WO2013024780A1 - Pmモータの位置センサレス制御装置 - Google Patents
Pmモータの位置センサレス制御装置 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2013024780A1 WO2013024780A1 PCT/JP2012/070312 JP2012070312W WO2013024780A1 WO 2013024780 A1 WO2013024780 A1 WO 2013024780A1 JP 2012070312 W JP2012070312 W JP 2012070312W WO 2013024780 A1 WO2013024780 A1 WO 2013024780A1
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- current
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- sensorless control
- voltage
- coordinate conversion
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02P—CONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
- H02P6/00—Arrangements for controlling synchronous motors or other dynamo-electric motors using electronic commutation dependent on the rotor position; Electronic commutators therefor
- H02P6/14—Electronic commutators
- H02P6/16—Circuit arrangements for detecting position
- H02P6/18—Circuit arrangements for detecting position without separate position detecting elements
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02P—CONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
- H02P21/00—Arrangements or methods for the control of electric machines by vector control, e.g. by control of field orientation
- H02P21/24—Vector control not involving the use of rotor position or rotor speed sensors
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02P—CONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
- H02P2203/00—Indexing scheme relating to controlling arrangements characterised by the means for detecting the position of the rotor
- H02P2203/09—Motor speed determination based on the current and/or voltage without using a tachogenerator or a physical encoder
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02P—CONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
- H02P2207/00—Indexing scheme relating to controlling arrangements characterised by the type of motor
- H02P2207/05—Synchronous machines, e.g. with permanent magnets or DC excitation
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02P—CONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
- H02P27/00—Arrangements or methods for the control of AC motors characterised by the kind of supply voltage
- H02P27/04—Arrangements or methods for the control of AC motors characterised by the kind of supply voltage using variable-frequency supply voltage, e.g. inverter or converter supply voltage
- H02P27/06—Arrangements or methods for the control of AC motors characterised by the kind of supply voltage using variable-frequency supply voltage, e.g. inverter or converter supply voltage using dc to ac converters or inverters
- H02P27/08—Arrangements or methods for the control of AC motors characterised by the kind of supply voltage using variable-frequency supply voltage, e.g. inverter or converter supply voltage using dc to ac converters or inverters with pulse width modulation
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a position sensorless control device for a PM motor.
- a PM motor When a PM motor is operated at a low speed, an induced voltage is estimated using differential information for a current, and a rotational speed and a magnetic pole position can be estimated using the estimated voltage.
- This relates to a sensorless control device.
- PM motors synchronous motors
- sensors that detect this position information often have built-in electronic components such as semiconductor elements, and small ones have problems in environmental resistance and durability, such as low mechanical strength. Yes. Therefore, in applications where high position control accuracy and responsiveness are not required, reliability is improved over control performance by applying a position sensorless control method that estimates the magnetic pole position from inverter voltage and current information without using a position sensor. A lot of research has been done to date.
- This position sensorless control method is roughly divided into the following two types.
- One is a method for estimating the speed electromotive force component generated by the magnetic flux of the field magnet.
- This method estimates the speed electromotive force due to the field magnetic flux of the motor from the fundamental wave component of the inverter output voltage and current.
- PM motors can be classified in terms of non-salient pole machine characteristics in which the inductance components of the field axis (d axis) and its orthogonal axis (q axis) are equal, and salient pole machine characteristics in which the inductance of each axis is not equal.
- this method can be applied to both, it can be used for PM motors in general.
- the other is a method of estimating the magnetic salient pole axis while measuring the inductance by superimposing a high frequency component on the output voltage or current component of the inverter.
- this method if the PM motor has a saliency with a difference in inductance between the d axis and the q axis, the phase of the field magnetic pole axis can be estimated by continuously measuring the inductance of each axis component. .
- this method cannot be applied to a PM motor with non-salient pole machine characteristics, and the field magnetic pole axis (d-axis) has two types of polarities, N pole and S pole. It is also necessary to add an additional magnetic pole discrimination method using magnetic saturation to the control.
- the former method of estimating the electromotive force cannot be accurately operated in the low speed region, and the latter method of superimposing the high frequency can operate in the low speed region. It cannot be applied to PM motors having mechanical characteristics or low magnetic saturation.
- Non-Patent Document 1 As a low-speed position sensorless control method, and sensorless control is performed using a control block as shown in FIG.
- the control method shown in Non-Patent Document 1 is basically a kind of electromotive force estimation method, and the principle of the estimation method is described in Non-Patent Document 2, but the estimation is a rotational speed estimation surrounded by a dotted line shown in FIG. Done in the department.
- the induced voltage e is obtained by subtracting the voltage drop component of the resistance component of the winding and the armature reaction component, which is the product of the current command i ref and the motor constant Rs + j ⁇ 1 Ls, from the voltage command value Vs.
