WO2014020650A1 - 燃料電池用電極並びに燃料電池用電極、膜電極接合体及び燃料電池の製造方法 - Google Patents
燃料電池用電極並びに燃料電池用電極、膜電極接合体及び燃料電池の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
- H01M4/92—Metals of platinum group
- H01M4/925—Metals of platinum group supported on carriers, e.g. powder carriers
- H01M4/926—Metals of platinum group supported on carriers, e.g. powder carriers on carbon or graphite
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
- H01M4/9075—Catalytic material supported on carriers, e.g. powder carriers
- H01M4/9083—Catalytic material supported on carriers, e.g. powder carriers on carbon or graphite
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/8663—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for catalytic active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/88—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/8825—Methods for deposition of the catalytic active composition
- H01M4/8828—Coating with slurry or ink
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/88—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/8878—Treatment steps after deposition of the catalytic active composition or after shaping of the electrode being free-standing body
- H01M4/8882—Heat treatment, e.g. drying, baking
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/88—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/8878—Treatment steps after deposition of the catalytic active composition or after shaping of the electrode being free-standing body
- H01M4/8892—Impregnation or coating of the catalyst layer, e.g. by an ionomer
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/88—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/8878—Treatment steps after deposition of the catalytic active composition or after shaping of the electrode being free-standing body
- H01M4/8896—Pressing, rolling, calendering
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
- H01M4/9041—Metals or alloys
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/96—Carbon-based electrodes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/1004—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes characterised by membrane-electrode assemblies [MEA]
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M2008/1095—Fuel cells with polymeric electrolytes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
- H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
- H01M2300/0065—Solid electrolytes
- H01M2300/0082—Organic polymers
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an electrode used in a fuel cell.
- Patent Document 1 discloses a fuel cell including a fibrous conductive carrier, a catalyst supported on the surface of the fibrous conductive carrier, and a solid polymer electrolyte that covers the catalyst surface.
- R (nm) is the fiber radius of the fibrous conductive support
- a (lines / nm 2 ) is the number density of fibers per unit electrode area of the fibrous conductive support
- L When (nm) is the fiber length of the fibrous conductive support, it is defined as satisfying the following four formulas.
- the carbon nanotubes are not compressed, and the distance between the electrolyte membrane and the fuel cell catalyst that is the power generation site becomes long, and the voltage may decrease due to deterioration in proton conductivity.
- the inventor of the present application has studied under various conditions. When the power generation characteristics of the fuel cell have a certain relationship between the inter-core pitch (or density per unit area) and the length of the carbon nanotube, I found it better. In addition, for a fuel cell using carbon nanotubes as an electrode, it has been found that the effect of increasing the ionomer's oxygen solubility is greater than the effect of using a carbon particle electrode.
- the present invention has been made to solve at least a part of the problems described above, and can be realized as the following forms.
- the electrode for fuel cells includes a carbon nanotube, a catalyst for a fuel cell supported on the carbon nanotube, and an ionomer that covers the carbon nanotube and the catalyst for the fuel cell, and has a length of the carbon nanotube.
- the length La and the inter-core pitch Pa are expressed by the following two expressions: 30 ⁇ La ⁇ 240, 0.351 ⁇ La + 75 ⁇ Pa Both satisfy ⁇ 250.
- the fuel cell electrode of this embodiment when the fuel cell having this fuel cell electrode is used, even if the fuel cell is loaded and compressed, the pores between the carbon nanotubes are not easily blocked. In addition, deterioration of gas diffusibility and drainage of generated water can be suppressed, and power generation characteristics can be improved. In addition, the distance between the electrolyte membrane and the fuel cell catalyst that is the power generation site can be kept sufficiently small, and the proton conductivity can be improved.
- the length La and the inter-core pitch Pa may further satisfy the following formula: 0.708 ⁇ La + 59.3 ⁇ Pa ⁇ 250. According to the fuel cell electrode of this embodiment, the power generation characteristics of the fuel cell can be further improved.
- the length La and the inter-core pitch Pa are further determined by the following formulas: 30 ⁇ La ⁇ 210, 0.611 ⁇ La + 82.5 ⁇ Pa ⁇ 1.333 ⁇ La + 190 may be satisfied.
- the fuel cell electrode is used in a fuel cell, the fuel cells are stacked, loaded, and compressed.
- the distance between the electrolyte membrane and the fuel cell catalyst that is the power generation site can be shortened by compression, so the fuel cell catalyst passes through the ionomer in the electrode from the electrolyte membrane. By maintaining good proton conductivity up to, the power generation characteristics of the fuel cell can be improved.
- the length La and the inter-core pitch Pa may further satisfy the following formula: 0.78 ⁇ La + 78 ⁇ Pa ⁇ 1.333 ⁇ La + 150. According to the fuel cell electrode of this embodiment, the power generation characteristics of the fuel cell can be further improved.
- an electrode for a fuel cell includes a carbon nanotube, a catalyst for a fuel cell supported on the carbon nanotube, and an ionomer that covers the carbon nanotube and the catalyst for the fuel cell, and has a length of the carbon nanotube.
- the length La and the number density Nd are expressed by the following two expressions: 30 ⁇ La ⁇ 240, 1.7 ⁇ 10 13 ⁇ Nd ⁇ 1 ⁇ 10 18 /(0.351 ⁇ La+75) 2 is satisfied.
- the fuel cell electrode of this embodiment when the fuel cell having this fuel cell electrode is used, even if the fuel cell is loaded and compressed, the pores between the carbon nanotubes are not easily blocked. In addition, deterioration of gas diffusibility and drainage of generated water can be suppressed, and power generation characteristics can be improved.
- the electrode has a thickness of 5 [ ⁇ m] or more and 20 [ ⁇ m] or less. It may be compressed and used as a fuel cell catalyst. According to the fuel cell electrode of this embodiment, both the gas diffusibility and the proton conductivity can be made good, so that the power generation characteristics of the fuel cell can be improved.
- the electrode is 7.5 [ ⁇ m] or more and 17.5 [ ⁇ m] or less. May be used as a catalyst for a fuel cell. According to the fuel cell electrode of this embodiment, both the gas diffusibility and the proton conductivity can be made good, so that the power generation characteristics of the fuel cell can be further improved.
- the ionomer may cover the carbon nanotube with a thickness of 2.5 [nm] or more and 15 [nm] or less. According to the fuel cell electrode of this embodiment, while maintaining proton conductivity in a good state, oxygen transport through the ionomer to the fuel cell catalyst surface is not inhibited, and the oxygen concentration in the vicinity of the catalyst is increased. This maintains the power generation characteristics of the fuel cell.
