WO2012046420A1 - 電子素子、面発光レーザ、面発光レーザアレイ、光源、および光モジュール - Google Patents
電子素子、面発光レーザ、面発光レーザアレイ、光源、および光モジュール Download PDFInfo
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- WO2012046420A1 WO2012046420A1 PCT/JP2011/005506 JP2011005506W WO2012046420A1 WO 2012046420 A1 WO2012046420 A1 WO 2012046420A1 JP 2011005506 W JP2011005506 W JP 2011005506W WO 2012046420 A1 WO2012046420 A1 WO 2012046420A1
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- H01S5/10—Construction or shape of the optical resonator, e.g. extended or external cavity, coupled cavities, bent-guide, varying width, thickness or composition of the active region
- H01S5/18—Surface-emitting [SE] lasers, e.g. having both horizontal and vertical cavities
- H01S5/183—Surface-emitting [SE] lasers, e.g. having both horizontal and vertical cavities having only vertical cavities, e.g. vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers [VCSEL]
- H01S5/18308—Surface-emitting [SE] lasers, e.g. having both horizontal and vertical cavities having only vertical cavities, e.g. vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers [VCSEL] having a special structure for lateral current or light confinement
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- H01S5/18—Surface-emitting [SE] lasers, e.g. having both horizontal and vertical cavities
- H01S5/183—Surface-emitting [SE] lasers, e.g. having both horizontal and vertical cavities having only vertical cavities, e.g. vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers [VCSEL]
- H01S5/18308—Surface-emitting [SE] lasers, e.g. having both horizontal and vertical cavities having only vertical cavities, e.g. vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers [VCSEL] having a special structure for lateral current or light confinement
- H01S5/18311—Surface-emitting [SE] lasers, e.g. having both horizontal and vertical cavities having only vertical cavities, e.g. vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers [VCSEL] having a special structure for lateral current or light confinement using selective oxidation
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- H01S5/18—Surface-emitting [SE] lasers, e.g. having both horizontal and vertical cavities
- H01S5/183—Surface-emitting [SE] lasers, e.g. having both horizontal and vertical cavities having only vertical cavities, e.g. vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers [VCSEL]
- H01S5/18361—Structure of the reflectors, e.g. hybrid mirrors
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- H01L2224/47—Structure, shape, material or disposition of the wire connectors after the connecting process
- H01L2224/48—Structure, shape, material or disposition of the wire connectors after the connecting process of an individual wire connector
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- H01L2224/48135—Connecting between different semiconductor or solid-state bodies, i.e. chip-to-chip
- H01L2224/48137—Connecting between different semiconductor or solid-state bodies, i.e. chip-to-chip the bodies being arranged next to each other, e.g. on a common substrate
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- H01S5/02—Structural details or components not essential to laser action
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- H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
- H01S5/02—Structural details or components not essential to laser action
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- H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
- H01S5/04—Processes or apparatus for excitation, e.g. pumping, e.g. by electron beams
- H01S5/042—Electrical excitation ; Circuits therefor
- H01S5/0425—Electrodes, e.g. characterised by the structure
- H01S5/04256—Electrodes, e.g. characterised by the structure characterised by the configuration
- H01S5/04257—Electrodes, e.g. characterised by the structure characterised by the configuration having positive and negative electrodes on the same side of the substrate
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- H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
- H01S5/06—Arrangements for controlling the laser output parameters, e.g. by operating on the active medium
- H01S5/062—Arrangements for controlling the laser output parameters, e.g. by operating on the active medium by varying the potential of the electrodes
- H01S5/06226—Modulation at ultra-high frequencies
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- H01S5/00—Semiconductor lasers
- H01S5/10—Construction or shape of the optical resonator, e.g. extended or external cavity, coupled cavities, bent-guide, varying width, thickness or composition of the active region
- H01S5/18—Surface-emitting [SE] lasers, e.g. having both horizontal and vertical cavities
- H01S5/183—Surface-emitting [SE] lasers, e.g. having both horizontal and vertical cavities having only vertical cavities, e.g. vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers [VCSEL]
- H01S5/18358—Surface-emitting [SE] lasers, e.g. having both horizontal and vertical cavities having only vertical cavities, e.g. vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers [VCSEL] containing spacer layers to adjust the phase of the light wave in the cavity
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an electronic device, a surface emitting laser, a surface emitting laser array, a light source, and an optical module.
- a surface emitting laser having an intra-cavity structure is disclosed as a light source for optical interconnection (see Patent Documents 1 and 2).
- the intra-cavity structure means a structure in which current is injected from the inside of two reflectors (for example, Distributed Bragg Reflector (DBR) mirrors) constituting an optical resonator into the active layer without passing through one or both reflectors.
- DBR Distributed Bragg Reflector
- the surface emitting laser disclosed in Patent Document 1 has a lower DBR mirror formed on a substrate. Then, an n-type contact layer and an active layer are sequentially formed on the lower DBR mirror, and an n-side electrode is formed on the n-type contact layer. Further, a p-side electrode is formed on the upper side of the active layer, and an upper DBR mirror is formed on the upper side of the p-side electrode.
- the surface emitting laser disclosed in Patent Document 1 has a double intra-cavity structure capable of injecting current into the active layer without passing through both the upper and lower DBR mirrors. The surface emitting laser disclosed in Patent Document 1 achieves low threshold current and high power efficiency by having an intra-cavity structure.
- Patent Document 1 US Patent No. 6750071 Specification
- Patent Document 2 Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2004-103754
- the cutoff frequency of the electronic element is reduced by parasitic capacitance, or when the electronic element is formed in an array Problems such as an increase in crosstalk of the In particular, while high frequency characteristics of a cutoff frequency of 20 GHz or more are required in recent years, there is a strong demand for electronic devices with reduced parasitic capacitance.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above, and it is an object of the present invention to provide an electronic device, a surface emitting laser, a surface emitting laser array, a light source, and an optical module in which parasitic capacitance is reduced.
- an electronic device is an electronic device provided with a semiconductor multilayer structure including a periodic structure of a first semiconductor layer and a second semiconductor layer, In at least a part of the semiconductor multilayer structure, the first semiconductor layer and the second semiconductor layer have different conductivity types.
- the first semiconductor layer and the second semiconductor layer have different refractive indexes, and the semiconductor multilayer structure functions as a multilayer reflector. It is characterized by
- the surface emitting laser according to the present invention is a lower semiconductor multilayer film configured to have a periodic structure of a first low refractive index layer and a first high refractive index layer having a refractive index higher than that of the first low refractive index layer.
- An upper multilayer reflector comprising a periodic structure of a mirror, a second low refractive index layer, and a second high refractive index layer having a refractive index higher than that of the second low refractive index layer, and the lower semiconductor multilayer film reflection
- An active layer provided between the mirror and the upper multilayer reflector, and a lower electrode provided between the active layer and the lower semiconductor multilayer reflector for supplying a current to the active layer;
- the p-type and n-type carrier concentrations in the first low refractive index layer and the first high refractive index layer having the different conductivity types are all any of the above. It is characterized in that it is smaller than 1 ⁇ 10 17 cm ⁇ 3 .
- the surface emitting laser according to the present invention is characterized in that, in the above invention, the lower semiconductor multilayer reflector includes an element having a property of taking in the carbon.
- the surface emitting laser according to the present invention is characterized in that in the above invention, the element having the property of taking in the carbon is aluminum (Al).
- the first low refractive index layer is made of AlGaAs
- the first high refractive index layer is made of (Al) GaAs. It is characterized by becoming.
- the first low refractive index layer is made of AlGaInP
- the first high refractive index layer is made of (Al) GaInP. It is characterized by becoming.
- the first low refractive index layer is made of InP
- the first high refractive index layer is made of AlGaInAs. It features.
- the surface emitting laser is provided between the upper multilayer reflector and the active layer, and Al 1-x Ga x As (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.2).
- a high conductivity layer is provided between the upper multilayer reflector and the active layer, and Al 1-x Ga x As (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.2).
