WO2012169502A1 - Toner, two-component developer, and image forming method - Google Patents

Toner, two-component developer, and image forming method Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2012169502A1
WO2012169502A1 PCT/JP2012/064496 JP2012064496W WO2012169502A1 WO 2012169502 A1 WO2012169502 A1 WO 2012169502A1 JP 2012064496 W JP2012064496 W JP 2012064496W WO 2012169502 A1 WO2012169502 A1 WO 2012169502A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
toner
particles
less
image
μπι
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
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PCT/JP2012/064496
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Yoshiaki Shiotari
Kosuke Fukudome
Nozomu Komatsu
Kunihiko Nakamura
Kentaro Kamae
Hiroyuki Fujikawa
Koh Ishigami
Takayuki Itakura
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Canon Inc
Original Assignee
Canon Inc
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Canon Inc filed Critical Canon Inc
Priority to CN201280028595.0A priority Critical patent/CN103597410A/zh
Priority to US14/124,985 priority patent/US20140113228A1/en
Priority to KR1020147000016A priority patent/KR20140022095A/ko
Priority to EP12796030.0A priority patent/EP2718768A4/en
Publication of WO2012169502A1 publication Critical patent/WO2012169502A1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G9/00—Developers
    • G03G9/08—Developers with toner particles
    • G03G9/0819—Developers with toner particles characterised by the dimensions of the particles
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G9/00—Developers
    • G03G9/08—Developers with toner particles
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G13/00—Electrographic processes using a charge pattern
    • G03G13/06—Developing
    • G03G13/08—Developing using a solid developer, e.g. powder developer
    • G03G13/095—Removing excess solid developer
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G15/00—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern
    • G03G15/06—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for developing
    • G03G15/08—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for developing using a solid developer, e.g. powder developer
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G21/00—Arrangements not provided for by groups G03G13/00 - G03G19/00, e.g. cleaning, elimination of residual charge
    • G03G21/10—Collecting or recycling waste developer
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G5/00—Recording members for original recording by exposure, e.g. to light, to heat, to electrons; Manufacture thereof; Selection of materials therefor
    • G03G5/02—Charge-receiving layers
    • G03G5/04—Photoconductive layers; Charge-generation layers or charge-transporting layers; Additives therefor; Binders therefor
    • G03G5/05—Organic bonding materials; Methods for coating a substrate with a photoconductive layer; Inert supplements for use in photoconductive layers
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G5/00—Recording members for original recording by exposure, e.g. to light, to heat, to electrons; Manufacture thereof; Selection of materials therefor
    • G03G5/14—Inert intermediate or cover layers for charge-receiving layers
    • G03G5/147—Cover layers
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G9/00—Developers
    • G03G9/08—Developers with toner particles
    • G03G9/0802—Preparation methods
    • G03G9/0804—Preparation methods whereby the components are brought together in a liquid dispersing medium
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G9/00—Developers
    • G03G9/08—Developers with toner particles
    • G03G9/0802—Preparation methods
    • G03G9/0804—Preparation methods whereby the components are brought together in a liquid dispersing medium
    • G03G9/0806—Preparation methods whereby the components are brought together in a liquid dispersing medium whereby chemical synthesis of at least one of the toner components takes place
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G9/00—Developers
    • G03G9/08—Developers with toner particles
    • G03G9/0802—Preparation methods
    • G03G9/0808—Preparation methods by dry mixing the toner components in solid or softened state
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G9/00—Developers
    • G03G9/08—Developers with toner particles
    • G03G9/0802—Preparation methods
    • G03G9/081—Preparation methods by mixing the toner components in a liquefied state; melt kneading; reactive mixing
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G9/00—Developers
    • G03G9/08—Developers with toner particles
    • G03G9/0802—Preparation methods
    • G03G9/0815—Post-treatment
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G9/00—Developers
    • G03G9/08—Developers with toner particles
    • G03G9/0802—Preparation methods
    • G03G9/0817—Separation; Classifying
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G9/00—Developers
    • G03G9/08—Developers with toner particles
    • G03G9/0821—Developers with toner particles characterised by physical parameters
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G9/00—Developers
    • G03G9/08—Developers with toner particles
    • G03G9/0827—Developers with toner particles characterised by their shape, e.g. degree of sphericity
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G9/00—Developers
    • G03G9/08—Developers with toner particles
    • G03G9/087—Binders for toner particles
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G9/00—Developers
    • G03G9/08—Developers with toner particles
    • G03G9/087—Binders for toner particles
    • G03G9/08742—Binders for toner particles comprising macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • G03G9/08755—Polyesters
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G9/00—Developers
    • G03G9/08—Developers with toner particles
    • G03G9/097—Plasticisers; Charge controlling agents
    • G03G9/09708—Inorganic compounds
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G9/00—Developers
    • G03G9/08—Developers with toner particles
    • G03G9/10—Developers with toner particles characterised by carrier particles
    • G03G9/107—Developers with toner particles characterised by carrier particles having magnetic components

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a toner used for an electrophotographic system, an electrostatic recording system, an electrostatic printing system, or a toner-jet system, a two-component developer containing the toner, and an image forming method using the toner.
  • the toner described in PTL 1 has a small average circularity, and transferability and a developing property of the toner may be further improved.
  • the present invention provides a toner which has a good transfer efficiency and good cleanability, in which a change in the image density is suppressed when a large number of sheets are copied or printed and thus which has good stress resistance.
  • the present invention further provides a two-component developer and image forming method using the toner.
  • the present invention provides a toner including toner particles each of which contains a binder resin and a wax; and inorganic fine particles, wherein (i) the toner has a weight-average particle diameter (D4) of 3.0 ⁇ or more and 8.0 ⁇ or less, (ii) in a measurement using a flow particle image measuring apparatus with an image processing resolution of 512 x 512 pixels, the toner satisfies
  • Pa and Pb respectively represent a maximum absorption peak intensity in the range of 2, 843 cm “1 or more and 2, 853 cm “1 or less and a maximum absorption peak intensity in the range of 1,713 cm “1 or more and 1,723 cm “1 or less in a Fourier transform infrared (FT- IR) spectrum of the toner measured by an attenuated total reflection (ATR) method using germanium (Ge) as an ATR crystal at an angle of incidence of infrared light of 45°, and Pc and Pd respectively represent a maximum absorption peak intensity in the range of 2,843 cm “1 or more and 2,853 cm “1 or less and a maximum absorption peak intensity in the range of 1,713 cm “1 or more and 1, 723 cm “1 or less in an FT- IR spectrum of the toner measured by an ATR method using KRS5 as an ATR crystal at an angle of incidence
  • the present invention provides a two-component developer and image forming method using the toner.
  • the present invention can provide a toner that has good durability and that realizes both a good transfer efficiency and good cleanability .
  • Fig. 1 is a diagram illustrating a flow of a heat treatment apparatus.
  • FIGs. 2A to 2C are views illustrating a heat treatment apparatus.
  • FIG. 3 is a partial cross-sectional perspective view illustrating an example of a hot-air supply unit 2 and an air flow-adjusting portion 2A.
  • Fig. 4 is a partial cross-sectional perspective view illustrating an example of a first cold-air supply unit 3 and an air flow-adjusting portion 3A.
  • FIG. 5 is a view illustrating a heat treatment apparatus that has been hitherto used.
  • a toner according to the present invention has a weight-average particle diameter (D4) of 3.0 ⁇ or more and 8.0 ⁇ or less, and the toner satisfies the following condition (a) in a measurement using a flow particle image measuring apparatus with an image processing resolution of 512 x 512 pixels (0.37 ⁇ x 0.37 ⁇ per pixel) : (a)
  • circularity is 0.960 or more and 0.985 or less, and the proportion of particles having a circularity of 0.990 or more and 1.000 or less is 25.0% or less on a basis of the number of particles. More preferably, the average
  • circularity of the toner is 0.960 or more and 0.975 or less and the proportion of particles having a circularity of 0.990 or more and 1.000 or less is 20.0% or less on a basis of the number of particles.
  • a toner particle having a shape similar to a sphere has a small contact area with an image bearing member
  • the proportion of particles having a circularity of 0.990 or more affects the decrease in the cleanability.
  • the proportion of particles having a circularity of 0.990 or more affects the decrease in the cleanability.
  • the proportion of particles having a circularity of 0.990 or more affects the decrease in the cleanability.
  • the proportion of particles having a circularity of 0.990 or more affects the decrease in the cleanability.
  • the proportion of particles having a circularity of 0.990 or more there is a positive correlation between the proportion of particles having a circularity of 0.990 or more and the average circularity. If the proportion of particles having a circularity of 0.990 or more is decreased, the average circularity is also decreased, thereby decreasing
  • the toner particles having a shape similar to a sphere easily pass through a gap of a cleaning blade, and thus contaminate a charging roller. Consequently, image defects due to uneven charging on the image bearing member tend to occur .
  • the amount of transfer residual toner particle having a shape similar to a sphere is smaller than that in the case where a toner having a wide circularity distribution is used.