- the ionomer may cover the carbon nanotube with a thickness of 5 nm to 12.5 nm. According to the fuel cell electrode of this embodiment, the power generation characteristics of the fuel cell can be further improved.
- the ratio of the mass of the ionomer to the mass of the carbon nanotube (the mass of the ionomer) / (the mass of the carbon nanotube) is 0.5 to 3.0. It's okay. According to the fuel cell electrode of this embodiment, the power generation characteristics of the fuel cell can be improved.
- the (mass of ionomer) / (mass of carbon nanotube) may be 1.0 or more and 2.5 or less. According to the fuel cell electrode of this embodiment, the power generation characteristics of the fuel cell can be further improved.
- the oxygen solubility of the ionomer may be greater than 10.9 mol / (dm 3 ). According to the fuel cell electrode of this embodiment, since the distance between the ionomer surface and the fuel cell catalyst is short, the oxygen solubility of the ionomer is increased, so that the oxygen supply to the fuel cell catalyst is increased and the fuel cell power generation The characteristics can be improved.
- the ionomer may have an oxygen solubility of 20 mol / (dm 3 ) or more. According to the fuel cell electrode of this embodiment, the power generation characteristics of the fuel cell can be further improved.
- a method for producing an electrode for a fuel cell is provided.
- the length of the carbon nanotubes is La [ ⁇ m] and the inter-core pitch of the carbon nanotubes is Pa [nm] on the substrate, the length La and the inter-core pitch Pa
- the step of growing carbon nanotubes so as to satisfy both of the following two expressions: 30 ⁇ La ⁇ 240 and 0.351 ⁇ La + 75 ⁇ Pa ⁇ 250, and a fuel cell catalyst on the carbon nanotubes
- a step of coating the carbon nanotubes with an ionomer and a step of applying a heat pressure to bond the carbon nanotubes to an electrolyte membrane to form a first catalyst layer.
- the fuel cell electrode manufacturing method of this embodiment when the fuel cell having the fuel cell electrode manufactured by the fuel cell electrode manufacturing method is used, the ionomer is thinly and uniformly coated on the carbon nanotubes. Even if the fuel cell is compressed under a load, the pores between the carbon nanotubes in the first catalyst layer are difficult to block, so that deterioration of gas diffusibility and drainage of generated water is suppressed. The power generation characteristics can be improved.
- a method for producing an electrode for a fuel cell is provided.
- the length of the carbon nanotubes is La [ ⁇ m] and the number density of the carbon nanotubes is Nd [lines / m 2 ] on the substrate, the length La and the number The carbon nanotubes are formed so that the density Nd satisfies the following two formulas: 30 ⁇ La ⁇ 240, 1.7 ⁇ 10 13 ⁇ Nd ⁇ 1 ⁇ 10 18 /(0.351 ⁇ La+75) 2 .
- the fuel cell electrode manufacturing method of this embodiment when the fuel cell having the fuel cell electrode manufactured by the fuel cell electrode manufacturing method is used, the ionomer is thinly and uniformly coated on the carbon nanotubes. Even if the fuel cell is compressed under a load, the pores between the carbon nanotubes in the first catalyst layer are difficult to block, so that deterioration of gas diffusibility and drainage of generated water is suppressed. The power generation characteristics can be improved.
- the manufacturing method of a membrane electrode assembly includes the steps of manufacturing a fuel cell electrode by the method of the above embodiment, and applying and drying catalyst ink on the surface of the electrolyte membrane opposite to the surface where the carbon nanotubes are bonded. Forming a second catalyst layer.
- the method of manufacturing a membrane electrode assembly of this aspect when a fuel cell having a membrane electrode assembly manufactured by this manufacturing method is used, even if the fuel cell is compressed under a load, the first Since the pores between the carbon nanotubes in the catalyst layer are difficult to block, deterioration of gas diffusibility and drainage of generated water can be suppressed, and power generation characteristics can be improved.
- a method for manufacturing a fuel cell includes a step of forming a membrane electrode assembly by the method of the above embodiment, a step of forming a frame on an outer edge of the membrane electrode assembly, and an inner side of the frames on both sides of the membrane electrode assembly.
- the fuel cell manufacturing method of this embodiment since the distance between the electrolyte membrane and the fuel cell catalyst that is the power generation site is shortened, the proton conductivity from the electrolyte membrane to the fuel cell catalyst via the ionomer Since the power generation characteristics of the fuel cell are improved and the pores between the carbon nanotubes in the first catalyst layer are not easily blocked even when the fuel cells are stacked, the gas diffusibility and It is possible to manufacture a fuel cell electrode capable of suppressing the deterioration of drainage of generated water and improving power generation characteristics.
- the present invention can be realized in various modes.
- the electrode for a fuel cell it can be realized in the form of a membrane electrode assembly, a fuel cell, a method for manufacturing a fuel cell electrode, a method for manufacturing a membrane electrode assembly, a method for manufacturing a fuel cell, and the like.
- FIG. 1 is an explanatory diagram showing a schematic configuration of a fuel cell according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 1 schematically shows a cross-sectional structure of the fuel cell 10.
- the fuel cell 10 includes a membrane electrode assembly 100, gas diffusion layers 140 and 150, a cathode separator plate 160, an anode separator plate 170, and a frame 180.
- the membrane / electrode assembly 100 includes an electrolyte membrane 110, a cathode catalyst layer 120, and an anode catalyst layer 130.
- electrolyte membrane 110 for example, a proton conductive ion exchange membrane made of a fluorine resin such as perfluorocarbon sulfonic acid polymer or a hydrocarbon resin can be used.
- Nafion registered trademark manufactured by DuPont is used as the electrolyte membrane 110.
- a layer containing carbon nanotubes (CNT) carrying platinum and an ionomer is used as the cathode catalyst layer 120.
- the anode catalyst layer 130 a layer containing carbon particles carrying platinum and an ionomer is used.
- the anode catalyst layer 130 does not contain carbon nanotubes.
- an electrode made of a catalyst layer containing carbon nanotubes (CNT) carrying platinum and an ionomer is called a “CNT electrode”. From the catalyst layer containing carbon particles carrying platinum and an ionomer, This electrode is called “carbon particle electrode”.
- the anode catalyst layer 130 is a carbon particle electrode, but may be a CNT electrode.
