WO2012098640A1 - 膜電極接合体の製造方法および固体高分子型燃料電池 - Google Patents
膜電極接合体の製造方法および固体高分子型燃料電池 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2012098640A1 WO2012098640A1 PCT/JP2011/050723 JP2011050723W WO2012098640A1 WO 2012098640 A1 WO2012098640 A1 WO 2012098640A1 JP 2011050723 W JP2011050723 W JP 2011050723W WO 2012098640 A1 WO2012098640 A1 WO 2012098640A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/88—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/8803—Supports for the deposition of the catalytic active composition
- H01M4/8814—Temporary supports, e.g. decal
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/88—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/8878—Treatment steps after deposition of the catalytic active composition or after shaping of the electrode being free-standing body
- H01M4/8892—Impregnation or coating of the catalyst layer, e.g. by an ionomer
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/88—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/8878—Treatment steps after deposition of the catalytic active composition or after shaping of the electrode being free-standing body
- H01M4/8896—Pressing, rolling, calendering
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/1004—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes characterised by membrane-electrode assemblies [MEA]
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M2008/1095—Fuel cells with polymeric electrolytes
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for producing a membrane electrode assembly (hereinafter also referred to as “MEA”) and a polymer electrolyte fuel cell (hereinafter also referred to as “fuel cell”). , And a solid polymer electrolyte membrane (hereinafter also referred to as “electrolyte membrane”) and a fuel cell.
- MEA membrane electrode assembly
- fuel cell polymer electrolyte fuel cell
- electrolyte membrane a solid polymer electrolyte membrane
- fuel cell a solid polymer electrolyte membrane
- a fuel cell including an anode electrode supplied with a fuel gas such as hydrogen, a cathode electrode supplied with an oxidant gas such as air, and an electrolyte membrane sandwiched between these electrodes.
- a reaction in which protons and electrons are generated from hydrogen molecules occurs at the anode electrode (H 2 ⁇ 2H + + 2e ⁇ ).
- Protons generated at the anode electrode move to the cathode electrode via the electrolyte membrane.
- electrons move to the cathode electrode via an external circuit.
- a reaction occurs in which water is generated from the protons and electrons and oxygen in the air (4H + + O 2 + 4e ⁇ ⁇ 2H 2 O).
- Patent Document 1 discloses one using spiral CNTs as a cathode electrode.
- a plurality of helical CNTs are provided on the surface of the electrolyte membrane, and each helical axis is oriented perpendicular to the surface of the electrolyte membrane. Therefore, current can flow in the direction of the helical axis during power generation of the fuel cell. Accordingly, since the helical CNTs act like a coil and a magnetic field can be formed in the central part of each helical CNT, it is possible to easily attract paramagnetic oxygen molecules.
- Patent Document 2 discloses two methods for manufacturing a fuel cell in which linear CNTs are transferred while being inclined with respect to the surface of the electrolyte membrane.
- the first production method is as follows. First, a plurality of linear CNTs are grown perpendicular to the surface of the silicon substrate. Next, the electrode catalyst is supported on the linear CNTs. Next, an ionomer solution is applied to the surface of the linear CNT. Next, the growth ends of the linear CNTs are opposed to the surface of the electrolyte membrane, and a predetermined pressure is applied between the linear CNTs and the electrolyte membrane, thereby adjusting the inclination angle of the linear CNTs. Join. Finally, the linear CNTs are transferred by removing the silicon substrate.
- the second production method is basically the same as the first production method, except that the step of providing an ionomer on the surface of the linear CNT and the step of joining the linear CNT and the electrolyte membrane are interchanged. It is different from the manufacturing method of 1. That is, the process up to the step of supporting the electrode catalyst on the linear CNT is the same as the first manufacturing method. In the second manufacturing method, after the electrode catalyst is supported on the linear CNTs, the linear CNTs and the electrolyte membrane are joined. Next, an ionomer is provided on the surface of the linear CNT. Finally, the linear CNTs are transferred by removing the silicon substrate.
- the helical CNT of Patent Document 1 has a problem that it is difficult to grow with the tube lengths uniform, and the tube lengths are likely to be uneven. That the tube lengths are uneven means that CNTs having a short tube length may grow between CNTs having a long tube length. Therefore, the CNT having a short tube length is not electrically connected to the external circuit, and current cannot flow in the direction of the helical axis of the CNT. Therefore, the magnetic field is not sufficiently formed.
- the straight CNTs of Patent Document 2 also have a problem that it is difficult to grow them with the same tube length. Therefore, like the spiral CNT, it becomes impossible to flow an electric current in the axial direction, so that the function of the electrode catalyst supported on the CNT cannot be used. That is, the catalyst utilization rate decreases.
- FIG. 10 is a diagram for explaining an electrode configuration of a fuel cell obtained by the first manufacturing method of Patent Document 2.
- the linear CNTs 54a to 54d have different lengths.
- the CNTs 54a to 54d are inclined and oriented on the surface of the electrolyte membrane 52, the linear distance from the electrolyte membrane 52 to the gas diffusion member 60 can be shortened. Therefore, the distance between the CNT 54d having the shortest tube length and the conductive gas diffusion member 60 can be reduced.
- the ionomer 58 is provided on the surfaces of the CNTs 54a to 54d by using a wet method such as dripping or dipping or a dry method.
- a wet method such as dripping or dipping or a dry method.
- the dropping method segregation of the ionomer 58 easily occurs, and there is a high possibility that the coating of the CNT surface is insufficient.
- the immersion method the ionomer 58 may adhere to the non-transfer side surface of the electrolyte membrane 52 and the film thickness may be increased. Therefore, there is a possibility that the output of the fuel cell is reduced.