- the surface emitting laser according to the present invention is characterized in that, in the above invention, the cutoff frequency is 20 GHz or more.
- a surface emitting laser array according to the present invention is characterized in that the surface emitting lasers according to any one of the above inventions are arrayed in a one-dimensional or two-dimensional array.
- a light source applies a modulation signal to the surface emitting laser according to any one of the above inventions or the surface emitting laser array according to the above invention, and the surface emitting laser or the surface emitting laser array And a controller.
- An optical module according to the present invention includes the surface emitting laser according to any one of the above inventions, the surface emitting laser array according to the above inventions, or the light source according to the above inventions.
- FIG. 1 is a view schematically showing the configuration of the light source according to the first embodiment.
- FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of an essential part of the surface emitting laser shown in FIG.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram showing the relationship between the calculated carrier concentration and capacity of the DBR mirror.
- FIG. 4 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a sample in which a DBR mirror is manufactured on a substrate.
- FIG. 5 is a diagram showing the measurement results of the relationship between the p-type carrier concentration and the capacity of the DBR mirror.
- FIG. 6 is a diagram showing the relationship between the formation conditions of undoped GaAs and the conductivity.
- FIG. 7 is a schematic perspective view of the surface emitting laser array according to the second embodiment.
- FIG. 7 is a schematic perspective view of the surface emitting laser array according to the second embodiment.
- FIG. 8 is a schematic plan view of the surface emitting laser array shown in FIG.
- FIG. 9 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a surface emitting laser package according to the third embodiment.
- FIG. 10 is a schematic partial cross-sectional view of the optical pickup according to the fourth embodiment.
- FIG. 11 is a schematic plan view showing a state in which two optical transmission / reception modules according to the fifth embodiment are connected via two optical waveguides.
- FIG. 12 is a side view showing an example of an optical coupling portion between the surface emitting laser and the optical waveguide in the optical transceiver module shown in FIG.
- FIG. 13 is a side view showing another example of the light coupling portion between the surface emitting laser and the optical waveguide.
- FIG. 14 is a partially sectioned side view showing still another example of the light coupling portion between the surface emitting laser and the optical waveguide.
- FIG. 15 is a side view showing still another example of the light coupling portion between the surface emitting laser and the optical waveguide.
- FIG. 16 is a schematic configuration diagram of a wavelength multiplexing transmission system according to a sixth embodiment.
- FIG. 1 is a view schematically showing a configuration of a light source 100 according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention.
- the light source 100 includes a surface emitting laser 101 which is an example of an electronic device, and a controller 102 which controls the surface emitting laser 101.
- FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of an essential part of the surface-emitting laser 101 shown in FIG.
- the surface emitting laser 101 is a lower DBR mirror 2 which functions as a lower semiconductor multilayer film reflecting mirror stacked on an n-type GaAs substrate 1 of plane orientation (001), and a lower contact layer.
- the n-side lead electrode 17 and the p-side lead electrode 18 are provided.
- the lower DBR mirror 2 and the upper DBR mirror 16 form an optical resonator.
- the active layer 6 is provided between the lower DBR mirror 2 and the upper DBR mirror 16.
- the current confinement layer 9 is provided between the upper DBR mirror 16 and the active layer 6.
- the p-type contact layer 14 is provided between the upper DBR mirror 16 and the current confinement layer 9.
- the n-type contact layer 3 is provided between the lower DBR mirror 2 and the active layer 6.
- Upper composition graded layer 10 and lower composition graded layer 8 are formed to sandwich current narrowing layer 9, upper composition graded layer 10 is disposed on p-type contact layer 14 side, and lower composition graded layer 8 is active layer It is arranged on the 6 side.
- the p-type high conductivity layer 12 is provided between the p-type contact layer 14 and the current confinement layer 9.
- the laminated structure from the n-type cladding layer 5 to the p-type contact layer 14 is formed as a mesa post M formed in a columnar shape by an etching process or the like.
- the mesa post diameter is, for example, 30 ⁇ m in diameter.
- the n-type contact layer 3 is extended to the outer peripheral side of the mesa post M.
- the p-side electrode 15 is formed on the p-type contact layer 14, and the n-side electrode 4 is formed on the n-type contact layer 3.
- the lower DBR mirror 2 is formed on the n-type GaAs substrate 1 via an undoped GaAs buffer layer.
- the lower DBR mirror 2 is a low refractive index layer 2a, which is a first low refractive index layer made of p-type Al 0.9 Ga 0.1 As, and a high, which is a first high refractive index layer made of n-type GaAs.
- the semiconductor multilayer film mirror is formed as a periodic structure with the refractive index layer 2b.
- Lower DBR mirror 2 is formed of, for example, 40.5 pairs, where one pair of low refractive index layer 2 a and high refractive index layer 2 b is one.
- the thicknesses of the low refractive index layer 2a and the high refractive index layer 2b are ⁇ / 4n ( ⁇ : oscillation wavelength, n: refractive index).
- the p-type carrier concentration of the low refractive index layer 2 a and the n-type carrier concentration of the high refractive index layer 2 b are both 5 ⁇ 10 16 cm ⁇ 3 .
- the n-type contact layer 3 and the n-type cladding layer 5 are formed using n-type GaAs as a material.
- the p-type cladding layer 7 is formed using p-type AlGaAs as a material (for example, Al 0.3 Ga 0.7 As is desirable).
- the n-type cladding layer 5 and the p-type cladding layer 7 are formed to sandwich the active layer 6 to form a separate confinement (SCH: Separate Confinement Heterostructure) structure.
- SCH Separate Confinement Heterostructure
- the p-type spacer layer 11 is formed using p-type AlGaAs as a material.
- the p-type high conductivity layer 12 is formed using p-type AlGaAs as a material.
- the p-type spacer layer 13 is formed using p-type AlGaAs as a material.
- the p-type contact layer 14 is formed using p-type GaAs as a material.
- a p-type or n-type dopant is added to n-type cladding layer 5, p-type cladding layer 7 and p-type spacer layers 11 and 13 so that the carrier concentration is, for example, about 1 ⁇ 10 18 cm ⁇ 3.
- the p-type or n-type conductivity type is assured.
- the carrier concentrations of the n-type contact layer 3 and the p-type contact layer 14 are, for example, about 2 ⁇ 10 18 cm ⁇ 3 and 3 ⁇ 10 19 cm ⁇ 3 , respectively.
- the carrier concentration of the p-type high conductivity layer 12 is 3 ⁇ 10 19 cm ⁇ 3 , which is higher than the p-type spacer layers 11 and 13 and higher than the p-type contact layer 14.
- the p-type high conductivity layer 12 serves as a path in the lateral direction of the drawing of the current injected from the p-side electrode 15, and functions to inject the current into the active layer 6 more efficiently.
- the carrier concentration of the p-type high conductivity layer 12 is preferably 3 ⁇ 10 19 cm ⁇ 3 or more from the viewpoint of high conductivity and low resistance, and 1 ⁇ 10 21 cm ⁇ 3 or less from the easiness of production. Is preferred. Also, two or more p-type high conductivity layers may be provided.
- the current confinement layer 9 is composed of an opening 9a as a current injection portion and a selective oxidation layer 9b as a current confinement portion.
- the opening 9 a is made of Al 1 -x Ga x As (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.2)
- the selective oxide layer 9 b is made of (Al 1 -x Ga x ) 2 O 3 .
- x is, for example, 0.02.
- the current confinement layer 9 has a thickness of, for example, 30 nm, and is formed by selectively oxidizing an Al-containing layer made of Al 1-x Ga x As.
- the selective oxidation layer 9 b is formed in a ring shape on the outer periphery of the opening 9 a by oxidizing the Al-containing layer from the outer peripheral portion to a predetermined range along the lamination surface.
- the selective oxidation layer 9b has an insulating property, and narrows the current injected from the p-side electrode 15 to concentrate it in the opening 9a, thereby increasing the current density in the active layer 6 immediately below the opening 9a.