- platinum is supported on carbon particles or carbon nanotubes, but instead of platinum, a platinum alloy such as platinum cobalt, platinum ruthenium, platinum iron, platinum nickel, or platinum copper may be employed. .
- the membrane electrode assembly 100 includes a frame 180 on the outer edge thereof.
- the frame 180 is made of resin, and is formed so as to be integrated with the membrane electrode assembly 100 by resin injection molding.
- the frame 180 supports the membrane electrode assembly and also functions as a gasket, and suppresses leakage of fuel gas and oxidizing gas.
- gas diffusion layers 140 and 150 it is possible to use carbon cloth or carbon paper using a carbon non-woven fabric. In this embodiment, carbon cloth using carbon paper is used. In addition, as the gas diffusion layers 140 and 150, a porous body made of metal or resin can be used in addition to carbon cloth or carbon paper.
- the cathode separator plate 160 and the anode separator plate 170 are disposed so as to sandwich the membrane electrode assembly 100.
- a groove 165 is formed on the membrane separator assembly 100 side of the cathode separator plate 160, and this groove 165 is used for flowing an oxidizing gas (air).
- a groove 175 is formed on the membrane electrode assembly 100 side of the anode separator plate 170, and this groove 175 is used for flowing a fuel gas (hydrogen).
- the surface of the cathode separator plate 160 opposite to the surface on which the groove 165 is formed is referred to as “surface 168”, and the surface of the anode separator plate 170 on the side opposite to the surface on which the groove 175 is formed is referred to as “surface 168”.
- the surface 168 and the surface 178 are opposed to and in contact with each other. At least one of the surface 168 and the surface 178 may be provided with a groove for forming a refrigerant channel so that the refrigerant channel is formed between the surface 168 and the surface 178.
- FIG. 2 is an explanatory view showing a manufacturing process of the membrane electrode assembly.
- step S ⁇ b> 100 carbon nanotubes 210 are grown on the silicon substrate 200.
- an iron catalyst serving as a growth nucleus of the carbon nanotube 210 is deposited on the silicon substrate 200 almost uniformly by sputtering or the like.
- the thickness of the iron catalyst is preferably about 50 to 200 nm. The thickness of the iron catalyst affects the inter-core pitch of the carbon nanotubes 210 or the number density of the carbon nanotubes 210 (the number of carbon nanotubes 210 per unit area).
- the thicker the iron catalyst the shorter the inter-core pitch of the carbon nanotubes 210 or the number density of the carbon nanotubes 210 can be increased.
- the thickness of the iron catalyst is preferably determined experimentally in relation to the desired inter-core pitch and the number density of the carbon nanotubes 210.
- the carbon nanotube 210 is grown using the iron catalyst on the silicon substrate 200 as a growth nucleus.
- the carbon nanotubes 210 are grown by a CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition) method.
- the annealed silicon substrate 200 is placed in a quartz tube, and the temperature in the quartz tube is raised to about 700 ° C. while flowing helium gas under reduced pressure. Thereafter, a portion of helium gas is replaced with acetylene gas, and a mixed gas of helium gas and acetylene gas is flowed to grow carbon nanotubes 210.
- the length of the carbon nanotube 210 can be increased by increasing the time for flowing the mixed gas of helium gas and acetylene gas.
- the length of the carbon nanotube 210 is shortened even if the time for flowing the helium gas and the acetylene gas is the same length. Therefore, it is preferable to experimentally determine the time for which the mixed gas of helium and acetylene gas is supplied in consideration of the length of the carbon nanotube 210 and the size of the inter-core pitch. Thereafter, the mixed gas is switched to only helium gas to flow, the growth of carbon nanotubes is stopped, and natural cooling is performed.
- the carbon nanotubes 210 are grown on the silicon substrate by the CVD method, the growth in the direction along the surface of the silicon substrate 200 is restricted by the adjacent carbon nanotubes 210. Therefore, the carbon nanotube 210 grows in a direction along the normal line of the silicon substrate 200. That is, the carbon nanotube 210 is easy to grow vertically with respect to the silicon substrate 200.
- step S110 platinum 220 is supported on the carbon nanotube 210.
- a dinitrodiamine platinum acid solution is diluted with ethanol, and the diluted platinum salt solution is dropped onto the carbon nanotube 210. Thereafter, the platinum 220 is supported on the carbon nanotubes 210 by drying and firing reduction.
- step S120 the surface of the carbon nanotube 210 is covered with an ionomer 230.
- the surface of the carbon nanotube 210 is covered with the ionomer 230 by dropping a dispersion solution of the ionomer 230 onto the carbon nanotube 210 and drying it.
- the dispersion solution of the ionomer 230 is an ionomer / carbon mass ratio (I / I), which is a ratio of the mass (I) of the ionomer 230 contained in the dispersion solution to the carbon mass (C) of the carbon nanotube 210 to be coated.
- C) is adjusted to 1.5.
- Increasing the I / C value increases the coating thickness of the ionomer 230, and decreasing the I / C value decreases the coating thickness of the ionomer 230.
- step S130 the carbon nanotube 210 is bonded to the electrolyte membrane 110 to form the cathode catalyst layer 120.
- the electrolyte membrane 110 is disposed on the tip side of the carbon nanotube 210, and a pressure of 5 [MPa] is applied at a temperature of 140 [° C.] to bond (thermal transfer) the carbon nanotube 210 to the electrolyte membrane 110.
- the cathode catalyst layer 120 is formed.
- step S140 catalyst ink is applied to the other surface of the electrolyte membrane 110 and dried to form the anode catalyst layer 130.
- ethanol is added to carbon particles (for example, carbon black), and an aqueous chloroplatinic acid solution is added and stirred. Thereafter, the solution containing the carbon particles is filtered to support platinum on the carbon particles to obtain platinum-supported carbon particles.
- ethanol, water, and ionomer are added to the platinum-supported carbon particles, and the mixture is stirred and further subjected to ultrasonic dispersion to prepare a catalyst ink.
- the catalyst ink is applied to the other surface of the electrolyte membrane 110 and dried to form the anode catalyst layer 130.
- FIG. 2 the membrane electrode assembly 100 in step S ⁇ b> 140 is displayed with step S ⁇ b> 130 turned upside down. The membrane electrode assembly 100 is created through the above steps.
- FIG. 3 is an explanatory view schematically showing a state in which the silicon substrate 200 on which the carbon nanotubes 210 are grown is viewed from above with a microscope.
