner from the air conditioner for a long period of time.
- the base terminal 100 When the upper limit temperature ⁇ the room temperature, even if the demand target is exceeded, the base terminal 100 gives a control command to the air conditioning control device 90 so as to turn on the cooling in consideration of the environment at the air conditioning installation location. .
- Power Consumption ⁇ Power Threshold Power Consumption ⁇ Demand Value ⁇ Demand Target Value / 100
- room temperature ⁇ lower limit temperature cooling is unnecessary. At this time, the base terminal 100 instructs the air conditioning control device 90 to turn off the cooling.
- the base terminal 100 gives a control command to the air conditioning control device 90 so as to operate only a part or operate the air conditioner intermittently.
- the air conditioner is turned off from the one with the high control order when turning it off, conversely, the one with the high control order or the off control when turning it on Turn on the air conditioner from the air conditioner for a long period of time.
- the base terminal 100 instructs the air conditioning control device 90 to increase the number of operating air conditioners to reach the target temperature.
- the control of temperature and the case of cooling are dual.
- the lower limit temperature is 14 ° C.
- the target temperature is 22 ° C.
- the upper limit temperature is 24 ° C.
- power consumption> power threshold power consumption> demand value ⁇ demand target value / 100
- room temperature ⁇ lower limit temperature even if the demand target is exceeded, consider the environment at the air conditioning installation location
- the base terminal 100 gives a control command to the air conditioning control device 90 so as to turn on heating.
- control is performed to reduce the number of operating air conditioners as much as possible until the lower limit temperature is reached. That is, when there are a plurality of air conditioners in the area, the base terminal 100 gives a control command to the air conditioning control device 90 so as to operate only a part or intermittently operate the air conditioner.
- the control order of the air conditioner is specified, the air conditioner is turned off from the one with the high control order when turning it off, conversely, the one with the high control order or the off control when turning it on Turn on the air conditioner from the air conditioner for a long period of time.
- the base terminal 100 gives a control command to the air conditioning control device 90 so as to turn off the heating.
- power consumption ⁇ power threshold power consumption ⁇ demand value ⁇ demand target value / 100
- the room temperature ⁇ target temperature the base terminal 100 is in the air conditioning control device 90 since it is within the demand target.
- a control command is given to increase the number of operating air conditioners until the target temperature is reached.
- target temperature ⁇ room temperature ⁇ upper limit temperature control is performed to reduce the number of air conditioning control units as much as possible until the upper limit temperature is sold.
- the base terminal 100 gives a control command to the air conditioning control device 90 so as to operate only a part or operate the air conditioner intermittently.
- the air conditioner is turned off from the one with the high control order when turning it off, conversely, the one with the high control order or the off control when turning it on Turn on the air conditioner from the air conditioner for a long period of time.
- the base terminal 100 gives a control command to the air conditioning control device 90 so as to turn off the heating.
- FIG. 20 is a diagram showing an air conditioning control setting screen.
- FIG. 21A is a diagram showing an air conditioning control detail setting screen displayed at the time of addition.
- FIG. 21B is a diagram showing an air conditioning control detail setting screen displayed at the time of update / deletion.
- the air conditioning control setting screen 400 and the air conditioning control detail setting screens 500a and 500b are displayed by the user operating the client terminal 30, and the necessary values are input.
- the user inputs or selects a site in the site input field 401.
- setting list 410 a list of air conditioning control settings created in advance for demand control is displayed.
- the delete button 403 is clicked.
- the air conditioning control of the setting list 410 is selected, the displayed value of the air conditioning control setting input column 420 is changed, and the update button 405 is clicked.
- the clear button 406 may be clicked.
- the control detail setting 426 is a field for setting the control order of the air conditioning in the site and the operation time point for demand control. In order to add a new control detail setting, an add button 428 is clicked.
- the air conditioning control detail setting screen 500a shown in FIG. 21A is displayed. Then, the control detailed setting name is input to the control detailed setting name 503, for example, "1F department summer".
- control order column 510 Since a list of air conditioners in the site is displayed in the control order column 510, select the target air conditioner and click the change order button 511 to change the control order of the selected air conditioner. .
