WO2012098722A1 - Cu-Gaターゲット及びその製造方法並びにCu-Ga系合金膜からなる光吸収層及び同光吸収層を用いたCIGS系太陽電池 - Google Patents
Cu-Gaターゲット及びその製造方法並びにCu-Ga系合金膜からなる光吸収層及び同光吸収層を用いたCIGS系太陽電池 Download PDFInfo
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 41
- 229910000807 Ga alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 39
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 24
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 56
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 53
- 238000005477 sputtering target Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 229910052733 gallium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 claims description 33
- 238000007731 hot pressing Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 230000031700 light absorption Effects 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 6
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- 238000004453 electron probe microanalysis Methods 0.000 description 5
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- 238000007088 Archimedes method Methods 0.000 description 1
- GYHNNYVSQQEPJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Gallium Chemical compound [Ga] GYHNNYVSQQEPJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 206010067482 No adverse event Diseases 0.000 description 1
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- 238000010587 phase diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910002059 quaternary alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000058 selane Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 239000005361 soda-lime glass Substances 0.000 description 1
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- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/0248—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by their semiconductor bodies
- H01L31/0256—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by their semiconductor bodies characterised by the material
- H01L31/0264—Inorganic materials
- H01L31/0272—Selenium or tellurium
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- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
- B22F3/12—Both compacting and sintering
- B22F3/14—Both compacting and sintering simultaneously
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C1/00—Making non-ferrous alloys
- C22C1/04—Making non-ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy
- C22C1/0425—Copper-based alloys
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C28/00—Alloys based on a metal not provided for in groups C22C5/00 - C22C27/00
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C9/00—Alloys based on copper
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
- C23C14/22—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material characterised by the process of coating
- C23C14/34—Sputtering
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
- C23C14/22—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material characterised by the process of coating
- C23C14/34—Sputtering
- C23C14/3407—Cathode assembly for sputtering apparatus, e.g. Target
- C23C14/3414—Metallurgical or chemical aspects of target preparation, e.g. casting, powder metallurgy
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/0248—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by their semiconductor bodies
- H01L31/0256—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by their semiconductor bodies characterised by the material
- H01L31/0264—Inorganic materials
- H01L31/032—Inorganic materials including, apart from doping materials or other impurities, only compounds not provided for in groups H01L31/0272 - H01L31/0312
- H01L31/0322—Inorganic materials including, apart from doping materials or other impurities, only compounds not provided for in groups H01L31/0272 - H01L31/0312 comprising only AIBIIICVI chalcopyrite compounds, e.g. Cu In Se2, Cu Ga Se2, Cu In Ga Se2
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- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/18—Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of these devices or of parts thereof
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- B22F9/00—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof
- B22F9/02—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes
- B22F9/04—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from solid material, e.g. by crushing, grinding or milling
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a Cu-Ga alloy sputtering target used for forming a Cu-In-Ga-Se (hereinafter referred to as CIGS) quaternary alloy thin film, which is a light absorption layer of a thin film solar cell layer, and its production.
- the present invention relates to a method, a light absorption layer made of a Cu-Ga alloy film, and a CIGS solar cell using the light absorption layer.
- the outline process of the selenization method is as follows. First, a molybdenum electrode layer is formed on a soda lime glass substrate, a Cu-Ga layer and an In layer are formed thereon by sputtering, and then a CIGS layer is formed by high-temperature treatment in selenium hydride gas. A Cu-Ga target is used during the sputter deposition of a Cu-Ga layer during the CIGS layer formation process by this selenization method.
- Various production conditions and characteristics of constituent materials affect the conversion efficiency of CIGS solar cells, but the characteristics of CIGS films also have a significant effect.
- a method for producing a Cu-Ga target there are a dissolution method and a powder method.
- a Cu-Ga target manufactured by a melting method is said to have relatively little impurity contamination, but has many drawbacks. For example, since the cooling rate cannot be increased, the compositional segregation is large, and the composition of the film produced by the sputtering method gradually changes.
- shrinkage cavities are likely to occur at the final stage when the molten metal is cooled, the properties around the shrinkage cavities are poor, and the yield is poor because it cannot be used for processing into a predetermined shape.
- the brittleness increases and cracks easily occur, and cracks and chips are likely to occur during processing of the target and during sputtering, which also causes an increase in cost due to a decrease in yield. Therefore, the production of Cu-Ga target by dissolution method is not appropriate in terms of cost and characteristics.