- the diameter of the opening 9a is, for example, 6 ⁇ m, preferably 4 ⁇ m to 15 ⁇ m, and more preferably 5 ⁇ m to 10 ⁇ m.
- the active layer 6 has a multiple quantum well structure (MQW: Multiple Quantum Well) in which three quantum well layers 6 a and two barrier layers 6 b are alternately stacked.
- the quantum well layer 6a is made of, for example, a GaInAs-based semiconductor material such as Ga 0.75 In 0.25 As.
- Barrier layer 6b is made of, for example, GaAs.
- the active layer 6 has a composition and a thickness of its semiconductor material so as to emit spontaneous emission light including light of a wavelength of at least 850 nm or more by the current injected from the p-side electrode 15 and narrowed by the current confinement layer 9. It is set.
- the upper DBR mirror 16 is formed as a dielectric multilayer film mirror having a periodic structure of an SiO 2 layer functioning as a second low refractive index layer and an SiN layer functioning as a second high refractive index layer.
- the upper DBR mirror 16 is composed of, for example, nine pairs, where one pair is a pair of the SiO 2 layer and the SiN layer.
- the thicknesses of the SiO 2 layer and the SiN layer are respectively set to ⁇ / 4n as in the lower DBR mirror 2. Since the diameter of the upper DBR mirror 16 is smaller than the diameter of the p-type contact layer 14, the p-type contact layer 14 is extended to the outer peripheral side of the upper DBR mirror 16.
- the p-side electrode 15 is for injecting a current into the active layer 6, and is formed in a ring shape on the surface of the extended portion of the p-type contact layer 14 so as to surround the upper DBR mirror 16. . That is, the p-side electrode 15 is formed on the p-type contact layer 14 without the upper DBR mirror 16.
- the n-side electrode 4 is formed on the surface of the extended portion of the n-type contact layer 3 extended to the outer peripheral side of the mesa post M and is for injecting a current into the active layer 6. It is formed in a C shape so as to surround. That is, the n-side electrode 4 is formed on the n-type contact layer 3 without the lower DBR mirror 2.
- the surface emitting laser 101 has a double intra-cavity structure capable of injecting a current into the active layer 6 without passing through both the lower DBR mirror 2 and the upper DBR mirror 16.
- the controller 102 is also electrically connected to the p-side electrode 15 and the n-side electrode 4 via the n-side lead electrode 17 and the p-side lead electrode 18.
- the controller 102 applies a predetermined bias voltage between the p-side electrode 15 and the n-side electrode 4 and a modulation voltage as a modulation signal having substantially the same amplitude in the positive and negative directions centering on the bias voltage. It is configured as, for example, realized by a known IC driver for laser driving.
- the modulation frequency of the modulation voltage is, for example, 10 GHz or more.
- the controller 102 applies a bias voltage and a modulation voltage between the p-side electrode 15 and the n-side electrode 4 to inject a current.
- the p-side electrode 15 passes through the p-type contact layer 14 and the p-type spacer layer 13 as indicated by the path P in FIG. In the rate layer 12, it flows in the lateral direction of the drawing in the layer, then passes through the p-type spacer layer 11 and the upper composition gradient layer 10, and is concentrated in the opening 9a of the current confinement layer 9 to increase the density.
- the lower composition gradient layer 8 is injected into the active layer 6.
- the n-side carriers are injected from the n-side electrode 4 into the active layer 6 through the n-type contact layer 3 and the n-type cladding layer 5.
- the active layer 6 injected with the carrier generates spontaneous emission light.
- the generated spontaneous emission light lases at a wavelength of 850 nm or more, for example, a wavelength of 1000 nm band by the light amplification action of the active layer 6 and the action of the optical resonator.
- the surface emitting laser 101 outputs laser signal light corresponding to the modulation signal from the upper side of the upper DBR mirror 16.
- the surface emitting laser 101 has a double intra cavity structure. As a result, the surface emitting laser 101 has low threshold current characteristics and high power efficiency characteristics because the number of hetero interfaces existing between the p-side electrode 15 and the n-side electrode 4 and the active layer 6 is small. Have.
- the lower DBR mirror 2 is configured to have a periodic structure of a p-type low refractive index layer 2a and an n-type high refractive index layer 2b.
- the capacity of the lower DBR mirror 2 is reduced.
- the parasitic capacitance is reduced, the surface emitting laser 101 is prevented from reducing the cutoff frequency, and operates at a higher speed.
- TMGa trimethylgallium
- TMAl trimethylaluminum
- AsH 3 arsine
- an n-type semiconductor layer for example, silicon (Si), which is an n-type dopant, is doped to form a p-type semiconductor layer, for example, zinc (p-type dopant) is formed. Zn) is doped.
- the high refractive index layer 2b of the lower DBR mirror 2 is formed by intentionally doping an n-type dopant.
- the low refractive index layer 2a is formed by intentionally doping a p-type dopant.
- Non-Patent Document 1 When growing an undoped lower DBR mirror by MOCVD as in the conventional surface emitting laser, carbon (C) in the organometallic material is in the semiconductor layer as shown in Non-Patent Document 1
- the lower DBR mirror which is unintentionally auto-doped, tends to be a p-type conductivity type with a carrier concentration of 1 ⁇ 10 17 cm ⁇ 3 or more.
- the p-type carrier concentration tends to be high because Al has a property of taking C together in the semiconductor layer.
- the phenomenon that the lower DBR mirror tends to become a p-type conductivity as described above also occurs when the MBE method using an organometallic material is used. Thus, when the lower DBR mirror becomes p-type conductivity, the capacitance of the lower DBR mirror increases.
- the lower DBR mirror 2 of the first embodiment when growing the high refractive index layer 2b, an n-type dopant is obtained so that it becomes an n-type conductivity type even if C is auto-doped. Dope. Then, by forming a periodic structure of the n-type high refractive index layer 2 b and the p-type low refractive index layer 2 a, the depletion layer is made to spread in the lower DBR mirror 2. Therefore, the problem of the increase in capacitance as in the conventional undoped lower DBR mirror does not occur.
- the concentration of C doped in the semiconductor layer can be reduced by auto doping by increasing the flow rate of AsH 3 .
- the manufacturing cost becomes high.
- adopting the configuration of the lower DBR mirror 2 of the first embodiment is preferable because the capacitance of the lower DBR mirror can be reduced without increasing the manufacturing cost.
- the p-side electrode 15 is formed on the p-type contact layer 14 using the lift-off method.
- the p-side electrode 15 is covered with a SiN film, and etched to a depth reaching the n-type cladding layer 5 using an acidic etching solution or the like to form a cylindrical mesa post M.
- heat treatment is performed in a water vapor atmosphere to selectively oxidize the Al-containing layer from the outer peripheral side of the mesa post M to form a current confinement layer 9.
- the current confinement layer 9 can be formed into a desired shape easily and with high accuracy by selective oxidation of the Al-containing layer.
- the n-side electrode 4 is formed on the surface of the n-type contact layer 3 on the outer peripheral side of the mesa post M, and the n-side lead electrode 17 and the p-side lead electrode 18 are formed.
- the back surface of the n-type GaAs substrate 1 is polished to a desired thickness, and element separation is performed to complete the surface emitting laser 101. Then, the surface emitting laser 101 and a controller 102 having a known IC driver for laser driving are connected to complete the light source 100.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram showing the relationship between the calculated carrier concentration and capacity of the DBR mirror.
- Lines l1 and l2 indicate the results of Calculation 1 and Calculation 2, respectively.
- a line 13 indicates a value in the case where the capacitance of the DBR mirror is not affected by the carriers contained in the DBR mirror but is simply determined by the dielectric constant of GaAs. This value is 0.12 pF. That is, the line L3 indicates the lower limit of the substantial capacity of the DBR mirror.
