Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N59/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing elements or inorganic compounds
  • A01N59/16—Heavy metals; Compounds thereof
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N59/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing elements or inorganic compounds
  • A01N59/16—Heavy metals; Compounds thereof
  • A01N59/20—Copper
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
  • A61P31/04—Antibacterial agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
  • A61P31/10—Antimycotics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
  • A61P31/12—Antivirals

Definitions

• the carrier is a solid such as a melt-blend plastic.
• the inorganic copper salt comprises a copper halide salt.
• the halide is selected from the group consisting of iodide, bromide and chloride, and a particularly preferred embodiment is copper iodide (Cul).
• the average size of such particles ranges from about 1000 nm to as small as 4nm.
• the particles have average sizes of less than about 300nm, l OOnm. 30 nm or even less than about 10 nm.
• the copper halide has a solubility of less than 100 mg/liter in water, or even less than 15 mg/litcr in water.
• the functionalization materials along with the shape and other characteristics of the antimicrobial material may impart a leafing property, which means as the carrier in these coatings dries out. surface tension causes these particles to rise to the surface, thus naturally providing a higher concentration of antimicrobial material on the surface of such coatings Similar relevancy applies to a hydrophobic liquid carrier such as an oil-based paint or an epoxy resin.
• Carriers may be a monomer, or may be optionally supplemented with a monomer that is added into the mix of the removable carrier and functionalized particles, and then during processing the monomer polymerizes (with or without crosslinking) which may be accompanied by the evaporation of the carrier if present to form a polymerized product with functionalized particles dispersed therein.
• inorganic copper salt includes relatively water insoluble, inorganic copper compounds.
• Inorganic copper salt is an ionic copper compound where copper cations along with anions of other inorganic materials form this compound. Typically these compounds release copper ions (Cu + or Cu " ) when such salt is put in proximity to water.
• Those copper salts are preferred that have low water solubility, i.e., solubility lower than l OOmg/liter and preferably less than 15mg/liter.
• Some of the preferred copper salts are cuprous halides, cuprous oxide and cuprous thiocyanate.
• Copper iodide like most "binary" (containing only two elements) metal halides, is an inorganic material and forms a zinc blende crystal lattice structure. It can be formed from a simple substitution reaction in water with copper (II) acetate and sodium or potassium iodide. The product, Cul, simply precipitates out of solution since it is sparingly soluble (0.020 mg/100 ml , at 20 °C) in water. Copper iodide powder can be purchased in bulk from numerous vendors. A grade with over 98% purity is particularly preferred.
• Embodiments of the mixture of particles are directed to a composition having antimicrobial activity comprising (a) a mixture of particles comprising particles of an inorganic copper salt and particles of at least a second inorganic metal compound or metal; and (b) at least one functionalizing agent in contact with the mixture of particles, the functionalizing agent stabilizing the mixture of particles in a carrier such that an antimicrobially effective amount of ions are released into the environment of the microbe.
• a further embodiment of the inorganic copper salt comprises a copper halide salt.
• the second metal being selected from the group consisting of silver, gold, copper, zinc and bismuth or alloys thereof.
• sal functionalization agent in a range of about 1 : 0.5 to about 1 : 100.
• the molarity is calculated based on their repeat units.
• the rate of release of ions can be tailored by varying the size of the porous particles, particle shape, pore geometry (including pore size). In general, smaller particle sizes, elongated or irregular particle shapes vs spherical particle shapes given the same particle volume, and larger pore sizes will result in increased rates of ion release.
• the particle size is varied between about 0.5 to 20 microns and pore size between 2nm to 20nm, with 4 to 15 nm being more preferred. These particles also have high surface areas and typically particles with surface areas greater than about 20 m 2 /g are desirable with more than 100m 2 /g being preferred.
• the next step is to create nanoparticles of Cul in the presence of the stabilizing agent.
• acctonitrile is removed using a rotoevap. which causes the Cul partic les to precipitate out of solution complexed to the functional izing agent as nanoparticles. This can be done at room temperature or the temperature can be elevated to hasten the drying process.
• the resulting powder can be stored indefinitely ("Step 1 Powder").
• the Powder may be made from polymers other than PVP as discussed above.
• Such powders are mixed in a molten state with typical thermoplastic materials, such as nylons, polyesters, acetals, cellulose esters, polycarbonates, fluorinated polymers, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) polymers, and polyolefins using a twin screw extruder.
• typical thermoplastic materials such as nylons, polyesters, acetals, cellulose esters, polycarbonates, fluorinated polymers, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) polymers, and polyolefins using a twin screw extruder.
• ABS acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene
• the object to be coated is suspended in a fluidized bed or subject to an electrostatic spray so that particles flowing past this object may stick on its surface (where the particles contact and melt due to higher surface temperature or the particles are attracted due to the static attraction and melted later).
• the powders melt and cure forming a coating.
• the coating processing temperatures are typically in the range of about 80 to 200°C.
• metals were coated with polymeric powders.
• Example 32 Synthesis of PVP-BASF-CuCl dispersion
• anhydrous acetonitrile 99.8% Sigma Aldrich Cat. # 271004
• PVP BASF K17
• 0.0239g of CuCl ACS reagent > 99.0% Sigma Aldrich Cat. # 307483
• the bulk of the acetonitrile was removed under reduced pressure at 30°C to form a viscous paste.
• the temperature was then increased to 60°C to completely remove the solvent to give a pale green solid.
• 50 ml of DI water (18 Mohm-cm) was stirred to give a transparent bright yellow dispersion.
• Test viruses were obtained from the ATCC or Baylor College of Medicine Houston, Texas: MS2 coliphage (ATCC# 15597-B 1) and Polio virus 1 (strain LSc-2ab) Baylor College of Medicine Houston, Texas.
• Antimicrobial testing was carried out on the following microbes:
• Results on P. aeruginosa are shown in Table 13.
• Comparison of Rl and R6 (for Cul and AgBr mixture) in Table 13 shows that when the particle size of Cul is decreased from about 182 to 4nm along with the changes in the preparation method, the efficacy at 24hr remains about the same, achieving the maximum log reduction.
• Use of the smaller particle size impacts the efficacy at shorter times, producing higher log reductions at shorter times.
• Result R9 in this table shows that efficacy at much shorter times, i.e., at 15 minutes is surprisingly high. This high efficacy is seen even in those formulations where only Cul is used, such as in K7.
• Results R32 to R36 compare nanoparticles of various silver salts (AgBr and Agl) , silver metal and various copper salts (CuCl and CuT), all of these surface modified with PVP and by themselves only , and all of them at metal concentration of 60ppm. This data clearly shows Cul has the highest efficacy and the other materials show lower efficacy against this microbe.
• Table 14 shows results from similar experimentation on S. aureus, a gram positive bacterium responsible for common staph infections. Comparing R4 to R3 and R2 in this table shows superior effectiveness of copper iodide. Comparing results on Ag metal, AgBr, their combination and Cul, shows similar behavior as for P. aeruginosa, namely that Cul was more effective than either silver metal or silver bromide, or mixture of silver+silver bromide with PVP surface modification. Also Cul in small particle size by itself or mixed with silver metal or silver bromide was highly effective as seen in results R7, R8 and R9. Similar conclusion for S. aureus as for P. aeruginosa can be drawn on concentration of the compounds, mixture of different metal halides or metal halide and a metal, and particles with different surface modifications.
• Example 48 Efficacy against S. mutans of various functionali/ed nanoparticles

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• Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
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• Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
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• Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
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• Agricultural Chemicals And Associated Chemicals (AREA)
• Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
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