- the dry method damages the electrolyte membrane, which may lead to not only a decrease in fuel cell output but also a decrease in durability.
- an object of the present invention is to provide an MEA manufacturing method and a fuel cell that can improve the output of the fuel cell while solving the problem of electrical connection due to uneven tube length.
- the first invention provides A carbon nanotube preparation step of preparing a plurality of carbon nanotubes grown perpendicular to the surface direction of the substrate; After the carbon nanotube preparation step, a catalyst supporting step of supporting a catalyst on the carbon nanotube, An ionomer placement step of placing an ionomer on the surface of the carbon nanotubes so as to cover the catalyst and the carbon nanotubes after the catalyst supporting step; After the catalyst supporting step or the ionomer placement step, the first necessary for bonding the carbon nanotube and the solid polymer electrolyte membrane so that the growth end of the carbon nanotube faces the solid polymer electrolyte membrane.
- the second invention is the first invention, wherein The second pressure applying step is performed after the carbon nanotube preparing step and before the catalyst supporting step.
- the third invention is the second invention, wherein The second pressure is released after a preset time as a time required to fix the formed contact.
- 4th invention is 1st or 2nd invention
- the second pressure applying step is a step of alternately applying the second pressure and a pressure lower than the second pressure in the tube length direction.
- the fifth invention is the first or second invention, wherein The second pressure is released after the ionomer placement step.
- the sixth invention is the invention according to any one of the first to fifth inventions,
- the carbon nanotube has a helical structure with the tube length direction as an axis.
- the seventh invention is a polymer electrolyte fuel cell, A membrane electrode assembly manufactured according to any one of the first to sixth inventions is provided.
- the second pressure is applied in the tube length direction of the CNT before applying at least the first pressure, at least before the CNT and the electrolyte membrane are joined, A contact can be formed between any two adjacent CNTs. Therefore, even if the tube lengths of CNTs grown perpendicular to the surface direction of the substrate are not uniform, the electrical connection between the short CNTs and the external circuit via the long CNTs It can be transferred to the electrolyte membrane after securing the general connection. Therefore, the output of the fuel cell can be improved.
- the electrode catalyst is supported on the surface of the CNT, if a second pressure is applied after the electrode catalyst is supported, the catalyst near the contact between the CNTs may be blocked by the CNT and cannot be used.
- the electrode catalyst can be supported on the CNT after a contact is formed between the CNTs. Accordingly, the electrode catalyst can be effectively used, and the output of the fuel cell can be further improved.
- the second pressure is released after a preset time as a time required for fixing the contact between the CNTs, so that the electrode catalyst is supported after the second pressure is released. It becomes possible. Therefore, the operation can be facilitated and the manufacturing cost can be reduced as compared with the case where the electrode catalyst is supported while pressure is applied.
- the second pressure and a pressure lower than the second pressure are alternately applied in the tube length direction of the CNT, so that the second pressure During application of a lower pressure, it is possible to confirm the state of contact formation between the CNTs. Therefore, the variation between products can be reduced as compared with the case where the second pressure is applied.
- the contact formed by applying the second pressure can be fixed by the ionomer. Therefore, since the contact can be fixed in a short time, productivity can be improved.
- the CNT having a spiral structure with the tube length direction as an axis since the CNT having a spiral structure with the tube length direction as an axis is used, a large number of contacts can be formed between adjacent CNTs when the second pressure is applied. Therefore, it is possible to satisfactorily ensure electrical connection between the CNT having a short tube length and the external circuit.
- the seventh aspect of the invention it is possible to provide a fuel cell with improved battery output while solving the problem of electrical connection caused by uneven tube length.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a cross-sectional configuration of a fuel cell 10 manufactured according to Embodiment 1.
- FIG. It is a schematic diagram of the cross-sectional structure of MEA18 of FIG. It is a figure for demonstrating the structure of the vicinity of CNT28 of FIG.
- FIG. 5 is a diagram for explaining each step of the method for manufacturing the fuel cell according to the first embodiment.
- It is a schematic diagram of catalyst carrying
- the IV characteristic diagram of MEA is shown. It is a SEM photograph of helical CNT used for a test of Drawing 6 and Drawing 8.
- FIG. 10 is a diagram for explaining each step of the manufacturing method of the fuel cell according to the second embodiment. It is a figure for demonstrating the electrode structure of the fuel cell obtained by the 1st manufacturing method of patent document 2.
- FIG. 10 is a diagram for explaining each step of the manufacturing method of the fuel cell according to the second embodiment. It is a figure for demonstrating the electrode structure of the fuel cell obtained by the 1st manufacturing method of patent document 2.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a cross-sectional configuration of a fuel cell 10 manufactured according to the first embodiment.
- the fuel cell 10 includes an electrolyte membrane 12.
- the electrolyte membrane 12 is made of, for example, perfluorosulfonic acid resin.
- An anode electrode 14 and a cathode electrode 16 are provided on both sides of the electrolyte membrane 12 so as to sandwich the membrane. Detailed configurations of the anode electrode 14 and the cathode electrode 16 will be described later.
- the MEA 18 is configured by the electrolyte membrane 12 and the pair of anode electrode 14 and cathode electrode 16 sandwiching the electrolyte membrane 12.
- a gas diffusion layer (hereinafter also referred to as “GDL”) 20 is provided outside the anode electrode 14.
- the GDL 20 is made of a porous material such as carbon paper, carbon cloth, or metal porous body, and has a function of uniformly diffusing the gas supplied from the separator 22 side to the anode electrode 14.
- a GDL 24 is provided outside the cathode electrode 16.