- the inter-core pitch Pa of the carbon nanotubes 210 can be measured using a microscope with a micrometer as shown in FIG. For example, when the substrate on which the carbon nanotubes 210 are grown is viewed from above with a microscope, the locations where the carbon nanotubes 210 are grown are represented as dots as shown in FIG. Therefore, the inter-core pitch Pa of the carbon nanotubes 210 can be measured by measuring the interval between two adjacent carbon nanotubes 210 using a micrometer.
- the carbon nanotubes 210 are schematically expressed as being arranged in a square lattice for convenience, but the actual positions of the carbon nanotubes 210 on the silicon substrate 200 are randomly arranged. .
- the size of the inter-core pitch Pa of the carbon nanotubes 210 varies depending on how the carbon nanotubes 210 for measuring the inter-core pitch Pa are selected.
- the inter-core pitch Pa may be calculated by counting the number of carbon nanotubes 210 per unit area (number density) by counting the number of carbon nanotubes 210 in a certain area Sa.
- the inter-core pitch of the carbon nanotubes 210 is Pa [m]
- the number of carbon nanotubes per square meter (hereinafter also referred to as “number density”)
- Nd the number of carbon nanotubes per square meter
- Nd 1 / (Pa) 2
- Pa (1 / ⁇ (Nd))
- the inter-core pitch Pa of the carbon nanotubes 210 can be calculated by counting the number of the carbon nanotubes 210 in the area Sa, calculating the number density, and using the equation (2).
- the radius r of the outer diameter of the carbon nanotube 210 can also be measured.
- the radius r of the outer diameter of the carbon nanotube 210 used in this example is preferably 5 to 50 [nm].
- bundling of the carbon nanotubes 210 occurs when the dinitrodiamineplatinic acid solution is dropped or when the ionomer is dropped. It becomes easy. Since the inside of the bundle of the carbon nanotubes 210 is closed with pores through which gas diffuses, it is preferable to suppress bundling.
- the radius r of the outer diameter of the carbon nanotube 210 is larger than 50 [nm], the rigidity of the carbon nanotube 210 is increased.
- the carbon nanotubes 210 are not compressed but pierce the electrolyte membrane 110 and penetrate through the electrolyte membrane 110 to cause a short circuit.
- the radius r of the outer diameter of the carbon nanotube 210 is more preferably 10 to 30 [nm].
- FIG. 4 is an explanatory view schematically showing a state in which the silicon substrate 200 on which the carbon nanotubes 210 are grown is viewed from the side with a microscope.
- the length La of the carbon nanotube 210 can be measured using a microscope with a micrometer, as shown in FIG.
- the number density Nd and the inter-core pitch Pa of the carbon nanotubes 210 can also be calculated as follows.
- the outer diameter radius of the carbon nanotube 210 is r [m]
- the mass of the carbon nanotube 210 is W [kg]
- the bending degree of the carbon nanotube 210 is ⁇
- the thickness of the carbon nanotube layer is H [m]
- the number of carbon nanotubes 210 on the silicon substrate 200 can be expressed by the following formula (3).
- Number [number] (W / d) / ( ⁇ r 2 ⁇ H ⁇ ⁇ ) (3)
- the thickness H [m] of the carbon nanotube layer is equal to the length La of the carbon nanotube 210.
- (W / d) of the molecule on the right side of the formula (3) is obtained by dividing the mass of the carbon nanotube 210 by the density of the carbon nanotube, and represents the volume occupied by the carbon nanotube 210 on the silicon substrate 200.
- the denominator ⁇ r 2 indicates one cross-sectional area of the carbon nanotube 210. Therefore, ⁇ r 2 ⁇ H represents one volume of the carbon nanotube 210 when the carbon nanotube is assumed to be a straight cylinder.
- the carbon nanotube 210 is not necessarily straight, and may be bent into a waveform, for example. The degree of bending is indicated by the bending degree ⁇ .
- the degree of bending ⁇ can be used as a conversion coefficient for converting the volume per one of the carbon nanotubes 210 when the carbon nanotubes 210 are bent from the volume of the cylinder. That is, in the expression (3), the number is calculated by dividing the total volume of the carbon nanotubes 210 by the volume per one of the carbon nanotubes 210. If the mass W [kg] of the carbon nanotube 210 of the formula (3) is replaced with the mass w [kg / m 2 ] per square meter, the number density can be obtained from the formula (3).
- the radius r of the outer diameter of the carbon nanotube 210 and the length of the carbon nanotube 210 can be measured with a microscope with a micrometer by the method shown in FIGS. Further, the density of the carbon nanotube 210 is 1.33 to 1.40 [g / cm 3 ] (1.33 ⁇ 10 3 to 1.40 ⁇ 10 3 [kg / m 3 ]).
- FIG. 5 is an explanatory diagram schematically showing how to obtain the degree of bending ⁇ of the carbon nanotube 210.
- the distance between both ends of the carbon nanotube 210 is La [m]. This distance La can be obtained by the method shown in FIG.
- the length along the central axis of the carbon nanotube 210 is Lb [m].
- the length of Lb can be obtained from a micrograph of the carbon nanotube 210, for example. Since the carbon nanotube 210 is bent three-dimensionally, it is preferable to obtain the length Lb using, for example, two micrographs taken from two orthogonal directions.
- the bending degree ⁇ can be calculated by the following equation (4).
- the degree of bending ⁇ is a dimensionless number and is a value of 1 or more.
- ⁇ Lb / La (4)
- FIG. 6 is an explanatory view schematically showing a fuel cell when power generation characteristics are measured.
- the difference between the fuel cell shown in FIG. 6 and the fuel cell shown in FIG. 1 is as follows.
- the frame 180 supports the outer edge of the electrolyte membrane 110.
- a spacer 190 is provided between the film 110 and the film 110.
- the spacer 190 is a member for determining the thickness of the cathode catalyst layer 120 and the anode catalyst layer 130 when the space between the cathode separator plate 160 and the anode separator plate 170 is pressed and compressed. That is, the thickness of the cathode catalyst layer 120 and the anode catalyst layer 130 after compression can be changed by changing the thickness of the spacer 190.
- FIG. 7 is an explanatory diagram showing results of evaluation of power generation characteristics when the thickness of the cathode catalyst layer is compressed to 20 [ ⁇ m].
- the horizontal axis in FIG. 7 is the thickness La of the carbon nanotube layer before compression
- the left vertical axis is the inter-core pitch of the carbon nanotubes
- the right vertical axis is the number density of the carbon nanotubes.