- the estimated field magnetic pole phase is set as a control reference axis having the d axis, and this reference axis is regarded as a real axis.
- the imaginary part component of the induced voltage e is obtained as the q-axis induced voltage eq, and the real part is obtained as the d-axis induced voltage ed.
- the eq voltage component is corrected by multiplying the estimated angular velocity ⁇ 1 by the gain ⁇ s and ed, and this induced voltage is divided by the magnetic flux ⁇ m and used for velocity estimation.
- the estimated angular velocity ⁇ 1 is estimated after applying a low-pass filter that limits the broadband so that it does not oscillate due to this loop. ing.
- the feature of the method shown in FIG. 6 is that the estimated speed is automatically corrected to the normal rotation direction even if the forward rotation and the reverse rotation are erroneously estimated in the reverse rotation direction near zero speed.
- voltage information for example, in the method of substituting the voltage command Vs input to the conventional PWM modulation, if measures against voltage error due to dead time error or switching delay of the switching element are not properly applied, rotation is performed. Even if there is a direction estimation error, it cannot be detected immediately, and it cannot return to the normal rotation direction unless a certain reverse rotation speed is reached.
- the purpose of the present invention is to extend the lower limit of the speed at which it can return to the normal rotation direction to a lower speed even if there is a voltage error between the voltage command and the actual voltage.
- it is to provide a position sensorless control device for a PM motor that enables accurate position estimation.
- a current command is generated from the speed command and the estimated speed
- a voltage command is generated from the current command and a current detection value of ⁇ - ⁇ coordinates detected through the rotation coordinate conversion unit
- An induced voltage calculation unit for calculating the speed electromotive forces e ⁇ and e ⁇ by inputting the current detection values i ⁇ and i ⁇ and current differential information pi ⁇ and pi ⁇ in the ⁇ - ⁇ coordinates during the zero voltage vector period;
- a rotational speed estimator that calculates the estimated speed ⁇ ⁇ using the speed electromotive forces e ⁇ and e ⁇ calculated by the induced voltage calculator, and an estimated phase ⁇ ⁇ by calculating the estimated speed over time. Is output to the rotation coordinate conversion unit and the reverse rotation coordinate conversion unit and used as a reference phase of the rotation coordinate.
- the induced voltage calculation unit is characterized in that the speed electromotive forces e ⁇ and e ⁇ are calculated by the following equations.
- the current differential detection Is provided on the detection current input side of the rotation coordinate conversion unit, the three-phase current detection generated during the zero voltage vector period of the PWM modulation pattern and the current differential amount is input to the rotation coordinate converter,
- the induced voltage calculation unit calculates the speed electromotive force e ⁇ and e ⁇ by inputting the current detection values i ⁇ and i ⁇ and the current differential information pi ⁇ ′ and pi ⁇ ′ that have been subjected to the rotation coordinate conversion by the rotation coordinate conversion unit. It is characterized by doing.
- the induced voltage calculation unit is characterized in that the speed electromotive forces e ⁇ and e ⁇ are calculated by the following equations.
- the current differential information pi ⁇ ′, pi ⁇ ′ according to another aspect of the present invention is converted into current components i ⁇ , i ⁇ of orthogonal two axes ⁇ , ⁇ of fixed coordinates by a rotating coordinate conversion unit, and then a differential operation is performed. It is characterized by being obtained.
- a voltage drop correction unit that corrects a voltage drop of a switching element is provided on an input side of the rotational coordinate conversion unit, and a three-phase generated during a zero voltage vector period of the PWM modulation pattern Input the voltage drop correction amount from the current detection and voltage drop correction unit to the rotating coordinate conversion unit, A speed electromotive force is calculated by inputting the detected current value, the current differential information, and the voltage drop correction amount to the induced voltage calculation unit.
- the current differential information according to another aspect of the present invention is characterized in that it is based on either a rotating coordinate system or a fixed coordinate system.
- the induced voltage calculation unit is characterized in that the speed electromotive forces e ⁇ and e ⁇ are calculated by the following equations.
- vce ⁇ , vce ⁇ voltage correction amount
- the induced voltage calculation unit according to another aspect of the present invention is characterized in that the speed electromotive forces e ⁇ and e ⁇ are calculated by the following equations.
- the current differential information according to another aspect of the present invention is characterized in that the current differential information is input to the rotating coordinate conversion unit as a difference calculation value between two current sampling values before and after the carrier vertex in the zero voltage vector period.
- the current differential information according to still another aspect of the present invention is characterized in that a value obtained by differentiating a moving average value of current sampling values between a carrier peak and a base in a zero voltage vector period is input to the rotating coordinate conversion unit. Is.