- Patent Document 1 compositional segregation was not observed in the prior document (Patent Document 1) relating to the Cu-Ga target by the dissolution method, no analysis results or the like are shown. Further, although there is a description that there was no brittleness and no cracks, there is no description of processing conditions and sputtering conditions, and the contents are unclear. Furthermore, in the examples, the upper limit of the Ga concentration range is only up to 30% by weight, and there is no description about the characteristics including brittleness and cracks in the Ga high concentration region beyond this.
- targets prepared by the powder method generally have problems such as low sintering density and high impurity concentration.
- Patent Document 2 relating to a Cu-Ga target describes a sintered body target, but there is an explanation of the prior art relating to brittleness in which cracking and chipping are likely to occur when the target is cut.
- two types of powders are manufactured, mixed and sintered.
- One of the two types of powders is a powder with a high Ga content, and the other is a powder with a low Ga content, which is a two-phase coexisting structure surrounded by a grain boundary phase.
- the present invention provides a high-density sputtering target having a very low composition deviation, a method for producing the sputtering target, a light absorbing layer made of a Cu-Ga based alloy film, and a CIGS solar using the same light absorbing layer. It is an object to provide a battery.
- the present inventors have conducted intensive research and found that a CuGa alloy sputtering target with reduced density and improved density can be obtained by a sintering method. Was completed.
- the present invention is 1) a Cu-Ga alloy sintered sputtering target having a Ga concentration of 40-50 at% and the balance being Cu, the relative density of 80% or more, A Cu—Ga alloy sintered sputtering target characterized in that the compositional deviation is within ⁇ 0.5 at% with respect to a target composition.
- a Cu—Ga alloy sputtering target according to 1) above which is a target produced by melting and cooling Cu and Ga raw materials and then pulverized mixed raw material powder by a hot press method.
- the present invention also provides: 3) A method for producing a Cu-Ga alloy sintered body sputtering target having a Ga concentration of 40 to 50 at% and the balance being Cu, in which a Cu-Ga alloy is prepared by melting, cooling and pulverizing Cu and Ga raw materials.
- the raw material powder is manufactured, and the holding temperature of the hot press is set to a temperature between the melting point of the mixed raw material powder and a temperature 15 ° C. lower than the melting point, and the pressure applied to the sintered mixed raw material powder is 400 kgf.
- the present invention provides a method for producing a Cu-Ga based alloy sputtering target, characterized by hot pressing at / cm 2 or more.
- the present invention also provides: 4) The method for producing a Cu—Ga alloy sintered body sputtering target according to 3) above, wherein the relative density is 80% or more 5) The composition deviation of Ga concentration is ⁇ 0.5 from the target composition The method for producing a Cu—Ga alloy sintered compact sputtering target according to the above 3) or 4), characterized in that it is within at%.
- the present invention also provides: 6) A light absorbing layer made of a Cu—Ga based alloy film formed on a substrate using the Cu—Ga alloy sintered sputtering target according to any one of 1) to 2) above.
- the present invention it is possible to produce a Cu-Ga alloy sintered compact target having a very small composition deviation and a high density, and from this Cu-Ga alloy sintered compact sputtering target, The light absorption layer and the CIGS solar cell can be manufactured, so that the reduction of the conversion efficiency of the CIGS solar cell is suppressed, and the low cost CIGS solar cell can be produced. .
- the Ga concentration range of the Cu—Ga alloy sintered body of the present invention is 40 to 50 at%, and the balance is Cu.
- the reason for setting the range of the Ga concentration is that when the Ga concentration is higher than 50 at%, a part of Ga remains as a liquid phase after synthesis, making it difficult to produce an alloy powder.
- the ⁇ phase has a Ga concentration of up to 42.6%, but in actual fabrication, the existence of the ⁇ phase was confirmed even in a CuGa alloy with a Ga concentration of 40.0 at%.
- the Ga concentration range corresponds to the object of the present invention, which is to increase the density of the Cu—Ga alloy sintered body in the composition range in which the ⁇ phase exists.
- This Ga concentration range also coincides with a more preferable Ga concentration range when increasing the conversion efficiency of the actually manufactured CIGS solar cell from the current level.
- the technical idea of the present invention can be applied to compositions outside this range.
- composition shift The biggest problem in the fabrication of a Cu-Ga alloy sintered body target and a light-absorbing layer composed of a Cu-Ga alloy film and a CIGS solar cell using the Cu-Ga alloy sintered body sputtering target is the composition shift. It is. This is because the difference in composition greatly changes the characteristics of the light absorption layer and the CIGS solar cell.