- the thickness La of the carbon nanotube layer before compression corresponds to the length La of the carbon nanotube 210 measured in FIG. 4 as described above.
- the electrode conditions, measurement conditions, and judgment conditions used for the power generation characteristic evaluation are as follows.
- the range in which the power generation characteristics are good or bad is as follows.
- the maximum value of length La (240 [ ⁇ m]) and the maximum value of inter-core pitch Pa (250 [nm]) are the maximum values of these parameters used in the evaluation, and practically these maximum values. The following ranges are sufficient.
- the range of good or better in FIG. 7 uses the length La [ ⁇ m] and the number density Nd [lines / m 2 ] of the carbon nanotubes 210 before compression, instead of the above formulas (5) and (6).
- the following equations (8) and (9) can also be used. 30 ⁇ La ⁇ 240 (8) 1.7 ⁇ 10 13 ⁇ Nd ⁇ 1 ⁇ 10 18 /(0.351 ⁇ La+75) 2 (9)
- the denominator (0.351 ⁇ La + 75) is in units of nanometers (nm) as shown in equation (7). Therefore, in equation (9), the numerator on the right side is multiplied by (1 ⁇ 10 18 ) in order to convert to “per square meter”.
- the range in which the power generation characteristics are excellent can be shown as a range that satisfies both the following formulas (10) and (11). 60 ⁇ La ⁇ 210 (10) 0.666 ⁇ La + 80 ⁇ Pa ⁇ 0.833 ⁇ La + 132.5 (11)
- 8 to 10 are explanatory diagrams showing the results of evaluation of power generation characteristics when the thickness of the cathode catalyst layer 120 is compressed to 15 [ ⁇ m], 10 [ ⁇ m], and 5 [ ⁇ m], respectively.
- 8 to 10 and FIG. 7 differ in the thickness of the cathode catalyst layer 120 after compression, but the other conditions are the same.
- the range of good or better and the range of excellent are as follows.
- the region of good or better in FIG. 8 can be shown as a range that satisfies both the following equations (12) and (13).
- the excellent region in FIG. 8 can be shown as a range that satisfies both the following equations (14) and (15).
- 30 ⁇ La ⁇ 210 (14) 0.78 ⁇ La + 78 ⁇ Pa ⁇ 1.333 ⁇ La + 150 (15)
- the region of good or better in FIG. 9 can be shown as a range that satisfies both the following equations (16) and (17).
- the excellent region in FIG. 9 can be shown as a range that satisfies both the following equations (18) and (19).
- Formula (19) is prescribed
- the region of good or better in FIG. 10 can be shown as a range that satisfies both the following equations (21) and (22).
- 30 ⁇ La ⁇ 150 (21) 0.966 ⁇ La + 95.5 ⁇ Pa ⁇ 250 (22)
- the excellent region in FIG. 9 can be shown as a range that satisfies both the following equations (23) and (24).
- 30 ⁇ La ⁇ 1500 (23) 0.966 ⁇ La + 95.5 ⁇ Pa ⁇ 1.333 ⁇ La + 190 (24)
- the region where power generation is impossible at the lower right of the graph becomes larger.
- This region is a region where the inter-core pitch Pa of the carbon nanotubes 210 is short (or the number density Nd is large), and the length La of the carbon nanotubes 210 before compression is long.
- the cathode catalyst layer 120 is compressed, it is considered that in this region, the pores between the carbon nanotubes 210 are blocked by the compression, thereby deteriorating the gas diffusibility or the generated water drainage. That is, it is considered that the region where power generation is not possible at the lower right of the graph becomes larger as the carbon nanotube 210 is further compressed. Further, in such a region, the concentration overvoltage increases due to the deterioration of gas diffusibility and drainage, and there is a possibility that a voltage drop may occur even if power generation is possible.
- the cathode catalyst layer 120 when the cathode catalyst layer 120 is compressed thinly to 5 [ ⁇ m] or less, a high fastening load is applied when the fuel cells 10 are stacked. In this case, the carbon nanotube 210 in the cathode catalyst layer 120 and the carbon fiber in the gas diffusion layer 140 are pierced into the electrolyte membrane 110 due to a high fastening load, and cross leaks are likely to occur. Therefore, it is preferable not to compress the cathode catalyst layer 120 to a thickness of 5 [ ⁇ m] or less.
- the cathode catalyst layer is compressed most widely to 10-15 [ ⁇ m] (FIGS. 8 and 9), and the size of the compression is smaller and larger than that. However, the size of the excellent area is reduced.
- the distance between the electrolyte membrane 110 and the cathode catalyst layer 120, which is a power generation location is shortened, so that proton conductivity from the electrolyte membrane 110 to the fuel cell catalyst (platinum 220) via the ionomer 230 is good. Therefore, the power generation characteristics are improved.
- the region where the power generation is excellent is the widest when the cathode catalyst layer 120 is compressed to 10 to 15 ⁇ m.
- FIG. 11 is an explanatory diagram showing the relationship between the thickness of the catalyst layer after compression of the cathode catalyst layer and the current density.
- the relationship with the current density is plotted.
- the desirable range of the thickness of the cathode catalyst layer 120 after compression is in the range of 5 [ ⁇ m] to 20 [ ⁇ m]
- the more desirable range is 7.5 [ ⁇ m] to 17.5 [ ⁇ m].
- the lower limit side of the more desirable range was set to 7.5 [ ⁇ m] instead of 5 [ ⁇ m] with reference to the results of FIGS.
- FIG. 12 is an explanatory diagram comparing the current density when using a standard ionomer and when using a high oxygen dissolution ionomer.
- DE 2020CS manufactured by DuPont was used as a standard ionomer.
- As the high oxygen dissolution ionomer an ionomer represented by the following chemical formula (Chemical Formula 1) disclosed by the applicant of the present application in Japanese Patent Application No. 2010-229903 (Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2012-84398) was used.
- R1 and R2 are each a fluorine atom or a perfluoroalkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms. Note that each of the perfluoroalkyl groups constituting R1 and R2 may have an oxygen atom in the molecular chain.
- R3 is a perfluoroalkylene group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms. The perfluoroalkylene group constituting R3 may have an oxygen atom in the molecular chain. Further, a trifluoromethyl group (—CF 3 ) may be used instead of the sulfo group (—SO 3 H). Note that m is an integer of 1 or more.
- the high oxygen-soluble ionomer can be obtained by polymerizing a monomer represented by the following chemical formula (Formula 2).