  • the toner having a narrow circularity distribution is used, most of the transfer residual toner particles are scraped off with the blade and thus good cleanability can be realized.
  • the proportion of particles having a circularity of 0.990 or more and 1.000 or less exceeds 25.0% on a basis of the
  • the cleanability decreases because the amount of toner particles having a shape similar to a sphere is large.
  • condition (b) is satisfied in a measurement using a flow particle image measuring apparatus with an image processing resolution of 512 x 512 pixels (0.37 ⁇ x 0.37 ⁇ per pixel):
  • the ratio of particles having an equivalent circle diameter of 0.50 ⁇ or more and less than 1.98 ⁇ to particles having an equivalent circle diameter of 0.50 ⁇ or more and less than 200.00 ⁇ is 10.0% or less on a basis of the number of particles.
  • the proportion of particles having an equivalent circle diameter of 0.50 ⁇ or more and less than 1.98 ⁇ is more preferably 7.0% or less on a basis of the number of particles.
  • toner-spent on the surface of a magnetic carrier can be suppressed when the toner of the present invention is used as a two-component developer. Accordingly, it is possible to suppress a decrease in a triboelectric charge-imparting property of the magnetic carrier.
  • the extension of the life of the developer can be realized particularly in the long-term endurance (the formation of an image on a large number of sheets) at a high coverage (at a printed image ratio of 40% or more) where a large amount of toner is consumed.
  • magnetic carrier is spent by the particles having an
  • toner particles are prepared by an emulsion aggregation method
  • the ratio of toner particles having an equivalent circle diameter of 0.50 ⁇ or more and less than 1.98 um exceeds 10.0% on a basis of the number of particles. This is due to residual emulsified particles generated in a process of producing the toner.
  • the ratio of toner particles having an equivalent circle diameter of 0.50 ⁇ or more and less than 1.98 um exceeds 10.0% on a basis of the number of particles. This is due to residual emulsified particles generated in a process of producing the toner.
  • the average circularity is very high and the ratio of toner particles having a circularity of 0.990 or more also exceeds 25.0% on a basis of the number of particles.
  • the average circularity is less than 0.960.
  • An example of a method for increasing the average circularity of the toner containing toner particles obtained by the pulverization method is the spheroidization of the toner particles with a heat treatment apparatus.
  • a common heat is the case where a common heat
  • the resulting toner has an average circularity of 0.960 or more and 0.985 or less, the proportion of particles having a circularity of 0.990 or more exceeds 25% on a basis of the number of particles. The reason for this will be described in detail below .
  • Pa and Pb respectively represent a maximum absorption peak intensity in the range of 2, 843 cm “1 or more and 2, 853 cm “1 or less and a maximum absorption peak intensity in the range of 1,713 cm “1 or more and 1,723 cm “1 or less in an FT-IR spectrum of the toner measured by an ATR method using Ge as an ATR crystal at an angle of incidence of infrared light of 45°
  • Pc and Pd respectively represent a maximum absorption peak intensity in the range of 2, 843 cm -1 or more and 2, 853 cm -1 or less and a maximum absorption peak intensity in the range of 1,713 cm -1 or more and 1, 723 cm “1 or less in an FT-IR spectrum of the toner measured by an ATR method using KRS5 as an ATR crystal at an angle of incidence of infrared light of 45°.
  • PI is an index related to the abundance ratio of the wax to the binder resin at a position about 0.3 ⁇ . away from a toner surface in a depth direction of the toner, the direction extending from the toner surface to a toner center portion
  • P2 is an index related to the abundance ratio of the wax to the binder resin at a position about 1.0 urn away from the toner surface.
  • the index PI related to the abundance ratio of the wax to the binder resin at a position about 0.3 ⁇ away from a toner surface is
  • an index ratio [P1/P2] related to the abundance ratio i.e., the degree of uneven distribution of the wax in a depth direction of the toner, the direction extending from the toner surface to a toner center portion. It is believed that durability of the toner can be improved by controlling the ratio [P1/P2] in the above range, as described below.
  • the wax In order to satisfactorily exude a wax from a toner, the wax needs to be present on the surface of the toner to a certain degree.
  • the inorganic fine particles are not embedded to the extent that the
  • the range from the toner surface layer to a depth of about 1.0 ⁇ relates to this embedding of inorganic fine particles.
  • the abundance ratio of the wax in the range from the toner surface to a position of about 0.3 um becomes higher than the abundance ratio of the wax in the range from the toner surface to a position of about 1.0 um in a depth direction of the toner, the direction extending from the toner surface to a toner center portion.
  • the resin becomes harder from the toner surface layer having a high wax content toward the toner center portion. As a result, excessive embedding of inorganic fine particles is
  • the ratio [P1/P2] of the toner is preferably 1.25 or more and 1.90 or less, and more preferably 1.30 or more and 1.80 or less.
  • Pc and Pd respectively represent a maximum absorption peak intensity in the range of 2, 843 cm -1 or more and 2, 853 cm -1 or less and a maximum absorption peak intensity in the range of 1,713 cm -1 or more and 1, 723 cm -1 or less in an FT-IR spectrum of the toner measured by an ATR method using Ge as an ATR crystal at an angle of incidence of infrared light of 45°
  • Pc and Pd respectively represent a maximum absorption peak intensity in the range of 2, 843 cm "1 or more and 2,853 cm -1 or less and a maximum absorption peak intensity in the range of 1,713 cm -1 or more and 1, 723 cm -1 or less in an FT- IR spectrum of the toner measured by an ATR method using KRS5 as an ATR crystal at an angle of incidence of infrared light of 45°.
  • each of the maximum absorption peak intensities Pa to Pd is the intensity of a peak itself determined by subtracting the effect of a base line from a maximum value of the FT-IR spectrum.
  • the maximum absorption peak intensity Pa is a value determined by subtracting the average of the absorption intensity at 3, 050 cm “1 and the absorption intensity at 2, 600 cm “1 from the maximum of the absorption peak intensity in the range of 2, 843 cm “1 or more and 2, 853 cm “1 or less.
  • the maximum absorption peak intensity Pb is a value determined by subtracting the average of the absorption intensity at 1, 763 cm “1 and the absorption intensity at 1, 630 cm “1 from the maximum of the absorption peak intensity in the range of 1,713 cm “1 or more and 1, 723 cm -1 or less.
  • the maximum absorption peak intensity Pc is a value determined by subtracting the average of the absorption intensity at 3,050 cm “1 and the absorption intensity at 2, 600 cm “1 from the maximum of the absorption peak intensity in the range of 2,843 cm “1 or more and 2, 853 cm “1 or less.
  • the maximum absorption peak intensity Pd is a value determined by subtracting the average of the absorption intensity at 1,763 cm -1 and the absorption intensity at 1, 630 cm -1 from the maximum of the absorption peak intensity in the range of 1,713 cm -1 or more and 1, 723 cm -1 or less.
  • the absorption peak in the range of 1,713 cm -1 or more and 1, 723 cm “1 or less is a peak mainly attributable to stretching vibration of -CO- derived from a binder resin.
  • Various peaks other than the above peak such as a peak attributable to out-of-plane bending vibration of CH of an aromatic ring, are also detected as peaks derived from the binder resin.
  • a large number of peaks are present in the range of 1,500 cm -1 or less, and it is difficult to isolate only peaks derived from the binder resin.
  • an accurate numerical value cannot be calculated. Therefore, the absorption peak in the range of 1,713 cm -1 or more and 1, 723 cm ""1 or less, which is easily isolated from other peaks, is used as a peak derived from the binder resin.
  • the absorption peak in the range of 2, 843 cm -1 or more and 2, 853 cm “1 or less is a peak mainly attributable to stretching vibration (symmetry) of - CH 2 - derived from a wax.
  • Another peak attributable to in- plane bending vibration of CH 2 is also detected in the range of 1,450 cm “1 or more and 1,500 cm “1 or less as a peak derived from the wax.
  • this peak overlaps with a peak derived from the binder resin, and it is difficult to isolate the peak derived from the wax. Therefore, the absorption peak in the range of 2,843 cm -1 or more and 2,853 cm "1 or less, which is easily isolated from other peaks, is used as a peak derived from the wax.
  • a base line intensity can be calculated by calculating the average of these two points.
  • a base line intensity can be calculated by calculating the average of these two points.
  • the abundance ratio of the wax to the binder resin is calculated by dividing the maximum absorption peak intensity derived from the wax by the maximum absorption peak intensity derived from the binder resin.
  • PI correlates to the glossiness of an image and a property for preventing unintentional winding of a recording medium during fixing. It is believed that, by allowing a wax to be present in a large amount relative to the binder resin in the range from the toner surface to about a position of 0.3 ⁇ in the thickness direction, even when a high-speed machine such as a POD system is used, the wax is rapidly melted in the fixing step and exhibits a releasing effect, thus improving the releasability between a fixing member and a toner layer.
