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  • C07D487/10—Spiro-condensed systems

Definitions

• the present invention pertains generally to the field of therapeutic compounds.
• the present invention pertains to certain 3-aryl-5-substituted- 2H-isoquinolin-1-one compounds that, inter alia, inhibit PARP (e.g., PARP1 , TNKS1 , TNKS2, etc.) and/or Wnt signalling.
• PARP e.g., PARP1 , TNKS1 , TNKS2, etc.
• Wnt signalling e.g., Wnt signalling
• compositions comprising such compounds, and the use of such compounds and compositions, both in vitro and in vivo, to inhibit PARP (e.g., PARP1 , TNKS1 , TNKS2, etc.); to inhibit Wnt signalling; to treat disorders that are ameliorated by the inhibition of PARP (e.g., PARP1 , TNKS1 , TNKS2, etc.); to treat disorders that are ameliorated by the inhibition of Wnt signalling; to treat proliferative conditions such as cancer, etc.
• PARP e.g., PARP1 , TNKS1 , TNKS2, etc.
• Wnt signalling e.g., Wnt signalling
• Ranges are often expressed herein as from “about” one particular value, and/or to "about” another particular value. When such a range is expressed, another embodiment includes from the one particular value and/or to the other particular value. Similarly, when values are expressed as approximations, by the use of the antecedent "about,” it will be understood that the particular value forms another embodiment.
• This disclosure includes information that may be useful in understanding the present invention. It is not an admission that any of the information provided herein is prior art or relevant to the presently claimed invention, or that any publication specifically or implicitly referenced is prior art.
• Cancer is the second largest cause of death worldwide. Cancer accounts for 13% of global mortality with more than 70% of cancer deaths occurring in low and middle-income countries where the prevalence of cancer is expected to increase as mortality from other diseases decreases. In the UK alone, a disease such as breast cancer kills over 12,000 women each year.
• PARP poly ADP ribose polymerase
• PARP1 PARP2
• Tankyrase 1 also known as TNKS1 , PARP5a
• Tankyrase 2 also known as TNKS2, PARP5B
• PARP superfamily members use beta-NAD + as a substrate to generate ADP-ribose polymers on amino acid residues of protein acceptors.
• the result is a dramatic post-translational modification that can significantly alter the properties of the protein acceptor. See, e.g., Krishnakumar et al., 2010.
• PARP1 Although much of the focus has been on PARP1 , studies over the past decade have identified a family of as many as 17 proteins that share homology to the catalytic domain of PARP1. In addition to the PARP-like domain, the PARP family members are
• ARTs ADP-ribosyl transferases
• PARPs 1-5 which are bona fide PARPs containing a conserved glutamate (Glu 988 in PARP1) that defines the PARP catalytic activity
• PARPs 6-8, 10-12, and 14-16 which are confirmed or putative mARTs
• PARPs 9 and 13 which lack key NAD-binding residues and the catalytic glutamate, and are likely inactive. See, e.g., Krishnakumar et al., 2010.
• PARP family members localize to various cellular compartments, including the nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, and vault particles, although the subcellular localization and function of many of the PARPs are unknown.
• the known functions of the PARP family members span a wide range of cellular processes, including DNA repair, transcription, cellular signalling, cell-cycle regulation, and mitosis. This diverse array of processes plays key roles in a wide variety of biological outcomes, including differentiation, development, stress responses, inflammation, and cancer. See, e.g.,
• the primary nuclear PARPs are PARP1 , PARP2 (the closest paralog to PARP1), PARP3, and tankyrases 1 and 2.
• PARP1 is a very well studied protein and has a well-established role in DNA repair. See, e.g., Lord et al., 2008.
• Tankyrase 1 encompasses four distinct domains; the N terminal HPS domain (homopolymeric stretches of His, Pro and Ser); the ankyrin domain, containing 24 ANK repeats; a SAM (sterile alpha module) domain; and a C terminal PARP catalytic domain. See, e.g., Hsiao et al., 2008.
• the best characterised function of tankyrase 1 is in telomere maintenance.
• telomere The cellular machinery that normally replicates genomic DNA is unable to synthesise DNA at the telomere, the structure that caps the end of each chromosome. DNA synthesis at the telomere is instead carried out by telomerase.
• This enzyme complex consists of a RNA template and a DNA polymerase catalytic subunit.
• the activity of telomerase in most human somatic cells is relatively low and as such, attrition of the DNA at the telomere gradually occurs.
• This attrition of telomeric DNA is one of the factors that can lead to replicative senescence in somatic cells and this shortening of telomeres is often referred to as a "mitotic clock" that predetermines the replicative capacity of most cells.
• telomere maintenance is one of the factors that enables tumour cells to avoid senescence and perpetually replicate. See, e.g., Harley, 2008.
• telomere length is determined by a "protein counting" mechanism in which a series of telomere-bound proteins negatively regulate the access of telomerase to the telomere. For example, longer telomeres bind a larger number of DNA double strand- binding Telomeric Repeat Binding Factor (TRF1) proteins. Together with the TIN2-TPP1- POT1 protein complex, TRF1 blocks the access of telomerase to the 3' DNA overhang at the end of chromosomes, thus limiting further extension of the telomere.
• TRF1 DNA double strand- binding Telomeric Repeat Binding Factor
• Tankyrase 1 which promotes telomeric extension by poly(ADP-ribosyl)ating TRF1 , causing its release from the telomere and eventual proteasomal destruction. This release and degradation of TRF1 allows an enhanced level of telomerase access to the chromosome end and extension of the telomere. See, e.g., Harley, 2008.
• Tankyrase 1 is also required after DNA replication in the S/G 2 phase of the cell cycle to resolve sister chromatid cohesion before mitosis ensues. Depletion of tankyrase 1 in HeLa cells results in mitotic arrest. Persistent sister chromatid cohesion in tankyrase 1 depleted cells results in sister chromatid fusion. See, e.g., Hsiao et al., 2009. The mitotic defect in tankyrase-depleted cells may, in part, be determined by the tankyrase
• Tankyrase 1 in the control of oncogenic Wnt signalling, most likely via a mechanism that involves the stabilisation of the Wnt signalling component, Axin. See, e.g., Huang et al., 2009. In this latter work and subsequent work (see, e.g., James et al., 2012; Bao et al., 2012; Casas-Selves et al., 2012; Waaler et al., 2012; Riffell et al., 2012) a number of investigators have shown that toolbox, non-drug like small molecule inhibitors of tankyrase can inhibit oncogenic Wnt signalling and can inhibit tumour cells that are addicted to Wnt signalling.
• Wnt signalling is an intracellular protein signalling network that transduces signals from cell surface bound receptors to a series of gene transcription events.