- the composition deviation of the Ga concentration can be within ⁇ 0.5 at% with respect to the target (target) composition. is there. This is a major feature that can be achieved in the present invention.
- the composition deviation of the Ga concentration that is, the “composition deviation” of the target (target) Ga concentration is specifically the difference between the charged composition and the gallium concentration of the completed target (expressed in at%). . The difference is within ⁇ 0.5 at%.
- the relative density of the Cu—Ga alloy sintered compact sputtering target of the present invention is 80% or more.
- the relative density is the ratio of the actual absolute density of the target divided by the theoretical density of the target of the composition. If the relative density is low, the splash that starts from the periphery of the vacancy when the internal vacancies appear during sputtering. In addition, the generation of particles on the film due to abnormal discharge and the progress of surface unevenness progress at an early stage, and abnormal discharge or the like starting from surface protrusions (nodules) is likely to occur. Therefore, the relative density needs to be 80% or more. If the density is 80% or more, the generation of particles is not a big problem.
- the present invention provides a Cu—Ga alloy sintered sputtering target having a single composition as described above.
- the term “single composition” is used to mean a composition composed of only a composition that cannot be detected by other physical means. Also, microscopically, even if a small amount of other composition is contained, if no adverse effects are observed in various properties, the effect is substantially the same as that of a single composition. However, as long as the characteristics of the present invention are not changed, it is not a problem to add other substances as necessary.
- the following describes the method for producing the target of the present invention, the reason and significance of the range definition, and the effect on the characteristics of the target.
- Cu and Ga raw materials are weighed so as to have a predetermined composition ratio (with a Ga concentration of 40 to 50%).
- a predetermined composition ratio with a Ga concentration of 40 to 50%.
- the cause of the composition shift by the melt casting method is segregation of Ga inside the ⁇ phase, and Ga easily exudes from the ingot surface and escapes, resulting in a composition shift.
- the powder sintering method of the present invention since the raw material powder is produced from this cast ingot, the same phenomenon seems to occur.
- the segregated Ga is also pulverized at the same time, and Ga is coated on the powder surface of the ⁇ phase or ⁇ phase composition pulverized at this time. And by applying heat and pressure with hot press (HP), Ga disappears by alloying reaction. As a result, the composition deviation of the sintered body is extremely reduced. This is the cause of the remarkable effect that the composition deviation is extremely reduced in the present invention.
- the holding temperature of the hot press is a temperature between the melting point of the mixed raw material powder and a temperature 10 ° C lower than the melting point, the holding time is 1 to 3 hours, the cooling rate is 5 ° C / min or more, and the sintered mixed raw material powder Sintering is performed at a pressure of 400 kgf / cm 2 or more.
- the pressure is less than this, the density of the sintered body cannot be sufficiently increased.
- increasing the pressurization pressure significantly requires only an unnecessarily expensive and excessive apparatus, so there are few merits. Therefore, considering the sintering resistance density, the upper limit should be about 800 kgf / cm 2. desirable.
- hot pressing is performed under the temperature condition immediately below the melting point.
- a very low temperature that is, sintering at a very low temperature of 240 ° C. as shown in the Examples It becomes.
- the sintering temperature at such a low temperature is generally very difficult to control and tends to cause overshoot. Therefore, a temperature lower than the melting point by about 30 ° C may be tried, but in practice it is not performed.
- the present invention has remarkable features even in such a manufacturing process.
- the density of the Cu-Ga sintered body produced by the above method is the Archimedes method, the average particle size is the planimetric method after surface etching, the impurity concentration is the GDMS analysis method, and the presence or absence or degree of composition or different composition is X-ray Each can be obtained by a diffraction method.
- Example 1 Cu and Ga raw materials were weighed so as to have a composition ratio of 47 at% in a Ga concentration range of 40 to 50 at% (charged Ga concentration: 47 at%).
- the weighed raw materials are put into a carbon crucible, heated at 10 ° C./min in a heating furnace introduced with argon pressurized to about 5 kgf / cm 2 , dissolved at 1050 ° C., and then cooled down The material was cooled at 5 to 10 ° C./min, and the synthetic raw material was taken out.
- this synthetic raw material was pulverized, passed through a 150 mesh sieve after pulverization, and the particle size was adjusted to obtain a powder of 90 ⁇ m or less.
- the powder thus obtained is placed in a pressure sintering furnace, heated from room temperature to 240 ° C. at 3 ° C./min, held at 240 ° C. for 2 hours and 30 minutes, and then heated to stop in the furnace. Naturally cooled. 30 minutes after the pressure reached 240 ° C., a surface pressure of 400 kgf / cm 2 was added for 2 hours and 30 minutes, and the application of pressure was stopped 30 minutes after the heating was completed.