  • PI is preferably 0.10 or more and 0.70 or less, and more preferably 0.12 or more and 0.66 or less.
  • the abundance ratio PI of the wax at a position of about 0.3 ⁇ is used as an index.
  • a raw material toner may be surface-treated with hot air.
  • PI refers to toner particles before a surface treatment is conducted by a heat treatment.
  • the surface treatment temperature with hot air may be increased or the amount of wax added may be increased.
  • PI can be decreased by decreasing the surface treatment temperature with hot air, decreasing the amount of wax added, or externally adding inorganic fine particles to the raw material toner.
  • inorganic fine particles are embedded in toner particles through endurance, which may result in an increase in the change in the amount of triboelectric charge.
  • the present invention in order to exhibit stability of the amount of charging due to friction between the toner and the magnetic carrier, it is important to suppress embedding of inorganic fine particles fixed to the surfaces of toner particles. Specifically, there is a correlation between the abundance ratio of the wax at a position of about 1.0 ⁇ and the suppression of the
  • the abundance ratio P2 of the wax at a position of about 1.0 um is used as an index.
  • the change in the toner surface can be suppressed by suppressing detachment and embedding of inorganic fine particles due to a stress in a developing device.
  • the embedding of the inorganic fine particles can be suppressed to suppress a change in the amount of triboelectric charge.
  • P2 is preferably 0.05 or more and 0.35 or less, and more preferably 0.06 or more and 0.33 or less.
  • P2 can be controlled by changing the type and the amount of wax added and controlling the dispersion diameter of the wax in the toner in a specified range. In the case where a surface treatment with hot air is conducted, P2 can be controlled by changing the treatment conditions.
  • the dispersion diameter of the wax in the toner can also be changed by, for example, internally adding inorganic fine particles in the preparation of toner particles.
  • binder resin used in the toner examples include homopolymers of a styrene derivative such as
  • polystyrene and polyvinyltoluene styrene copolymers such as styrene-propylene copolymers, styrene-vinyltoluene
  • copolymers styrene-butyl acrylate copolymers, styrene-octyl acrylate copolymers, styrene-dimethylaminoethyl acrylate copolymers, styrene-methyl methacrylate copolymers, styrene- ethyl methacrylate copolymers, styrene-butyl methacrylate copolymers, styrene-octyl methacrylate copolymers, styrene- dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate copolymers, styrene-vinyl methyl ether copolymers, styrene-vinyl ethyl ether
  • copolymers styrene-vinyl methyl ketone copolymers, styrene- butadiene copolymers, styrene-isoprene copolymers, styrene- maleic acid copolymers, and styrene-maleate copolymers;
  • polymers that are preferably used as the binder resin are styrene copolymers and resins having a polyester unit.
  • polyester unit refers to a moiety derived from a polyester. Examples of components
  • constituting the polyester unit include divalent or higher alcohol monomer components and acid monomer components such as divalent or higher carboxylic acids, divalent or higher carboxylic acid anhydrides, and divalent or higher
  • Examples of the divalent or higher alcohol monomer components include the following compounds. Specifically, examples of the divalent alcohol monomer components include alkylene oxide adducts of bisphenol A, such as
  • Examples of the trivalent or higher alcohol monomer components include sorbit, 1, 2, 3, 6-hexanetetrol, 1,4- sorbitan, pentaerythritol, dipentaerythritol ,
  • tripentaerythritol 1 , 2 , 4-butanetriol , 1 , 2 , 5-pentanetriol , glycerol, 2-methylpropanetriol, 2-methyl-l, 2, 4-butanetriol, trimethylolethane, trimethylolpropane, and 1,3,5- trihydroxymethylbenzene .
  • divalent carboxylic acid monomer component examples include aromatic dicarboxylic acids such as phthalic acid, isophthalic acid, and terephthalic acid, and anhydrides thereof; alkyl dicarboxylic acids such as succinic acid, adipic acid, sebacic acid, and azelaic acid, and anhydrides thereof; succinic acid substituted with an alkyl group or alkenyl group having 6 to 18 carbon atoms, and anhydrides thereof; and unsaturated dicarboxylic acids such as fumaric acid, maleic acid, and citraconic acid, and anhydrides thereof.
  • aromatic dicarboxylic acids such as phthalic acid, isophthalic acid, and terephthalic acid, and anhydrides thereof
  • alkyl dicarboxylic acids such as succinic acid, adipic acid, sebacic acid, and azelaic acid, and anhydrides thereof
  • Examples of the trivalent or higher carboxylic acid monomer component include polyvalent carboxylic acids such as trimellitic acid, pyromellitic acid, and benzophenone tetracarboxylic acid, and anhydrides thereof.
  • Examples of other monomers include polyhydric alcohols such as oxyalkylene ethers of novolak phenolic resins .
  • the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the binder resin is preferably 40 °C or higher and 90 °C or lower, and more preferably 45°C or higher and 65°C or lower from the
  • Examples of the wax used in the toner include hydrocarbon waxes such as low-molecular-weight polyethylene, low-molecular-weight polypropylene, alkylene copolymers, microcrystalline wax, paraffin wax, and Fischer-Tropsch wax; oxides of hydrocarbon waxes such as oxidized polyethylene wax, and block copolymers thereof; waxes containing a fatty acid ester as a main component, such as carnauba wax; and waxes obtained by partially or completely deoxidizing a fatty acid ester, such as deoxidized carnauba wax.
  • hydrocarbon waxes such as low-molecular-weight polyethylene, low-molecular-weight polypropylene, alkylene copolymers, microcrystalline wax, paraffin wax, and Fischer-Tropsch wax
  • oxides of hydrocarbon waxes such as oxidized polyethylene wax, and block copolymers thereof
  • waxes containing a fatty acid ester as a main component such as carnauba wax
  • wax further include saturated straight-chain fatty acids such as palmitic acid, stearic acid, and montanic acid; unsaturated fatty acids such as brassidic acid, eleostearic acid, and parinaric acid;
  • saturated alcohols such as stearyl alcohol, aralkyl alcohols, behenyl alcohol, carnaubyl alcohol, ceryl alcohol, and melissyl alcohol; polyhydric alcohols such as sorbitol;
  • esters of a fatty acid such as palmitic acid, stearic acid, behenic acid, or montanic acid
  • an alcohol such as stearyl alcohol, an aralkyl alcohol, behenyl alcohol
  • carnaubyl alcohol ceryl alcohol, or melissyl alcohol
  • fatty acid amides such as linoleamide, oleamide, and lauramide
  • saturated fatty acid bisamides such as methylene bis- stearamide, ethylene bis-capramide, ethylene bis-lauramide, and hexamethylene bis-stearamide; unsaturated fatty acid amides such as ethylene bis-oleamide, hexamethylene bis- oleamide, ⁇ , ⁇ '-dioleyl adipamide, and N, N' -dioleyl
  • aromatic bisamides such as m-xylene bis- stearamide and N, N 1 -distearyl isophthalamide
  • aliphatic metal salts such as "metallic
  • soaps such as calcium stearate, calcium laurate, zinc stearate, and magnesium stearate; waxes composed of an aliphatic hydrocarbon wax obtained by grafting a vinyl monomer such as styrene or acrylic acid; partially
  • hydrocarbon waxes such as
  • paraffin wax and Fischer-Tropsch wax are preferable from the standpoint of preventing toner scattering around a thin-line image and improving stress resistance of the toner.
  • the wax is preferably used in an amount of 0.5 parts by mass or more and 20 parts by mass or less relative to 100 parts by mass of the binder resin.
  • temperature of a maximum endothermic peak of the wax is preferably 45°C or higher and 140°C or lower because a
  • the peak temperature of a maximum endothermic peak of the wax is more preferably 75°C or higher and 120°C or lower from the standpoint of improving stress resistance of the toner.
  • Examples of colorants used in the toner include the following .
  • Examples of a black colorant include carbon black; and a colorant subjected to tone adjustment to black by using a yellow colorant, a magenta colorant, and a cyan colorant.
  • a pigment may be used alone as the colorant.
  • a dye and a pigment be used in combination to improve the sharpness from the
  • a color pigment for a magenta toner known compounds such as condensed azo compounds,
  • diketopyrrolopyrrole compounds anthraquinone, quinacridone compounds, basic dye lake compounds, naphthol compounds, benzimidazolone compounds, thioindigo compounds, and
  • perylene compounds are used. Specific examples thereof include C. I. Pigment Red 57:1, 122, 150, 269, and 282 and C. I. Pigment Violet 19.
  • a dye for a magenta toner known compounds are used.
  • copper phthalocyanine pigments such as C. I.
  • An example of a color dye for a cyan toner is C. I. Solvent Blue 70.
  • Examples of a color dye for a yellow toner include C. T. Solvent Yellow 98 and 162.
  • the colorant is preferably used in an amount of 0.1 parts by mass or more and 30 parts by mass or less relative to 100 parts by mass of the binder resin.
  • a charge control agent may be any charge control agent.