- the GDL 24 has a function of uniformly diffusing the gas supplied from the separator 26 side to the cathode electrode 16.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a cross-sectional configuration of the MEA 18 of FIG. Since the configurations of the anode electrode 14 and the cathode electrode 16 are basically the same, in the description of FIG. 2, the configuration on the cathode electrode 16 side will be described.
- a plurality of CNTs 28 are provided on the surface of the electrolyte membrane 12.
- Each of the CNTs 28 is formed of a spiral CNT, is in contact with the adjacent CNTs 28 at at least one point on the outer periphery of the spiral, and is oriented substantially perpendicular to the surface direction of the electrolyte membrane 12 while supporting each other.
- substantially perpendicular to the surface direction of the electrolyte membrane 12 means that the angle formed by the surface direction of the electrolyte membrane 12 and the direction of the straight line connecting the center portions of both ends of the CNT 28 is 90 ° ⁇ 10 °. Means. This includes a case where the angle is not necessarily 90 ° due to manufacturing conditions.
- the CNTs 28 are oriented in this way, thereby constituting a single layer as a whole.
- an electrode catalyst 30 is provided on the outer surface of the CNT 28. Platinum is used as the electrode catalyst 30, but ruthenium, iridium, rhodium, palladium, osnium, tungsten, lead, iron, chromium, cobalt, nickel, manganese, vanadium, molybdenum, gallium, aluminum and other metals, or alloys thereof Or other particles may be used.
- an ionomer 32 is provided on the outer surface of the vertically aligned CNT 28 so as to cover the CNT 28 and the electrode catalyst 30.
- the ionomer 32 is composed of a polymer electrolyte having a glass transition temperature higher than that of the polymer electrolyte used for the electrolyte membrane 12.
- the electrolyte membrane 12 is made of, for example, perfluorosulfonic acid resin.
- a fine gap 34 is formed between the CNT 28 covered with the ionomer 32 and the adjacent CNT 28. By forming such a gap 34, it can be used as a flow path of gas necessary for the electrochemical reaction or a drainage path of water generated by the electrochemical reaction.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram for explaining a configuration in the vicinity of the CNT 28 in FIG.
- the CNT 28a and the CNT 28b are in contact with each other at the outer periphery of the spiral. Therefore, they can support each other and maintain their orientation.
- the tip of the CNT 28b is embedded only on the electrolyte membrane 12 side, but the tip of the CNT 28a is embedded in both the electrolyte membrane 12 and the GDL 24. Therefore, electrical connection between the CNT 28b and the GDL 24 can be ensured through the CNT 28a.
- FIG. 3B shown as a comparison when the CNT 28c and the CNT 28d are independently oriented, the CNT 28d is not electrically connected to the GDL 24. For this reason, current cannot flow through the CNT 28d, and the function of the electrode catalyst 30 carried by the CNT 28d cannot be used.
- Seed catalyst layer forming step is a step of forming a seed catalyst layer carrying a seed catalyst metal (growth catalyst) on a CNT substrate (steps 100 to 140).
- a paste in which a metal or the like that is a base material of the seed catalyst layer and a metal salt solution that is a precursor of the seed catalyst metal is mixed is applied onto the CNT substrate (step 100).
- the CNT substrate a heat-resistant substrate such as a silicon substrate, a titanium substrate, or a stainless steel substrate can be used as the CNT substrate.
- the surface of the CNT substrate can be cleaned as necessary. Examples of the method for cleaning the CNT substrate include heat treatment in a vacuum.
- the paste to be coated on the CNT substrate is a mixture of a dispersion of a porous metal or the like serving as a base material for the seed catalyst layer and a metal salt solution serving as a precursor of the seed catalyst metal in an alcohol such as ethanol.
- a metal etc. used as the base material of the seed catalyst layer porous metal oxides such as alumina (Al 2 O 3 ), zirconia (ZrO 2 ) and titania (TiO 2 ) and porous materials such as silica (SiO 2 ) are used.
- a high-quality metalloid oxide or a porous metal such as iron, nickel, copper, or aluminum can be used.
- a metal salt solution used as a seed catalyst metal precursor for example, a salt solution of a metal such as iron, nickel, cobalt, manganese, molybdenum, and palladium, which may be used alone or simultaneously. Good.
- the coating method of the paste is not particularly limited, and various coating methods such as spraying, screen printing, doctor blade method, and ink jet method can be used.
- the solvent in the paste is removed by drying (step 120).
- the seed catalyst layer is dried at 80 ° C. for 24 hours.
- the seed catalyst metal in an oxide state of about several nm is supported on the surface of the seed catalyst layer.
- the paste is applied again and dried at 80 ° C. for 24 hours.
- the drying temperature and drying time can be appropriately changed according to the boiling point of the solvent, the thickness of the seed catalyst layer to be formed, and the like.
- the seed catalyst layer is subsequently heated under a reducing agent gas flow to reduce the seed catalyst metal in the oxide state (step 140).
- the temperature of the seed catalyst layer is raised to about 800 ° C. under a hydrogen mixed inert gas.
- the seed catalyst layer is made of a porous metal oxide or the like, and therefore has a large surface area. Therefore, when the temperature is raised, the seed catalyst metal can be supported at a high density without being sintered and coarsened.
- This step is a step of growing spiral CNTs substantially perpendicular to the surface direction of the seed catalyst layer using chemical vapor deposition (CVD) (step 160).
- CVD chemical vapor deposition
- substantially perpendicular to the surface direction of the seed catalyst layer means that the angle formed by the surface direction of the seed catalyst layer and the direction of the straight line connecting the center portions of both ends of the CNT is 90 ° ⁇ 10 °. Means.