- FIG. 3 shows that Calculation 1 has a smaller capacity than Calculation 2. That is, it was confirmed that the capacitance of the DBR mirror can be reduced by adopting a configuration in which the conductivity types of the low refractive index layer and the high refractive index layer are different from each other as in the first embodiment. In particular, by setting the carrier concentration to be smaller than 1 ⁇ 10 17 cm -3 in this configuration, the capacity can be reduced to such a value that there is no influence of the carriers in the DBR mirror, which is preferable.
- FIG. 4 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a sample S in which a DBR mirror is manufactured on a substrate.
- the prepared sample S is 40.5 of a low refractive index layer of Al 0.9 Ga 0.1 As and a high refractive index layer of GaAs on an n-type GaAs substrate S 2 having an ohmic electrode S 1 formed on the back surface.
- a DBR mirror S3 having a periodic structure of pairs is stacked by MOCVD, and an ohmic electrode S4 is formed on the DBR mirror S3 and cut into a size of 600 ⁇ m ⁇ 600 ⁇ m.
- sample groups 1 and 2 were produced in the case of preparation.
- the low refractive index layer is p-type and the high refractive index layer is n-type, and the carrier concentration is changed for each sample.
- both the low refractive index layer and the high refractive index layer are p-type, and the carrier concentration is changed for each sample.
- the carrier concentration was set to the same carrier concentration in the low refractive index layer and the high refractive index layer to be paired.
- the wavelength ⁇ was set to 1100 nm, and ⁇ / 4n was set.
- FIG. 5 is a diagram showing the measurement results of the relationship between the p-type carrier concentration and the capacity of the DBR mirror.
- shaft it has converted into the value of the size of 80 micrometers x 80 micrometers for comparison with calculation.
- E is a symbol representing a power of 10, for example, "1.E + 01" means "1.0 ⁇ 10 1 ".
- lines l1 and l2 show the results of Calculation 1 and Calculation 2, respectively, and a line l3 shows 0.12 pF, which is the value of the capacitance of the DBR mirror determined by the dielectric constant of GaAs.
- black triangle indicates the measurement result of sample group 1
- black circle indicates the measurement result of sample group 2.
- the light source 100 according to the first embodiment has a reduced parasitic capacitance and operates at higher speed.
- the light source 100 according to the first embodiment can realize a high frequency characteristic having a cutoff frequency of 20 GHz or more, which is required in recent years.
- a light source 100 according to a modification of the first embodiment has the configuration shown in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 and has the same configuration as the light source 100 according to the first embodiment except for the lower DBR mirror 2.
- the lower DBR mirror 2 of the light source 100 according to the modification of the first embodiment is formed on the n-type GaAs substrate 1 via an undoped GaAs buffer layer.
- the lower DBR mirror 2 is formed of a semiconductor multilayer film mirror.
- the semiconductor multilayer mirror forming the lower DBR mirror 2 is a low refractive index layer 2a which is a first low refractive index layer formed of p-type Al 0.9 Ga 0.1 As, and n-type GaAs It is formed by the periodic structure of the high refractive index layer 2b which is the formed first high refractive index layer.
- the lower DBR mirror 2 has, for example, 40.5 pairs of a low refractive index layer 2a and a high refractive index layer 2b, where one pair is a low refractive index layer 2a and a high refractive index layer 2b.
- the thicknesses of the low refractive index layer 2a and the high refractive index layer 2b are both ⁇ / 4n ( ⁇ : oscillation wavelength, n: refractive index).
- the p-type carrier concentration of the low refractive index layer 2a is 1 ⁇ 10 16 cm ⁇ 3 and the n-type carrier concentration of the high refractive index layer 2 b is 1 ⁇ 10 15 cm ⁇ 3 .
- Each of the low refractive index layer 2 a and the high refractive index layer 2 b is formed without intentionally doping a p-type dopant and an n-type dopant.
- FIG. 6 is a diagram showing the relationship between the formation conditions of undoped GaAs and the conductivity. That is, in FIG. 6, when forming the undoped GaAs none of p-type dopant and n-type dopant is not intentionally added by the MOCVD method, the horizontal axis the growth temperature (° C.), the AsH 3 flow rate (ccm ) Is shown on the vertical axis. Circles in the graph of FIG. 6 indicate experimental results. As shown in the experimental results, when the flow rate of AsH 3 is set to 210 ccm at a growth temperature of 710 ° C.
- GaAs is formed intentionally without adding either a p-type dopant or an n-type dopant
- p-type carrier GaAs with a concentration of 1 ⁇ 10 15 cm -3 is formed.
- the n-type carrier concentration is 1 ⁇ 10 15.
- a cm -3 of GaAs is formed.
- GaAs formed without intentional addition becomes n-type. That is, in the upper right region of FIG. 6, n-type GaAs is formed.
- the growth temperature of GaAs is low or the flow rate of AsH 3 decreases, as shown in the lower left region of FIG. 6, neither p-type dopant nor n-type dopant is intentionally added.
- the GaAs formed on is p-type.
- the formed GaAs has a p-type or n-type conductivity depending on the remaining impurities.
- the conductivity type of the dopant having a large total amount determines the conductivity type of GaAs.
- the p-type dopant is, for example, carbon (C), zinc (Zn) or the like
- the n-type dopant is, for example, silicon (Si), tin (Sn) or the like.
- GaAs becomes n-type. Also, if the total amount of p-type dopants is larger than the total amount of n-type dopants contained in the remaining impurities, GaAs will be p-type.
- AlGaAs of high aluminum composition is formed by MOCVD method without intentionally doping either p-type dopant or n-type dopant
- the formed AlGaAs is n-type regardless of the forming conditions. It does not become. This is due to the high binding energy of the aluminum group and the methyl group contained in TMA.
- AlGaAs with a high aluminum composition means Al 1-x Ga x As (x ⁇ 0.5).
- n-type dopants such as silicon (Si) and tin (Sn) may be doped.
- the lower DBR mirror 2 of the light source 100 is formed without intentionally doping any of the p-type dopant and the n-type dopant. That is, the low refractive index layer 2a, which is the first low refractive index layer, and the high refractive index layer 2b, which is the first high refractive index layer, are intentionally both p-type dopant and n-type dopant. Formed by MOCVD without doping. As an example, the low refractive index layer 2a which is the first low refractive index layer is made of p-type Al 0.9 Ga 0.1 As without intentionally doping any of the p-type dopant and the n-type dopant.
- the high refractive index layer 2b which is formed and is the first high refractive index layer is formed of n-type GaAs.
- the formation temperature is 710 ° C.
- the flow rate of AsH 3 is 840 ccm.
- the p-type carrier concentration of the low refractive index layer 2a becomes 1 ⁇ 10 16 cm ⁇ 3
- the n-type carrier concentration of the high refractive index layer 2 b becomes 1 ⁇ 10 15 cm ⁇ 3 .
- the lower DBR mirror 2 is formed of a periodic structure of the p-type low refractive index layer 2a and the n-type high refractive index layer 2b. There is. As a result, since the depletion layer spreads at the interface of the pn junction between the low refractive index layer 2 a and the high refractive index layer 2 b, the capacity of the lower DBR mirror 2 is reduced. As a result, since the parasitic capacitance is reduced, the surface emitting laser 101 is prevented from reducing the cutoff frequency, and operates at a higher speed.
- FIG. 7 is a schematic perspective view of the surface emitting laser array device according to the second embodiment.
- a surface emitting laser array chip 210 is mounted on a known flat package 201 called a ceramic leaded chip carrier (CLCC).
- CLCC ceramic leaded chip carrier
- the surface emitting laser array chip 210 is connected to the metal caster (electrode) 202 by a wire (not shown).
- FIG. 8 is a schematic plan view of the surface emitting laser array chip 210 shown in FIG.
- the surface emitting laser array chip 210 is provided at the central portion, and includes a surface emitting laser array portion 205 formed by two-dimensionally arranging 40 surface emitting lasers 206 of the present invention;
- the plurality of electrode pads 203 are provided around the surface emitting laser array unit 205 and connected to the electrodes of the surface emitting lasers 206 of the surface emitting laser array unit 205 by wiring (not shown).