- the voltage drop correction amount in the voltage drop correction unit according to another aspect of the present invention is obtained by using table data corresponding to the three-phase detection current value, and the table data is separately for each phase of the three phases and positive and negative currents. It is characterized by being set individually for each polarity.
- the estimated phase ⁇ ⁇ is calculated using the current signals i ⁇ and i ⁇ in the ⁇ - ⁇ coordinates and the current differential information pi ⁇ and pi ⁇ during the zero voltage vector period. .
- the block diagram of the control apparatus which shows embodiment of this invention.
- the block diagram of the control apparatus which shows other embodiment of this invention.
- the block diagram of the control apparatus which shows other embodiment of this invention.
- Explanatory drawing of the current sampling of this invention The wave form diagram of the simulation result of this invention.
- the current signal and current differential information detected by the induced voltage calculation unit are input to calculate the speed electromotive force, and the estimated magnetic pole phase is obtained based on this speed electromotive force.
- FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a position sensorless control apparatus showing a first embodiment of the present invention.
- 1 is an inverter controlled by PWM
- 2 is a PM motor.
- the N-pole field axis of the actual PM motor is defined as d-axis
- the phase advanced by 90 ° in the forward rotation direction is defined as q-axis.
- the imaginary N-pole axis based on the magnetic pole estimation is defined as the ⁇ -axis
- the phase advanced by 90 ° in the rotation direction by the electrical angle is defined as ⁇ .
- Reference numeral 3 denotes a rotating coordinate conversion unit which inputs the three-phase currents i u , i v and i w detected by the current sensor and converts the coordinates to i ⁇ and i ⁇ which are estimated axes.
- the coordinate-converted current signals i ⁇ and i ⁇ are input to the current differential detection unit 4, the induced voltage calculation unit 5, and the current control unit 9, respectively.
- the current differential detection unit 4 detects the changes pi ⁇ and pi ⁇ of the ⁇ - ⁇ axis current during the zero voltage vector period and inputs them to the induced voltage calculation unit 5.
- the current signal input i gamma, i [delta] a current differential information pi gamma, speed electromotive force, as will be described later with reference to pi ⁇ e ⁇ . e Calculate ⁇ .
- Reference numeral 6 denotes a rotational speed estimator
- 7 denotes an integrator, which calculates an estimated magnetic pole position ⁇ ⁇ by integrating the estimated speed obtained by the rotational speed estimator 6 and outputs it to the rotational coordinate converter 3 and the reverse rotational coordinate converter 10.
- 8 is a speed control unit
- 9 is a current control unit.
- the speed control unit 8 outputs the current command i ⁇ * of the ⁇ -axis component corresponding to the torque command from the input information of the speed command ⁇ * and the speed estimation ⁇ ⁇ .
- This current command i ⁇ * and an arbitrary current command i ⁇ * on the ⁇ axis are input to the current control unit 9.
- the current control unit 9 is supplied with current signals i ⁇ and i ⁇ converted into rotational coordinates via the rotational coordinate conversion unit 3, and the current control unit 9 receives these current commands i ⁇ * and i ⁇ *.
- the current signals i ⁇ and i ⁇ are compared to perform feedback calculation, and voltage commands v ⁇ * and v ⁇ * on rotational coordinates ( ⁇ - ⁇ coordinates) based on the estimated magnetic pole axis are output.
- the voltage commands v ⁇ * and v ⁇ * are obtained by performing reverse rotation conversion to fixed coordinates, two-phase three-phase conversion, and the like by the reverse rotation coordinate conversion unit 10 that performs the reverse operation of the rotation coordinate conversion unit 3.
- the alternating current voltage commands v u , v v and v w are input to the inverter 1.
- the three-phase voltage commands v u , v v , and v w are power-amplified by PWM modulation and a substantially equivalent voltage is output.
- the above is a common control block whether or not there is a position sensor.
- the current differential detection unit 4 includes a change amount pi ⁇ , ⁇ - ⁇ -axis current change during the zero voltage vector period. pi ⁇ is detected.
- the ⁇ - ⁇ axis current can be obtained by performing rotational coordinate conversion from the three-phase current detection i u , i v , i w , but as a rotational coordinate conversion method, signal conversion is performed by an analog multiplier or an analog adder / subtractor.
- the continuous signal method to be realized and the three-phase current detection i u , i v , i w are converted into a digital signal by an analog / digital converter (A / D converter) and then converted by a digital converter such as a CPU. There is a method using a discrete signal for executing the operation of the part.
- any rotation coordinate conversion method may be used.
- a signal after the rotation coordinate conversion is performed.
- an analog differentiator By applying an analog differentiator to and sampling and holding the current differential component in the zero voltage vector period, the changes pi ⁇ and pi ⁇ are obtained.