• Wnt ligands bind to cell-surface receptors of the Frizzled family; Frizzled bound receptors activate Dishevelled family proteins.
• activated Dishevelled proteins inhibit the function of a complex of proteins including Axin 1 and 2, GSK-3, and the protein APC. This Axin/GSK-3/APC complex normally promotes the proteolytic degradation of the ⁇ -catenin intracellular signalling molecule.
• tankyrase inhibition could be used in order to modulate Wnt signalling, both in cancer, but also in other, non-cancer, pathologies where Wnt signalling is aberrant.
• telomere attrition caused by tankyrase 1 inhibition
• stalled replication forks caused by BRCA deficiency
• BRCAness a property termed BRCAness.
• tankyrase inhibitors having potential as cancer therapeutics
• a number of other studies suggest tankyrase inhibitors could be used in a number of other non-cancer related pathologies, the majority of which are driven by aberrant Wnt signalling, of which tankyrase activity is a rate limiting step (see, e.g., Riffell et al., 2012).
• tankyrase inhibition can stabilize Axin2 levels in immature oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OLPs) (see, e.g., Fancy et al., 201 1).
• OLPs immature oligodendrocyte progenitor cells
• tankyrase inhibition has been shown to accelerate OLP myelination after hypoxic and demyelinating injury (see, e.g., Fancy et al., 201 1).
• tankyrase inhibitors might serve as pharmacological agents that could aid remyelination in neuropathies such as multiple sclerosis, neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), and neonatal periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) (see, e.g., Fancy et al., 201 1).
• HIE neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy
• PVL neonatal periventricular leukomalacia
• tankyrase is essential for Herpes Simplex Virus replication (HSV). Efficient HSV-1 replication requires tankyrase PARP activity (see, e.g., Li et al., 201 1). Further support for this hypothesis comes from the observation that HSV did not replicate efficiently in cells depleted of tankyrase 1. Moreover, tankyrase and the tankyrase substrate TRF2 (telomeric repeat binding factor 2) control the degradation of Ebstein-Barr Virus (EBV) DNA (see, e.g., Deng et al., 2002), suggesting tankyrase inhibitors could have utility as antiviral agents.
• EBV Ebstein-Barr Virus
• tankyrase inhibition is known to modulate glucose uptake (see, e.g.,
• tankyrase inhibition is thought to modulate glucose uptake by altering the function and cellular localisation of the glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) and the aminopeptidase IRAP (insulin-responsive aminopeptidase).
• GLUT4 glucose transporter type 4
• aminopeptidase IRAP insulin-responsive aminopeptidase
• tankyrase inhibition is known to induce cardiomyocyte differentiation (see, e.g., Wang et al., 201 1), suggesting that small molecule tankyrase inhibitors could have some ability in the treatment of cardiac disorders, such as cardiac repair after cardiac infarction.
• tankyrase inhibition is know to minimise the pathological effects of lung fibrosis and tankyrase inhibitors can improve the survival of mice with bleomycin induced lung fibrosis (see, e.g., Distler et al., 2012) suggesting that small molecule tankyrase inhibitors could have some usefulness in the treatment of lung disorders and fibrotic disorders such as pulmonary fibrosis, cystic fibrosis, cirrhosis, endomyocardial fibrosis, mediastinal fibrosis, myelofibrosis, retroperitoneal fibrosis, progressive massive fibrosis, nephrogenic systemic fibrosis, Crohn's disease, keloid, scleroderma/systemic sclerosis and arthrofibrosis.
• lung disorders and fibrotic disorders such as pulmonary fibrosis, cystic fibrosis, cirrhosis, endomyocardial fibrosis, mediastinal fibrosis, myelofibrosis, retro
• Wnt signalling and its modulation are also involved in a number of other pathogenic conditions suggesting that small molecules tankyrase inhibitors could have utility in these other Wnt related diseases, including:
• Alzheimer's disease where the Wnt mediator B-catenin activity is aberrant (see, e.g., Caricasole et al., 2003; Moon et al., 2004; Mudher and Lovestone, 2002);
• Dupuytren skin disease where the Wnt mediator B-catenin activity is also aberrant (see, e.g., Varallo et al., 2003);
• Wnt mediators glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3b) and wingless-type MMTV integration site family member 1 (Wnt1) are aberrant (see, e.g., Kozlovsky et al., 2002; Miyaoka et al., 1999);
• LRP5 Wnt mediator low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5
• R-spondin 4 R-spondin 4
• SOST Wnt mediator sclerostin
• Wnt mediator wingless related MMTV integration site 10a (Wnt10a) activity is aberrant (see, e.g., Adaimy et al., 2007); and early onset obesity, where the Wnt mediator wingless related MMTV integration site 10b (Wnt10b) activity is aberrant (see, e.g., Christodoulides et al., 2006).
• Wnt mediator wingless related MMTV integration site 10b (Wnt10b) activity is aberrant
• telomerase protein component TERT expression and aberrant Wnt signalling are implicated in nephropathy, including HlV-associated nephropathy (see, e.g., Shkreli et al., 2011). Given the strong link between tankyrase inhibitors and modulation of both Wnt signalling and TERT function, it is likely that small molecule tankyrase inhibitors could be used in the treatment of these pathologies.
• the inventors have identified a class of small molecule inhibitors of PARP superfamily members including PARP1 and Tankyrase 1 which are useful in the treatment of conditions, including proliferative conditions such as cancer.
• these inhibitors are able to elicit biochemical inhibition of these targets as well as eliciting cellular activity including one or more or all of: (i) inhibition of Wnt signalling; (ii) inhibition of cell survival/proliferation; (iii) stabilisation of Axin and tankyrase levels; and
• IQ compounds 3-aryl-5-substituted-2H-isoquinolin-1-one compounds
• compositions e.g., a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising an IQ compound, as described herein, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.
• a method of preparing a composition comprising the step of mixing an IQ compound, as described herein, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.
• Another aspect of the present invention pertains to a method of inhibiting PARP
• IQ compound e.g., PARP1 , TNKS1 , TNKS2, etc.
• Another aspect of the present invention pertains to a method of inhibiting Wnt signalling (e.g., in a cell), in vitro or in vivo, comprising contacting the cell with an effective amount of an IQ compound, as described herein.
• Another aspect of the present invention pertains to a method of treatment comprising administering to a subject in need of treatment a therapeutically-effective amount of an IQ compound, as described herein, preferably in the form of a pharmaceutical composition.
• Another aspect of the present invention pertains to an IQ compound as described herein for use in a method of treatment of the human or animal body by therapy.
• Another aspect of the present invention pertains to use of an IQ compound, as described herein, in the manufacture of a medicament for use in treatment.
• the treatment is treatment of a proliferative condition.
