WO2011161813A1 - 太陽電池セルおよびその製造方法 - Google Patents
太陽電池セルおよびその製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2011161813A1 WO2011161813A1 PCT/JP2010/060851 JP2010060851W WO2011161813A1 WO 2011161813 A1 WO2011161813 A1 WO 2011161813A1 JP 2010060851 W JP2010060851 W JP 2010060851W WO 2011161813 A1 WO2011161813 A1 WO 2011161813A1
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- semiconductor substrate
- surface side
- light receiving
- quadrangular pyramid
- receiving surface
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Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/02—Details
- H01L31/0236—Special surface textures
- H01L31/02363—Special surface textures of the semiconductor body itself, e.g. textured active layers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/04—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices
- H01L31/06—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices characterised by potential barriers
- H01L31/068—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof adapted as photovoltaic [PV] conversion devices characterised by potential barriers the potential barriers being only of the PN homojunction type, e.g. bulk silicon PN homojunction solar cells or thin film polycrystalline silicon PN homojunction solar cells
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/18—Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of these devices or of parts thereof
- H01L31/1804—Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment of these devices or of parts thereof comprising only elements of Group IV of the Periodic Table
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/547—Monocrystalline silicon PV cells
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a solar battery cell and a manufacturing method thereof, and more particularly to a solar battery cell realizing high efficiency and a manufacturing method thereof.
- bulk type solar cells are generally manufactured by the following method.
- a p-type silicon substrate is prepared as a first conductivity type substrate.
- the damage layer on the silicon surface generated when the silicon substrate is sliced from the cast ingot is removed with a thickness of 10 ⁇ m to 20 ⁇ m with caustic soda or carbonated caustic soda, for example.
- anisotropic etching is performed with a solution obtained by adding IPA (isopropyl alcohol) to a similar alkaline low-concentration solution to form a texture so that the silicon (111) surface appears.
- IPA isopropyl alcohol
- the texture is not necessarily formed by wet treatment, and can be formed by, for example, dry etching (see, for example, Patent Document 1).
- the p-type silicon substrate is treated for several tens of minutes at a mixed gas atmosphere of, for example, phosphorus oxychloride (POCl 3 ), nitrogen, and oxygen, for example, at 800 ° C. to 900 ° C.
- An n-type layer is formed as a conductive impurity layer.
- the n-type layer formed in an unnecessary region such as the back surface of the substrate is removed.
- the removal of the n-type layer is performed, for example, by applying a polymer resist paste to the light-receiving surface side of the substrate by screen printing in order to protect the n-type layer formed on the light-receiving surface side of the substrate. This is performed by immersing the substrate in a potassium oxide solution for several minutes. Thereafter, the resist is removed with an organic solvent.
- a method of removing the n-type layer such as the back surface of the substrate there is a method of performing end face separation by laser or dry etching at the end of the process.
- an insulating film such as a silicon oxide film, a silicon nitride film, or a titanium oxide film is formed with a uniform thickness on the surface of the n-type layer as an insulating film (antireflection film) for the purpose of preventing reflection.
- an insulating film such as a silicon oxide film, a silicon nitride film, or a titanium oxide film is formed with a uniform thickness on the surface of the n-type layer as an insulating film (antireflection film) for the purpose of preventing reflection.
- a silicon nitride film as the antireflection film, for example, it is formed by plasma CVD using silane (SiH 4 ) gas and ammonia (NH 3 ) gas as raw materials under conditions of 300 ° C. or higher and reduced pressure.
- the refractive index of the antireflection film is about 2.0 to 2.2, and the optimum film thickness is about 70 nm to 90 nm. It should be noted that the antireflection film formed
- a silver paste to be a surface side electrode is applied to the shape of the grid electrode and the bus electrode on the antireflection film by a screen printing method and dried.
- a back aluminum electrode paste to be a back aluminum electrode and a back silver paste to be a back silver bus electrode are applied to the back surface of the substrate by the screen printing method on the back aluminum electrode shape and back silver bus electrode shape, respectively, and dried.
- the electrode paste applied to the front and back surfaces of the silicon substrate is simultaneously fired at about 600 ° C. to 900 ° C. for several minutes.
- a grid electrode and a bus electrode are formed on the antireflection film as the front surface side electrode
- a back aluminum electrode and a back silver bus electrode are formed on the back surface of the silicon substrate as the back surface side electrode.
- the silver material comes into contact with silicon and re-solidifies while the antireflection film is melted with the glass material contained in the silver paste.
- electrical connection between the surface side electrode and the silicon substrate (n-type layer) is ensured.
- Such a process is called a fire-through method.
- the back aluminum electrode paste reacts with the back surface of the silicon substrate, and a p + layer is formed immediately below the back aluminum electrode.
- Patent Document 1 discloses that when a concavo-convex shape is formed by dry etching, the concavo-convex shape is optimized using the reflectance of incident light incident on the solar cell as a parameter. This is because the short-circuit current density, which is one of the electrical characteristics of the solar cell, is improved by selecting a condition that lowers the reflectance of incident light.
- Patent Document 2 discloses that multistage dry etching is performed. And this formation method aims at obtaining uniform uneven
- the present invention has been made in view of the above, and an object of the present invention is to obtain a solar battery cell having a good balance of electrical characteristics and excellent photoelectric conversion efficiency, and a manufacturing method thereof.
- a solar battery cell includes a first conductivity type semiconductor substrate having an impurity diffusion layer in which a second conductivity type impurity element is diffused on one surface side.