- an A / D converter when an A / D converter is used, current is sampled at a number of times during the zero voltage vector period and converted by a signal conversion unit, and a differential component is obtained by approximation from a plurality of discrete current values at a plurality of times. Obtainable.
- Position sensorless control is configured using the current signals i ⁇ and i ⁇ obtained by either method and the current differential information (variations) pi ⁇ and pi ⁇ .
- the voltage equation of the PM motor is expressed in an orthogonal coordinate system (dq coordinate) represented by an electrical angle with the N-pole axis of the actual machine as the d-axis.
- R winding resistance
- L winding inductance
- ⁇ d magnetic flux linked to the stator winding by the magnetic flux generated by the magnet Component
- ⁇ rotor magnetic pole position (electrical angle)
- p differential operator (d / dt)
- a PM motor having non-salient pole characteristics is a control target, so that the inductance components of the d-axis and the q-axis are regarded as being equal and expressed by a common coefficient.
- equation (2) the axial error ⁇ e itself is assumed to have little time change, and the differential term of this axial error is ignored.
- the current differential information pi ⁇ and pi ⁇ in the ⁇ - ⁇ coordinate in the zero voltage vector period is obtained by differentiating the detected currents i ⁇ and i ⁇ obtained by sequentially rotating the coordinates with the estimated phase ⁇ ⁇ . is there.
- ⁇ 0 is a fixed value
- ⁇ 1 and ⁇ 2 are positive gains
- z ⁇ 1 is the previous sampling value
- the rotational speed estimation unit 6 shown in FIG. 1 is estimated based on equations (4) and (5).
- the speed ⁇ ⁇ is calculated, and the estimated phase ⁇ ⁇ is output via the integrator 7. That is, the induced voltage calculation unit 5 calculates the speed electromotive force in the zero voltage vector period from the current signals i ⁇ and i ⁇ in the ⁇ - ⁇ coordinate and the current differential information pi ⁇ and pi ⁇ in the zero voltage vector period according to the equation (3).
- e ⁇ and e ⁇ are output.
- the rotational speed estimator 6 performs calculations of equations (4) and (5) using the input speed electromotive forces e ⁇ and e ⁇ and outputs an estimated speed ⁇ ⁇ .
- the integrator 7 calculates the estimated phase ⁇ ⁇ by time-integrating the estimated speed ⁇ ⁇ and outputs it to the rotating coordinate conversion unit 3 and the reverse rotating coordinate conversion unit 10 to be used for the reference phase of the rotating coordinate.
- FIG. 2 shows the second embodiment.
- the difference from the first embodiment shown in FIG. 1 is that the current differential detection unit 11 is provided in a fixed coordinate system and current differential information pi ′ ⁇ , pi ′. is that ⁇ is obtained.
- the estimated phase ⁇ ⁇ used for rotational coordinate conversion in order to accurately obtain the current differential information, the estimated phase ⁇ ⁇ used for rotational coordinate conversion must also be a continuous value. Therefore, when the three-phase current signal is converted into a digital value by A / D conversion, the estimated phase ⁇ ⁇ used for the rotation coordinate conversion needs to be sequentially updated, which increases the amount of calculation.
- the second embodiment takes this point into consideration, and it is not necessary to sequentially update the estimated phase ⁇ ⁇ by configuring to obtain the current differential information pi ′ ⁇ and pi ′ ⁇ in a fixed coordinate system. It is possible.
- the current signals i ⁇ and i ⁇ and the current differential information pi ′ ⁇ and pi ′ ⁇ in the zero voltage vector period are sampled only at the time of calculating the speed electromotive forces e ⁇ and e ⁇ in the zero voltage vector period. Coordinate conversion need only be performed during this zero voltage vector period. As a result, the calculation time in the CPU or digital circuit for executing the calculation is shortened, and an advantage that the present invention can be applied even when the circuit operation is slow is obtained.
- the three-phase current detections i u , i v , and i w are displayed so as to be directly differentiated.
- an analog signal or a digital signal can be realized.
- Any information corresponding to the current differential information pi ′ ⁇ , pi ′ ⁇ in the ⁇ - ⁇ coordinates necessary for obtaining the speed electromotive forces e ⁇ , e ⁇ during the zero voltage vector period may be used.
- the three-phase two-phase conversion is first performed to convert the current signals i ⁇ and i ⁇ of the orthogonal two axes ( ⁇ coordinates) of the fixed coordinate system, and then the differential operation is performed, and then the rotation coordinate conversion is applied.
- the operation order may be changed.