• the treatment is treatment of cancer.
• the treatment is treatment of head cancer; neck cancer; nervous system cancer; lung/mediastinum cancer; breast cancer; oesophagus cancer; stomach cancer; liver cancer; biliary tract cancer; pancreatic cancer; small bowel cancer; large bowel cancer; gynaecological cancer; genito-urinary cancer; thyroid gland cancer;
• adrenal gland cancer skin cancer; bone sarcoma; soft tissue sarcoma; paediatric malignancy; Hodgkin's disease; non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; myeloma; leukaemia; or metastasis from an unknown primary site.
• the treatment is treatment of: a neurodegenerative disorder, such as multiple sclerosis (MS); a neurological disorder associated with demyelination; neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE); neonatal periventricular leukomalacia (PVL); a cardiac related pathology, such as myocardial infarction; cardiac damage (e.g., to repair cardiac damage); an infectious disease, such as a pathology related to Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV); a pathology related to Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV); a metabolic disease, such as a metabolic disease where glucose uptake is dysfunctional, such as diabetes, such as type 2 diabetes; or fibrosis (e.g., lung fibrosis).
• a neurodegenerative disorder such as multiple sclerosis (MS); a neurological disorder associated with demyelination; neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE); neonatal periventricular leukomalacia (PVL); a cardiac related path
• the treatment is treatment of: a neurodegenerative disorder, such as multiple sclerosis (MS); neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE); neonatal periventricular leukomalacia (PVL); a cardiac related pathology, such as myocardial infarction; a pathology related to Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV); a pathology related to Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV); or a metabolic disease such as type 2 diabetes.
• a neurodegenerative disorder such as multiple sclerosis (MS); neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE); neonatal periventricular leukomalacia (PVL); a cardiac related pathology, such as myocardial infarction; a pathology related to Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV); a pathology related to Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV); or a metabolic disease such as type 2 diabetes.
• a neurodegenerative disorder such as multiple sclerosis (MS); neonatal hypoxic
• the treatment is treatment of: Alzheimer's disease; late onset Alzheimer's disease; Dupuytren skin disease; tooth agenesis; vascular defects in the eye; Osteoperosis-pseudoglioma Syndrome (OPPG); exudative vitreoretinopathy; familial exudative vitreoretinopathy; retinal angiogenesis; schizophrenia; osteoporosis; dermal hypoplasia; XX sex reversal; Mullerian-duct regression and virilization; SERKAL syndrome; anonychia; hyponychia; sclerosteosis; van Buchem disease; Fuhrmann syndrome; odonto-onchyo-dermal hypoplasia; Type 2 diabetes; obesity; early onset obesity; a nephropathy, such as HIV-associated nephropathy; early coronary disease; bone density defects; tetra-amelia syndrome; split-hand/foot malformation; caudal duplication; Fuhrmann
• the treatment is treatment of: Alzheimer's disease; Dupuytren skin disease; tooth agenesis; exudative vitreoretinopathy; schizophrenia; osteoporosis; dermal hypoplasia; XX sex reversal; anonychia; hyponychia; sclerosteosis; van Buchem disease; Fuhrmann syndrome; odonto-onchyo-dermal hypoplasia; early onset obesity; or a nephropathy, such as HIV-associated nephropathy.
• kits comprising (a) an IQ compound, as described herein, preferably provided as a pharmaceutical composition and in a suitable container and/or with suitable packaging; and (b) instructions for use, for example, written instructions on how to administer the compound.
• Another aspect of the present invention pertains to an IQ compound obtainable by a method of synthesis as described herein, or a method comprising a method of synthesis as described herein.
• Another aspect of the present invention pertains to an IQ compound obtained by a method of synthesis as described herein, or a method comprising a method of synthesis as described herein.
• Another aspect of the present invention pertains to novel intermediates, as described herein, which are suitable for use in the methods of synthesis described herein.
• Another aspect of the present invention pertains to the use of such novel intermediates, as described herein, in the methods of synthesis described herein.
• One aspect of the present invention relates to certain compounds which are structurally related to 2H-isoquinolin-1-one.
• the present invention relates to certain 3-aryl-5-substituted- 2H-isoquinolin-1-one compounds, as defined herein.
• the present invention relates to certain 2H-isoquinolin-1-one compounds which have both:
• one aspect of the present invention pertains to compounds selected from compounds of the following formula, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, N-oxides, hydrates, and solvates thereof, wherein -R 3N , -L 3P -, W, X, Y, Z, -R 4 , -R 5 , -R 6 , -R 7 , and -R 8 are as defined herein (for convenience, collectively referred to herein as
• W is CR W
• X is CR X
• Y is CR Y
• Z is CR Z ("phenyl");
• W is N
• X is CR X
• Y is CR Y
• Z is CR Z ("pyrid-2-yl");
• W is CR W
• X is N
• Y is CR Y
• Z is CR Z ("pyrid-3-yl");
• W is N
• X is CR X
• Y is CR Y
• Z is N
• W is CR W , X is N, Y is N, and Z is CR Z ("pyrimidin-5-yl"); or
• W is N
• X is CR X
• Y is N
• Z is CR Z ("pyrazin-2-yl");
• W is N
• X is N
• Y is CR Y
• Z is CR Z
• -R w is independently -H or -RTM"
• -R x is independently -H or -R xx ;
• -R Y is independently -H or -R YY ;
• -R z is independently -H or -R zz ;
• -RTM is independently -X 1 , -R 1 , -OH, -OR 1 , -CF 3 , or -OCF 3 ;
• -R xx is independently -X 1 , -R 1 , -OH, -OR 1 , -CF 3 , or -OCF 3 ;
• -R YY is independently -X 1 , -R , -OH, -OR 1 , -CF 3 , or -OCF 3 ;
• -R zz is independently -X 1 , -R , -OH, -OR 1 , -CF 3 , or -OCF 3 ; wherein:
• each -X 1 is independently -F, -CI, -Br, or -I;