- Table 1 shows the composition analysis results prepared in Example 1 (powder sintering method). It was confirmed that the target produced in Example 1 (powder sintering method) had a shift of only 0.3 at%. This result is at a level that can be said to be within the range of analysis error, and is extremely small.
- Example 1 shows the results of density and the like in the case of hot pressing under the above conditions, that is, temperature 240 ° C. and surface pressure 400 kgf / cm 2 .
- the sintered density was 6.23 g / cm 3 and the relative density was 80.9%.
- there was no dissolution of Ga and there was no surface processing roughness on the target.
- Example 2 Cu and Ga raw materials were weighed so as to have a composition ratio of 44 at% in the range of Ga concentration of 40 to 50 at% (charged Ga concentration: 44 at%).
- the weighed raw materials are put into a carbon crucible, heated at 10 ° C./min in a heating furnace introduced with argon pressurized to about 5 kgf / cm 2 , dissolved at 1050 ° C., and then cooled down The material was cooled at 5 to 10 ° C./min, and the synthetic raw material was taken out.
- this synthetic raw material was pulverized, passed through a 150 mesh sieve after pulverization, and the particle size was adjusted to obtain a powder of 90 ⁇ m or less.
- the powder thus obtained is placed in a pressure sintering furnace, heated from room temperature to 240 ° C. at 3 ° C./min, held at 240 ° C. for 2 hours and 30 minutes, and then heated to stop in the furnace. Naturally cooled. 30 minutes after the pressure reached 240 ° C., a surface pressure of 400 kgf / cm 2 was added for 2 hours and 30 minutes, and the application of pressure was stopped 30 minutes after the heating was completed.
- Table 1 shows the composition analysis results prepared in Example 2 (powder sintering method). It was confirmed that the target produced in Example 2 (powder sintering method) had a shift of only 0.4 at%. This result is at a level that can be said to be within the range of analysis error, and is extremely small.
- Example 2 shows the results of density and the like in the case of hot pressing under the above conditions, that is, a temperature of 240 ° C. and a surface pressure of 400 kgf / cm 2 .
- the sintered density was 6.36 g / cm 3 and the relative density was 80.5%.
- there was no dissolution of Ga and there was no surface processing roughness on the target.
- a density of 80% or more was obtained, it became possible to finish the surface with a metallic luster.
- Example 3 Cu and Ga raw materials were weighed so as to have a composition ratio of 44 at% in the range of Ga concentration of 40 to 50 at% (charged Ga concentration: 44 at%).
- the weighed raw materials are put into a carbon crucible, heated at 10 ° C./min in a heating furnace introduced with argon pressurized to about 5 kgf / cm 2 , dissolved at 1050 ° C., and then cooled down The material was cooled at 5 to 10 ° C./min, and the synthetic raw material was taken out.
- this synthetic raw material was pulverized, passed through a 150 mesh sieve after pulverization, and the particle size was adjusted to obtain a powder of 90 ⁇ m or less.
- the powder thus obtained is placed in a pressure sintering furnace, heated from room temperature to 240 ° C. at 3 ° C./min, held at 240 ° C. for 2 hours and 30 minutes, and then heated to stop in Naturally cooled. 30 minutes after the pressure reached 240 ° C., a surface pressure of 400 kgf / cm 2 was added for 2 hours and 30 minutes, and the application of pressure was stopped 30 minutes after the heating was completed.
- Table 1 shows the composition analysis results prepared in Example 3 (powder sintering method). It was confirmed that the target produced in Example 3 (powder sintering method) had a deviation of only 0.2 at%. This result is at a level that can be said to be within the range of analysis error, and is extremely small.
- Example 3 above conditions, i.e., temperature 240 ° C., at a surface pressure of 400 kgf / cm 2, showing the case of hot pressing, the results of the density and the like in Table 2.
- the sintered density was 6.48 g / cm 3 and the relative density was 81.0%.
- there was no dissolution of Ga and there was no surface processing roughness on the target.
- Comparative Example 1 is a case where a powder produced under the same conditions as in Example 1 was hot-pressed at a sintering temperature of 200 ° C. and a surface pressure of 400 kgf / cm 2 to produce a target.
- the results of the target density and the like in this case are shown in Table 2.
- the sintered density was 5.76 g / cm 3 and the relative density was 74.8%.