- FIG. 12 shows that the current density of the CNT electrode is larger in the comparison between the carbon particle electrode and the CNT electrode. Furthermore, it can be seen that in both the carbon particle electrode and the CNT electrode, the current density is higher when the high oxygen dissolution ionomer is used than when the standard ionomer is used. In particular, when the ionomer is switched from the standard to the high oxygen-dissolving ionomer, the amount of increase in current density is greater when the CNT electrode is used than when the carbon particle electrode is used.
- FIG. 13 is an explanatory diagram showing the electrode structure and the oxygen concentration in the ionomer when carbon nanotubes are used as the electrode material.
- the carbon nanotube 210 is used as the electrode material, since the carbon nanotube 210 has a large number of ⁇ electrons, the electrons can easily move on the carbon nanotube 210.
- the ionomer 230 thinly covers the entire surface of the substantially cylindrical carbon nanotube 210. Therefore, the distance from the surface of the ionomer 230 to the platinum 220 is as short as about 10 nm.
- the oxygen diffusibility in the ionomer 230 is not a problem with respect to the power generation characteristics.
- the oxygen solubility of the ionomer 230 is increased, a high concentration of oxygen can be supplied to the platinum 220. Therefore, when a high oxygen dissolution ionomer is used, the amount of oxygen supplied to platinum increases and the current density can be increased.
- FIG. 14 is an explanatory diagram showing the electrode structure and oxygen concentration in the ionomer when carbon particles are used as the electrode material.
- the carbon particles 250 When the carbon particles 250 are used as the electrode material, the carbon particles 250 form aggregates, and the ionomer 230 covers the periphery thereof. In such a case, even if the carbon particles 250 themselves are conductive, the contact resistance between the carbon particles 250 forming the aggregates is large, so that current does not flow easily. Furthermore, since there is a part of platinum 220 (catalyst) that is not coated with ionomer, protons cannot be supplied to all platinum. Therefore, the current density of the CNT electrode can be made larger than that of the carbon particle electrode.
- the aggregates of the carbon particles 250 of the carbon particle electrode form large lumps.
- the average distance from the surface of the ionomer 230 to platinum is relatively large, about 100 nm.
- the movement distance of oxygen in the ionomer 230 is large, not only the oxygen solubility of the ionomer 230 but also the oxygen diffusivity of the ionomer 230 affects the power generation characteristics. Therefore, when a high oxygen dissolution ionomer is used as the ionomer 230, the current density can be increased, but it cannot be increased as effectively as the CNT electrode is used.
- the CNT electrode having a smaller coating thickness of the ionomer 230 and a shorter distance from the surface of the ionomer 230 to the platinum is less affected by the oxygen diffusibility of the ionomer 230, and therefore, the current density is easily improved.
- FIG. 15 is an explanatory diagram showing an example of an apparatus for measuring the oxygen solubility of an ionomer.
- the ion solubility of ionomer was measured using the method described in the reference literature “Z. Ogumi, Z. Takehara, and S. Yoshizawa, J. Electrochem. Soc., 131,769 (1984)”.
- the ionomer oxygen solubility measuring apparatus 300 includes a film 310 to be measured, a working electrode 320, a counter electrode 330, a reference electrode 340, a gas chamber 350, and a solution chamber 360.
- the membrane 310 is disposed so as to partition the gas chamber 350 and the solution chamber 360.
- the solution chamber 360 is filled with, for example, a 0.5M potassium sulfate solution.
- a working electrode 320 is disposed on the surface of the membrane 310 on the solution chamber 360 side.
- the working electrode 320 is formed of an SPE composite electrode.
- the counter electrode 330 and the reference electrode 340 are disposed in the solution chamber 360.
- a silver / silver chloride electrode is used as the reference electrode 340.
- a standard hydrogen electrode (SHE) or a saturated calomel electrode (saturated potassium electrode) can be used.
- SHE standard hydrogen electrode
- saturated calomel electrode saturated potassium electrode
- the gas chamber 350 is filled with nitrogen in advance, and then oxygen is introduced into the gas chamber. Oxygen dissolves in the film 310 and moves to the working electrode 320 side. By measuring the potential using the working electrode 320, the oxygen solubility of the membrane 310 is calculated. For example, the oxygen solubility of the film 310 can be calculated by calculating the oxygen concentration in the film 310 from the measured potential using the Nernst equation.
- FIG. 16 is an explanatory diagram showing the relationship between the ionomer / carbon mass ratio and the current density.
- C) and the current density at a voltage of 0.6V are plotted.
- the ionomer / carbon mass ratio was 0.5 or more and 3.0 or less, a current density of 2.0 [A / cm 2 ] or more was obtained at a voltage of 0.6 [V].
- the ionomer / carbon mass ratio is preferably 0.5 or more and 3.0 or less, and more preferably 1.0 or more and 2.5 or less.
- FIG. 17 is an explanatory diagram showing the relationship between the ionomer coating thickness of carbon nanotubes and the current density.
- the relationship with the current density at 6V is plotted.
- the ionomer coating thickness was 2.5 [nm] or more and 15 [nm] or less, a current density of 2.0 [A / cm 2 ] or more was obtained at a voltage of 0.6 [V].
- the ionomer coating thickness is preferably 2.5 [nm] or more and 15 [nm] or less, and more preferably 5 [nm] or more and 12.5 [nm] or less.