- the seed catalyst layer is placed in a space of an inert atmosphere, and the raw material gas is supplied in a state heated to a predetermined temperature (usually about 700 ° C.) suitable for CNT growth.
- a predetermined temperature usually about 700 ° C.
- spiral CNTs are oriented and formed substantially perpendicular to the surface direction of the seed catalyst layer, with the seed catalyst metal as a nucleus.
- a carbon source gas such as methane, ethylene, acetylene, benzene, alcohol or the like can be used.
- the flow rate, supply time, total supply amount, etc. of the raw material gas are not particularly limited, and can be appropriately determined in consideration of the target CNT tube length, tube diameter, CNT shape, and the like.
- the tube length, tube diameter, and shape of the CNT to be grown can be designed according to the concentration of the source gas to be supplied [source gas flow rate / (source gas flow rate + inert gas flow rate)].
- this step uses a CVD method in which CNTs are grown by coexisting a seed catalyst metal and a raw material gas under high temperature conditions, but the method of generating CNTs is not limited to the CVD method.
- CNT entanglement promoting step This step is a step of promoting entanglement between adjacent CNTs by applying pressure in the tube length direction of the spiral CNT grown (steps 180 to 220).
- this step first, two fastening flat plates are prepared, and the CNTs obtained by the above (2) CNT growth step are sandwiched between the flat plates together with the flat plate (step 180).
- a steady pressure is applied for a certain time (step 200).
- 1 MPa to 5 MPa is applied as the steady pressure.
- a pressure higher than 5 MPa may be applied in order to strengthen the entanglement of adjacent CNTs within a range that does not impair the orientation of the CNTs.
- this steady pressure is applied over 24 hours, for example. Since the application time varies depending on the shape of the CNT and the pressure applied, it is preferable that the application time is appropriately set after separately examining the entanglement effect of the CNT on the application time.
- the fastening is subsequently released and the pressure is released (step 220).
- This process is a process of supporting the electrode catalyst on the entangled CNTs (step 240).
- a method for supporting the electrode catalyst specifically, there is a method in which a metal salt solution exemplified as the electrode catalyst 30 in FIG. 2 is applied to the CNT surface and then heated to 200 ° C. or more in a hydrogen atmosphere to reduce.
- the metal salt solution may be an aqueous solution or an organic solvent solution.
- Application of the metal salt solution to the CNT surface includes, for example, a method of immersing CNT in the metal salt solution, a method of dripping the metal salt solution on the surface of the CNT, and a spraying (spraying) of the metal salt solution on the surface of the CNT. A method is mentioned.
- the metal salt solution is a platinum salt solution in which an appropriate amount of chloroplatinic acid or platinum nitric acid solution (for example, dinitrodiamine platinum nitric acid solution) is dissolved in an alcohol such as ethanol or isopropanol. be able to. From the viewpoint that platinum can be uniformly supported on the CNT surface, it is particularly preferable to use a platinum salt solution in which a dinitrodiamine platinum nitric acid solution is dissolved in alcohol.
- FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of catalyst-supported CNTs obtained when the order of the above (3) CNT entanglement promotion step and this step is reversed as a comparative example of the first embodiment.
- the electrode catalyst is supported at the entangled portion as shown by the portion surrounded by the broken line in FIG. And when this carrying
- this step is performed after the (3) CNT entanglement promoting step, so that the CNT entanglement structure can be preliminarily compressed to form the electrode catalyst thereon. Therefore, the electrode catalyst can be supported at a location where the ionomer solution can easily reach. Therefore, since the electrode catalyst can be reliably coated with the ionomer, the catalyst utilization rate can be improved.
- This step is a step of placing an ionomer on the surface of the CNT carrying the electrode catalyst (step 260). Specifically, the ionomer is placed on the surface of the CNT by immersing the CNT carrying the electrode catalyst in an ionomer solution and then removing the CNT. Thereby, the entangled structure of CNTs created in the above (3) CNT entanglement promoting step can be strengthened. In addition, after taking out CNT, it may dry and remove a solvent, and it may deaerate under reduced pressure and the bubble which remained between the ionomer formation surface and the CNT surface may be removed. Thereby, an ionomer can be arrange
- the amount of the ionomer when arranging the ionomer, it is preferable to adjust the amount of the ionomer so that the weight ratio (hereinafter also referred to as “I / C”) to carbon constituting the CNT is 1.6 to 3.5.
- the ionomer not only functions as a proton path, but can also function as a reinforcing material in the CNT tube length direction. Therefore, in order to fully exhibit the reinforcing function, it is preferable that I / C is 1.6 or more.
- the I / C is 3.5 or more, the gap formed between adjacent CNTs is clogged by the ionomer, which causes a decrease in gas diffusibility and drainage.
- the I / C can be set based on the carbon weight before and after the (2) CNT growth step.
- This step is a step of transferring the CNT layer on which the ionomer is disposed on both surfaces of the electrolyte membrane (steps 280 and 300).
- the electrolyte membrane and the growth end of the CNT are opposed to each other, and the electrolyte membrane is brought into close contact with the CNT to be bonded (step 280).
- a CNT substrate-CNT layer-electrolyte membrane assembly can be produced.
- the electrolyte membrane is brought into close contact while being heated above its softening point temperature, but is not heated at an excessive temperature at which membrane deterioration and proton conductivity decrease occur.
- the electrolyte membrane is heated to 100 ° C. to 160 ° C. for adhesion.
- a pressure of 5 MPa to 15 MPa is applied between the CNT layer and the electrolyte membrane in order to strengthen the adhesion.
- the CNT substrate and the CNT layer-electrolyte membrane assembly are subsequently separated (step 300).