- Ga did not melt out, roughening of the surface processing on the target occurred. As a result, it was not possible to finish the processed surface with a metallic luster. This was thought to be due to the low sintering temperature of 200 ° C.
- Comparative Example 2 is a case where a powder produced under the same conditions as in Example 1 was hot-pressed at a temperature of 240 ° C. and a surface pressure of 150 kgf / cm 2 to produce a target.
- the results of the target density and the like in this case are shown in Table 2.
- the sintered density was 5.65 g / cm 3 and the relative density was 73.4%.
- Ga did not melt out, roughening of the surface processing on the target occurred. As a result, it was not possible to finish the processed surface with a metallic luster. This was thought to be due to the low surface pressure of 150 kgf / cm 2 .
- Comparative Example 3 shows the results of density and the like when the powder produced under the same conditions as in Example 1 is hot pressed at a temperature of 260 ° C. and a surface pressure of 400 kgf / cm 2 .
- the sintered density was 7.47 g / cm 3 and the relative density was 97.0%.
- Ga melted out.
- composition deviation occurred and sintering at a high temperature (temperature of 260 ° C.) was not preferable.
- Comparative Example 4 has a Ga concentration of 60 at%. Otherwise, the powder produced under the same conditions as Example 1 is hot-pressed at a temperature of 240 ° C. and a surface pressure of 400 kgf / cm 2. Table 2 shows the results of the observation. As shown in Table 2, Ga melted out.
- Comparative Example 5 is a target manufactured by melting and casting Cu and Ga raw materials having the same composition as in Example 1.
- a composition shift of 1 at% or more occurred with respect to the weighed value.
- the cause of the composition shift was Ga segregation in the ⁇ phase as shown in the EPMA results in FIG. 1 in the casting method. This segregated Ga easily exudes from the surface of the ingot and is considered to be a cause of compositional deviation.
- the present invention it is possible to produce a Cu-Ga alloy sintered body sputtering target with extremely low composition deviation and high density, so that the surface condition during processing is improved, and arcing and cracking occur. Sputtering can be performed without any problem.
- a reduction in the conversion efficiency of the CIGS solar cell is suppressed, and a low-cost CIGS solar cell can be produced. Therefore, it is useful for solar cells to suppress the conversion efficiency reduction of CIGS solar cells.