- the higher the priority is, the higher the demand control, and the air conditioning operation is preferentially restricted.
- the addition button 504 is clicked, and when canceling the input value, the cancel button 505 is clicked.
- control detail setting is selected from the control detail setting combo box 427, and the update / delete button 429 is clicked.
- an air conditioning control detail setting screen 500b shown in FIG. 21B is displayed. Since the control detailed setting already input is displayed in the control detailed setting field 502, when it is desired to change the control detailed setting name, a new name is inputted to the control detailed setting name 503.
- control order and operation point setting are updated, and the update button 506 is clicked.
- the delete button 507 is clicked to delete the selected control detail setting, and the cancel button 508 is clicked to cancel the input value.
- a temperature setting input field 430 is used to set the temperature for each area.
- the user inputs the name of the control area and inputs whether the operation selection is cooling or heating, the lower limit temperature, the target temperature, and the upper limit temperature.
- the operation selection is cooling
- the lower limit temperature is set to 20 ° C.
- the target temperature is set to 25 ° C.
- the upper limit temperature is set to 30 ° C. for the 1F shop area.
- DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 10 Power measurement monitor, 50 ... Temperature / humidity sensor, 20 ... Server, 30 ... Client terminal, 40 ... Router, 80 ... Signal converter, 90, 95 ... Air-conditioning control apparatus, 100 ... Base terminal (master machine), 200 ... Display terminal, 300, 315 ... air conditioner, 305 ... outdoor unit, DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 110 ... MPU, 120 ... RAM, 130 ... ROM, 140 ... Network IF, 150 ... USB IF, 160 ... Card slot, 170 ... Wireless IF, 180 ...
- Antenna 201: CPU (Central Processing Unit), 202: main storage device, 203: network IF, 204: graphic IF, 205: input / output IF, 206: auxiliary storage device IF, 220: display device, 241: HDD, 242: DVD Drive (Digital Versatile Disk).
- CPU Central Processing Unit
- 202 main storage device
- 203 network IF
- 204 graphic IF
- 205 input / output IF
- 206 auxiliary storage device IF
- 220 display device
- 242 DVD Drive (Digital Versatile Disk).
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Automation & Control Theory (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Air Conditioning Control Device (AREA)
- Remote Monitoring And Control Of Power-Distribution Networks (AREA)
- Supply And Distribution Of Alternating Current (AREA)
Priority Applications (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201280070519.6A CN104137374B (zh) | 2012-03-30 | 2012-08-29 | 空调控制系统和空调控制方法 |
| US14/380,302 US9651272B2 (en) | 2012-03-30 | 2012-08-29 | Air-conditioning control system and air-conditioning control method |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2012-080623 | 2012-03-30 | ||
| JP2012080623A JP5930803B2 (ja) | 2012-03-30 | 2012-03-30 | 空調制御システム、および、空調制御方法 |
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|---|---|
| WO2013145364A1 true WO2013145364A1 (ja) | 2013-10-03 |
Family