• each -R is independently linear or branched saturated Ci and wherein:
• -L 3P - is independently a single covalent bond or -L 3PL -;
• _ 3PR - is linear or branched saturated d_ 4 alkylene
• each -L 3PR2 - is linear or branched saturated Ci_ 4 alkylene
• each -L 3PR3 - is linear or branched saturated Ci_ 4 alkylene
• each -L 3PR4 - is linear or branched saturated Ci_ 4 alkylene; and wherein:
• -R 3N is independently -NH 2 , -NHR A , -NR A R B , or -NR C R D ; wherein: each -R A is independently:
• each -R A is linear or branched saturated Ci -6 alkyl
• each -R A2 is saturated C 3 . 6 cycloalkyl
• each -R A3 is non-aromatic C 3 . 7 heterocyclyl
• each -R M is independently phenyl or naphthyl
• each -R A5 is C 5 .i 0 heteroaryl
• each -L A - is linear or branched saturated Ci_ 4 alkylene; and wherein: each -R S is independently:
• each -R is independently: -R ,
• each -R S3C is independently:
• -CN, -N0 2 , or -SR TT may together form: -0-CH 2 -0- or -0-CH 2 CH 2 -0-; each -R is independently:
• each -L T - is linear or branched saturated Ci_ 4 alkylene
• each -R 77 is independently linear or branched saturated C -4 alkyl, saturated C 3 . 6 cycloalkyl, saturated C 3 . 6 cycloalkyl-methyl, phenyl, or benzyl; wherein said linear or branched saturated C -4 alkyl is optionally substituted with -OH or -OR 111 , wherein -R TTT is linear or branched saturated Ci -4 alkyl;
• each -R TN is linear or branched saturated C -4 alkyl
• each -RTM is independently azetidino, pyrrolidino, piperidino, piperazino, morpholino, azepano, or diazepano, and is:
• each -R TMM is independently linear or branched saturated d_ 4 alkyl, saturated C 3 . 6 cycloalkyl, saturated C 3 . 6 cycloalkyl-methyl, phenyl, or benzyl; and wherein:
• -R is independently -R , -R , or -L -R ⁇ ;
• -R B is linear or branched saturated Ci -6 alkyl, and is optionally substituted with -OH or -OR BB , wherein -R BB is linear or branched saturated Ci -4 alkyl;
• Ci_ 4 alkylene is linear or branched saturated Ci_ 4 alkylene
• -NR C R D is independently -NR C R D , -NR C2 R D2 , -NR C3 R D3 , -NR C4 R D4 , or -NR C5 R' wherein:
• fused bicyclic non-aromatic heterocyclyl group is:
• each -R NC is independently
• each -R is independently:
• each -L Q - is linear or branched saturated Ci_ 4 alkylene
• each -R QQ is independently linear or branched saturated Ci -4 alkyl, saturated
• each -R QN is linear or branched saturated Ci -4 alkyl
• each -R QM is independently azetidino, pyrrolidino, piperidino, piperazino, morpholino, azepano, or diazepano, and is:
• each -R QMM is independently linear or branched saturated C -4 alkyl, saturated C 3 . 6 cycloalkyl, saturated C 3 . 6 cycloalkyl-methyl, phenyl, or benzyl; and wherein:
• -NR R is independently: 1 H-pyrrol-1-yl; 2H-isoindol-2-yl; 1 H-indol-1-yl;
• each -R H is independently:
• each -L H - is linear or branched saturated Ci_ 4 alkylene
• each -R HH is independently linear or branched saturated Ci -4 alkyl, saturated C 3 . 6 cycloalkyl, saturated C 3 . 6 cycloalkyl-methyl, phenyl, or benzyl; wherein said linear or branched saturated Ci -4 alkyl is optionally substituted with -OH or -OR HHH , wherein -R HHH is linear or branched saturated C -4 alkyl;
• each -R HN is linear or branched saturated Ci -4 alkyl
• each -R HM is independently azetidino, pyrrolidino, piperidino, piperazino, morpholino, azepano, or diazepano, and is:
• each -R HMM is independently linear or branched saturated C -4 alkyl, saturated C 3 . 6 cycloalkyl, saturated C 3 . 6 cycloalkyl-methyl, phenyl, or benzyl; and wherein:
• -R 5 is independently -R 5A , -R 5B , -R 5C , -R 5D , or -R 5E ;
• -R 5A is linear or branched saturated d_ 4 alkyl
• -R 5C is independently -F, -CI, -Br, or -I ;
• -R 5D is -CF 3 ;
• -R 5E is independently -C ⁇ CH or C 3 . 6 alkynyl optionally substituted with one or more groups -R EE ; wherein each -R EE is independently selected from -OH , -OR EEE , -NH 2 , -NHR EEE , and -NR EEE 2 ; wherein each -R EEE is linear or branched saturated Ci -4 alkyl; and wherein: -R 4 is -H;
• -R 6 is independently -H or -F
• -R 7 is independently -H or -F
• -R 8 is independently -H or -F.
• any two or more of -R 3N , -L 3P , W, X, Y, Z, -R 4 , -R 5 , -R 6 , -R 7 , and -R 8 together form a ring fused to the ring(s) to which they are attached.
• -R 4 and -R 5 together form a ring fused to the ring to which they are attached.
• -R 4 and Z together form a ring fused to the rings to which they are attached.
• -R 4 and W together form a ring fused to the rings to which they are attached.
• substituted on carbon is intended to refer to a substituent which is attached to a carbon ring atom.
• substituted on secondary nitrogen is intended to refer to a substituent which is attached to a nitrogen ring atom which, in the absence of the substituent, would be a secondary nitrogen ring atom (i.e. , -NH-). Consequently, a pyridyl group may only have “substituents on carbon", whereas 1 H-pyrrole may have both "substituents on carbon” and a “substituent on secondary nitrogen", as illustrated below. a substituent on carbon
• a piperidino group may only have “substituents on carbon”, whereas piperizino may have both “substituents on carbon” and a “substituent on secondary nitrogen”, as illustrated below.
• a substituent on carbon a substituent on secondary nitrogen a substituent on carbon
• W is CR W
• X is CR X
• Y is CR Y
• Z is CR Z ("phenyl");
• W is N
• X is CR X
• Y is CR Y
• Z is CR Z ("pyrid-2-yl");
• W is CR W
• X is N
• Y is CR Y
• Z is CR Z ("pyrid-3-yl");
• W is N
• X is CR X
• Y is CR Y
• Z is N
• W is CR W
• X is CR X
• Y is CR Y
• Z is CR Z ("phenyl");
• W is CR W
• X is N
• Y is CR Y
• Z is CR Z ("pyrid-3-yl");
• W is CR W
• X is CR X
• Y is CR Y
• Z is CR Z ("phenyl").
• W is CR W
• X is N
• Y is N
• Z is CR Z ("pyrimidin-5-yl").
• the Group -R WWN The Group -R WWN
• each -R 1 if present, is independently -Me, -Et, -nPr, -iPr, -nBu, -iBu, or -tBu.
• each -R 1 if present, is independently -Me, -Et, -nPr, or -iPr.
• each -L 3PR1 - is independently -CH 2 -, -CH(Me)-, -C(Me) 2 -, -CH 2 CH 2 -, -CH(Me)CH 2 -, -CH 2 CH(Me)-, -C(Me) 2 CH 2 -, -CH 2 C(Me) 2 -, -CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 -, or -CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 -.