- the CNT substrate side is immersed in an acid or alkali solution to dissolve and remove the seed catalyst layer or seed catalyst metal formed on the CNT substrate.
- the acid or alkali solution can be appropriately selected according to the chemical properties of the material used for the base material of the seed catalyst layer and the seed catalyst metal. Note that the CNT substrate and the CNT layer-electrolyte membrane assembly may be separated by physically peeling them off.
- the MEA in which the helical CNTs are in contact with the adjacent CNTs at at least one point on the outer periphery and are substantially perpendicular to the surface direction of the electrolyte membrane while supporting each other can be produced.
- the fuel cell 10 can be manufactured by sandwiching the MEA thus manufactured with the GDL and separator described above.
- FIG. 6 shows an IV characteristic diagram of the MEA.
- FIG. 6A is an IV characteristic diagram of MEA manufactured by using the manufacturing method of the first embodiment. Specifically, this MEA applies (i) a pressure (2 MPa) equivalent to the cell fastening pressure over 24 hours to the helical CNTs shown in FIG. 7, and (ii) platinum, It is fabricated by supporting in the order of ionomers and (iii) hot pressing the electrolyte membrane.
- FIG. 6B is an IV characteristic diagram of a comparative MEA fabricated using a conventional manufacturing method. This comparative MEA is manufactured in the same manner as the manufacturing method of the first embodiment except that the CNT shown in FIG. 7 is used and the step (i) is not performed.
- the output of the MEA produced using the manufacturing method of Embodiment 1 was significantly improved compared to the comparative MEA produced using the conventional manufacturing method. From this result, it was shown that according to the manufacturing method of Embodiment 1, CNT entanglement can be promoted, so that the battery output can be improved.
- FIG. 8 is a graph showing the effective reaction surface area (cm 2 / mg) of platinum in platinum-supported CNTs.
- FIG. 8A is an effective reaction surface area of the platinum-supported CNT produced based on the manufacturing method of the first embodiment. Specifically, this platinum-supported CNT applies (i) a pressure (2 MPa) equivalent to the cell fastening pressure over 24 hours to the CNT of FIG. 7, and (ii) supports platinum after releasing the pressure. It is produced by making it.
- FIG. 8B is an effective reaction surface area of a comparative platinum-supported CNT produced using a conventional manufacturing method. This comparative platinum-carrying CNT was prepared by carrying platinum using the CNT shown in FIG. 7 without carrying out the step (i). The effective reaction surface area was calculated by determining the amount of electricity absorbed by these platinum-supported CNTs using cyclic voltammetry.
- the platinum-supported CNT produced based on the manufacturing method of the first embodiment has an effective reaction surface area improved by 27% compared to the comparative platinum-supported CNT produced using the conventional production method. . From this result, according to the manufacturing method of Embodiment 1, it was shown that CNT entanglement can be promoted before carrying platinum, so that the utilization rate of platinum can be improved.
- (3) the CNT entanglement promoting step can promote entanglement between adjacent CNTs and ensure electrical connection of CNTs, thereby improving battery output. Further, by performing the (3) CNT entanglement promoting step before the (4) catalyst supporting step, a CNT entangled structure can be formed, and the electrode catalyst can be supported thereon. In the subsequent (5) ionomer arrangement step, the supported electrode catalyst can be reliably coated with the ionomer, so that the catalyst utilization rate can be improved.
- the CNT 28 has a spiral shape, but may have, for example, a wave shape.
- the shape of the CNT 28 is any shape that can be oriented substantially perpendicular to the surface direction of the electrolyte membrane 12 while forming a contact between adjacent CNTs. Is not particularly limited. This modification can be similarly applied to Embodiment 2 described later.
- the anode electrode 14 and the cathode electrode 16 are configured as shown in FIG. 2, but both may not be configured as shown in FIG.
- a known electrode for example, an electrode catalyst supported on carbon particles and covered with an ionomer
- the electrode having the configuration shown in FIG. 2 is used for at least one of the electrodes, an effect substantially equivalent to the effect of the present embodiment can be obtained. This modification can be similarly applied to Embodiment 2 described later.
- the (3) CNT entanglement promoting step is performed before the (4) catalyst supporting step, but the order of these steps may be changed.
- the (4) catalyst supporting step may not necessarily be after the (3) CNT entanglement promoting step, and the (4) catalyst supporting step may be performed before the (3) CNT entanglement promoting step.
- Embodiment 1 (3) the steady pressure is applied in the CNT entanglement promoting step, but a high pressure (for example, 3 to 5 MPa) and a low pressure (for example, 0 to 1 MPa) may be applied alternately.
- a high pressure for example, 3 to 5 MPa
- a low pressure for example, 0 to 1 MPa
- steps 100 to 160 in FIG. 4 are the “carbon nanotube preparation process” in the first invention
- steps 180 to 200 in FIG. 4 are the “second pressure” in the first invention
- Step 240 in the figure is the “catalyst loading process” in the first invention
- step 260 is the “ionomer placement process” in the first invention
- step 280 is the first step in the first invention.
- the step 300 corresponds to the “first pressure applying step” in the invention and corresponds to the “base material removing step” in the first invention.
- Embodiment 2 a second embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIG.
- the entanglement of the helical CNTs is promoted by steps 180 to 220 in FIG.
- the manufacturing method of the second embodiment is different from the first embodiment in that entanglement of CNTs is promoted by steps 400 and 460 of FIG. 9 described later.
- the configuration of the fuel cell manufactured according to Embodiment 2 is the same as that of the fuel cell 10 of FIG. Therefore, the description regarding the configuration is omitted.