ID=49258710
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| PCT/JP2012/071859 Ceased WO2013145364A1 (ja) | 2012-03-30 | 2012-08-29 | 空調制御システム、および、空調制御方法 |
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| US (1) | US9651272B2 (enExample) |
| JP (1) | JP5930803B2 (enExample) |
| CN (1) | CN104137374B (enExample) |
| WO (1) | WO2013145364A1 (enExample) |
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| CN104204997A (zh) * | 2012-03-30 | 2014-12-10 | 富士通株式会社 | 信息处理装置、控制方法以及程序 |
| US10533762B2 (en) * | 2013-08-18 | 2020-01-14 | Sensibo Ltd. | Method and apparatus for controlling an HVAC system |
| JP5911464B2 (ja) * | 2013-11-13 | 2016-04-27 | 三菱電機エンジニアリング株式会社 | 空調機の電力抑制システム |
| JP6110288B2 (ja) * | 2013-11-29 | 2017-04-05 | ダイキン工業株式会社 | 空気調和システムおよび空調管理プログラム |
| JP2015201987A (ja) * | 2014-04-09 | 2015-11-12 | イオンディライト株式会社 | デマンド管理システム及びその方法 |
| JP6326281B2 (ja) * | 2014-05-07 | 2018-05-16 | 人吉アサノ電機株式会社 | デマンドコントロールユニット、電力デマンドの管理プログラム、電力デマンドの管理システムおよび電力デマンドの管理方法 |
| CN104406275B (zh) * | 2014-11-28 | 2018-03-20 | 广州市广湛新能源制冷科技有限公司 | 车载智能空调装置和方法以及机动车 |
| JP6550636B2 (ja) * | 2014-12-18 | 2019-07-31 | 三菱重工サーマルシステムズ株式会社 | データ収集装置、データ収集システム、制御方法及びプログラム |
| JP6368673B2 (ja) * | 2015-03-20 | 2018-08-01 | 中部電力株式会社 | デマンド制御方法及びデマンド制御装置 |
| US10941950B2 (en) * | 2016-03-03 | 2021-03-09 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba | Air conditioning control device, air conditioning control method and non-transitory computer readable medium |
| EP3494400B1 (en) * | 2016-08-05 | 2020-09-09 | Signify Holding B.V. | A building automation system |
| JP2018137946A (ja) * | 2017-02-23 | 2018-08-30 | 京セラ株式会社 | 電力管理方法、下位電力管理装置及び電力管理システム |
| JP6470345B2 (ja) * | 2017-05-08 | 2019-02-13 | 東京ガスエンジニアリングソリューションズ株式会社 | 熱源機制御装置、および熱源機システム |
| JP6464336B1 (ja) * | 2017-08-16 | 2019-02-06 | 若野 輝男 | 業務用インバータエアコンの個別電力可視化削減方法 |
| CN109798640A (zh) * | 2018-12-17 | 2019-05-24 | 珠海格力电器股份有限公司 | 基站空调监控装置和方法 |
| CN110045765A (zh) * | 2019-04-11 | 2019-07-23 | 骏马化纤股份有限公司 | 车间的温度控制系统 |
| CN111306691B (zh) * | 2019-09-26 | 2021-10-08 | 宁波奥克斯电气股份有限公司 | 一种电加热控制方法、电加热装置及空调器 |
| JP7380016B2 (ja) * | 2019-09-27 | 2023-11-15 | 株式会社デンソーウェーブ | 空調コントローラ |
| CN111142413A (zh) * | 2019-11-14 | 2020-05-12 | 优刻得科技股份有限公司 | 终端控制方法、装置、电子设备及系统 |
| WO2021107162A1 (ko) * | 2019-11-25 | 2021-06-03 | 전자부품연구원 | 에어컨 가동상태 모니터링 장치 |
| CN113108425B (zh) * | 2020-01-13 | 2022-06-17 | 中移物联网有限公司 | 一种空调控制方法及控制终端 |
| JP7085069B1 (ja) * | 2021-01-18 | 2022-06-15 | 株式会社Social Area Networks | デマンド制御システム |
| CN113467265A (zh) * | 2021-07-08 | 2021-10-01 | 仪征祥源动力供应有限公司 | 一种用电最大需量控制系统及用电最大需量控制方法 |
| JP7220265B1 (ja) | 2021-09-14 | 2023-02-09 | 株式会社トーエネック | デマンド制御装置およびデマンド制御方法 |
| CN118199025B (zh) * | 2024-02-05 | 2024-08-20 | 国网湖北省电力有限公司经济技术研究院 | 考虑开关频率约束的空调负荷集群聚合与调控方法及装置 |
| CN118499911B (zh) * | 2024-06-05 | 2025-02-11 | 未来之境(广州)科技有限公司 | 一种基于租区空调使用情况的公区空调控制方法及系统 |
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- 2012-08-29 US US14/380,302 patent/US9651272B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US20150039135A1 (en) | 2015-02-05 |
| CN104137374B (zh) | 2016-08-24 |
| CN104137374A (zh) | 2014-11-05 |
| US9651272B2 (en) | 2017-05-16 |
| JP5930803B2 (ja) | 2016-06-08 |
| JP2013210137A (ja) | 2013-10-10 |
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