- each electrode pad 203 is connected to the metal caster 202 of the flat package 201.
- the metal caster 202 is electrically connected to an external control circuit (not shown) for controlling the light emission of each surface emitting laser 206.
- the surface emitting laser 206 for example, the surface emitting laser 101 according to the first embodiment can be used.
- Each surface emitting laser 206 of the surface emitting laser array unit 205 is applied with a bias voltage and a modulation voltage from an external control circuit via the metal caster 202 and the electrode pad 203, and a laser signal of a predetermined wavelength from the top Emit light.
- the surface emitting laser array device 200 is capable of high speed operation because parasitic capacitance is reduced and electrical crosstalk between the surface emitting lasers 206 is also suppressed, and jitter during modulation is also suppressed. It becomes.
- the surface emitting laser array part 205 of this surface emitting laser array apparatus 200 arranges the surface emitting lasers 206 two-dimensionally, you may arrange them one-dimensionally.
- the number of surface emitting lasers 206 constituting the surface emitting laser array unit 205 is not particularly limited.
- a signal light source for optical interconnection one in which 4 to 15 surface emitting lasers are one-dimensionally arrayed is suitably used in the current optical module.
- FIG. 9 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a surface emitting laser package according to the third embodiment.
- the surface emitting laser package 300 includes the surface emitting laser 312 of the present invention, a substrate 311 on which the surface emitting laser 312 is mounted, an electrode 313 provided on the substrate 311, and the surface emitting laser 312 and electrodes.
- a surface emitting laser module 310 having a wire 314 connecting the optical fiber 313, a housing 320 for housing the surface emitting laser module 310, and a lens 323 provided above the surface emitting laser module 310 and held in the housing 320 by an arm 324. And an optical fiber mount 321 provided on the top of the housing 320, and an optical fiber 322 inserted and held in the optical fiber mount 321.
- the electrode 313 is electrically connected to an external control circuit (not shown) for controlling the light emission state of the surface emitting laser module 310.
- surface emitting laser 312 for example, surface emitting laser 101 according to the first embodiment can be used.
- the surface emitting laser 312 is applied with a bias voltage and a modulation voltage from an external control circuit via the electrode 313 and the wire 314, and emits laser signal light L1 of a predetermined wavelength from the top.
- the lens 323 condenses the laser signal light L 1 and couples it to the optical fiber 322.
- the optical fiber 322 transmits the coupled laser signal light L1.
- the surface emitting laser package 300 can operate at high speed because parasitic capacitance is reduced.
- FIG. 10 is a schematic partial cross-sectional view of the optical pickup according to the fourth embodiment.
- the optical pickup 301 includes a surface emitting laser 332, a substrate 331 on which the surface emitting laser 332 is mounted, an electrode 333 provided on the substrate 331, and a driving IC 334 mounted on the substrate 331.
- a surface emitting laser module 330 made of a wire 335 which sequentially connects the surface emitting laser 332, the driving IC 334 and the electrode 333 and a resin 336 sealing these elements, and a half provided above the surface emitting laser module 330
- an optical sensor 350 provided on the opposite side to the optical storage medium 360.
- the surface emitting laser 332 for example, the surface emitting laser 101 according to the first embodiment can be used.
- the upper portion of the resin 336 is processed into a convex shape to form a lens 336a.
- the electrode 333 is electrically connected to an external control circuit (not shown) (not shown) for controlling the light emitting state of the optical pickup 301.
- the surface emitting laser 332 is applied with a bias voltage and a modulation voltage by a drive IC 334 supplied with power and an electrical signal from an external control circuit via an electrode 333 and a wire 335, and the laser signal light L2 is applied from the top Emit
- the lens 336a of the resin 336 converts the laser signal light L2 into parallel light (laser signal light L3).
- the half mirror 340 condenses the laser signal light L 3 on a predetermined position of the optical storage medium 360.
- the laser signal light L3 is reflected by the optical storage medium 360, and the reflected signal light L4 including the information recorded in the optical storage medium 360 is generated.
- the reflected signal light L4 sequentially passes through the lens 342 and the half mirror 340.
- the light sensor 350 receives the reflected signal light L4.
- the optical sensor 350 converts the reflected signal light L4 into an electric signal, and the converted electric signal is transmitted to a personal computer or the like connected to the writing / reading device to read out the recorded information.
- the optical pickup 301 can operate at high speed because parasitic capacitance is reduced.
- each surface emitting laser may be replaced with, for example, a surface emitting laser array device as in the second embodiment.
- the surface emitting laser of the present invention is applied to a surface emitting laser package for communication or an optical pickup used for an optical storage medium writing / reading device.
- the surface emitting laser is not limited to this, and may also be used as a surveying instrument, an optical instrument such as a laser pointer, an optical mouse, or a printer, a light source for scanning exposure of a photoresist, a light source for laser pumping, or a light source for processing fiber laser. it can.
- FIG. 11 is a schematic plan view showing a state in which two optical transmission / reception modules 400A and 400B according to the fifth embodiment are connected via two optical waveguides 410A and 410B.
- a light transmitting / receiving module 400A includes a holding member 401A and elements provided on the holding member 401A, that is, spacers for mounting the optical waveguides 410A and 410B such as optical fibers and positioning them.
- the surface emitting laser 402A of the present invention transmits an optical signal through the optical waveguide 410A, the light receiving element 403A receives the optical signal transmitted through the optical waveguide 410B and converts it into an electrical signal, and the surface emitting laser 402A.
- the surface emitting laser 402A is controlled to emit light through a drive circuit 404A by a control signal from an external control unit (not shown). Further, the electric signal converted by the light receiving element 403A is transmitted to the control unit via the amplifier circuit 405A.
- the wire bonding of the drive circuit 404A and the surface emitting laser 402A, and the amplifier circuit 405A and the light receiving element 403A is omitted.
- the optical transmission / reception module 400B has the same configuration as the optical transmission / reception module 400A, but the configuration related to transmission and the configuration related to reception are replaced with those of the optical transmission / reception module 400A. That is, the optical transmission / reception module 400B transmits an optical signal through the holding member 401B, the respective elements provided on the holding member 401B, that is, the spacer 406B for positioning the optical waveguides 410A and 410B, and the optical waveguide 410B.
- Surface-emitting laser 402B according to the present invention, a light-receiving element 403B for receiving an optical signal transmitted through the optical waveguide 410A and converting it into an electric signal, a drive circuit 404B for controlling the light emission state of the surface-emitting laser 402B, and the light-receiving element
- the amplifier circuit 405B is configured to amplify the electrical signal converted by the 403B.
- the surface emitting laser 402B is controlled to emit light through a drive circuit 404B by a control signal from an external control unit (not shown). Further, the electric signal converted by the light receiving element 403B is transmitted to the control unit via the amplification circuit 405B.
- the light transmitting / receiving modules 400A and 400B use the surface emitting lasers 402A and 402B of the present invention with reduced parasitic capacitance, they can operate at high speed.
- the light coupling portion between the surface emitting lasers 402A and 402B and the optical waveguides 410A and 410B in the light transmitting and receiving modules 400A and 400B shown in FIG. 11 will be specifically described.
- the optical coupling portion will be described using the optical transceiver module 400A, the surface emitting laser 402A, and the optical waveguide 410A, but these optical coupling portions are the optical transceiver module 400B, the surface emitting laser 402B, and the optical waveguide 410B.
- the invention is also applicable to the combination of
- FIG. 12 is a side view showing an example of an optical coupling portion between the surface emitting laser 402A and the optical waveguide 410A in the optical transceiver module 400A shown in FIG.
- the end face of the optical waveguide 410A is processed so as to be inclined at about 45 degrees with respect to the optical axis, and a reflection film 411A as an optical coupling means is formed on the end face and mirror finished ing.
- the relative position between the surface emitting laser 402A and the reflecting film 411A is positioned by the spacer 406A, and the surface emitting laser 402A is adjusted to be positioned below the reflecting film 411A.