• each -L 3PR1 - is independently -CH 2 -, -CH(Me)-, -C(Me) 2 -, -CH(Et)-, or -CH 2 CH 2 -.
• each -L 3PR1 - is independently -CH 2 -, -CH(Me)-, or -C(Me) 2 -.
• each -L 3PR1 -, if present, is independently -CH 2 -, -CH 2 CH 2 -, -CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 -, or -CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 -.
• each -L 3PR1 -, if present, is independently -CH 2 CH 2 -, -CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 -, or -CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 -.
• each -L -, if present, is independently -CH 2 CH 2 - or -CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 -.
• each -L -, if present, is -CH 2 -.
• _ 3Pha - is independently -CH 2 -, -CH(Me)-, -C(Me) 2 -, -CH 2 CH 2 -, -CH(Me)CH 2 -, -CH 2 CH(Me)-,
• _ 3PR2 - is independently -CH 2 -, -CH(Me)-, -C(Me) 2 -, -CH(Et)-, or -CH 2 CH 2 -.
• _ 3PR2 - is independently -CH 2 -, -CH(Me)-, or -C(Me) 2 -.
• _ 3PR2 - is independently -CH 2 -, -CH 2 CH 2 -, -CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 -, or -CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 -.
• _ 3PR2 - is independently -CH 2 CH 2 -, -CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 -, or -CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 -.
• _ 3PR2 - is independently -CH 2 - or -CH 2 CH 2 -.
• _ 3PR3 - is independently -CH 2 -, -CH(Me)-, -C(Me) 2 -, -CH 2 CH 2 -, -CH(Me)CH 2 -, -CH 2 CH(Me)-, -C(Me) 2 CH 2 -, -CH 2 C(Me) 2 -, -CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 -, or -CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 -.
• _ 3PR3 - is independently -CH 2 -, -CH(Me)-, -C(Me) 2 -, -CH(Et)-, or -CH 2 CH 2 -.
• _ 3PR3 - is independently -CH 2 -, -CH(Me)-, or -C(Me) 2 -.
• _ 3PR3 - is independently -CH 2 -, -CH 2 CH 2 -, -CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 -, or -CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 -.
• _ 3PR3 - is independently -CH 2 CH 2 -, -CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 -, or -CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 -.
• each -L 3PR4 - is independently -CH 2 -, -CH(Me)-, -C(Me) 2 -, -CH 2 CH 2 -, -CH(Me)CH 2 -, -CH 2 CH(Me)-,
• each -L -, if present, is independently -CH 2 -, -CH(Me)-, -C(Me) 2 -, -CH(Et)-, or -CH 2 CH 2 -.
• each -L -, if present, is independently -CH 2 -, -CH(Me)-, -C(Me) 2 -, -CH(Et)-, or -CH 2 CH 2 -.
• each -L -, if present, is independently -CH 2 -, -CH(Me)-, or -C(Me) 2 -.
• each -L - is independently -CH 2 -, -CH 2 CH 2 -, -CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 -, or -CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 -.
• each -L - is independently -CH 2 CH 2 -, -CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 -, or -CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 -.
• the Group -R 3N (87) A compound according to any one of (1) to (86), wherein -R 3N is independently -NHR A , -NR A R B , or -NR C R D .
• each -R A if present, is independently: -R A , -R A2 , -R A3 , -L A -R A2 , or -L A -R A3 .
• each -R A if present, is independently linear or branched saturated d_ 4 alkyl, and is optionally substituted with one or more groups -R S .
• each -R A if present, is independently linear or branched saturated C -4 alkyl, and is optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from: -OH, -OR 11" , -NH 2 , -NHR TT , and -NR TT 2 .
• each -R if present, is independently linear or branched saturated Ci -4 alkyl, and is optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from: -OH and -OR TT .
• each -R A is independently -Me, -Et, -nPr, -iPr, -nBu, -iBu, or -tBu, and is optionally substituted with one or more groups -R S .
• each -R A is independently -Me, -Et, -nPr, -iPr, -nBu, -iBu, or -tBu, and is optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from: -OH, -OR 11" , -NH 2 , -NHR TT , and -NR TT 2 .
• each -R A is independently -Me, -Et, -nPr, or -iPr, and is optionally substituted with one or more groups -R S .
• each -R A is independently -Me, -Et, -nPr, or -iPr, and is optionally substituted with one or more groups selected from: -OH, -OR TT , -NH 2 , -NHR TT , and -NR TT 2 .
• each -R A1 if present, is independently -Me or -Et, and is optionally substituted with one or more groups -R S .
• each -R A is independently -Me, -Et, -nPr, -iPr, -nBu, -iBu, or -tBu.
• each -R A if present, is independently -Me, -Et, -nPr, or -iPr.
• each -R is independently cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cydopentyl, or cyclohexyl, and is optionally substituted with one or more groups -R S2C .
• each -R A2 if present, is independently cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, or cydopentyl, and is optionally substituted with one or more groups -R S2C .
• each -R A2 if present, is independently cyclopropyl or cyclobutyl, and is optionally substituted with one or more groups -R S2C .
• the Group -R A3 is independently cyclopropyl or cyclobutyl, and is optionally substituted with one or more groups -R S2C .
• each -R A3 is independently oxetanyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, dioxanyl, azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, azepanyl, or diazepanyl,
• each -R A3 is independently tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, dioxanyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl,
• each -R A3 if present, is tetrahydropyranyl, and is optionally substituted on carbon with one or more groups -R S2C .
• each -R M if present, is phenyl, and is optionally substituted with one or more groups -R S3C .
• each -R M if present, is naphthyl, and is optionally substituted with one or more groups -R S3C .
• each -R if present, is independently furanyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyridyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, indolyl, benzoimidazolyl, indazolyl, benzofuranyl, benzothienyl, benzooxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoisoxazolyl,
• each -R if present, is independently furanyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyridyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, or pyrazinyl,
• each -R if present, is independently furanyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, or isothiazolyl,
• each -R A5 is independently pyridyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, or pyrazinyl,
• each -L A - is independently -CH 2 -, -CH(Me)-, -C(Me) 2 -, -CH 2 CH 2 -, -CH(Me)CH 2 -, -CH 2 CH(Me)-, -C(Me) 2 CH 2 -, -CH 2 C(Me) 2 -, -CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 -, or -CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 -.
• each -L A - is independently -CH 2 -, -CH(Me)-, -C(Me) 2 -, -CH(Et)-, or -CH 2 CH 2 -.
• each -L A - is independently -CH 2 -, -CH(Me)-, or -C(Me) 2 -.
• each -L A - is independently -CH 2 -, -CH 2 CH 2 -, -CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 -, or -CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 -.
• each -L A - is independently -CH 2 CH 2 -, -CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 -, or -CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 -.