- v ⁇ , v ⁇ ⁇ , ⁇ axis voltage, i ⁇ , i ⁇ : ⁇ , ⁇ axis current
- R winding resistance
- L Winding inductance
- ⁇ d Interlinkage magnetic flux of magnet
- ⁇ Rotor angular velocity (electrical angle)
- ⁇ Rotor magnetic pole position
- p Differential operator Since (1) was handled in the rotary coordinate system, The term ⁇ ⁇ L corresponding to the speed electromotive force exists in the impedance matrix of the first term on the right side due to the magnetic flux generated by the armature current, but this component is handled in the fixed coordinate system in equation (6). Does not exist, which makes the arithmetic expression easier.
- t and t + ⁇ T indicate two current sampling times having a time difference ⁇ T in the same zero voltage vector period. Further, ⁇ i ⁇ and ⁇ i ⁇ indicate current differences in this time interval.
- an estimated phase angle ⁇ ⁇ corresponding to an intermediate time between time t and time t + ⁇ T is calculated and used.
- the rotational coordinate transformation does not have to consider the amount of change in the estimated phase angle ⁇ ⁇ . Good.
- FIG. 2 shows a configuration in which the induced voltage is estimated using equation (9) and the rotational speed and the magnetic pole position are estimated in the same manner as in the first embodiment.
- the fixed coordinate information was explained in the example of a discrete system when explaining the physical meaning of the differential component, but this clearly shows that there is no phase change in the discrete system than in the analog system.
- the rotating coordinate conversion since the calculation corresponding to the current differentiation is performed in the rotating coordinate system, the rotating coordinate conversion may be performed only in the induced voltage calculating period. However, although it increases to double coordinate conversion of current detection and current differentiation, it can be simplified compared with sequential rotation coordinates.
- the induced voltage is calculated using current differentiation in the zero voltage vector period. This is characterized in that since a change in current is detected during a period in which the switching element used in the inverter is not operating, it is not affected by dead time or delay in operation of the switching element.
- the switching element is composed of semiconductor elements such as IGBTs and diodes, the inverter output voltage does not become zero even during the zero voltage vector period because there is a voltage drop of each element. .
- FIG. 3 shows a case where it is applied to FIG.
- reference numeral 12 denotes a voltage drop correction unit, which inputs three-phase current detections i u , i v , i w and detects the voltage correction amount v ceu (i u for the voltage drop of the semiconductor element from the detected value of the current component of each phase. ), vcev (iu), vcew (iu) are obtained from the table data. Further, it is converted into a rotational coordinate system of the estimated phase by the equation (10) and converted into voltage correction amounts vce ⁇ and vce ⁇ .
- the induced voltage calculation unit 5 adds the corrections of the voltage correction amounts vce ⁇ and vce ⁇ to the equation (9), corrects them to the equation (11), and outputs the speed electromotive forces e ⁇ and e ⁇ .
- the induced voltage calculation unit 5 executes the calculation of the equation (12) instead of the equation (3) to obtain the speed electromotive force e ⁇ , e Find ⁇ .
- the electromotive force in consideration of the voltage drop component of the semiconductor switching element, it becomes possible to control normally to a lower speed. Further, the accuracy of the estimated speed and magnetic pole position is improved, and the estimated speed and 6f ripple component of the magnetic pole position caused by the voltage drop of the element can be reduced.
- Example 3 the voltage drop component of the semiconductor switching element is corrected to enable stable operation up to a lower speed.
- the current components for calculating the voltage drop components due to the voltage correction amounts vce ⁇ and vce ⁇ and the winding resistance R also cause a voltage error unless the temporal matching with the current differential information is accurate.
- the voltage error factor is reduced in consideration of the error reduction method by the statistical processing and the current sampling time.
- This embodiment is specified as a discrete system.
- S0 to S7 are current sampling timings
- TS is a current sampling period.
- the differential calculation of the current is performed by calculating the difference after the rotation coordinate system is converted into the rotation coordinate system
- the rotation coordinate conversion is performed after calculating the difference in the fixed coordinate system.
- multipoint current sampling synchronized with the carrier is performed, and current difference calculation is performed using data between the two sampling points sandwiching the apex of the triangular wave carrier as necessary.
- the current value for calculating the current control and the voltage drop component of R uses the PWM carrier synchronization current sampling value detected at the times of the vertices S0 and S4 of the triangular wave carrier. That is, a necessary portion is selected and utilized from multipoint current detection in which current detection and its differentiation are synchronized with the PWM carrier.
- a normal three-phase inverter is configured with three arms by switching elements such as IGBTs having six reverse conducting diodes, and there are current paths that circulate through the switching elements inside the inverter during two types of zero voltage vector periods.
- switching elements such as IGBTs having six reverse conducting diodes
- a voltage error due to variations in switching elements occurs. Therefore, in order to average the two types, a moving average of two times of the current sampled at the apex portion and the bottom portion of the triangular wave carrier waveform is used in the calculation of the equations (11) and (12). Thereby, the voltage error component can be suppressed statistically.