  • Examples of a negative charge control agent include metal compounds of salicylic acid, metal compounds of naphthoic acid, metal compounds of dicarboxylic acid, polymer-type compounds having a sulfonic acid or a
  • Examples of a positive charge control agent include
  • the charge control agent may be added to the toner particles either internally or externally.
  • the charge control agent is preferably added in an amount of 0.2 parts by mass or more and 10 parts by mass or less relative to 100 parts by mass of the binder resin.
  • the toner of the present invention may contain inorganic fine particles as an external additive for the purpose of improving fluidity and stabilizing durability of the toner.
  • the inorganic fine particles include silica, titanium oxide, and aluminum oxide fine particles.
  • the inorganic fine particles may be hydrophobized with a hydrophobizing agent such as a silane compound, a silicone oil, or a mixture thereof.
  • the inorganic fine particles used as an external additive preferably have a BET specific surface area of 50 m 2 /g or more and 400 m 2 /g or less.
  • the inorganic fine particles in order to stabilize durability, the inorganic fine particles
  • a plurality of types of inorganic fine particles having BET specific surface areas in the above ranges may be use in combination.
  • the inorganic fine particles added as an external additive are preferably used in an amount of 0.1 parts by mass or more and 5.0 parts by mass or less relative to 100 parts by mass of the toner particles.
  • a known mixer such as a Henschel mixer can be used for mixing the toner particles and the external additive.
  • the toner particles may contain inorganic fine particles as an internal additive.
  • the inorganic fine particles that can be used as an internal additive include silica, titanium oxide, and aluminum oxide fine particles.
  • the inorganic fine particles may be hydrophobized with a hydrophobizing agent such as a silane compound, a silicone oil, or a mixture thereof.
  • the inorganic fine particles used as an internal additive preferably have a BET specific surface area of 10 m 2 /g or more and 400 m 2 /g or less.
  • the inorganic fine particles added as an internal additive are preferably used in an amount of 0.5 parts by mass or more and 5.0 parts by mass or less relative to 100 parts by mass of the toner particles. It is believed that dispersibility of the wax is improved in the case where inorganic fine particles are incorporated as an internal additive in the toner particles.
  • binder resins are relatively hydrophilic whereas waxes are highly hydrophobic. Therefore, in the case where the toner is produced by the pulverization method, a binder resin and a wax are not easily mixed in melt-kneading the binder resin, the wax, etc. However, in the case where inorganic fine particles are present in the melt-kneading, the inorganic fine particles, which are solid, are dispersed in the binder resin by a mechanical shear. In the case where the
  • inorganic fine particles have been hydrophobized, since the highly hydrophobic inorganic fine particles have a high compatibility with the wax, the wax is present around the inorganic fine particles. As a result, the wax becomes easily dispersed in the binder resin.
  • the toner is produced by the pulverization method, when inorganic fine particles are present in melt-kneading the binder resin, the wax, etc., the viscosity of the
  • melt-kneaded product is increased and a shear is more easily applied to the melt-kneaded product.
  • particles include a pulverization method including melt- kneading a binder resin and a wax, cooling the resulting kneaded product, and then pulverizing and classifying the kneaded product; a suspension granulation method including introducing a solution prepared by dissolving or dispersing a binder resin and a wax in a solvent in an aqueous medium to cause suspension and granulation, and removing the
  • polymerization method including dispersing a polymerizable monomer composition containing a polymerizable monomer, a wax, a colorant, etc. in an aqueous medium, and conducting a polymerization reaction to prepare toner particles; and an emulsion aggregation method including a step of forming fine particle aggregates by aggregating polymer fine particles and a wax and an aging step of conducting fusion of fine particles in the fine particle aggregates to obtain toner particles .
  • pulverization method will be described below. First, in a raw material mixing step, predetermined amounts of a binder resin, a wax and, as required, other components such as a colorant, a charge control agent, and inorganic fine
  • a mixing apparatus examples include a double cone mixer, a V-type mixer, a drum-type mixer, a super mixer, a Henschel mixer, a Nauta mixer, and MECHANO HYBRID (produced by NIPPON COKE &
  • a melt-kneading step the resulting mixed material is melt-kneaded so as to disperse the wax etc. in the binder resin.
  • a batch- type kneader such as a pressure kneader or a Banbury mixer, or a continuous kneader may be used.
  • a single-screw or twin-screw extruder has been mainly used because of the advantage of continuous production. Examples of the
  • extruder examples include a KTK twin-screw extruder (produced by Kobe Steel, Ltd. ) , a TEM twin screw extruder (produced by TOSHIBA MACHINE CO., LTD.), a PCM extruder (produced by Ikegai
  • composition obtained by the melt-kneading may be rolled with a two-roll mill or the like. Subsequently, a cooling step of cooling the resin composition with water or the like may be conducted.
  • the resulting resin composition is pulverized to have a desired particle
  • fine pulverization is further conducted with Kryptron System (produced by Kawasaki Heavy Industries Ltd. ) , Super Roater (produced by NISSHIN ENGINEERING INC.), Turbo Mill (produced by FREUND-TURBO CORPORATION) , or a fine pulverizer using an air jet system to obtain a pulverized product.
  • Kryptron System produced by Kawasaki Heavy Industries Ltd.
  • Super Roater produced by NISSHIN ENGINEERING INC.
  • Turbo Mill produced by FREUND-TURBO CORPORATION
  • a classification step is conducted by using a classifier or a sieving machine, such as Elbow-Jet using an inertial classification system (produced by Nittetsu Mining Co., Ltd. ) , Turboplex using a centrifugal classification system (produced by Hosokawa Micron Corporation) , TSP separator (produced by Hosokawa Micron Corporation) , or Faculty
  • a surface treatment such as a
  • spheroidizing treatment of the toner particles may also be optionally performed using Hybridization System (produced by NARA MACHINERY CO., LTD.), Mechanofusion system (produced by Hosokawa Micron Corporation) , or Faculty (produced by
  • a surface treatment may be conducted using a heat treatment apparatus.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates a flow for conducting a heat treatment of a pulverized product using a heat treatment apparatus.
  • a hot-air supply unit 2 a raw material supply unit 8, and cold-air supply units 3, 4, and 5 are arranged at the upstream of a heat treatment apparatus 1.
  • a bag (toner collection unit) 19 and a blower 20 are arranged at the downstream of the heat treatment apparatus 1.
  • the raw material supply unit 8 supplies a raw material toner to a toner treatment space in the heat treatment apparatus 1 by compressed gas.
  • the toner treatment space is a substantially cylindrical space in a main body of the heat treatment apparatus, and a heat treatment of the raw material toner is conducted in this space.
  • a compressed gas supply unit 15 is arranged at the downstream of a feeder 16 so as to feed a constant amount of the raw material toner to the toner treatment space.
  • the hot-air supply unit 2 heats the outside air using a heater 17 provided inside thereof and supplies hot air to the toner treatment space.
  • the raw material toner is spheroidized by this hot air in the toner treatment space.
  • the cold-air supply units 3, 4, and 5 are connected to the main body of the heat treatment apparatus 1 for the purpose of cooling the heat-treated toner.
  • Cold air is supplied from a cold-air supply device 30 to the cold-air supply units 3, 4, and 5.
  • the toner that has been heat-treated in the toner treatment space is collected by the toner
  • the toner collection unit 19 for example, a cyclone or a double-clone is used.
  • the hot air that has been used in the heat treatment of the raw material toner is suctioned by the blower 20 functioning as a suction discharge unit and is discharged to the outside . of the system of the heat treatment apparatus 1.
  • FIGS. 2A to 2C are views illustrating an example of the heat treatment apparatus.
  • the heat treatment apparatus is designed so that the maximum diameter of the outer
  • Fig. 2A illustrates the appearance of the heat treatment
  • FIG. 2B illustrates the inner structure of the heat treatment apparatus.
  • Fig. 2C is an enlarged view of an outlet portion of a raw material supply unit 8. Note that the apparatus structure and operating conditions of the apparatus described below are determined on the assumption that the apparatus has the dimensions described above.
  • the raw material supply unit 8 includes a first nozzle 9 extending in the radial direction and a second nozzle 10 arranged inside the first nozzle 9.
  • the flow rate of a raw material toner supplied to the raw material supply unit 8 is accelerated by compressed gas supplied from the compressed gas supply unit 15, and the raw material toner passes through a space formed between the first nozzle 9 and the second nozzle 10, which are provided at the outlet
  • a first tubular member 6 and a second tubular member 7 are provided in the raw material supply unit 8, and the compressed gas is also supplied to each of the tubular members 6 and 7.
  • the compressed gas passing through the first tubular member 6 passes through the space formed between the first nozzle 9 and the second nozzle 10.
  • the second tubular member 7 penetrates through the second nozzle 10, and the compressed gas is ejected inside the second nozzle 10 from the outlet portion of the second tubular member 7 toward the inner surface of the second nozzle 10.