- Embodiment 2 (1) seed catalyst layer formation step, (2) CNT growth step, (3) pressure application step, (4) catalyst loading step, (5) ionomer placement step, (6) pressure release step, (7)
- the MEA 18 and the fuel cell 10 are manufactured through a transfer (MEA) process.
- MEA transfer
- Seed catalyst layer forming step and (2) CNT growing step (1) Seed catalyst layer forming step and (2) CNT growing step (1) Seed catalyst layer forming step is a step of forming a seed catalyst layer carrying a seed catalyst metal (growth catalyst) on a CNT substrate. Yes (steps 320 to 360). The (2) CNT growth step is a step of growing spiral CNTs substantially perpendicular to the surface direction of the seed catalyst layer using chemical vapor deposition (CVD) (step 380). .
- CVD chemical vapor deposition
- This process is a process of applying a pressure in the tube length direction of the spiral CNT grown (step 400). Specifically, two flat plates for fastening are prepared, and the CNTs obtained by the above (2) CNT growth step are sandwiched between the flat plates together with the CNT substrate, and the surface pressure (usually 1 MPa to 10 MPa) is reached. Pressure). Thereby, an entanglement is produced between adjacent CNTs.
- the catalyst supporting step is a step of supporting the electrode catalyst on the entangled CNT (step 420).
- the (5) ionomer placement step is a step of placing an ionomer on the surface of the CNT carrying the electrode catalyst (step 440). These steps are different from steps 240 and 260 in FIG. 4 in that they are executed without releasing the pressure applied in the above (3) pressure application step, but the others are common.
- the solvent and bubbles may be removed simultaneously with (6) the pressure release step and (7) the transfer step, which will be described later, as in the first embodiment. May be.
- Embodiment 1 in the (3) CNT entanglement promoting step (steps 180 to 220 in FIG. 4), the CNT entanglement was fixed by applying a steady pressure for a certain period of time.
- the CNT entanglement is fixed by the ionomer by performing the (5) ionomer placement step while maintaining the compressed state of the CNT. Therefore, in the second embodiment, the entanglement of CNTs can be fixed in a shorter time than in the first embodiment.
- the pressure release step is a step of releasing the pressure applied in the above (3) pressure application step (step 460).
- the transfer process is a process of transferring the CNT layer after the (7) pressure release process to both surfaces of the electrolyte membrane (steps 480, 500). (7) The transfer process is the same as steps 280 and 300 in FIG. Therefore, the detailed description is abbreviate
- the (5) ionomer placement step is performed in a state where the compressed state of the CNT is maintained. While securing, the entangled structure of CNTs can be fixed in a short time. Therefore, productivity can be improved in addition to the effects of the first embodiment.
- the (3) pressure application step is performed before the (4) catalyst supporting step.
- the order of these steps may be changed.
- (3) by performing the pressure application step at least entanglement between adjacent CNTs can be generated, so that the battery output can be improved by ensuring the electrical connection between the CNTs. I can expect. Therefore, (4) the catalyst supporting step is not necessarily performed after (3) the pressure applying step, and (3) the pressure applying step may be performed after (4) the catalyst supporting step.