- the detected current value used for the voltage drop component and R voltage drop component obtained by the voltage drop correction unit 12 is the current sampling value at the time of the maximum vertices S0 and S3 when it is near the vertex of the triangular wave carrier waveform.
- the current sampling value at the time of the minimum vertex S4 may be used.
- the average value of the current sampling values of S3 and S5 can be used instead of the current sampling value of the time S4, and the average value of the current sampling values of S7 and S9 can be used instead of the current sampling value of S8. .
- FIG. 5 shows a simulation result when the fourth embodiment is applied.
- (A) is a speed
- (b) is a biaxial current component
- (c) is a torque
- (d) is a difference between an actual magnetic pole position and an estimated magnetic pole position.
- FIG. 5 shows the case where the load torque is changed at time t2 and the speed command is changed at time t6.
- the axis error ⁇ e is very small as shown in (d), and when the speed is 5% or less or 0% speed passes from forward rotation to reverse rotation. It turns out that it can be estimated accurately even at times.
- Temporal matching is performed in which differentiation is performed using the current sampled near the peak of the carrier and the peak as the detected current value.
- the current value obtained by sampling the synchronous current at the average carrier vertex of the two current components before and after the vertex that approximates the current differentiation is substituted.
- the current differential component and the voltage correction amount vce and the current used for the voltage drop of R can be temporally matched and the influence of noise can be reduced.
- the voltage drop correction unit 12 in the third embodiment shown in FIG. 3 obtains the voltage drop corresponding to the detected value of the current component of each of the three phases using table data.
- the voltage drop correction unit 12 also uses table data to calculate the voltage drop component.
- the table data is individually obtained for each phase and for each positive and negative current polarity. It is configured so that it can be set. As a result, even if there is a variation in the characteristics of the semiconductor, it can be corrected more accurately.
- the estimated phase ⁇ ⁇ is calculated using the current signals i ⁇ and i ⁇ in the ⁇ - ⁇ coordinates and the current differential information pi ⁇ and pi ⁇ during the zero voltage vector period. .
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Abstract
Description