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Abstract
Description
Cu-Gaターゲットの製造方法としては、溶解法と粉末法がある。一般的には、溶解法で製造されたCu-Gaターゲットは、不純物汚染が比較的少ないとされているが、欠点も多い。例えば、冷却速度を大きくできないので組成偏析が大きく、スパッタ法によって作製される膜の組成が、次第に変化してきてしまう。
更に、高Ga濃度になるほど脆性が増加して割れ易くなり、ターゲットへの加工中やスパッタ時に割れや欠けが発生し易く、これも歩留まり低下によるコストアップの原因となる。従って、溶解法によるCu-Gaターゲットの製造は、コストや特性の点で適切でない
更に、実施例ではGa濃度範囲の上限が30重量%までの結果しかなく、これ以上のGa高濃度領域での脆性や割れを含めて、特性に関する記述は全くない。
そして、二種類の粉末の、一方はGa含有量を高くした粉末で、他方はGa含有量を少なくした粉末であり、粒界相で包囲した二相共存組織にするというものである。
密度が低いターゲットは、当然ながら異常放電やパーティクル発生があり、スパッタ膜表面にパーティクル等の異形物があると、その後のCIGS膜特性にも悪影響を与え、最終的にはCIGS太陽電池の変換効率の大きな低下を招く虞が多分にある。
この問題を解決するため、焼結方法により、CuGa合金スパッタリングターゲットを製造することが考えられる。すなわち、Ga偏析を起こしたインゴットを全量粉砕してホットプレスで焼結する方法である。これによって、Gaの偏析は解消され、染み出し、組成ずれの問題は解消することが可能となる。
1)Ga濃度が40~50at%であり、残部がCuであるCu-Ga合金焼結体スパッタリングターゲットであって、相対密度が80%以上であり、Ga濃度の組成ずれが、狙いの組成に対して、±0.5at%以内であることを特徴とするCu-Ga合金焼結体スパッタリングターゲット。
2)Cu及びGa原料を溶解、冷却後、粉砕した混合原料粉をホットプレス法で製造したターゲットであることを特徴とする上記1)記載のCu-Ga合金スパッタリングターゲット、を提供する。
3)Ga濃度が40~50at%であり、残部がCuであるCu-Ga合金焼結体スパッタリングターゲットの製造方法であって、Cu及びGa原料を、溶解及び冷却・粉砕してCu-Ga合金原料粉を製造し、さらにこの原料粉を、ホットプレスの保持温度を混合原料粉の融点と該融点より15℃低い温度との間の温度とし、焼結混合原料粉への加圧圧力を400kgf/cm2以上として、ホットプレスすることを特徴とするCu-Ga系合金スパッタリングターゲットの製造方法、を提供する。
4)相対密度を80%以上とすることを特徴とする上記3)記載のCu-Ga合金焼結体スパッタリングターゲットの製造方法
5)Ga濃度の組成ずれが、狙いの組成に対して、±0.5at%以内とすることを特徴とする上記3)又は4)記載のCu-Ga合金焼結体スパッタリングターゲットの製造方法、を提供する。
6)上記1)~2)のいずれかに一項に記載のCu-Ga合金焼結体スパッタリングターゲットを用いて基板上に形成されたCu-Ga系合金膜からなる光吸収層
7)上記6)に記載の光吸収層を用いたCIGS系太陽電池、を提供する。
本発明のCu-Ga合金焼結体のGa濃度範囲は40~50at%、残部はCuとする。このGa濃度の範囲設定理由は、Ga濃度が50at%より高い場合、合成後に一部Gaが液相として残り、合金粉末作製が困難となってしまうからである。逆に、状態図ではθ相は、Ga濃度42.6%までとされているが、実際の作製においては、Ga濃度40.0at%のCuGa合金でもθ相の存在が確認されたためである。
また、このGa濃度範囲は同時に、実際に製造されるCIGS系太陽電池の変換効率を現状より増加させる際に、より好適なGa濃度範囲とも合致している。但し、本発明の技術的思想自体はこの範囲外の組成に対しても適用可能である。
この場合のGa濃度の組成ずれ、すなわち狙いの(目標とする)Ga濃度の「組成ずれ」は、具体的には、仕込み組成と出来上がったターゲットのガリウム濃度(at%で表現)の差である。そして、その差を±0.5 at%以内とするものである。
従って、相対密度は80%以上とすることが必要である。密度が80%以上であれば、パーティクルの発生は、大きな問題とはならない。
また、ミクロ的には他の組成が微量含まれていても、諸特性に悪影響等が認められない場合は、実質的に単一組成と同様な効果を示すのである。しかしながら、本願発明の特性を変更しない限りは、必要に応じて他の物質を添加することは、問題となるものではない。
しかしながら、本発明の工程においては、偏析したGaも同時に粉砕され、この時に粉砕されたγ相やθ相組成の粉末表面にGaがコーティングされる状態となる。そして、ホットプレス(HP)で熱と圧力をかけることにより、合金化反応でGaは消滅する。
この結果、焼結体の組成ずれは、極めて少なくなる。これが、本願発明において、組成ずれが極めて少なくなるという著しい効果を得ることができる原因となっている。
圧力がこれ未満であると、焼結体の密度が充分に上がらない。また、加圧圧力を大幅に増加させることは、不必要に高価過大な装置が必要となるだけでメリットが少ないので、焼結耐密度を勘案し、上限は800kgf/cm2程度とするのが望ましい。
このような低温での焼結温度は、一般的に制御が非常に難しく、オーバーシュートを起こし易いため、融点より30℃程度低い温度まで試すことはあるが、実際上は行われていないのが現状である。本願発明は、このような製造工程においても、著しい特徴を有している。