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Abstract
Description
R>1nm
L<20000nm
1-AπR2>0.5
2πRLA>200
A.燃料電池の構成:
B.触媒電極の形成:
C.評価:
図1は、本発明の一実施形態における燃料電池の概略構成を示す説明図である。なお、図1では、燃料電池10の断面構造を模式的に示している。燃料電池10は、膜電極接合体100と、ガス拡散層140、150と、カソードセパレータプレート160と、アノードセパレータプレート170と、フレーム180と、を備える。膜電極接合体100は、電解質膜110と、カソード触媒層120と、アノード触媒層130と、を備える。
図2は、膜電極接合体の製造工程を示す説明図である。ステップS100では、シリコン基板200上にカーボンナノチューブ210を成長させる。まず、シリコン基板200上に、カーボンナノチューブ210の成長核となる鉄触媒を、スパッタリング等によってほぼ均一に付着させる。この鉄触媒の厚さは、50~200nm程度とすることが好ましい。なお、この鉄触媒の厚さは、カーボンナノチューブ210の芯間ピッチ、あるいはカーボンナノチューブ210の本数密度(単位面積当たりのカーボンナノチューブ210の本数)に影響を与える。例えば、鉄触媒の厚さが厚いほど、カーボンナノチューブ210の芯間ピッチを短く、あるいは、カーボンナノチューブ210の本数密度を大きくすることができる。なお、鉄触媒の厚さは、所望するカーボンナノチューブ210の芯間ピッチや本数密度との関係で実験的に決定することが好ましい。鉄触媒のスパッタリングの後、シリコン基板200を約700℃に加熱してアニール処理を行う。アニール処理は、シリコン基板200上の鉄触媒の状態を、均一に付着された状態から点状の成長核の状態に変化させる。
C-1.カーボンナノチューブの芯間ピッチと長さの測定:
図3は、カーボンナノチューブ210が成長したシリコン基板200を顕微鏡で上から見た様子を模式的に示す説明図である。カーボンナノチューブ210の芯間ピッチPaは、図3に示すように、ミクロメーター付の顕微鏡を用いて測定することができる。例えば、カーボンナノチューブ210が成長した基板を顕微鏡で上から見た場合には、図3に示すように、カーボンナノチューブ210が成長している場所が点として表される。したがって、隣接する2本のカーボンナノチューブ210の間隔を、ミクロメーターを用いて測定することにより、カーボンナノチューブ210の芯間ピッチPaを測定することができる。
Nd=1/(Pa)2…(1)
Pa=(1/√(Nd))…(2)
したがって、面積Sa中のカーボンナノチューブ210の本数を数え、本数密度を算出し、式(2)を用いることにより、カーボンナノチューブ210の芯間ピッチPaを算出することができる。
本数[本]=(W/d)/(πr2×H×τ) …(3)
なお、カーボンナノチューブ層の厚さH[m]は、カーボンナノチューブ210の長さLaに等しい。
τ=Lb/La …(4)
図6は、発電特性を測定するときの燃料電池を模式的に示す説明図である。図6に示す燃料電池の、図1に示す燃料電池との違いは、以下の点である。図1に示す燃料電池では、電解質膜110の外縁をフレーム180が支持しているが、図6に示す燃料電池では、カソードセパレータプレート160と電解質膜110との間、及びアノードセパレータプレート170と電解質膜110との間に、スペーサ190を備えている。スペーサ190は、カソードセパレータプレート160と、アノードセパレータプレート170との間をプレスして圧縮したときのカソード触媒層120とアノード触媒層130の厚さを決めるための部材である。すなわち、スペーサ190の厚さを変えることにより、カソード触媒層120とアノード触媒層130の圧縮後の厚さを変えることができる。
図7は、カソード触媒層の厚さを、20[μm]に圧縮したときの、発電特性評価結果を示す説明図である。図7の横軸は、圧縮前のカーボンナノチューブ層の厚さLaであり、左側の縦軸は、カーボンナノチューブの芯間ピッチであり、右側の縦軸は、カーボンナノチューブの本数密度である。なお、圧縮前のカーボンナノチューブ層の厚さLaは、上述したように、図4で測定したカーボンナノチューブ210の長さLaに対応するものである。発電特性評価に用いた電極条件と、測定条件と、判定条件とは、以下の通りである。
(1)電極条件
白金担持量:0.1[mg/cm2]
アイオノマ:デュポン社製のDE2020CS
I/C質量比=1.5
(2)測定条件
セル温度:70℃
アノードガス:ストイキ比1.2、圧力140[kPa]、加湿無し
カソードガス:ストイキ比1.5、圧力140[kPa]、加湿無し
(3)判定条件
燃料電池から2.0[A/cm2]の電流を引き出したときの電圧を測定した。電圧が0.6[V]以上である場合を、優良とし、図7では、二重丸で示している。電圧が0[V]超から0.6[V]未満は良とし、図7では、白丸で示している。なお、発電出来なかったものは、発電不可とし、図7では、Xで示している。
30≦La≦240 …(5)
0.351×La+75≦Pa≦250 …(6)
例えば、圧縮前のカーボンナノチューブ210の長さLa=30[μm]のときは、式(6)から、芯間ピッチPa[nm]の範囲は、具体的には、以下の式(7)で示される。
0.351×30+75=85.53[nm]≦Pa≦250[nm] …(7)
長さLaの最大値(240[μm])と芯間ピッチPaの最大値(250[nm])は、評価で用いたこれらのパラメータの最大値であり、実用的には、これらの最大値以下の範囲で十分である。
30≦La≦240 …(8)
1.7×1013≦Nd≦1×1018/(0.351×La+75)2 …(9)
なお、式(9)では分母の(0.351×La+75)は、式(7)で示すように、ナノメートル(nm)を単位とするものである。そのため、式(9)では、「平方メートル当たり」に換算するために、右辺の分子に(1×1018)を掛けている。
60≦La≦210 …(10)
0.666×La+80≦Pa≦0.833×La+132.5 …(11)
30≦La≦240 …(12)
0.381×La+78.6≦Pa≦250 …(13)
また、図8の優良の領域は、以下の式(14)、(15)の両方の式を満たす範囲として示すことが出来る。
30≦La≦210 …(14)
0.78×La+78≦Pa≦1.333×La+150 …(15)
30≦La≦240 …(16)
0.705×La+59.3≦Pa≦250 …(17)
また、図9の優良の領域は、以下の式(18)、(19)の両方の式を満たす範囲として示すことが出来る。
30≦La≦240 …(18)
0.611×La+82.5≦Pa≦1.333×La+190 …(19)
なお、式(19)は、本数密度Ndで規定すれば、以下の式(20)で示すことが出来る。
1×1018/(1.333×La+190)2≦Nd≦1×1018/(0.611×La+82.5)2 …(20)
30≦La≦150 …(21)
0.966×La+95.5≦Pa≦250 …(22)