• the Group -R SN The Group -R SN
• each -L T - is independently -CH 2 -, -CH(Me)-, -C(Me) 2 -, -CH 2 CH 2 -, -CH(Me)CH 2 -, -CH 2 CH(Me)-, -C(Me) 2 CH 2 -, -CH 2 C(Me) 2 -, -CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 -, or -CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 -.
• each -L T - is independently -CH 2 -, -CH(Me)-, -C(Me) 2 -, -CH(Et)-, or -CH 2 CH 2 -.
• each -L T - is independently -CH 2 -, -CH(Me)-, or -C(Me) 2 -.
• each -L T - is independently -CH 2 -, -CH 2 CH 2 -, -CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 -, or -CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 -.
• each -L T - is independently -CH 2 CH 2 -, -CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 -, or -CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 -.
• each -R TT is independently linear or branched saturated Ci -4 alkyl, saturated C 3 . 6 cycloalkyl, saturated C 3 . 6 cycloalkyl-methyl, phenyl, or benzyl.
• each -R TT is independently linear or branched saturated Ci -4 alkyl, saturated C 3 . 6 cycloalkyl, phenyl, or benzyl.
• each -R TT is independently linear or branched saturated Ci -4 alkyl, phenyl, or benzyl.
• each -R TT is independently linear or branched saturated d_ 4 alkyl, saturated C 3 . 6 cycloalkyl, or saturated C 3 . 6 cycloalkyl-methyl; wherein said linear or branched saturated Ci -4 alkyl is optionally substituted with -OH or -OR TTT , wherein -R 177 is linear or branched saturated Ci_ 4 alkyl.
• each -R TT is independently linear or branched saturated C -4 alkyl, saturated C 3 . 6 cycloalkyl, or saturated C 3 .
• each -R if present, is independently linear or branched saturated Ci -4 alkyl or saturated C 3 . 6 cycloalkyl; wherein said linear or branched saturated d_ 4 alkyl is optionally substituted with -OH or -OR 111 , wherein -R TTT is linear or branched saturated Ci -4 alkyl.
• each -R TT is independently linear or branched saturated Ci_ 4 alkyl or saturated C 3 . 6 cycloalkyl.
• each -R TT if present, is linear or branched saturated Ci -4 alkyl, and is optionally substituted with -OH or -OR TTT , wherein -R TTT is linear or branched saturated Ci -4 alkyl.
• each -R TT is independently -Me, -Et, -nPr, -iPr, -nBu, -iBu, or -tBu.
• the Group -R TTT (187) A compound according to any one of (1) to (186), wherein each -R TTT , if present, is independently -Me, -Et, -nPr, -iPr, -nBu, -iBu, or -tBu.
• each -R TN is independently -Me, -Et, -nPr, -iPr, -nBu, -iBu, or -tBu.
• each -RTM is independently pyrrolidino, piperidino, piperazino, or morpholino, and is:
• each -R TMM is independently linear or branched saturated Ci -4 alkyl, saturated C 3 . 6 cycloalkyl, saturated C 3 . 6 cycloalkyl-methyl, phenyl, or benzyl.
• each -R TMM is independently linear or branched saturated Ci -4 alkyl, saturated C 3 . 6 cycloalkyl, phenyl, or benzyl.
• each -R TMM is independently linear or branched saturated d_ 4 alkyl, phenyl, or benzyl.
• each -R TMM is independently linear or branched saturated Ci -4 alkyl, saturated C 3 . 6 cycloalkyl, or saturated C 3 _ 6 cycloalkyl-methyl.
• each -R TMM if present, is independently linear or branched saturated Ci -4 alkyl or saturated C 3 . 6 cycloalkyl.
• each -R ' MM if present, is linear or branched saturated C -4 alkyl.
• each -R TMM if present, is independently -Me, -Et, -nPr, -iPr, -nBu, -iBu, or -tBu.
• each -R TMM if present, is -Me.
• each -R ' MM if present, is independently saturated C 3 . 6 cycloalkyl.
• each -R TMM is independently cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl.
• -R if present, is independently: -Me; or -Et that is optionally substituted with -OH or -OR BB , wherein -R BB is linear or branched saturated d_ 4 alkyl.
• -R B if present, is independently -Me, -Et, -CH 2 CH 2 OI-l, or -CH 2 CH 2 OMe.
• each -L B - is independently -CH 2 -, -CH(Me)-, -C(Me) 2 -, -CH 2 CH 2 -, -CH(Me)CH 2 -, -CH 2 CH(Me)-,
• each -L B -, if present, is independently -CH 2 -, -CH(Me)-, -C(Me) 2 -, -CH(Et), or -CH 2 CH 2 -.
• each -L B -, if present, is independently -CH 2 -, -CH(Me)-, or -C(Me) 2 -.
• each -L B - is independently -CH 2 -, -CH 2 CH 2 -, -CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 -, or -CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 -.
• each -L B - is independently -CH 2 CH 2 -, -CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 -, or -CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 -.
• the Group -NR C R D (231) A compound according to any one of (1) to (230), wherein -NR C R D , if present, is -NR C R D .
• fused bicyclic non-aromatic heterocyclyl group is:
• (259) A compound according to any one of (1) to (258), wherein, in -NR C2 R D2 , if present, exactly 1 of said ring atoms is a ring heteroatom, and is N.
• (260) A compound according to any one of (1) to (258), wherein, in -NR C2 R D2 , if present, exactly 2 of said ring atoms are ring heteroatoms, and are both N.
• bridged non-aromatic heterocyclyl group is:
• (290) A compound according to any one of (1) to (284), wherein -NR C4 R D4 , if present, is a spiro non-aromatic heterocyclyl group having 12 ring atoms.
• (291) A compound according to any one of (1) to (290), wherein, in -NR C4 R D4 , if present, exactly 1 of said ring atoms is a ring heteroatom, and is N.
• the Group -R' (302) A compound according to any one of (1) to (301), wherein each -R NC , if present, is independently:
• each -R if present, is independently: -R QQ , -L Q -OH, or -L Q -OR QQ .
• each -R if present, is independently: -L Q -OH or -L Q -OR QQ .
• each -L Q - is independently -CH 2 -, -CH(Me)-, -C(Me) 2 -, -CH 2 CH 2 -, -CH(Me)CH 2 -, -CH 2 CH(Me)-,
• each -L Q - is independently -CH 2 -, -CH(Me)-, -C(Me) 2 -, -CH(Et)-, or -CH 2 CH 2 -.
• each -L Q - is independently -CH 2 -, -CH(Me)-, or -C(Me) 2 -.
• each -L Q - is independently -CH 2 -, -CH 2 CH 2 -, -CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 -, or -CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 -.