  • a plurality of ribs 10B are provided on the outer peripheral surface of the second nozzle 10. These ribs 10B are
  • the second nozzle 10 is arranged so as to diverge from a portion thereof connected to the second tubular member 7 toward a direction of the outlet portion. This is because the flow rate of supplied toner particles is once
  • the angle of the divergence is further changed to form a turn-up portion 10A that extends in the radial
  • the hot-air supply unit 2 is annularly provided at a position close to the outer peripheral surface of the raw material supply unit 8 or at a position distant from the outer peripheral surface of the raw material supply unit 8 in the horizontal direction. Furthermore, a first cold-air supply unit 3, a second cold-air supply unit 4, and a third cold-air supply unit 5 for cooling the heat-treated toner and preventing coalescence and fusion of toner particles due to a temperature increase in the apparatus are arranged at the outside and the downstream side of the hot-air supply unit 2.
  • the hot-air supply unit 2 may be annularly provided at a position distant from the outer peripheral portion of the raw material supply unit 8 in the horizontal direction. In this case, it is possible to prevent a phenomenon that the outlet portion of the first nozzle 9 and the second nozzle 10 is heated by the supplied hot air, and toner
  • Fig. 3 is a partial cross-sectional perspective view illustrating an example of a hot-air supply unit 2 and an air flow-adjusting portion 2A.
  • the air flow-adjusting portion 2A for supplying hot air into the apparatus in an inclined and rotary manner is arranged on the outlet portion of the hot-air supply unit 2.
  • the air flow-adjusting portion 2A includes a louver having a
  • Hot air supplied from the hot-air supply unit 2 having a cylindrical shape to the toner treatment space is inclined by the louver of the air flow- adjusting portion 2A and rotated in the toner treatment space.
  • the raw material toner fed by the raw material supply unit 8 rotates with the flow of the hot air.
  • the raw material toner is heat-treated in the toner treatment space while rotating, whereby heat is substantially uniformly applied to each of the toner particles. Consequently, toner particles having a sharp circularity distribution and a sharp particle size distribution can be obtained.
  • the number and the angles of blades of the louver of the air flow-adjusting portion 2A can be appropriately adjusted in accordance with the type of raw material and the amount of raw material to be treated.
  • the angle of inclination of each of the blades of the louver in the air flow-adjusting portion 2A is preferably 20 to 70 degrees, and more preferably 30 to 60 degrees.
  • the angle of inclination of the blade is within the above range, a decrease in the wind speed in the vertical direction can be suppressed while hot air is appropriately rotated in the apparatus. As a result, even when the amount of raw material to be treated is increased, coalescence of toner particles is prevented, and the
  • the heat treatment apparatus may include a cold-air supply unit.
  • Fig. 4 is a partial cross-sectional
  • FIG. 4 perspective view illustrating an example of a first cold-air supply unit 3 and an air flow-adjusting portion 3A.
  • the air flow-adjusting portion 3A in which a plurality of blades of a louver are arranged at certain intervals in an inclined manner, is arranged on the outlet portion of the first cold-air supply unit 3 so that cold air is rotated in the toner treatment space in the apparatus.
  • the inclination of the louver of the air flow- adjusting portion 3A is adjusted so that the air is rotated in a direction substantially the same as the rotation direction of the hot air supplied from the hot-air supply unit 2 described above (the direction in which the rotation of the raw material toner in the toner treatment space is maintained) .
  • This structure further increases the rotating force of the hot air and suppresses an increase in the temperature in the toner treatment space, thus preventing fusion of toner particles on the outer peripheral portion in the apparatus and coalescence of the toner particles.
  • the angle of a main surface of each blade with respect to the vertical direction is preferably 20 to 70 degrees, and more preferably 30 to 60 degrees.
  • At least one cold-air supply unit may be provided on the lower side of the hot-air supply unit so that cold air is supplied in a divided manner in the vertical direction of the apparatus when cold air is supplied to the inside of the apparatus.
  • the apparatus illustrated in Fig. 2A is configured so that cold air is introduced from each of the first cold-air supply unit 3, the second cold-air supply unit 4, and the third cold-air supply unit 5 to the toner treatment space in a divided manner from four directions.
  • This structure aims to easily uniformly control the flow of wind in the apparatus.
  • the amounts of cold air flows in four divided introduction paths can be independently
  • the second cold-air supply unit 4 and the third cold-air supply unit 5 may be arranged on the lower side of the first cold-air supply unit 3, and may be configured to supply cold air from the outer peripheral portion of the apparatus from a horizontal and tangential direction.
  • a cylindrical pole 14 extending from a bottom portion of the apparatus to near the second nozzle 10 is provided in an axial central portion of the apparatus. Cold air is introduced also into the pole 14, and the cold air is discharged from an outer peripheral surface of the pole 14.
  • An outlet portion of the pole 14 is configured so that the cold air is discharged in a direction substantially the same as the rotation direction of the hot air supplied from the hot-air supply unit 2 and the cold air supplied from the first cold-air supply unit 3, the second cold-air supply unit 4, and the third cold-air supply unit 5 (the direction in which the rotation of the raw material toner in the toner treatment space is maintained) .
  • Examples of the shape of the outlet portion of the pole 14 include a slit shape, a louver shape, a porous plate shape, and a mesh shape.
  • a cooling jacket is provided around each of the outer peripheral portion of the raw material supply unit 8, the outer peripheral portion of the apparatus, and the inner peripheral portion of the hot-air supply unit 2.
  • antifreeze such as cooling water or ethylene glycol may be introduced in the cooling jacket.
  • the hot air supplied into the apparatus preferably has a temperature C (°C) in the outlet portion of the hot- air supply unit 2 of 100 ⁇ C ⁇ 450.
  • a spheroidizing treatment can be performed so that the particle diameter and the
  • circularity of the toner particles are substantially uniform while preventing fusion and coalescence of the toner
  • a temperature E (°C) in each of the first cold-air supply unit 3, the second cold-air supply unit 4, and the third cold-air supply unit 5 is preferably -20 ⁇ E ⁇ 40.
  • the toner particles can be any material.
  • the cooled toner particles pass through a toner discharge opening 13 and are then collected.
  • a blower 20 is arranged at the downstream side of the toner discharge opening 13, and toner particles are suctioned and discharged by the blower 20.
  • the toner discharge opening 13 is
  • the discharge opening 13 is connected in a direction in which the flow caused by the rotation from the upstream portion of the apparatus to the discharge opening 13 is maintained.
  • a total amount QIN of the flow of the compressed gas, hot air, and cold air, all of which are supplied to the apparatus, and an amount QOUT of gas suctioned by the blower 20 are preferably adjusted so as to satisfy the relationship QIN ⁇ QOUT.
  • the pressure in the apparatus is a negative pressure. Accordingly, the ejected toner particles are easily discharged outside the apparatus, thus preventing the toner particles from
  • the toner of the present invention may be used as a one-component developer.
  • the toner of the present invention may be mixed with a magnetic carrier and used as a two-component developer.
  • the magnetic carrier used in combination with the toner has a true specific gravity preferably 3.2 g/cm 3 or more and 4.9 g/cm 3 or less, and more preferably 3.4 g/cm 3 or more and 4.2 g/cm 3 or less.
  • triboelectric charge of the toner is also suppressed.
  • the magnetic carrier used in combination with the toner of the present invention preferably has a volume- distribution-based 50% particle diameter (D50) of 30.0 um or more and 70.0 ⁇ or less.
  • D50 volume- distribution-based 50% particle diameter
  • the intensity of magnetization measured under a magnetic field of 1,000 oersted ( ⁇ ) is preferably 15 Am 2 /kg (emu/g) or more and 65 Am 2 /kg (emu/g) or less from the standpoint of maintaining the developing property and stability during endurance .
  • Examples of the magnetic carrier include particles of a metal such as iron, lithium, calcium, magnesium, nickel, copper, zinc, cobalt, manganese, chromium, or a rare earth; alloy particles and oxide particles thereof; magnetic
  • resin carriers magnetic material-dispersed resin carriers containing the magnetic material and a binder resin that holds the magnetic material in a dispersed state.
  • the toner is mixed with the magnetic carrier and is used as a two-component developer, good results are obtained when the toner concentration in the developer is 2% by mass or more and 15% by mass or less, and preferably 4% by mass or more and 13% by mass or less.
  • An image forming method in an electrophotographic apparatus will now be described.
  • An electrophotographic photosensitive member (image bearing member) is driven to rotate at a certain peripheral speed and the surface thereof is positively or negatively charged by a charging device during rotation (charging step) . Subsequently, the
  • electrophotographic photosensitive member is subjected to exposure (such as slit exposure or laser beam scanning
  • a toner is supplied from a development sleeve to the electrophotographic photosensitive member bearing the electrostatic latent image to develop a toner image (developing step) .
  • the toner image is
  • transfer step transferred to a transfer material by a transfer device (transfer step) .
  • the toner image may be transferred to the transfer material either directly or through an intermediate transfer member.