- the light signal L6 emitted from the surface emitting laser 402A is reflected by the reflective film 411A, coupled to the optical waveguide 410A, and propagates in the optical waveguide 410A.
- FIG. 13 is a side view showing another example of the light coupling portion between the surface emitting laser 402A and the optical waveguide 410A.
- the light coupling means is on the surface emitting laser 402A and on the side of the end face of the optical waveguide 410A, the incident face 420a facing the surface emitting laser 402A and the outgoing face facing the end face of the optical waveguide 410A.
- a mirror assembly 420 provided with a reflective surface 421 therein.
- the light signal L6 emitted from the surface emitting laser 402A enters the mirror assembly 420 from the incident surface 420a, is reflected by the reflecting surface 421, is emitted from the emission surface 420b, and is coupled at the end face of the optical waveguide 410A. It propagates in 410A.
- a micro lens (array) for collimating or condensing may be provided on the incident surface 420 a and / or the emitting surface 420 b of the mirror assembly 420.
- FIG. 14 is a side view with a part in cross section showing still another example of the light coupling portion between the surface emitting laser 402A and the optical waveguide 410A.
- the optical waveguide 410A which is an optical fiber
- the optical fiber core wire 431 is bent smoothly as one of the optical coupling means.
- the end face is connected to the optical waveguide 410A and the other end face is held so as to face the surface emitting laser 402A.
- the optical signal L6 emitted from the surface emitting laser 402A is incident from the end face of the optical fiber core 431, propagates the optical fiber core 431, and then is coupled and propagated in the optical waveguide 410A.
- FIG. 15 is a side view showing still another example of the light coupling portion between the surface emitting laser 402A and the optical waveguide 410A.
- a wedge-shaped groove 412A having an inclined inner surface inclined at approximately 45 degrees with respect to the optical axis is formed.
- a reflective film 411A is formed on the inclined inner surface, and is mirror-finished.
- the groove 412A and the reflective film 411A constitute an optical coupling means.
- the surface emitting laser 402A is directly attached to the optical waveguide 410A at a position on the groove 412A.
- the surface emitting laser 402A is configured to emit the light signal L6 to the substrate side, that is, the lower side. Then, the light signal L6 emitted from the surface emitting laser 402A is reflected by the reflection film 411A formed on the inclined inner surface of the groove 412A, is coupled to the optical waveguide 410A, and propagates in the optical waveguide 410A.
- FIG. 16 is a schematic configuration diagram of a wavelength multiplexing transmission system according to the sixth embodiment. As shown in FIG.
- the wavelength multiplexing transmission system 500 is connected with signal generation processing means 501 such as a computer, board or chip, etc., signal generation processing means 501 and electrical wiring 508A, 508B, and CPU, MPU, wavelength A communication control circuit 502 comprising a control circuit, etc., and a surface emitting laser array 503 and a light receiving element integration unit 504 connected to the communication control circuit 502 by electric wires 509A and 509B, a surface emitting laser array 503 and an optical fiber array 510A.
- a wavelength multiplexing optical multiplexer 506 connected with the light receiving element integration unit 504 and the optical fiber array 510B, and the wavelength multiplexing optical multiplexer 505 and the wavelength multiplexing optical demultiplexer 506, respectively.
- the surface emitting laser array 503 is one in which the surface emitting lasers of the present invention having different oscillation wavelengths are one-dimensionally or two-dimensionally arranged.
- the signal generation processing unit 501 generates an electric signal to be transmitted to the communication target 507, and transmits the electric signal to the communication control circuit 502 through the electric wiring 508A.
- the communication control circuit 502 supplies driving power to the surface emitting laser array 503 through the electrical wiring 509A, and also supplies different signals to the surface emitting lasers constituting the surface emitting laser array 503 to generate optical signals.
- the optical fibers constituting the optical fiber array 510A are optically coupled to the surface emitting lasers constituting the surface emitting laser array 503, and the generated optical signals are wavelength multiplexed by an optical fiber different for each signal light. Transmit to the transmitter 505.
- the wavelength multiplexing optical multiplexer 505 wavelength multiplexes each transmitted optical signal and couples it to one optical fiber 511A.
- the optical fiber 511 ⁇ / b> A transmits the wavelength-multiplexed optical signal to the communication target 507.
- the wavelength division multiplexing optical demultiplexer 506 demultiplexes the wavelength-multiplexed optical signal transmitted from the communication target 507 via the optical fiber 511B for each wavelength to construct each optical fiber array 510B.
- the fiber is coupled to each optical signal.
- the optical fiber array 510 B transmits each light signal to the light receiving element integration unit 504.
- the respective optical fibers constituting the optical fiber array 510B are optically coupled to the respective optical fibers constituting the optical fiber array 510B, and the respective light receiving elements constituting the light receiving element integration unit 504 It is converted into an electrical signal, and each electrical signal is transmitted to the communication control circuit 502 through the electrical wiring 509B.
- the communication control circuit 502 transmits each electrical signal to the signal generation processing means 501 via the electrical wiring 508B.
- Signal generation processing means 501 performs signal processing of each electrical signal.
- this wavelength multiplexing transmission system 500 uses the surface emitting laser array 503 of the present invention with reduced parasitic capacitance, high speed, large capacity wavelength multiplexing transmission is possible.
- each optical signal from each surface emitting laser constituting the surface emitting laser array 503 is coupled to one optical fiber 511A by the wavelength multiplexing optical multiplexer 505, high throughput can be achieved with one fiber. Can transmit a large amount of signals.
- each of the surface emitting laser array 503 and the light receiving element integration unit 504 is directly connected to the communication target 507 by the optical fiber array to form a parallel transmission system. It can also be done. Furthermore, since the surface emitting laser array of the present invention is excellent in high frequency modulation characteristics, long distance communication exceeding 200 m can be realized at a transmission speed exceeding 50 Gbit / s.
- the entire lower DBR mirror is configured of the first low refractive index layer and the first high refractive index layer having different conductivity types, but the present invention is not limited to this.
- the first low refractive index layer and the first high refractive index layer may have different conductivity types at least in part.
- the first low refractive index layer is p-type and the first high refractive index layer is n-type, but it is sufficient if they have different conductivity types, so the first low refractive index layer is n-type
- the first high refractive index layer may be p-type.
- the entire upper DBR mirror is formed of a dielectric multilayer film, but at least a part of the upper DBR mirror may be a dielectric multilayer film, and the other part may be a semiconductor multilayer film.
- the upper DBR mirror may be formed of a semiconductor multilayer film, and the upper electrode may be formed on the upper DBR mirror. That is, the upper part of the active layer may not necessarily have the intra-cavity structure.
- the semiconductor material constituting the surface emitting laser is not limited to AlGaAs type and GaInAs type, and other semiconductor materials such as InP type can be used according to the laser oscillation wavelength.
- the present invention has been described with the embodiment using a GaAs substrate, it may be an InP substrate.
- the layer to be oxidized is AlGaInAs or AlInAs.
- the semiconductor material of the lower semiconductor multilayer reflector is appropriately selected according to the laser oscillation wavelength.
- the first low refractive index layer may be made of AlGaAs, and the first high refractive index layer may be made of (Al) GaAs.
- the first low refractive index layer may be made of AlGaInP, and the first high refractive index layer may be made of (Al) GaInP.
- the first low refractive index layer may be made of InP, and the first high refractive index layer may be made of AlGaInAs.
- (Al) GaAs and (Al) GaInP are meant to include cases where the composition of Al is zero.
- the n-type semiconductor layer is formed between the substrate and the active layer, and the p-type semiconductor layer is formed above the active layer.
- the n-type semiconductor layer is formed above the active layer. May be formed.
- the present invention is not limited to this, and may be applied to other electronic elements such as a semiconductor modulator. That is, the semiconductor multi-layer structure includes a periodic structure of the first semiconductor layer and the second semiconductor layer, and at least a part of the semiconductor multi-layer structure, the first semiconductor layer and the second semiconductor layer have different conductivity types. If it is an electronic device having a depletion layer spreads at the interface of the pn junction between the first semiconductor layer and the second semiconductor layer, the parasitic capacitance can be reduced, which is suitable for high-speed operation.