また、図9の優良の領域は、以下の式(23)、(24)の両方の式を満たす範囲として示すことが出来る。
30≦La≦1500 …(23)
0.966×La+95.5≦Pa≦1.333×La+190 …(24)
図12は、標準アイオノマを用いたときと、高酸素溶解アイオノマと用いたときの電流密度を比較する説明図である。この比較において、標準アイオノマとして、デュポン社のDE2020CSを用いた。また、高酸素溶解アイオノマとしては、本願出願人が特願2010-229903(特開2012-84398)で開示した、次の化学式(化1)で示されるアイオノマを用いた。
20…カーボンナノチューブ
100…膜電極接合体
110…電解質膜
120…カソード触媒層
130…アノード触媒層
140…ガス拡散層
160…カソードセパレータプレート
165…溝
168…面
170…アノードセパレータプレート
175…溝
178…面
180…フレーム
190…スペーサ
200…シリコン基板
210…カーボンナノチューブ
220…白金
230…アイオノマ
250…カーボン粒子
300…酸素溶解度測定装置
310…膜
320…作用電極
330…対電極
340…参照電極
350…ガス室
360…溶液室
r…半径
W…質量
w…質量
SA…面積
Pa…芯間ピッチ
Sa…面積
La…長さ
Nd…本数密度
Claims (17)
- 燃料電池用電極であって、
カーボンナノチューブと、
前記カーボンナノチューブに担持される燃料電池用触媒と、
前記カーボンナノチューブと前記燃料電池用触媒とを被覆するアイオノマと、
を備え、
前記カーボンナノチューブの長さをLa[μm]、前記カーボンナノチューブの芯間ピッチをPa[nm]とするとき、長さLaと芯間ピッチPaが、以下の2つの式:
30≦La≦240
0.351×La+75≦Pa≦250
をいずれも満たしている、燃料電池用電極。 - 請求項1に記載の燃料電池用電極において、
前記長さLaと前記芯間ピッチPaが、さらに、以下の式:
0.708×La+59.3≦Pa≦250
を満たす、燃料電池用電極。 - 請求項2に記載の燃料電池用電極において、
前記長さLaと前記芯間ピッチPaが、さらに、以下の式:
30≦La≦210
0.611×La+82.5≦Pa≦1.333×La+190
を満たす、燃料電池用電極。 - 請求項3に記載の燃料電池用電極において、
前記長さLaと前記芯間ピッチPaが、さらに、以下の式:
0.78×La+78≦Pa≦1.333×La+150
を満たす、燃料電池用電極。 - 燃料電池用電極であって
カーボンナノチューブと、
前記カーボンナノチューブに担持される燃料電池用触媒と、
前記カーボンナノチューブと前記燃料電池用触媒とを被覆するアイオノマと、
を備え、
前記カーボンナノチューブの長さをLa[μm]、前記カーボンナノチューブの本数密度をNd[本/m2]とするとき、長さLaと本数密度Ndが、以下の2つの式:
30≦La≦240
1.7×1013≦Nd≦1×1018/(0.351×La+75)2
をいずれも満たしている、燃料電池用電極。 - 請求項1~5のいずれか一項に記載の燃料電池用電極において、
前記カーボンナノチューブを含む燃料電池用電極は、前記熱圧により前記電解質膜に接合された後、5[μm]以上20[μm]以下の厚さに圧縮されて燃料電池の触媒として用いられる、燃料電池用電極。 - 請求項6に記載の燃料電池用電極において、
前記カーボンナノチューブを含む燃料電池用電極は、前記熱圧により前記電解質膜に接合された後、7.5[μm]以上17.5[μm]以下の厚さに圧縮されて燃料電池の触媒として用いられる、燃料電池用電極。 - 請求項1~7のいずれか一項に記載の燃料電池用電極において、
前記アイオノマは、2.5[nm]以上15[nm]以下の厚さで前記カーボンナノチューブを覆っている、燃料電池用電極。 - 請求項8に記載の燃料電池用電極において、
前記アイオノマは、5[nm]以上12.5[nm]以下の厚さで前記カーボンナノチューブを覆っている、燃料電池用電極。 - 請求項1~7のいずれか一項に記載の燃料電池用電極において、
前記アイオノマの質量と前記カーボンナノチューブの質量との比である(アイオノマの質量)/(カーボンナノチューブの質量)は、0.5以上3.0以下である、燃料電池用電極。 - 請求項10に記載の燃料電池用電極において、
前記(アイオノマの質量)/(カーボンナノチューブの質量)は、1.0以上2.5以下である、燃料電池用電極。 - 請求項1~11のいずれか一項に記載の燃料電池用電極において、
前記アイオノマの酸素溶解度は、10.9mol/(dm3)よりも大きい、燃料電池用電極。 - 請求項12に記載の燃料電池用電極において、
前記アイオノマの酸素溶解度は、20mol/(dm3)以上である、燃料電池用電極。 - 燃料電池用電極の製造方法であって、
基板の上に、カーボンナノチューブの長さをLa[μm]、前記カーボンナノチューブの芯間ピッチをPa[nm]とするとき、長さLaと芯間ピッチPaが、以下の2つの式:
30≦La≦240
0.351×La+75≦Pa≦250
をいずれも満たしているようにカーボンナノチューブを成長させる工程と、
前記カーボンナノチューブ上に燃料電池用触媒を担持させる工程と、
前記カーボンナノチューブをアイオノマで被覆させる工程と、
熱圧を掛けて前記カーボンナノチューブを電解質膜に接合させて第1の触媒層を形成する工程と、を備える燃料電池用電極の製造方法。 - 燃料電池用電極の製造方法であって、
基板の上に、前記カーボンナノチューブの長さをLa[μm]、前記カーボンナノチューブの本数密度をNd[本/m2]とするとき、長さLaと本数密度Ndが、以下の2つの式:
30≦La≦240
1.7×1013≦Nd≦1×1018/(0.351×La+75)2
をいずれも満たしているようにカーボンナノチューブを成長させる工程と、
前記カーボンナノチューブ上に燃料電池用触媒を担持させる工程と、
前記カーボンナノチューブをアイオノマで被覆させる工程と、
熱圧を掛けて前記カーボンナノチューブを電解質膜に接合させて第1の触媒層を形成する工程と、を備える燃料電池用電極の製造方法。 - 膜電極接合体の製造方法であって、
請求項14または15に記載の方法により燃料電池用電極を製造する工程と、
前記電解質膜の前記カーボンナノチューブを接合させた面と反対側の面に触媒インクを塗布・乾燥させて第2の触媒層を形成する工程と、
を備える。膜電極接合体の製造方法。 - 燃料電池の製造方法であって、
請求項16に記載の方法により膜電極接合体を形成する工程と、
前記膜電極接合体の外縁にフレームを形成する工程と、
前記膜電極接合体の両面の前記フレームより内側にガス拡散層を配置する工程と、
前記ガス拡散層の外面にセパレータプレートを配置して単セルを製造する工程と、
前記単セルを積層し、前記第1の触媒層の厚さが5[μm]以上20[μm]以下の厚さに圧縮されるように荷重をかける工程と、
を備える、燃料電池の製造方法。
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