  • the toner image is fixed to the transfer material by applying heat and/or pressure supplied from an image fixing device and the transfer material is output as a duplicate to the outside of the apparatus.
  • a transfer residual toner on the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member is removed by a cleaning device
  • the toner of the present invention may be used in an image forming method including a blade cleaning step, in which cleaning is performed by bringing a blade into contact with the surface of an image bearing member.
  • a toner having a large average circularity and including a high proportion of toner particles having a circularity of 0.990 or more such as a toner including toner particles obtained by a suspension polymerization method
  • the toner easily passes through a gap between the image bearing member and the cleaning blade, and thus the cleanability is not good.
  • the initial cleanability can be improved by using an image bearing member having a large elastic deformation rate to increase an average contact surface pressure of a contact nip portion between the image bearing member and the
  • the toner of the present invention has a higher average circularity than that of the toner obtained by the known pulverization method. Therefore, the toner of the present invention is excellent in terms of transferability and developing property in addition to cleanability .
  • the elastic deformation rate of the surface of the image bearing member is preferably 40% or more and 70% or less.
  • the surface of the image bearing member is not easily worn and is highly durable.
  • the elastic deformation rate of the surface of the image bearing member is more preferably 45% or more and 60% or less.
  • the contact surface pressure between the cleaning blade and the photosensitive member is preferably 10 gf/cm 2 or more and 30 gf/cm 2 or less. In order that a transfer residual toner on the image bearing member does not easily pass through a gap with the cleaning blade, it is preferable to increase the contact surface pressure between the
  • the surface of the image bearing member may be composed of a resin cured by polymerizing or cross-linking a compound having a polymerizable functional group
  • curable resin (hereinafter may be referred to as "curable resin”) .
  • curable resin a monomer or an oligomer having a polymerizable functional group in a coating
  • cleaning blade can be suppressed and corona products (NO x and ozone) can be scraped off by a discharge current between a charging roller and the image bearing member.
  • the surface containing the curable resin may have a charge transport function or have no charge transport
  • the outermost surface layer containing a curable resin has the charge transport function
  • the outermost surface layer is treated as a part of a
  • outermost surface layer is referred to as a protective layer (or a surface protective layer) as described below, and is distinguished from the photosensitive layer.
  • a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer are stacked in that order from an electrically conductive support side, a reverse stacked layer structure in which a charge transport layer and a charge generation layer are stacked in that order from an electrically conductive support side, and a structure including a single layer in which a charge
  • the photosensitive layer itself functions as the surface layer.
  • the photosensitive layer composed of stacked layers has a structure in which a charge generation layer which generates a photocarrier and a charge transport layer in which the generated carrier moves are stacked.
  • the image bearing member may include a charge transport layer functioning as the outermost surface layer composed of a single layer containing a curable resin.
  • the image bearing member may include a charge transport layer having a stacked layer structure including a non-curable first layer and a curable second layer that functions as the outermost surface layer. Both of these image bearing members are preferable.
  • a protective layer may be provided on the image bearing member.
  • the protective layer may contain the curable resin.
  • the average circularity of the toner of the present invention, the percentage of the number of particles having an equivalent circle diameter of 0.50 ⁇ or more and less than 1.98 ⁇ , and the percentage of the number of particles having a circularity of 0.990 or more are measured with a flow particle image analyzer "FPIA-3000" (produced by SYSMEX CORPORATION) .
  • a specific measuring method is as follows. First, about 20 mL of ion-exchange water, from which solid
  • a dispersing agent about 0.2 mL of diluted solution prepared by diluting Contaminon N (a 10% by mass aqueous solution of a neutral detergent for washing a precision measuring device, containing a nonionic surfactant, an anionic surfactant, and an organic builder, having a pH of 7, and produced by Wako Pure Chemical
  • ion-exchange water by a factor of about three on a mass basis is added to the ion-exchange water. Furthermore, about 0.02 g of a measurement sample is added thereto and a dispersion treatment is conducted for two minutes using an ultrasonic dispersing device to prepare a dispersion liquid for measurement. In this step, cooling- is appropriately performed such that the temperature of the dispersion liquid becomes 10°C or higher and 40°C or lower.
  • a desktop ultrasonic cleaning and dispersing device having an oscillation frequency of 50 kHz and an electrical output of 150 W (for example, VS-150 (produced by VELVO-CLEAR) ) is used as the dispersing device.
  • a predetermined amount of ion-exchange water is put in a water tank of the device and about 2 mL of Contaminon N is added to this water tank.
  • the particle analysis is set to 85% and a range of the particle diameter to be analyzed is specified.
  • the proportion (%) of the number of particles and the average circularity of particles within the specified range can be calculated.
  • the range of the particle diameter to be analyzed on an equivalent circle diameter basis is set to 1.98 ⁇ or more and less than
  • the average circularity of the toner in this range is determined.
  • the proportion of particles having a circularity of 0.990 or more and 1.000 or less the range of the particle diameter to be analyzed on an
  • equivalent circle diameter basis is set to 1.98 ⁇ or more and less than 200.00 ⁇
  • proportion (%) of the number of particles is calculated from the circularity distribution of particles included in the range.
  • the range of the particle diameter to be analyzed on an equivalent circle diameter basis is set to 0.50 ⁇ or more and less than 1.98 ⁇
  • the ratio (%) of the number of particles included in the range of 0.50 ⁇ or more and less than 1.98 ⁇ to the number of particles included in the range of 0.50 ⁇ or more and less than 200.00 ⁇ is
  • the focal point adjustment may be conducted every two hours after the start of the measurement.
  • FT-IR spectra are measured by an ATR method using a Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer (Spectrum One, produced by PerkinElmer Inc.) equipped with a universal ATR sampling accessory.
  • Spectrum One produced by PerkinElmer Inc.
  • Other conditions are as follows:
  • Pb Pb
  • Pd Pd
  • the ratio P1/P2 is calculated using PI and P2 determined as described above. Method for measuring weight-average molecular weight (Mw) and peak molecular weight (Mp) of resin
  • the weight-average molecular weight (Mw) and the peak molecular weight (Mp) of resins are measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) as follows.
  • tetrahydrofuran THF
  • the resulting solution is then filtered with a solvent-resistant membrane filter MAISHORI Disk (produced by Tosoh Corporation) having a pore diameter of 0.2 ⁇ to prepare a sample solution.
  • the sample solution is adjusted so that the concentration of a component soluble in THF becomes about 0.8% by mass.
  • the measurement is conducted using this sample solution under the following conditions: Apparatus: HLC8120 GPC (detector: RI) (produced by Tosoh Corporation)
  • a molecular-weight calibration curve prepared by using standard polystyrene resins (for example, trade name TSK Standard Polystyrene F-850, F-450, F-288, F-128, F-80, F-40, F-20, F-10, F-4, F-2, F-l, A-5000, A-2500, A-1000, and A-500, produced by Tosoh Corporation) is used.
  • standard polystyrene resins for example, trade name TSK Standard Polystyrene F-850, F-450, F-288, F-128, F-80, F-40, F-20, F-10, F-4, F-2, F-l, A-5000, A-2500, A-1000, and A-500, produced by Tosoh Corporation
  • apparatus is performed using melting points of indium and zinc, and correction of the quantity of heat is performed using the heat of fusion of indium.
  • a maximum endothermic peak of a DSC curve in the temperature range of 30 °C to 200 °C in this second temperature increasing process is defined as the maximum endothermic peak of the endothermic curve in the DSC
  • the weight-average particle diameter (D4) and the number-average particle diameter (Dl) of a toner are the weight-average particle diameter (D4) and the number-average particle diameter (Dl) of a toner.
  • an aqueous electrolyte solution used for the measurement it is possible to use a solution prepared by dissolving analytical grade sodium chloride in ion-exchange water so as to have a concentration of about 1% by mass, for example, ISOTON II (produced by Beckman Coulter, Inc.).
  • the threshold value and the noise level are automatically set by pressing the "threshold value/noise level measurement button”.
  • the current is set to 1,600 ⁇
  • the gain is set to 2
  • the electrolyte solution is set to ISOTON II
  • a check mark is entered in the "aperture tube flush performed after measurement”.
  • the bin interval is set to the logarithmic particle diameter
  • the particle diameter bin is set to 256 particle diameter bins
  • the particle diameter range is set to a range from 2 ⁇ to 60 ⁇ .
  • Contaminon N a 10% by mass aqueous solution of a neutral detergent for washing a precision measuring device
  • An ultrasonic dispersing device Ultrasonic Dispersion System Tetora 150 (produced by Nikkaki Bios Co., Ltd.) having an electrical output of 120 W and including two oscillators that have an oscillation frequency of 50 kHz and that are arranged such that the phase is shifted by 180 degrees is prepared.
  • About 3.3 L of ion-exchange water is put in a water tank of the ultrasonic dispersing device, and about 2 mL of Contaminon N is added to the water tank.