- the present invention is not limited by the above embodiment.
- the present invention also includes those configured by appropriately combining the components of the above-described embodiments. It is apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes or modifications can be added to the above embodiment. It is also apparent from the scope of the claims that the embodiments added with such alterations or improvements can be included in the technical scope of the present invention.
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Abstract
Description
特許文献1 米国特許第6750071号明細書
特許文献2 特開2004-103754号公報
非特許文献1 S.Sekiguchi, et al., Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., Vol.36, pp.2638-2639 (1997)
図1は、本発明の実施の形態1に係る光源100の構成を模式的に示した図である。図1に示すように、この光源100は、電子素子の一例である面発光レーザ101と、面発光レーザ101を制御する制御器102とを備える。図2は、図1に示す面発光レーザ101のA-A線要部断面図である。
つぎに、本実施の形態1に係る光源100の製造方法の一例について説明する。まず、MBE、ガスソースMBE、MOCVD等の公知の成長方法を用いて、表面にアンドープGaAsバッファ層を積層したn型GaAs基板1上に、下部DBRミラー2、n型コンタクト層3、n型クラッド層5、活性層6、p型クラッド層7、下部組成傾斜層8、電流狭窄層9を形成するためのAl1-xGaxAsからなるAl含有層、上部組成傾斜層10、p型スペーサ層11、p型高導電率層12、p型スペーサ層13、p型コンタクト層14を順次積層形成する。
つぎに、DBRミラーの容量についてより具体的に説明する。まず、Al0.9Ga0.1Asからなる低屈折率層とGaAsからなる高屈折率層との40.5ペアの周期構造で構成された、80μm×80μmのサイズのDBRミラーの容量を、キャリア濃度の設定値を変えながら計算した。この計算の際には、計算1として低屈折率層および高屈折率層の導電型が互いに異なる場合(すなわちいずれか一方がp型、もう一方がn型)と、計算2として低屈折率層および高屈折率層がいずれもp型である場合と、を計算した。なお、キャリア濃度については、ペアとなる低屈折率層および高屈折率層で同じキャリア濃度としている。また、各屈折率層の厚さについては、波長λを1100nmとして、λ/4nとしている。
つぎに、実施の形態1の変形例に係る光源100を説明する。実施の形態1の変形例に係る光源100は、図1及び図2に示した構成を有し、下部DBRミラー2以外は、実施の形態1に係る光源100と同じ構成を有する。実施の形態1の変形例に係る光源100の下部DBRミラー2は、n型GaAs基板1上にアンドープGaAsバッファ層を介して形成される。下部DBRミラー2は、半導体多層膜ミラーで形成される。下部DBRミラー2を形成する半導体多層膜ミラーは、p型のAl0.9Ga0.1Asで形成された第1低屈折率層である低屈折率層2a、及び、n型のGaAsで形成された第1高屈折率層である高屈折率層2bの、周期構造で形成される。下部DBRミラー2は、低屈折率層2aと高屈折率層2bとのペアを1ペアとすると、例えば、40.5ペアの低屈折率層2aと高屈折率層2bとを有する。また、低屈折率層2aおよび高屈折率層2bの厚さは、いずれも、λ/4n(λ:発振波長、n:屈折率)である。一例として、低屈折率層2aのp型キャリア濃度は1×1016cm-3であり、高屈折率層2bのn型キャリア濃度は1×1015cm-3である。低屈折率層2a及び高屈折率層2bは、いずれも、p型のドーパント及びn型のドーパントを意図的にドープせずに形成される。
つぎに、本発明の実施の形態2として、本発明の面発光レーザを用いた、光インターコネクション用の信号光源等に用いられる面発光レーザアレイ装置について説明する。図7は、実施の形態2に係る面発光レーザアレイ装置の模式的な斜視図である。図7に示すように、この面発光レーザアレイ装置200は、CLCC(Ceramic Leaded Chip Carrier)と呼ばれる周知のフラットパッケージ201に、面発光レーザアレイチップ210が実装されたものである。なお、面発光レーザアレイチップ210は、不図示の配線によって金属キャスター(電極)202と接続している。
本発明の実施の形態3として、本発明の面発光レーザを備えた光源であり、光インターコネクション用の信号光源等に用いられる面発光レーザパッケージについて説明する。図9は、本実施の形態3に係る面発光レーザパッケージの模式的な断面図である。図9に示すように、この面発光レーザパッケージ300は、本発明の面発光レーザ312、面発光レーザ312を載置する基板311、基板311に設けられた電極313、および面発光レーザ312と電極313とを接続するワイヤ314を備える面発光レーザモジュール310と、面発光レーザモジュール310を収容するハウジング320と、面発光レーザモジュール310の上方に設けられ、アーム324によってハウジング320に保持されたレンズ323と、ハウジング320上部に設けられた光ファイバマウント321と、光ファイバマウント321に挿通保持された光ファイバ322とを備えている。電極313は、面発光レーザモジュール310の発光状態を制御するための外部の制御回路(図示しない)に電気的に接続している。なお、面発光レーザ312としては、たとえば実施の形態1に係る面発光レーザ101を使用することができる。
つぎに、本発明の実施の形態4として、本発明の面発光レーザを備えた光源であり、光記憶媒体の書き込み/読み出し装置に用いられる光ピックアップについて説明する。図10は、本実施の形態4に係る光ピックアップの模式的な一部断面図である。図10に示すように、この光ピックアップ301は、本発明の面発光レーザ332、面発光レーザ332を載置する基板331、基板331に設けられた電極333、基板331に載置された駆動IC334、面発光レーザ332と駆動IC334と電極333とを順次接続するワイヤ335、およびこれらの要素を封止する樹脂336からなる面発光レーザモジュール330と、面発光レーザモジュール330の上方に設けられたハーフミラー340と、面発光レーザモジュール330とハーフミラー340との間に設けられた回折格子341と、ハーフミラー340と光記憶媒体360との間に設けられたレンズ342と、ハーフミラー340を挟んで光記憶媒体360とは反対側に設けられた光センサ350とを備えている。
本発明の面発光レーザおよび面発光レーザアレイは、光導波路と組み合わせて様々な光モジュールを構成することができる。以下では、本発明の実施の形態5として、本発明の面発光レーザを用いた光モジュールである光送受信モジュールについて説明する。図11は、本実施の形態5に係る2つの光送受信モジュール400A、400Bが、2本の光導波路410A、410Bを介して接続している状態を示す模式的な平面図である。図11において、光送受信モジュール400Aは、保持部材401Aと、保持部材401A上に設けられた各要素、すなわち、光ファイバ等の光導波路410A、410Bを載置してこれらの位置決めを行うためのスペーサ406A、光導波路410Aを介して光信号を送信する本発明の面発光レーザ402A、光導波路410Bを介して送信されてきた光信号を受信し電気信号に変換する受光素子403A、面発光レーザ402Aの発光状態を制御する駆動回路404A、および受光素子403Aが変換した電気信号を増幅する増幅回路405Aとで構成されている。面発光レーザ402Aは外部の制御部(図示しない)からの制御信号によって駆動回路404Aを介して発光制御される。また、受光素子403Aが変換した電気信号は増幅回路405Aを介して制御部へ送信される。なお、煩雑さを避けるために、駆動回路404Aと面発光レーザ402Aおよび増幅回路405Aと受光素子403Aのワイヤボンディングは記載を省略している。