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Abstract
Description
基材の面方向に対して垂直に成長させた複数のカーボンナノチューブを準備するカーボンナノチューブ準備工程と、
前記カーボンナノチューブ準備工程の後に、前記カーボンナノチューブに触媒を担持させる触媒担持工程と、
前記触媒担持工程の後に、前記触媒および前記カーボンナノチューブを被覆するように、前記カーボンナノチューブの表面にアイオノマを配置するアイオノマ配置工程と、
前記触媒担持工程または前記アイオノマ配置工程の後に、前記カーボンナノチューブの成長端と固体高分子電解質膜とを対向させて、前記カーボンナノチューブと前記固体高分子電解質膜とを接合するために必要な第一の圧力をこれらの間に印加する第一圧力印加工程と、
前記第一圧力印加工程の後に、前記基材を除去する基材除去工程と、を備える膜電極接合体の製造方法であって、
前記カーボンナノチューブ準備工程の後、少なくとも前記第一圧力印加工程の前に、前記カーボンナノチューブのうちの任意の隣り合う2つのカーボンナノチューブ間に接点を形成するために必要な第二の圧力を、前記カーボンナノチューブのチューブ長さ方向に印加する第二圧力印加工程を備えることを特徴とする。
前記カーボンナノチューブ準備工程の後、前記触媒担持工程の前に、前記第二圧力印加工程を実行することを特徴とする。
前記第二の圧力を、形成させた接点を固定するのに必要な時間として予め定めた設定時間後に開放することを特徴とする。
前記第二圧力印加工程は、前記チューブ長さ方向に、前記第二の圧力と、前記第二の圧力よりも低い圧力とを交互に印加する工程であることを特徴とする。
前記第二の圧力を、前記アイオノマ配置工程の後に開放することを特徴とする。
前記カーボンナノチューブは、チューブ長さ方向を軸とするらせん構造を有することを特徴とする。
第1乃至第6の発明の何れか1つにより製造した膜電極接合体を備えることを特徴とする。
[燃料電池の構成]
先ず、図1~図8を参照して、本発明の実施の形態1について説明する。先ず、図1を参照して、燃料電池の構成を説明する。図1は、実施の形態1により製造される燃料電池10の断面構成の模式図である。
次に、図4を参照して、上述した構成のMEA18および燃料電池10の製造方法の各工程を説明する。実施の形態1では、(1)種触媒層形成工程、(2)CNT成長工程、(3)CNT絡み合い促進工程、(4)触媒担持工程、(5)アイオノマ配置工程、(6)転写(MEA化)工程を経ることでMEA18および燃料電池10を製造する。以下、これらの各工程について、詳細を説明する。
本工程は、CNT基板上に、種触媒金属(成長用触媒)を担持させた種触媒層を形成する工程である(ステップ100~140)。本工程では、先ず、CNT基板上に、種触媒層の基材となる金属等と、種触媒金属の前駆体となる金属塩溶液を混合したペーストを塗工する(ステップ100)。ここで、CNT基板としては、珪素基板、チタン基板やステンレス基板といった耐熱性の基板を用いることができる。CNT基板は、必要に応じて表面の洗浄を行うことができる。CNT基板の洗浄方法としては、例えば、真空中における加熱処理等が挙げられる。
本工程は、化学気相成長法(CVD法)を用いて、種触媒層の面方向に対して実質上垂直にらせん状のCNTを成長させる工程である(ステップ160)。ここで、種触媒層の面方向に対して実質上垂直とは、種触媒層の面方向と、CNTの両端の中心部を結ぶ直線の方向とのなす角度が90°±10°であることを意味する。
本工程は、成長させたらせん状CNTのチューブ長さ方向に圧力を印加して、隣り合うCNT間の絡み合いを促進する工程である(ステップ180~220)。本工程では、先ず、締結用の平板を二枚準備し、この平板間に上記(2)CNT成長工程により得られたCNTをCNT基板ごと挟み込む(ステップ180)。
本工程は、絡み合わせたCNTに電極用触媒を担持させる工程である(ステップ240)。電極用触媒の担持方法としては、具体的に、図2の電極用触媒30として例示した金属の塩溶液をCNT表面に塗布した後、水素雰囲気中で200℃以上に加熱して還元する方法が挙げられる。金属塩溶液は、水溶液でも有機溶媒溶液でもよい。金属塩溶液のCNT表面への塗布は、例えば、金属塩溶液中にCNTを浸漬する方法、CNTの表面に金属塩溶液を滴下する方法や、CNTの表面に金属塩溶液を噴霧(スプレー)する方法が挙げられる。
本工程は、電極用触媒を担持させたCNTの表面にアイオノマを配置する工程である(ステップ260)。具体的には、電極用触媒を担持させたCNTをアイオノマ溶液に浸漬し、その後、取り出すことでCNT表面にアイオノマを配置する。これにより、上記(3)CNT絡み合い促進工程で作り込んだCNTの絡み合い構造を強固にできる。なお、CNTを取り出した後に、乾燥して溶媒を除去してもよいし、減圧脱気してアイオノマ形成面とCNT表面との間に残留した気泡を除去してもよい。これにより、CNT表面に均一にアイオノマを配置できる。また、溶媒や気泡の除去は、後述する(6)転写工程と同時に行ってもよく、(6)転写工程の後に行ってもよい。
本工程は、アイオノマが配置されたCNT層を電解質膜の両面に転写する工程である(ステップ280,300)。本工程では、先ず、電解質膜とCNTの成長端とを対向させ、CNTに電解質膜を密着させて接合する(ステップ280)。これにより、CNT基板-CNT層-電解質膜接合体が作製できる。電解質膜は、その軟化点温度以上に加熱しながら密着させるが、膜劣化やプロトン伝導性の低下が生じるような過度な温度では加熱しない。例えば、電解質膜にパーフルオロカーボンスルホン酸樹脂を用いた場合には、100℃~160℃に加熱して密着させる。接合に際しては、密着性を強固にするために、CNT層と電解質膜との間に5MPa~15MPaの圧力を印加する。
図6は、MEAのI-V特性図を示したものである。図6Aは、実施の形態1の製造方法を用いて作製したMEAのI-V特性図である。このMEAは、具体的に、図7に示すらせん状CNTに対して、(i)セル締結圧力と同等の圧力(2MPa)を24時間に亘って印加し、(ii)圧力開放後、白金、アイオノマの順に担持させ、(iii)電解質膜にホットプレスすることで作製したものである。一方、図6Bは、従来製法を用いて作製した比較用MEAのI-V特性図である。この比較用MEAは、図7に示すCNTを用い、上記(i)の工程を実施しない他は、実施の形態1の製造方法と同様に作製したものである。
次に、図9を参照して、本発明の実施の形態2について説明する。上記実施の形態1では、図4のステップ180~220によってらせん状CNTの絡み合いを促進させた。しかし、実施の形態2の製造方法では、後述する図9のステップ400,460によってCNTの絡み合いを促進させる点で実施の形態1と異なる。なお、実施の形態2により製造される燃料電池の構成は、図1の燃料電池10と同一である。従って、その構成に関する説明については省略する。
実施の形態2では、(1)種触媒層形成工程、(2)CNT成長工程、(3)圧力印加工程、(4)触媒担持工程、(5)アイオノマ配置工程、(6)圧力開放工程、(7)転写(MEA化)工程を経ることでMEA18および燃料電池10を製造する。以下、これらの各工程について、詳細を説明する。