• each -L Q - is independently -CH 2 CH 2 -, -CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 -, or -CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 -.
• each -L Q - is independently -CH 2 - or -CH 2 CH 2 -.
• each -R QQ is independently linear or branched saturated Ci -4 alkyl, saturated C 3 . 6 cycloalkyl, saturated C 3 _ 6 cycloalkyl-methyl, phenyl, or benzyl; wherein said linear or branched saturated Ci_ 4 alkyl is optionally substituted with -OH or -OR QQQ , wherein -R QQQ is linear or branched saturated C -4 alkyl.
• each -R if present, is independently linear or branched saturated Ci -4 alkyl, saturated C 3 .
• each -R QQ is independently linear or branched saturated Ci -4 alkyl, saturated C 3 . 6 cycloalkyl, phenyl, or benzyl.
• each -R QQ is independently linear or branched saturated Ci -4 alkyl, phenyl, or benzyl.
• each -R QQ if present, is independently linear or branched saturated Ci -4 alkyl, saturated C 3 . 6 cycloalkyl, or saturated C 3 . 6 cycloalkyl-methyl; wherein said linear or branched saturated Ci -4 alkyl is optionally substituted with -OH or -OR QQ , wherein -R QQ is linear or branched saturated Ci -4 alkyl.
• each -R QQ is independently linear or branched saturated Ci -4 alkyl, saturated C 3 . 6 cycloalkyl, or saturated C 3 . 6 cycloalkyl-methyl.
• each -R QQ if present, is independently linear or branched saturated Ci -4 alkyl or saturated C 3 . 6 cycloalkyl; wherein said linear or branched saturated Ci -4 alkyl is optionally substituted with -OH or -OR QQ , wherein -R QQ is linear or branched saturated Ci -4 alkyl.
• each -R QQ is independently linear or branched saturated d_ 4 alkyl or saturated C 3 . 6 cycloalkyl.
• each -R QQ is linear or branched saturated Ci -4 alkyl, and is optionally substituted with -OH or -OR QQ , wherein -R QQ is linear or branched saturated C -4 alkyl.
• each -R QQ is independently -Me, -Et, -nPr, -iPr, -nBu, -iBu, or -tBu.
• each -R QQ is independently -Me or -tBu.
• 335 A compound according to any one of (1) to (322), wherein each -R QQ , if present, is -Me.
• 336 A compound according to any one of (1) to (322), wherein each -R QQ , if present, is -tBu.
• each -R QQ is independently cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl.
• each -R QQ if present, is saturated C 3 . 6 cycloalkyl-methyl.
• each -R QQ if present, is independently cyclopropyl-methyl, cyclobutyl-methyl, cyclopentyl-methyl, or
• each -R QQQ is independently -Me, -Et, -nPr, -iPr, -nBu, -iBu, or -tBu.
• the Group -R QN (346) A compound according to any one of (1) to (345), wherein each -R Q , if present, is independently -Me, -Et, -nPr, -iPr, -nBu, -iBu, or -tBu. (347) A compound according to any one of (1) to (345), wherein each -R , if present, is independently -Me or -Et.
• each -R QM if present, independently pyrrolidino, piperidino, piperazino, or morpholino, and is:
• each -R QMM is independently linear or branched saturated Ci -4 alkyl, saturated C 3 . 6 cycloalkyl, saturated C 3 . 6 cycloalkyl-methyl, phenyl, or benzyl.
• each -R 0 TM jf present is independently linear or branched saturated Ci -4 alkyl, saturated C 3 . 6 cycloalkyl, phenyl, or benzyl.
• each -R 0 TM jf present is independently linear or branched saturated Ci -4 alkyl, phenyl, or benzyl.
• each -R 0 TM jf present is independently linear or branched saturated Ci -4 alkyl, saturated C 3 . 6 cycloalkyl, or saturated C 3 _ 6 cycloalkyl-methyl.
• each -R 0 TM jf present is independently -Me, -Et, -nPr, -iPr, -nBu, -iBu, or -tBu.
• each -R QM M jf present is independently -Me or -Et.
• -NR C5 R D5 if present, is 1 H-[1 ,2,4]triazol-1-yl; and is optionally substituted with one or more groups -R H .
• the Group -R H is 1 H-indol-1-yl; and is optionally substituted with one or more groups -R H .
• each -L H - is independently -CH 2 -, -CH(Me)-, -C(Me) 2 -, -CH 2 CH 2 -, -CH(Me)CH 2 -, -CH 2 CH(Me)-, -C(Me) 2 CH 2 -, -CH 2 C(Me) 2 -, -CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 -, or -CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 -.
• each -L H - is independently -CH 2 -, -CH(Me)-, -C(Me) 2 -, -CH(Et)-, or -CH 2 CH 2 -.
• each -L H - is independently -CH 2 -, -CH(Me)-, or -C(Me) 2 -.
• each -L H - is independently -CH 2 -, -CH 2 CH 2 -, -CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 -, or -CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 -.
• each -L H - is independently -CH 2 CH 2 -, -CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 -, or -CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 -.
• each -R is independently linear or branched saturated d_ 4 alkyl, saturated C 3 . 6 cycloalkyl, saturated C 3 . 6 cycloalkyl-methyl, phenyl, or benzyl.
• each -R is independently linear or branched saturated C -4 alkyl, saturated C 3 . 6 cycloalkyl, phenyl, or benzyl.
• each -R is independently linear or branched saturated Ci -4 alkyl, phenyl, or benzyl.
• each -R HH if present, is independently linear or branched saturated d_ 4 alkyl, saturated C 3 . 6 cycloalkyl, or saturated C 3 . 6 cycloalkyl-methyl; wherein said linear or branched saturated Ci -4 alkyl is optionally substituted with -OH or -OR HHH , wherein -R HHH is linear or branched saturated Ci -4 alkyl.
• each -R HH if present, is independently linear or branched saturated Ci -4 alkyl, saturated C 3 . 6 cycloalkyl, or saturated C 3 . 6 cycloalkyl-methyl.
• each -R HH if present, is independently linear or branched saturated Ci -4 alkyl or saturated C 3 . 6 cycloalkyl; wherein said linear or branched saturated Ci -4 alkyl is optionally substituted with -OH or -OR HHH , wherein -R QQ is linear or branched saturated Ci -4 alkyl.
• each -R HH if present, is linear or branched saturated Ci -4 alkyl, and is optionally substituted with -OH or -OR HHH , wherein -R HHH is linear or branched saturated Ci -4 alkyl.
• each -R HH is independently -Me, -Et, -nPr, -iPr, -nBu, -iBu, or -tBu.
• each -R is independently cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl.
• each -R HN is independently -Me, -Et, -nPr, -iPr, -nBu, -iBu, or -tBu.