Cu及びGa原料をGa濃度40~50at%の範囲である47at%の組成比となるように秤量した(仕込みGa濃度:47at%)。次に、秤量した原料をカーボン製坩堝に入れ、約5kgf/cm2に加圧したアルゴンを導入した加熱炉内で、10℃/minで昇温し、1050℃で溶解させた後、冷却速度5~10℃/minで冷却し、合成原料を取り出した。次に、この合成原料を粉砕し、粉砕後150メッシュの篩に通して、粒度調整を行い90μm以下の粉末とした。
本実施例1(粉末焼結法)で作製した組成分析結果を表1に示す。本実施例1(粉末焼結法)で作製したターゲットでは、わずか0.3at%のずれしか起きていないことが確認できた。この結果は、分析誤差の範囲内といえるレベルであり、極めて少ない。
実施例1は、上記の条件、すなわち温度240℃、面圧400kgf/cm2で、ホットプレスした場合の、密度等の結果を表2に示す。
この表2に示すように、焼結密度は6.23g/cm3、相対密度80.9%であった。この結果、Gaの溶け出しはなく、ターゲットへの表面加工の荒れもなかった。このように80%以上の密度が得られると、金属光沢のある加工面に仕上げることが可能になった。
Cu及びGa原料をGa濃度40~50at%の範囲である44at%の組成比となるように秤量した(仕込みGa濃度:44at%)。次に、秤量した原料をカーボン製坩堝に入れ、約5kgf/cm2に加圧したアルゴンを導入した加熱炉内で、10℃/minで昇温し、1050℃で溶解させた後、冷却速度5~10℃/minで冷却し、合成原料を取り出した。次に、この合成原料を粉砕し、粉砕後150メッシュの篩に通して、粒度調整を行い90μm以下の粉末とした。
本実施例2(粉末焼結法)で作製した組成分析結果を表1に示す。本実施例2(粉末焼結法)で作製したターゲットでは、わずか0.4at%のずれしか起きていないことが確認できた。この結果は、分析誤差の範囲内といえるレベルであり、極めて少ない。
また、ターゲットのGa濃度は43.6at%となり、仕込みGa濃度:44at%に対して、「組成ずれ」も0.4at%と、わずかしか起こっていないのが確認できた。
実施例2は、上記の条件、すなわち温度240℃、面圧400kgf/cm2で、ホットプレスした場合の、密度等の結果を表2に示す。表2に示すように、焼結密度は6.36g/cm3、相対密度80.5%であった。この結果、Gaの溶け出しはなく、ターゲットへの表面加工の荒れもなかった。このように80%以上の密度が得られると、金属光沢のある加工面に仕上げることが可能になった。
Cu及びGa原料をGa濃度40~50at%の範囲である44at%の組成比となるように秤量した(仕込みGa濃度:44at%)。次に、秤量した原料をカーボン製坩堝に入れ、約5kgf/cm2に加圧したアルゴンを導入した加熱炉内で、10℃/minで昇温し、1050℃で溶解させた後、冷却速度5~10℃/minで冷却し、合成原料を取り出した。次に、この合成原料を粉砕し、粉砕後150メッシュの篩に通して、粒度調整を行い90μm以下の粉末とした。
本実施例3(粉末焼結法)で作製した組成分析結果を表1に示す。本実施例3(粉末焼結法)で作製したターゲットでは、わずか0.2at%のずれしか起きていないことが確認できた。この結果は、分析誤差の範囲内といえるレベルであり、極めて少ない。
また、ターゲットのGa濃度は39.8at%となり、仕込みGa濃度:40at%に対して、「組成ずれ」も0.2at%と、わずかしか起こっていないのが確認できた。
実施例3は、上記の条件、すなわち温度240℃、面圧400kgf/cm2で、ホットプレスした場合の、密度等の結果を表2に示す。表2に示すように、焼結密度は6.48g/cm3、相対密度81.0%であった。この結果、Gaの溶け出しはなく、ターゲットへの表面加工の荒れもなかった。このように80%以上の密度が得られると、金属光沢のある加工面に仕上げることが可能になった。
比較例1は、実施例1と同一の条件で作製した粉末を、焼結温度200℃、面圧400kgf/cm2で、ホットプレスし、ターゲットに製作した場合である。この場合のターゲットの密度等の結果を表2に示す。この表2に示すように、焼結密度は5.76g/cm3、相対密度74.8%であった。Gaの溶け出しはなかったが、ターゲットへの表面加工の荒れが発生した。この結果、金属光沢のある加工面に仕上げることができなかった。これは、焼結温度が200℃と、低いことが原因していると考えられた。
比較例2は、実施例1と同一の条件で作製した粉末を、温度240℃、面圧150kgf/cm2でホットプレスし、ターゲットに製作した場合である。この場合のターゲットの密度等の結果を表2に示す。表2に示すように、焼結密度は5.65g/cm3、相対密度73.4%であった。
Gaの溶け出しはなかったが、ターゲットへの表面加工の荒れが発生した。この結果、金属光沢のある加工面に仕上げることができなかった。これは、面圧が150kgf/cm2と、低いことが原因していると考えられた。
比較例3は、実施例1と同一の条件で作製した粉末を、温度260℃、面圧400kgf/cm2で、ホットプレスした場合の、密度等の結果を表2に示す。表2に示すように、焼結密度は7.47g/cm3、相対密度97.0%であった。しかし、Gaの溶け出しがあった。この結果、組成のずれが発生し、高温での焼結(温度260℃)は好ましくないことが分かった。
比較例4は、仕込みGa濃度を60at%とし、他は実施例1と同一の条件で作製した粉末を、温度240℃、面圧400kgf/cm2で、ホットプレスした場合の、Ga相の溶け出しの観察結果を表2に示す。表2に示すように、Gaの溶け出しがあった。