つぎに、本発明の実施の形態6として、本発明の面発光レーザおよび面発光レーザアレイを用いた光通信システムについて説明する。図16は、本実施の形態6に係る波長多重伝送システムの模式的な構成図である。図16に示すように、この波長多重伝送システム500は、コンピュータ、ボードあるいはチップ等である信号生成処理手段501と、信号生成処理手段501と電気配線508A、508Bで接続し、CPU、MPU、波長制御回路等から構成される通信制御回路502と、通信制御回路502とそれぞれ電気配線509A、509Bで接続した面発光レーザアレイ503および受光素子集積部504と、面発光レーザアレイ503と光ファイバアレイ510Aで接続した波長多重光合波器505と、受光素子集積部504と光ファイバアレイ510Bで接続した波長多重光分波器506と、波長多重光合波器505および波長多重光分波器506のそれぞれと1本の光ファイバ511A、511Bで接続したネットワーク、PC、ボード、チップ等である通信対象507とを備える。なお、面発光レーザアレイ503は、発振波長が互いに異なる本発明の面発光レーザを1次元的または2次元的に配列したものである。
2 下部DBRミラー
2a 低屈折率層
2b 高屈折率層
3 n型コンタクト層
4 n側電極
5 n型クラッド層
6 活性層
6a 量子井戸層
6b 障壁層
7 p型クラッド層
8 下部組成傾斜層
9 電流狭窄層
9a 開口部
9b 選択酸化層
10 上部組成傾斜層
11、13 p型スペーサ層
12 p型高導電率層
14 p型コンタクト層
15 p側電極
16 上部DBRミラー
17 n側引出電極
18 p側引出電極
100 光源
101、206、312、332、402A、402B 面発光レーザ
102 制御器
200 面発光レーザアレイ装置
201 フラットパッケージ
202 金属キャスター
203 電極パッド
205 面発光レーザアレイ部
210 面発光レーザアレイチップ
300 面発光レーザパッケージ
301 光ピックアップ
310、330 面発光レーザモジュール
313、333 電極
314、335 ワイヤ
320 ハウジング
321 光ファイバマウント
322、511A、511B 光ファイバ
323、336a、342 レンズ
324 アーム
334 駆動IC
336 樹脂
340 ハーフミラー
341 回折格子
350 光センサ
360 光記憶媒体
400A、400B 光送受信モジュール
401A、401B 保持部材
403A、403B 受光素子
404A、404B 駆動回路
405A、405B 増幅回路
406A、406B スペーサ
410A、410B 光導波路
411A 反射膜
412A 溝
420 ミラーアセンブリ
421 反射面
431 光ファイバ心線
500 波長多重伝送システム
501 信号生成処理手段
502 通信制御回路
503 面発光レーザアレイ
504 受光素子集積部
505 波長多重光合波器
506 波長多重光分波器
507 通信対象
508A、508B、509A、509B 電気配線
510A、510B 光ファイバアレイ
l1~l3 線
L1~L3 レーザ信号光
L4 反射信号光
L6 光信号
P 経路
Claims (16)
- 第1半導体層と第2半導体層との周期構造で構成される半導体多層構造を備える電子素子であって、前記半導体多層構造の少なくとも一部において、前記第1半導体層と前記第2半導体層とが互いに異なる導電型を有することを特徴とする電子素子。
- 前記第1半導体層と前記第2半導体層とが互いに異なる屈折率を有しており、前記半導体多層構造は多層膜反射鏡として機能することを特徴とする請求項1に記載の電子素子。
- 第1低屈折率層と該第1低屈折率層より高い屈折率を有する第1高屈折率層との周期構造で構成される下部半導体多層膜反射鏡と、第2低屈折率層と該第2低屈折率層より高い屈折率を有する第2高屈折率層との周期構造で構成される上部多層膜反射鏡と、
前記下部半導体多層膜反射鏡と前記上部多層膜反射鏡との間に設けられた活性層と、
前記活性層と前記下部半導体多層膜反射鏡との間に設けられ、前記活性層に電流を供給するための下部電極が形成された下部コンタクト層と、
を備え、
前記下部半導体多層膜反射鏡の少なくとも一部において、前記第1低屈折率層と前記第1高屈折率層とが互いに異なる導電型を有することを特徴とする面発光レーザ。 - 前記互いに異なる導電型を有する第1低屈折率層と第1高屈折率層とにおけるp型およびn型のキャリア濃度が、いずれも1×1017cm-3より小さいことを特徴とする請求項3に記載の面発光レーザ。
- 前記下部半導体多層膜反射鏡は、前記炭素を取り込む性質を有する元素を含むことを特徴とする請求項3または4に記載の面発光レーザ。
- 前記炭素を取り込む性質を有する元素はアルミニウム(Al)であることを特徴とする請求項5に記載の面発光レーザ。
- 前記下部半導体多層膜反射鏡において、前記第1低屈折率層がAlGaAsからなり、前記第1高屈折率層が(Al)GaAsからなることを特徴とする請求項3~6のいずれか一つに記載の面発光レーザ。
- 前記下部半導体多層膜反射鏡において、前記第1低屈折率層がAlGaInPからなり、前記第1高屈折率層が(Al)GaInPからなることを特徴とする請求項3~6のいずれか一つに記載の面発光レーザ。
- 前記下部半導体多層膜反射鏡において、前記第1低屈折率層がInPからなり、前記第1高屈折率層がAlGaInAsからなることを特徴とする請求項3~6のいずれか一つに記載の面発光レーザ。
- 前記上部多層膜反射鏡と前記活性層との間に設けられ、Al1-xGaxAs(0≦x<0.2)からなる電流注入部と選択酸化によって形成された(Al1-xGax)2O3からなる電流狭窄部とを有する電流狭窄層と、
前記上部多層膜反射鏡と前記電流狭窄層との間に設けられ、前記活性層に電流を供給するための上部電極が形成された上部コンタクト層と、
前記上部コンタクト層と前記電流狭窄層との間に設けられ、前記上部コンタクト層より高い導電率を有する高導電率層と、
を備えることを特徴とする請求項3~9のいずれか一つに記載の面発光レーザ。 - カットオフ周波数が20GHz以上であることを特徴とする請求項3~10のいずれか一つに記載の面発光レーザ。
- 前記第1低屈折率層及び前記第1高屈折率層は、いずれも、p型のドーパント及びn型のドーパントを意図的にドープせずに形成された請求項4から11のいずれか一項に記載の面発光レーザ。
- 前記第1低屈折率層及び前記第1高屈折率層のうち、n型の導電型を有する層は、n型のドーパントを意図的にドープして形成された請求項4から11のいずれか一項に記載の面発光レーザ。
- 請求項3~13のいずれか一つに記載の面発光レーザが1次元または2次元のアレイ状に配列されたものであることを特徴とする面発光レーザアレイ。
- 請求項3~13のいずれか一つに記載の面発光レーザまたは請求項14に記載の面発光レーザアレイと、
前記面発光レーザまたは前記面発光レーザアレイに変調信号を印加する制御器と、
を備えることを特徴とする光源。 - 請求項3~13のいずれか一つに記載の面発光レーザ、請求項14に記載の面発光レーザアレイ、または請求項15に記載の光源を備えることを特徴とする光モジュール。
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JP2009246035A (ja) * | 2008-03-28 | 2009-10-22 | Furukawa Electric Co Ltd:The | 長波長帯域面発光レーザ素子 |
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US20050249254A1 (en) * | 2004-04-14 | 2005-11-10 | Deppe Dennis G | Current-confinement heterostructure for an epitaxial mode-confined vertical cavity surface emitting laser |
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US7391800B2 (en) * | 2005-02-02 | 2008-06-24 | Ricoh Company, Ltd. | Vertical cavity surface-emitting semiconductor laser device, optical transmission module, optical transmission device, and optical switching method |
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JP2003179308A (ja) * | 2001-12-13 | 2003-06-27 | Furukawa Electric Co Ltd:The | 面発光型半導体レーザ素子 |
JP2006245473A (ja) * | 2005-03-07 | 2006-09-14 | Ricoh Co Ltd | 垂直共振器型面発光半導体レーザ装置および光スイッチング方法および光送信モジュールおよび光伝送装置 |
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US8638832B2 (en) | 2014-01-28 |
DE112011102431T5 (de) | 2013-08-22 |
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JPWO2012046420A1 (ja) | 2014-02-24 |
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