そのため、高い位置制御精度や応答性が要求されない用途では、位置センサを使用しないでインバータの電圧や電流情報から磁極位置を推定する位置センサレス制御法を適用することにより制御性能よりも信頼性を改善することが要望されており、現在まで多くの研究がなされてきた。
一つは、界磁磁石の磁束によって発生する速度起電力成分を推定する方法である。この方法は、インバータ出力の電圧や電流の基本波成分からモータの界磁磁束による速度起電力を推定するものである。PMモータは、界磁軸(d軸)とその直交軸(q軸)のインダクタンス成分が等しいという非突極機特性と、また、各軸のインダクタンスが等しくない突極機特性という観点で分類できるが、この方法はその両方に適用できるため、PMモータ全般に利用できることが特長である。しかし、回転速度が低い領域では速度起電力が小さくなってしまう。通常のインバータは、PWM変調方式を利用した電圧制御によりモータに電力を供給しているが、インバータ出力電圧を検出する場合には、高周波成分を含むPWM波形から正確に、かつ高速に基本波成分の電圧を検出することは難しいという問題を有している。
この方法は、d軸とq軸のインダクタンスに差がある突極性を有するPMモータであれば、各軸成分のインダクタンスを逐次計測し続けることにより、界磁磁極軸の位相を推定することができる。しかし、この方法は非突極機特性のPMモータには適用できないほか,界磁磁極軸(d軸)にはN極とS極の2種類の極性が存在するので、これらの判別を行うために磁気飽和などを利用した付加的な磁極判別法も制御に追加する必要がある。
零電圧ベクトル期間中のγーδ座標での前記電流検出値iγ,iδと電流微分情報piγ,piδを入力して速度起電力eγ,eδを演算する誘起電圧演算部と、誘起電圧演算部により演算された速度起電力eγ,eδを用いて推定速度ω^を求める回転速度推定部と、推定速度を時間積分して推定位相θ^を算出し、この推定位相を前記回転座標変換部と逆回転座標変換部に出力して回転座標の基準位相に利用することを特徴としたものである。
本発明の1つの観点による前記回転速度推定部は、次式により推定速度ω^を算出することを特徴としたものである。
本発明の別の観点によれば、前記電流微分検出部を回転座標変換部の検出電流入力側に設け、前記PWM変調パターンの零電圧ベクトル期間中に発生する三相電流検出とその電流微分量を回転座標変換器に入力し、
前記誘起電圧演算部は、回転座標変換部により回転座標変換した前記電流検出値iγ,iδと電流微分情報piγ’,piδ’を入力して速度起電力eγ,eδを算出することを特徴としたものである。
前記誘起電圧演算部に、前記電流検出値と電流微分情報、及び電圧降下補正量を入力して速度起電力を演算することを特徴としたものである。
本発明の他の観点による前記誘起電圧演算部は、次式により速度起電力eγ,eδを算出することを特徴としたものである。
速度制御部8では、速度指令ω*と速度推定ω^の入力情報から、トルク指令に相当するδ軸成分の電流指令iδ *を出力する。この電流指令iδ *とγ軸の任意の電流指令iγ *が電流制御部9に入力される。電流制御部9には、回転座標変換部3を介して回転座標に変換された電流信号iγ,iδが入力されており、電流制御部9ではこれらの電流指令iδ *,iγ *および電流信号iγ,iδを比較してフィードバック演算を行い、推定磁極軸を基準とする回転座標(γ‐δ座標)上の電圧指令vγ *,vδ *を出力する。この電圧指令vγ *,vδ *は、回転座標変換部3とは逆の動作を行う逆回転座標変換部10により、固定座標への逆回転変換や2相3相変換などを行って三相交流の電圧指令vu,vv,vwとしてインバータ1に入力される。インバータ1では、三相電圧指令vu,vv,vwをPWM変調により電力増幅して略等価な電圧を出力する。
以上は位置センサがある場合もない場合も共通の制御ブロックである。
電流微分検出部4は、零電圧ベクトル期間中のγーδ軸電流の変化量piγ,
piδを検出する。γーδ軸電流は三相電流検出iu,iv,iwから回転座標変換を行うことで得られるが、回転座標変換方法としては、アナログ乗算器やアナログの加減算器などにより信号変換を実現する連続信号による方法と、三相電流検出iu,iv,iwをアナログ/ディジタル変換器(A/D変換器)によってディジタル信号に変換した後に、CPUなどのディジタル変換器により信号変換部の演算を実行する離散信号による方法がある。
本発明では非突極特性を有するPMモータを制御対象としているため、d軸とq軸のインダクタンス成分は等しいものとみなして共通の係数で表現している。
実施例1では、電流微分情報を正確に得るためには回転座標変換に使用する推定位相θ^も連続系の値でなくてはならない。そのため,三相電流信号をA/D変換してディジタル値に変換する場合,回転座標変換に使用する推定位相θ^も逐次更新する必要があり演算量が多くなる。この実施例2はその点を考慮したもので、固定座標系で電流微分情報pi'γ,pi'δを得るよう構成することによって推定位相θ^を逐次更新する必要がなくなり簡単な演算実行を可能としたものである。
固定子巻線を基準とする固定座標系におけるPMモータの電圧方程式は(6)式となる。
L:巻線インダクタンス、φd:磁石の鎖交磁束、ω:回転子角速度(電気角)、θ:回転子磁極位置、p:微分演算子
(1)式では回転座標系で取り扱っていたため,右辺第1項のインピーダンス行列内に電機子電流により発生した磁束によって、速度起電力に相当する項ω^Lが存在していたが、(6)式では固定座標系で取り扱っているためこの成分が存在してなく、これにより、演算式がより簡単となる。
pi(d,q)+ω×i(α,β)=pi(α,β)
しかし、図2の回転座標上の電流微分情報pi'γ,pi'δは、固定座標上において微分したものをある時刻の推定位相角θ^で回転座標変換したものであり、回転座標変換する時刻における位相の変化項までは含まれていない。
離散系において、αβ軸電流の微分演算を差分で近似する場合には次式で計算できる。