比較例5については、実施例1と同組成のCu及びGa原料を溶解・鋳造して製造したターゲットである。比較例5の鋳造法では、秤量値に対して1at%以上の組成ずれが起こった。組成ずれの原因は、鋳造法において、図1のEPMA結果に示すようにθ相内部にGaの偏析が見られた。この偏析したGaは、簡単にインゴット表面から染み出して抜けてしまうため組成ずれが発生してしまう原因と考えられた。
Claims (7)
- Ga濃度が40~50at%であり、残部がCuであるCu-Ga合金焼結体スパッタリングターゲットであって、相対密度が80%以上であり、Ga濃度の組成ずれが、狙いの組成に対して、±0.5at%以内であることを特徴とするCu-Ga合金焼結体スパッタリングターゲット。
- Cu及びGa原料を溶解、冷却後、粉砕した混合原料粉をホットプレス法で製造したターゲットであることを特徴とする請求項1記載のCu-Ga合金スパッタリングターゲット。
- Ga濃度が40~50at%であり、残部がCuであるCu-Ga合金焼結体スパッタリングターゲットの製造方法であって、Cu及びGa原料を、溶解及び冷却・粉砕してCu-Ga合金原料粉を製造し、さらにこの原料粉を、ホットプレスの保持温度を混合原料粉の融点と該融点より15℃低い温度との間の温度とし、焼結混合原料粉への加圧圧力を400kgf/cm2以上として、ホットプレスすることを特徴とするCu-Ga系合金スパッタリングターゲットの製造方法。
- 相対密度を80%以上とすることを特徴とする請求項3記載のCu-Ga合金焼結体スパッタリングターゲットの製造方法。
- Ga濃度の組成ずれが、狙いの組成に対して、±0.5at%以内とすることを特徴とする請求項3又は4記載のCu-Ga合金焼結体スパッタリングターゲットの製造方法。
- 請求項1~2のいずれかに一項に記載のCu-Ga合金焼結体スパッタリングターゲットを用いて基板上に形成されたCu-Ga系合金膜からなる光吸収層。
- 請求項6に記載の光吸収層を用いたCIGS系太陽電池。
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WO2015042622A1 (de) | 2013-09-27 | 2015-04-02 | Plansee Se | Kupfer-gallium sputtering target |
WO2016047556A1 (ja) * | 2014-09-22 | 2016-03-31 | 三菱マテリアル株式会社 | スパッタリングターゲット及びその製造方法 |
TWI617680B (zh) * | 2012-11-13 | 2018-03-11 | Jx Nippon Mining & Metals Corp | Cu-Ga alloy sputtering target and manufacturing method thereof |
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CN103108977B (zh) | 2010-09-27 | 2015-01-21 | 吉坤日矿日石金属株式会社 | Cu-In-Ga-Se四元合金溅射靶 |
JP6634750B2 (ja) * | 2014-09-22 | 2020-01-22 | 三菱マテリアル株式会社 | スパッタリングターゲット及びその製造方法 |
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Cited By (6)
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TWI617680B (zh) * | 2012-11-13 | 2018-03-11 | Jx Nippon Mining & Metals Corp | Cu-Ga alloy sputtering target and manufacturing method thereof |
WO2015042622A1 (de) | 2013-09-27 | 2015-04-02 | Plansee Se | Kupfer-gallium sputtering target |
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JP2017500438A (ja) * | 2013-09-27 | 2017-01-05 | プランゼー エスエー | 銅−ガリウムスパッタリングターゲット |
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WO2016047556A1 (ja) * | 2014-09-22 | 2016-03-31 | 三菱マテリアル株式会社 | スパッタリングターゲット及びその製造方法 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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EP2666884A4 (en) | 2014-06-18 |
US10050160B2 (en) | 2018-08-14 |
KR20130118345A (ko) | 2013-10-29 |
TW201231701A (en) | 2012-08-01 |
TWI551706B (zh) | 2016-10-01 |
JP5819323B2 (ja) | 2015-11-24 |
KR101419665B1 (ko) | 2014-07-16 |
EP2666884A1 (en) | 2013-11-27 |
US20130319527A1 (en) | 2013-12-05 |
JPWO2012098722A1 (ja) | 2014-06-09 |
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