(1)種触媒層形成工程は、CNT基板上に、種触媒金属(成長用触媒)を担持させた種触媒層を形成する工程である(ステップ320~360)。また、(2)CNT成長工程は、化学気相成長法(CVD法)を用いて、種触媒層の面方向に対して実質上垂直にらせん状のCNTを成長させる工程である(ステップ380)。これらの工程は、図4のステップ100~160と同一である。従って、その詳細な説明は省略する。
本工程は、成長させたらせん状CNTのチューブ長さ方向に圧力を印加する工程である(ステップ400)。具体的には、締結用の平板を二枚準備し、この平板間に上記(2)CNT成長工程により得られたCNTをCNT基板ごと挟み込み、狙いの圧縮量まで面圧(通常、1MPa~10MPaの圧力)を印加する。これにより、隣り合うCNT間に絡み合いを生じさせる。
(4)触媒担持工程は、絡み合わせたCNTに電極用触媒を担持させる工程である(ステップ420)。また、(5)アイオノマ配置工程は、電極用触媒を担持させたCNTの表面にアイオノマを配置する工程である(ステップ440)。これらの工程は、上記(3)圧力印加工程で印加した圧力を開放せずに実行する点で図4のステップ240,260と異なるが、他は共通する。なお、(5)アイオノマ配置工程においては、実施の形態1と同様、溶媒や気泡の除去を、後述する(6)圧力開放工程や(7)転写工程と同時に行ってもよく、これらの後に行ってもよい。
(6)圧力開放工程は、上記(3)圧力印加工程で印加した圧力を開放する工程である(ステップ460)。(7)転写工程は、上記(7)圧力開放工程後のCNT層を電解質膜の両面に転写する工程である(ステップ480,500)。(7)転写工程は、図4のステップ280,300と同一である。従って、その詳細な説明は省略する。
12 電解質膜
14 アノード電極
16 カソード電極
18 MEA
20,24 GDL
22,26 セパレータ
28 CNT
30 電極用触媒
32 アイオノマ
34 空隙
Claims (7)
- 基材の面方向に対して垂直に成長させた複数のカーボンナノチューブを準備するカーボンナノチューブ準備工程と、
前記カーボンナノチューブ準備工程の後に、前記カーボンナノチューブに触媒を担持させる触媒担持工程と、
前記触媒担持工程の後に、前記触媒および前記カーボンナノチューブを被覆するように、前記カーボンナノチューブの表面にアイオノマを配置するアイオノマ配置工程と、
前記触媒担持工程または前記アイオノマ配置工程の後に、前記カーボンナノチューブの成長端と固体高分子電解質膜とを対向させて、前記カーボンナノチューブと前記固体高分子電解質膜とを接合するために必要な第一の圧力をこれらの間に印加する第一圧力印加工程と、
前記第一圧力印加工程の後に、前記基材を除去する基材除去工程と、を備える膜電極接合体の製造方法であって、
前記カーボンナノチューブ準備工程の後、少なくとも前記第一圧力印加工程の前に、前記カーボンナノチューブのうちの任意の隣り合う2つのカーボンナノチューブ間に接点を形成するために必要な第二の圧力を、前記カーボンナノチューブのチューブ長さ方向に印加する第二圧力印加工程を備えることを特徴とする膜電極接合体の製造方法。 - 前記カーボンナノチューブ準備工程の後、前記触媒担持工程の前に、前記第二圧力印加工程を実行することを特徴とする請求項1に記載の膜電極接合体の製造方法。
- 前記第二の圧力を、形成させた接点を固定するのに必要な時間として予め定めた設定時間後に開放することを特徴とする請求項2に記載の膜電極接合体の製造方法。
- 前記第二圧力印加工程は、前記チューブ長さ方向に、前記第二の圧力と、前記第二の圧力よりも低い圧力とを交互に印加する工程であることを特徴とする請求項1または2に記載の膜電極接合体の製造方法。
- 前記第二の圧力を、前記アイオノマ配置工程の後に開放することを特徴とする請求項1または2に記載の膜電極接合体の製造方法。
- 前記カーボンナノチューブは、チューブ長さ方向を軸とするらせん構造を有することを特徴とする請求項1乃至5の何れか1項に記載の膜電極接合体の製造方法。
- 請求項1乃至6何れか1項に記載の製造方法により製造した膜電極接合体を備えることを特徴とする固体高分子型燃料電池。
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WO2014020650A1 (ja) * | 2012-08-02 | 2014-02-06 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 燃料電池用電極並びに燃料電池用電極、膜電極接合体及び燃料電池の製造方法 |
CN104521047A (zh) * | 2012-08-02 | 2015-04-15 | 丰田自动车株式会社 | 燃料电池用电极以及燃料电池用电极、膜电极接合体和燃料电池的制造方法 |
JP5862780B2 (ja) * | 2012-08-02 | 2016-02-16 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 燃料電池用電極並びに燃料電池用電極、膜電極接合体及び燃料電池の製造方法 |
RU2590890C1 (ru) * | 2012-08-02 | 2016-07-10 | Тойота Дзидося Кабусики Кайся | Электрод для топливного элемента и способ изготовления электрода для топливного элемента, мембранно-электродный узел и топливный элемент |
JPWO2014020650A1 (ja) * | 2012-08-02 | 2016-07-11 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 燃料電池用電極並びに燃料電池用電極、膜電極接合体及び燃料電池の製造方法 |
US9692058B2 (en) | 2012-08-02 | 2017-06-27 | Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha | Electrode for fuel cell and production method of electrode for fuel cell, membrane electrode assembly and fuel cell |
JP2016534226A (ja) * | 2013-08-23 | 2016-11-04 | コミサリヤ・ア・レネルジ・アトミク・エ・オ・エネルジ・アルテルナテイブ | 水素製造装置のための活性層/膜の配列、および多孔質集電体に好適な前記配列を含む接合体、およびその配列の製造方法 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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CA2780363C (en) | 2014-12-02 |
CA2780363A1 (en) | 2012-07-18 |
CN103329321A (zh) | 2013-09-25 |
EP2667437B1 (en) | 2018-01-03 |
JP5516741B2 (ja) | 2014-06-11 |
EP2667437A4 (en) | 2017-03-22 |
CN103329321B (zh) | 2015-09-23 |
US20130288152A1 (en) | 2013-10-31 |
US8765324B2 (en) | 2014-07-01 |
EP2667437A1 (en) | 2013-11-27 |
JPWO2012098640A1 (ja) | 2014-06-09 |
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