  • the measurement data is analyzed by the dedicated software attached to the apparatus to calculate the weight- average particle diameter (D4) and the number-average particle diameter (Dl) .
  • the “average diameter” on the screen of the “analysis /volume statistical value (arithmetic average) " is the weight-average particle diameter (D4).
  • the “average diameter” on the screen of the “analysis/number statistical value (arithmetic average)” is the number-average particle diameter (Dl) .
  • particles having a diameter of 4.0 ⁇ or less on a number basis in a toner is calculated by performing the measurement with Multisizer 3 described above and then analyzing the data .
  • the percentage of particles having a diameter of 4.0 ⁇ or less on a number basis in the toner is calculated by the following procedure. First, in the dedicated
  • analysis/number statistical value is the percentage of particles having a diameter of 4.0 ⁇ or less on a number basis in the toner.
  • the intensity of magnetization of a magnetic carrier and a magnetic carrier core material can be
  • the measurement is conducted by the following procedure using a vibrating magnetic field-type magnetic characteristic measuring apparatus BHV-30 (produced by Riken Denshi Co., Ltd.).
  • a cylindrical plastic container sufficiently densely filled with a carrier is used as a sample. The actual mass of the carrier filling the container is measured.
  • the magnetic carrier particles in the plastic container are bonded with an instant adhesive so that the magnetic carrier particles do not move.
  • the particle size distribution is measured with a laser diffraction/scattering particle size distribution analyzer Microtrac MT3300EX (produced by NIKKISO CO., LTD.).
  • a sample feeding device for dry measurement i.e., one-shot dry-type sample conditioner Turbotrac (produced by NIKKISO CO., LTD.) is attached to perform the measurement.
  • the collector is used as a vacuum source, the air flow rate is set to about 33 L/sec, and the pressure is set to about 17 kPa.
  • the control is automatically performed by software.
  • the 50% particle diameter (D50) which is a cumulative value on a volume basis, is determined as the particle diameter.
  • control and the analysis are performed using the
  • Particle shape non-spherical shape
  • the true specific gravity of the magnetic carrier is measured with a dry automatic densimeter Accupyc 1330
  • the measurement can be automatically performed by inputting the sample weight to the main body and starting the measurement
  • helium gas adjusted at 20.000 psig (2.392 x 10 2 kPa) is used.
  • the state in which, after the sample chamber is purged with the helium gas 10 times, a change in the pressure in the sample chamber becomes 0.005 psig/min (3.447 x 10 ⁇ 2 kPa/min) is assumed to be an equilibrium state, and the sample chamber is repeatedly purged with the helium gas until the change in the pressure in the sample chamber reaches the equilibrium state.
  • the pressure in the sample chamber of the main body at the time of the equilibrium state is measured.
  • the sample volume can be calculated from the change in the pressure at the time of reaching the equilibrium state.
  • the true specific gravity of the sample can be calculated by the following formula:
  • the elastic deformation rate (%) is measured with a microhardness measuring device Fischer Scope H100V (produced by Fischer Instruments K.K.). Specifically, a load of up to 6 mN is continuously applied to a Vickers pyramid diamond indenter that has an angle between the opposite faces of 136° and that is arranged on the surface of the outermost surface layer of an electrophotographic photosensitive member in an environment at a temperature of 25 °C and a humidity of 50% RH, and the indentation depth under the load is directly read. The measurement is conducted stepwise (at 273 points with a holding time of 0.1 s for each point) from an initial load of 0 mN to a final load of 6 mN.
  • Fischer Scope H100V produced by Fischer Instruments K.K.
  • the elastic deformation rate can be determined on the basis of a workload (energy) applied by the indenter to the surface of the outermost surface layer of the
  • the elastic deformation rate can be determined by the following formula:
  • Elastic deformation rate (%) ( e/Wt) x 100.
  • t (nJ) represents total quantity of work
  • e(nJ) represents the quantity of work done by the elastic deformation (nJ) .
  • polyester resin A had a weight-average molecular weight (Mw) of 5,000 and a peak molecular weight (Mp) of 3,000.
  • the polyester resin A had a softening point of 85°C.
  • the polyester resin B had a weight-average molecular weight (Mw) of 300,000 and a peak molecular weight (Mp) of 10,000.
  • the polyester resin B had a softening point of 135°C.
  • Polyester resin A 60 parts by mass
  • Hydrophobic silica fine particle 1 (surface-treated with 10% by mass of hexamethyldisilazane, number-average particle diameter: 90 nm) : 2.0 parts by mass
  • the coarsely ground product was pulverized with a mechanical pulverizer (T-250, produced by FREUND-TURBO CORPORATION) to obtain a finely pulverized product.
  • the finely pulverized product was classified with a multi-division classifier utilizing the Coanda effect, thus obtaining toner particles 1.
  • 3.0 parts by mass of hydrophobic silica fine particles 1 were added to 100 parts by mass of the toner particles 1, and the resulting mixture was mixed using a Henschel Mixer (Model FM-75, produced by Mitsui Miike Kakoki K.K.).
  • a Henschel Mixer Model FM-75, produced by Mitsui Miike Kakoki K.K.
  • the fine particle-added toner particles 1 were subjected to a surface treatment with the heat treatment apparatus illustrated in Fig. 1 to obtain surface-treated toner particles 1.
  • the inner diameter of the apparatus was 450 mm.
  • the inner diameter was 200 mm and the outer diameter was 300 mm.
  • Hot air was introduced through rectifying blades (angle: 50°, blade thickness: 1 mm, the number of blades: 36).
  • a ridge angle of the first nozzle of the raw material supply unit was 40°, and a ridge angle of the second nozzle was 60°.
  • a second nozzle having a turn-up portion on the lower end thereof was used.
  • the angle formed by ridge lines of the turn-up portion was 140° and the outer diameter of the second nozzle was 150 mm.
  • the hot-air supply unit and the first nozzle of the heat treatment apparatus used in this Example are integrated with each other, have a heat- insulating structure, and are covered with a jacket..
  • the operating conditions were set to as follows: The amount of feed (F) was 15 kg/hr, the hot air temperature (Tl) was 160°C, the amount of flow of hot air (Ql) was 12.0 m 3 /min, the total amount of cold air 1 (Q2) was 4.0 m 3 /min, the total amount of cold air 2 (Q3) was 2.0 m 3 /min, the amount of flow of compressed gas (IJ) was 1.6 m 3 /min, and the amount of air flow of blower (Q4) was 22.0 m 3 /min.
  • Toners 2 to 13 and toners 16 to 20 were obtained as in Toner production example 1 except that the toner formulation and the conditions of the heat treatment
  • the heat treatment apparatus illustrated in Fig. 5 does not include a pole in an axial central portion of the apparatus.
  • the calcined ferrite was ground to about 0.5 mm using a crusher. Subsequently, 35 parts by mass of water was added to 100 parts by mass of the calcined ferrite, and the resulting mixture was ground in a wet bead mill for five hours using zirconia beads (diameter: 1.0 mm). Thus, a ferrite slurry was obtained.
  • Firing was conducted at 1,050°C for four hours in an electric furnace in a nitrogen atmosphere (oxygen
  • Silicone varnish 75.8 parts by mass (SR2410 produced by Dow Corning Toray Co., Ltd., solid content: 20% by mass)
  • ⁇ -Aminopropyltriethoxysilane 1.5 parts by mass
  • the resin solution A was added dropwise to the core particles 1 over a period of two hours in an amount corresponding to 15 parts by mass in terms of filling resin component relative to 100 parts by mass of the core particles 1. Furthermore, the resulting mixture was stirred at 50°C for one hour. Subsequently, the temperature was increased to 80 °C to remove the solvent. The resulting sample was transferred to Julia Mixer (produced by TOKUJU CORPORATION) , and heat-treated in a nitrogen atmosphere at 180 °C for two hours. The sample was then classified through a mesh with an opening of 70 ⁇ to prepare magnetic core particles 1.
  • the resin solution A was put therein so that the amount of coating resin component became 0.5 parts by mass relative to 100 parts by mass of the magnetic core particles 1 serving as a raw material.
  • the removal of the solvent and a coating operation were performed over a period of two hours.
  • the resulting sample was transferred to Julia Mixer (TOKUJU CORPORATION) and heat-treated in a nitrogen atmosphere at 180°C for four hours.
  • the sample was then classified through a mesh with an opening of 70 ⁇ to obtain a magnetic carrier 1.
  • the magnetic carrier 1 had a D50 of 43.1 ⁇ and a true specific gravity of 3.9 g/cm 3 .
  • the amount of magnetization of the magnetic carrier 1 under 1,000 oersted was 52.7 Am 2 /kg.
  • a magnetic carrier 2 was obtained as in Magnetic carrier production example 1 except that, in the firing step of Magnetic carrier production example 1, the oxygen
  • the magnetic carrier 2 had a D50 of 45.0 um and a true specific gravity of 4.8 g/cm 3 .
  • the amount of magnetization of the magnetic carrier 2 under 1,000 oersted was 53.8 Am 2 /kg.