• each -R HM is independently pyrrolidino, piperidino, piperazino, or morpholino, and is:
• each -R HMM is independently linear or branched saturated d_ 4 alkyl, saturated C 3 . 6 cycloalkyl, saturated C 3 . 6 cycloalkyl-methyl, phenyl, or benzyl.
• the Group -R HMM is independently linear or branched saturated d_ 4 alkyl, saturated C 3 . 6 cycloalkyl, saturated C 3 . 6 cycloalkyl-methyl, phenyl, or benzyl.
• each -R MMM if present, is independently linear or branched saturated d. 4 alkyl, saturated C 3 . 6 cycloalkyl, phenyl, or benzyl.
• each -R HMM is independently linear or branched saturated C 1-4 alkyl, phenyl, or benzyl.
• each -R HMM if present, is independently linear or branched saturated Ci -4 alkyl, saturated C 3 - 6 cycloalkyl, or saturated C 3 . 6 cycloalkyl-methyl.
• each -R HMM if present, is independently linear or branched saturated Ci -4 alkyl or saturated C 3 - 6 cycloalkyl.
• each -R HMM is independently -Me, -Et, -nPr, -iPr, -nBu, -iBu, or -tBu.
• each -R HMM if present, is -Me.
• each -R HMM if present, is independently saturated C 3 . 6 cycloalkyl.
• each -R HMM is independently cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl.
• each -R EE is independently selected from -OH, -OR EEE ,
• each -R EEE is linear or branched saturated C -4 alkyl.
• (440) A compound according to any one of (1) to (435), wherein -R 5E , if present, is independently -C ⁇ CH-CH 3 or -C ⁇ CH-CH 2 R EE ; wherein each -R EE is independently selected from -OH, -OR EEE , -NH 2 , -NHR EEE , and -NR EEE 2 ; wherein each -R EEE is linear or branched saturated Ci -4 alkyl. (441) A compound according to any one of (1) to (435), wherein -R , if present, is independently -C ⁇ CH-CH 2 CH 3 or -C ⁇ CH-CH 2 CH 2 R EE ; wherein each -R EE is
• each -R EEE is linear or branched saturated d_ 4 alkyl.
• each -R EEE if present, is independently -Me, -Et, -nPr, -iPr, -nBu, -iBu, or -tBu.
• each -R EEE if present, is independently -Me, -Et, -nPr, or -iPr.
• a compound according to (1) selected from compounds of the following formulae and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, N-oxides, hydrates, and solvates thereof:
• R 5EEE _ R 4 _ R 6 _ R 7 _ R 8 ⁇ are spec j f j ca
• all sub-combinations of the chemical groups listed in the embodiments describing such variables are also specifically embraced by the present invention and are disclosed herein just as if each and every such sub-combination of chemical groups was individually and explicitly disclosed herein.
• One aspect of the present invention pertains to IQ compounds, as described herein, in substantially purified form and/or in a form substantially free from contaminants.
• the compound is in substantially purified form and/or in a form substantially free from contaminants.
• the compound is in a substantially purified form with a purity of least 50% by weight, e.g., at least 60% by weight, e.g., at least 70% by weight, e.g., at least 80% by weight, e.g., at least 90% by weight, e.g., at least 95% by weight, e.g., at least 97% by weight, e.g., at least 98% by weight, e.g., at least 99% by weight.
• a purity of least 50% by weight e.g., at least 60% by weight, e.g., at least 70% by weight, e.g., at least 80% by weight, e.g., at least 90% by weight, e.g., at least 95% by weight, e.g., at least 97% by weight, e.g., at least 98% by weight, e.g., at least 99% by weight.
• the substantially purified form refers to the compound in any stereoisomeric or enantiomeric form.
• the substantially purified form refers to a mixture of stereoisomers, i.e., purified with respect to other compounds.
• the substantially purified form refers to one
• the substantially purified form refers to a mixture of enantiomers. In one embodiment, the substantially purified form refers to an equimolar mixture of enantiomers (i.e., a racemic mixture, a racemate). In one embodiment, the substantially purified form refers to one enantiomer, e.g., optically pure enantiomer.
• the compound is in a form substantially free from contaminants wherein the contaminants represent no more than 50% by weight, e.g., no more than 40% by weight, e.g., no more than 30% by weight, e.g., no more than 20% by weight, e.g., no more than 10% by weight, e.g., no more than 5% by weight, e.g., no more than 3% by weight, e.g., no more than 2% by weight, e.g., no more than 1 % by weight.
• the contaminants refer to other compounds, that is, other than stereoisomers or enantiomers. In one embodiment, the contaminants refer to other compounds and other stereoisomers. In one embodiment, the contaminants refer to other compounds and the other enantiomer.
• the compound is in a substantially purified form with an optical purity of at least 60% (i.e., 60% of the compound, on a molar basis, is the desired stereoisomer or enantiomer, and 40% is undesired stereoisomer(s) or enantiomer), e.g., at least 70%, e.g., at least 80%, e.g., at least 90%, e.g., at least 95%, e.g., at least 97%, e.g., at least 98%, e.g., at least 99%.
• Isomers e.g., at least 70%, e.g., at least 80%, e.g., at least 90%, e.g., at least 95%, e.g., at least 97%, e.g., at least 98%, e.g., at least 99%.
• Certain compounds may exist in one or more particular geometric, optical, enantiomeric, diasteriomeric, epimeric, atropic, stereoisomeric, tautomeric, conformational, or anomeric forms, including but not limited to, cis- and trans-forms; E- and Z-forms; c-, t-, and r- forms; endo- and exo-forms; R-, S-, and meso-forms; D- and L-forms; d- and l-forms; (+) and (-) forms; keto-, enol-, and enolate-forms; syn- and anti-forms; synclinal- and anticlinal-forms; a- and ⁇ -forms; axial and equatorial forms; boat-, chair-, twist-, envelope-, and halfchair-forms; and combinations thereof, hereinafter collectively referred to as "isomers” (or "isomeric forms").
• isomers are structural (or constitutional) isomers (i.e., isomers which differ in the connections between atoms rather than merely by the position of atoms in space).
• a reference to a methoxy group, -OCH 3 is not to be construed as a reference to its structural isomer, a hydroxymethyl group, -CH 2 OH.
• a reference to ortho-chlorophenyl is not to be construed as a reference to its structural isomer, meta-chlorophenyl.
• Ci -7 alkyl includes n-propyl and iso-propyl; butyl includes n-, iso-, sec-, and tert-butyl; methoxyphenyl includes ortho-, meta-, and para-methoxyphenyl).
• keto/enol (illustrated below), imine/enamine, amide/imino alcohol, amidine/amidine, nitroso/oxime,

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