零電圧ベクトル期間中に(8)式の左辺を零とおき、誘起電圧式の計算式に変形すると(9)式となる。
固定座標情報を微分成分の物理的な意味を説明するときに離散系の例で説明したが、これはアナログ系で説明するよりも離散系の方が、位相変化が無いことを明確に示すことができるために利用したものであり、実施例1と同じように電流微分や回転座標変換を実現するには、アナログ演算回路でもディジタル回路でもどちらの利用でもよいことは勿論である。したがって,実施例2では電流微分演算を離散系に限定するものではない。
通常,スイッチング素子の電圧降下成分は電流と関係があるので、三相各相の電流成分の検出値から半導体素子の電圧降下分を推定して補正するものである。
この実施例は、図1,図2で示す何れの実施例にも適用できるが、図3では図2に適用した場合を示している。
なお、この実施例は離散系に特定されるものである。
図4において、S0~S7は電流のサンプリングタイミング、TSは電流のサンプリング周期である。
さらに,通常の3相インバータは6個の逆導通ダイオードを内蔵したIGBTなどのスイッチング素子により3アームを構成しており、2種類の零電圧ベクトル期間ではインバータ内部のスイッチング素子を循環する電流路が異なり、スイッチング素子のバラツキによる電圧誤差が発生する。そこで、2種類を平均するために、(11)式や(12)式の計算に三角波キャリア波形の頂点部分と底部部分でサンプリングした電流の2回分の移動平均を用いる。これにより統計的に電圧誤差成分が抑制できる。
図5は時刻t2で負荷トルクを変動させ、時刻t6で速度指令を変動させた場合を示したもので、通常は、起電力を用いて位置・速度推定を行う場合、定格の5~10%程度の速度までしか精度良く推定することができないが、(d)図で示すように軸誤差θeは非常に少なくなっており、5%以下の速度時や正転から逆転への0%速度通過時でも精度よく推定できることが分る。
(1)電流の検出値としてキャリアの頂点とその頂点付近でサンプリングした電流を用いて微分するという時間的な整合をとる。
(2)または、電流微分を近似差分する頂点前後の2点の電流成分の平均キャリア頂点で同期電流サンプリングした電流値を代用にする。
これにより、電流微分成分と電圧補正量vceやRの電圧降下に使用する電流との時間的な整合がとれてノイズの影響を低減することが可能となるものである。
また、頂点部と底辺部の2種類の零電圧ベクトル期間の電流検出値の移動平均をとることにより半導体素子のバラツキを統計的に抑制することが可能となるものである。
実施例5でも、電圧降下補正部12においても電圧降下成分を計算するためにテーブルデータを使用しているが、このテーブルデータを各相ごとに個別に、且つ正負の電流極性毎にも個別に設定できるように構成したものである。これにより、半導体の特性バラツキがあっても、より正確に補正することができるようにしたものである。
Claims (13)
- 速度指令と推定速度から電流指令を生成し、この電流指令と回転座標変換部を通して検出されたγーδ座標の電流検出値から電圧指令を生成し、逆回転座標変換部およびPWM変調パターンにより制御されるインバータを介してPMモータを制御するものにおいて、
零電圧ベクトル期間中のγーδ座標での前記電流検出値iγ,iδと電流微分情報piγ,piδを入力して速度起電力eγ,eδを演算する誘起電圧演算部と、誘起電圧演算部により演算された速度起電力eγ,eδを用いて推定速度ω^を求める回転速度推定部と、推定速度を時間積分して推定位相θ^を算出し、この推定位相を前記回転座標変換部と逆回転座標変換部に出力して回転座標の基準位相に利用することを特徴としたPMモータの位置センサレス制御装置。 - 前記電流微分検出部を回転座標変換部の検出電流入力側に設け、前記PWM変調パターンの零電圧ベクトル期間中に発生する三相電流検出とその電流微分量を回転座標変換器に入力し、
前記誘起電圧演算部は、回転座標変換部により回転座標変換した前記電流検出値iγ,iδと電流微分情報piγ’,piδ’を入力して速度起電力eγ,eδを算出することを特徴とした請求項1記載のPMモータの位置センサレス制御装置。 - 前記電流微分情報piγ’,piδ’は、回転座標変換部によって固定座標の直交二軸α,βの電流成分iα,iβに変換後、微分演算を実行して得ることを特徴とする請求項4又は5記載のPMモータの位置センサレス制御装置。
- 前記回転座標変換部の入力側にスイッチング素子の電圧降下を補正する電圧降下補正部を設け、前記PWM変調パターンの零電圧ベクトル期間中に発生する三相電流検出と電圧降下補正部からの電圧降下補正量を回転座標変換部に入力し、
前記誘起電圧演算部に、前記電流検出値と電流微分情報、及び電圧降下補正量を入力して速度起電力を演算することを特徴とした請求項1又は4記載のPMモータの位置センサレス制御装置。 - 前記電流微分情報は、回転座標系又は固定座標系の何れか一方の座標系に基づいたものであることを特徴とした請求項1又は4又は7記載の何れかであるPMモータの位置センサレス制御装置。
- 前記電流微分情報は、零電圧ベクトル期間におけるキャリア頂点前後2点の電流サンプリング値の差分演算値として前記回転座標変換部に入力することを特徴とした請求項7乃至10記載の何れかであるPMモータの位置センサレス制御装置。
- 前記電流微分情報は、零電圧ベクトル期間におけるキャリア頂点と底辺間の電流サンプリング値の移動平均値を微分した値を前記回転座標変換部に入力することを特徴とした請求項7乃至10記載の何れかであるPMモータの位置センサレス制御装置。
- 前記電圧降下補正部における電圧降下補正量は、三相検出電流値に対応したテーブルデータを用いて求め、テーブルデータは三相の各相毎個別に、且つ正負の電流極性毎に個別に設定されたことを特徴とした請求項7乃至12記載の何れかであるPMモータの位置センサレス制御装置。
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