  • a magnetic carrier 3 was obtained as in Magnetic carrier production example 1 except that, in the weighing and mixing step of Magnetic carrier production example 1, the raw materials were changed to the above raw materials and, in the firing step, firing was conducted in air at 1, 300°C for four hours.
  • the magnetic carrier 3 had a D50 of 40.4 ⁇ and a true specific gravity of 3.6 g/cm 3 .
  • the amount of magnetization of the magnetic carrier 3 under 1,000 oersted was 52.1 Am 2 /kg.
  • a slurry containing 60 parts by mass of a titanium oxide powder having a coating film composed of tin oxide doped with antimony (trade name: KRONOS ECT-62, produced by Titan Kogyo Ltd.), 60 parts by mass of a titanium oxide powder (trade name: Titone SR-1T, produced by Sakai Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.), 70 parts by mass of resol-type phenolic resin (trade name: PHENOLITE J-325, produced by DIC
  • the dispersion liquid prepared as described above was applied onto the aluminum cylinder by a dipping method.
  • the aluminum cylinder coated with the dispersion liquid was heated and dried for 48 minutes in a hot-air dryer adjusted at a temperature of 150 °C to cure the coating film of the dispersion liquid.
  • an electrically conductive layer having a thickness of 15 ⁇ was formed.
  • methoxymethylated nylon resin (trade name: TORESIN EF30T, produced by Nagase ChemteX Corporation) were dissolved in a mixed liquid of 500 parts by mass of methanol and 250 parts by mass of butanol to prepare a solution. This solution was applied onto the electrically conductive layer by dipping. The aluminum cylinder coated with the solution was placed in a hot-air dryer adjusted at a temperature of 100°C for 22 minutes to cure the coating film of the solution by heating and drying. Thus, an underlying layer having a thickness of 0.45 ⁇ was formed.
  • Iupilon Z400 produced by Mitsubishi Engineering-Plastics Corporation
  • first charge transport layer having a thickness of 20 formed .
  • the coating film was then irradiated with an electron beam in nitrogen under the conditions of an accelerating voltage of 150 kV and a dose of 15 kGy.
  • an aluminum cylinder (electrophotographic photosensitive member) having a cured coating film was
  • the resulting image bearing member 1 had an elastic deformation rate of 55%.
  • Electrophotographic photosensitive member production example 1 except that the electron beam irradiation conditions in Electrophotographic photosensitive member production example 1 were changed to an accelerating voltage of 100 kV and a dose of 10 kGy in nitrogen.
  • the resulting image bearing member 2 had an elastic deformation rate of 45%.
  • Electrophotographic photosensitive member production example 1 except that the electron beam irradiation conditions in Electrophotographic photosensitive member production example 1 were changed to an accelerating voltage of 200 kV and a dose of 20 kGy in nitrogen.
  • the resulting image bearing member 3 had an elastic deformation . rate of 65%.
  • a two-component developer was prepared by combining a toner and a magnetic carrier as shown in Table 3.
  • the two-component developer was prepared by adding 10.0 parts by mass of the toner relative to 90.0 parts by mass, of the magnetic carrier, and mixing the toner and the magnetic carrier using a V-type mixer.
  • An image bearing member attached to a developing device of the above machine was taken out and was replaced with any one of the image bearing members 1 to 3 prepared above.
  • An alternating current voltage with a frequency of 1.5 kHz and a peak-to-peak voltage (Vpp 1.0 kV) and a direct current voltage V DC were applied to a development sleeve.
  • a cleaning device was modified, and the average contact surface pressure of a contact nip portion between the image bearing member and a cleaning blade was changed as shown in Table 3.
  • the fixing temperature was made to be able to be set freely. The cleaning blade originally attached to the machine was used as it is.
  • the developing device and the refill container were set in the machine.
  • the developing bias was adjusted so that the amount of development of the toner on the photosensitive member became 0.42 g/cm 2 , and a solid image was output for an initial evaluation.
  • the densities at arbitrary 5 points were measured with a densitometer X-Rite 500, and the average value of the densities was defined as the image density.
  • the rates of change in image density Dl - D15 and Dl - D30 were determined, wherein Dl represents the initial image density, D15 represents the image density after the 15 k output, and D30 represents the image density after the 30 k output.
  • the rate of change in image density Dl - D15 is less than 0.05.
  • the rate of change in image density Dl - D15 is 0.05 or more and less than 0.10.
  • the rate of change in image density Dl - D15 is 0.10 or more and less than 0.15.
  • the rate of change in image density Dl - D15 is 0.15 or more .
  • the rate of change in image density Dl - D30 is less than 0.10.
  • the rate of change in image density Dl - D30 is 0.10 or more and less than 0.15.
  • the rate of change in image density Dl - D30 is 0.15 or more and less than 0.20.
  • the rate of change in image density Dl - D30 is 0.20 or more and less than 0.25.
  • the rate of change in image density Dl - D30 is 0.25 or more .
  • the developing bias was set so that the amount of toner applied onto the photosensitive member became 0.42 g/cm 2 in an environment of a temperature of 32.5°C and a humidity of 80% RH.
  • the evaluation of fogging in a non-image area, the evaluation of cleanability, and the evaluation of transfer residue were conducted as described below.
  • Blank images were output at an initial stage, after the 15 k output, and the 30 k output.
  • the fog density of a central portion of an output sheet (i.e., transfer material) at a position 50 mm from an end of the transfer material was measured.
  • the density of the transfer material before the output was subtracted from the fog density measured above to determine the difference in density.
  • the difference in fog density at the initial stage, the difference in fog density after the 15 k output, and the difference in fog density after the 30 k output were evaluated on the basis of the evaluation criteria described below.
  • the fog density was measured with a densitometer TC-6DS (produced by Tokyo Denshoku Co., Ltd.).
  • A The difference in fog density is less than 0.5.
  • the difference in fog density is 0.5 or more and less than 1.0.
  • the difference in fog density is 1.0 or more and less than 2.0.
  • the difference in fog density is 2.0 or more.
  • A The difference in fog density is less than 1.0.
  • the difference in fog density is 1.0 or more and less than 1.5.
  • the difference in fog density is 1.5 or more and less than 2.5.
  • the difference in fog density is 2.5 or more.
  • A The difference in fog density is less than 1.0.
  • the difference in fog density is 1.0 or more and less than 1.5.
  • the difference in fog density is 1.5 or more and less than 2.5.
  • the difference in density was calculated for each sample by subtracting the density of the sheet having only an adhesive tape stuck thereon from the density of the sheet having the peeled adhesive tape stuck thereon.
  • the evaluation was conducted on the basis of the evaluation criteria described below.
  • the density of transfer residue was measured with an X-Rite color reflection densitometer (500 Series) .
  • A The difference in density is less than 0.10.
  • the difference in density is 0.15 or more and less than 0.25.
  • the difference in density is 0.25 or more.
  • A The difference in density is less than 0.15.
  • C The difference in density is 0.20 or more and less than 0.25.
  • the difference in density is 0.25 or more.
  • A The difference in density is less than 0.15.
  • the difference in density is 0.20 or more and less than 0.30.
  • the difference in density is 0.30 or more.
  • a half-tone image was printed after the 30 k output, and evaluation was conducted by visual observation.
  • Example 1 (0.07) A (0.11) B (0.18) A

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PCT/JP2012/064496 2011-06-10 2012-05-30 Toner, two-component developer, and image forming method Ceased WO2012169502A1 (en)

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CN201280028595.0A CN103597410A (zh) 2011-06-10 2012-05-30 调色剂、双组分显影剂和图像形成方法
US14/124,985 US20140113228A1 (en) 2011-06-10 2012-05-30 Toner, two-component developer, and image forming method
KR1020147000016A KR20140022095A (ko) 2011-06-10 2012-05-30 토너, 2성분 현상제 및 화상 형성 방법
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JP6575144B2 (ja) * 2015-05-28 2019-09-18 富士ゼロックス株式会社 画像形成装置及び画像形成方法
JP6575146B2 (ja) * 2015-05-29 2019-09-18 富士ゼロックス株式会社 画像形成装置及び画像形成方法
JP6584158B2 (ja) * 2015-06-15 2019-10-02 キヤノン株式会社 トナー
US9969834B2 (en) 2015-08-25 2018-05-15 Canon Kabushiki Kaisha Wax dispersant for toner and toner
JP6700878B2 (ja) 2016-03-16 2020-05-27 キヤノン株式会社 トナー及びトナーの製造方法
JP6921678B2 (ja) 2016-08-16 2021-08-18 キヤノン株式会社 トナー製造方法及び重合体
JP2020013119A (ja) * 2018-07-10 2020-01-23 キヤノン株式会社 トナー
CN109550611A (zh) * 2018-12-29 2019-04-02 厦门松霖科技股份有限公司 出水机构及包含该出水机构的花洒
JP7479875B2 (ja) * 2020-03-11 2024-05-09 キヤノン株式会社 トナー製造方法

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