- a light receiving surface side electrode electrically connected to the impurity diffusion layer and formed on one surface side of the semiconductor substrate, and a back surface side electrode formed on the other surface side of the semiconductor substrate, and the impurity diffusion
- the light receiving surface side electrode forming region where the light receiving surface side electrode is formed on one surface side of the semiconductor substrate including a layer has a first concavo-convex structure having first convex portions having a quadrangular pyramid shape
- the impurity diffusion layer is Including a second concavo-convex structure having a second convex portion having a quadrangular pyramid shape larger than the first convex portion in a region where the light receiving surface side electrode is not formed on the one surface side of the semiconductor substrate.
- FIG. 1-1 is a characteristic diagram showing the relationship between the length of one side of the square forming the bottom surface of the quadrangular pyramid forming the texture structure and the short-circuit current density.
- FIG. 1-2 is a characteristic diagram showing the relationship between the length of one side of the square forming the bottom surface of the quadrangular pyramid forming the texture structure and the curve factor.
- FIG. 1-3 is a characteristic diagram showing the relationship between the length of one side of the square forming the bottom surface of the quadrangular pyramid forming the texture structure and the photoelectric conversion efficiency.
- FIG. 2-1 is a top view of the solar battery cell according to the embodiment of the present invention viewed from the light receiving surface side.
- FIG. 2-3 is a cross-sectional view of the main part of the solar battery cell according to the embodiment of the present invention, and is a cross-sectional view of the main part in the AA direction of FIG.
- FIG. 2-4 is a perspective view showing a texture structure formed on the surface of the semiconductor substrate of the solar battery cell according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is a flowchart for explaining an example of the manufacturing process of the solar battery cell according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIGS. 4-1 is sectional drawing for demonstrating an example of the manufacturing process of the photovoltaic cell concerning embodiment of this invention.
- FIGS. FIGS. 4-2 is sectional drawing for demonstrating an example of the manufacturing process of the photovoltaic cell concerning embodiment of this invention.
- FIGS. FIGS. 4-3 is sectional drawing for demonstrating an example of the manufacturing process of the photovoltaic cell concerning embodiment of this invention.
- FIGS. FIGS. 4-4 is sectional drawing for demonstrating an example of the manufacturing process of the photovoltaic cell concerning embodiment of this invention.
- FIGS. FIGS. 4-5 is sectional drawing for demonstrating an example of the manufacturing process of the photovoltaic cell concerning embodiment of this invention.
- FIGS. FIGS. 4-6 is sectional drawing for demonstrating an example of the manufacturing process of the photovoltaic cell concerning embodiment of this invention.
- FIGS. 4-7 is sectional drawing for demonstrating an example of the manufacturing process of the photovoltaic cell concerning embodiment of this invention.
- FIGS. FIGS. 4-8 is sectional drawing for demonstrating an example of the manufacturing process of the photovoltaic cell concerning embodiment of this invention.
- FIGS. FIGS. 4-9 is sectional drawing for demonstrating an example of the manufacturing process of the photovoltaic cell concerning embodiment of this invention.
- FIGS. FIGS. 4-10 is sectional drawing for demonstrating an example of the manufacturing process of the photovoltaic cell concerning embodiment of this invention.
- Embodiment The texture structure formed in the bulk solar cell is originally intended to suppress light reflection and to incorporate as much sunlight as possible into the substrate. For this reason, the texture structure was thought to have a large effect on the electrical property of short circuit current density. Therefore, in optimizing the shape of the texture, it is common to select a shape that makes the reflectance of incident light as low as possible.
- a bulk type solar cell that employs a texture structure that has the effect of improving the short-circuit current density on the entire surface of the cell does not necessarily exhibit good electrical characteristics.
- a texture structure that has an effect of improving the short-circuit current density does not necessarily have an effect of improving other electrical characteristics, and there may be a texture structure that is effective for improving characteristics depending on the type of electrical characteristics. I understood.
- FIGS. 1-1 to 1-3 show the length of one side of the square forming the bottom surface of a quadrangular pyramid that forms the texture structure formed on the substrate surface of the single crystal silicon solar cell by alkaline wet etching, and the solar cell. It is a characteristic view showing the relationship with the electrical characteristic of a cell.
- FIG. 1-1 is a characteristic diagram showing the relationship between the length of one side of the square forming the bottom surface of the quadrangular pyramid constituting the texture structure and the short-circuit current density [mA / cm 2 ].
- FIG. 1-2 is a characteristic diagram showing the relationship between the length of one side of the square forming the bottom surface of the quadrangular pyramid constituting the texture structure and the fill factor [%].
- FIG. 1-1 is a characteristic diagram showing the relationship between the length of one side of the square forming the bottom surface of the quadrangular pyramid constituting the texture structure and the fill factor [%].
- FIGS. 1-1 to 1-3 are a characteristic diagram showing the relationship between the length of one side of the square forming the bottom surface of the quadrangular pyramid forming the texture structure and the photoelectric conversion efficiency.
- FIGS. 1-1 to 1-3 show a single crystal silicon solar battery cell in which a tetragonal pyramid is formed as a texture structure on the light receiving side surface of a single crystal silicon substrate by etching using an alkaline solution. A plurality of squares having different sides are formed, and the characteristics are measured.
- the quadrangular pyramid means a regular quadrangular pyramid having a substantially square bottom surface.
- the relationship between the length of one side of the square forming the bottom of the quadrangular pyramid that forms the texture structure, the short-circuit current density, and the fill factor is inversely related. It turns out that it shows a tendency. That is, as can be seen from FIG. 1-1, the short-circuit current density tends to decrease as the length of one side of the square forming the bottom surface of the quadrangular pyramid constituting the texture structure increases. That is, from the viewpoint of improving the short circuit current density, it is preferable that the length of one side of the square forming the bottom surface of the quadrangular pyramid is short.
- the length of one side of the square forming the bottom surface of the quadrangular pyramid is preferably in the range of 2 ⁇ m to 12 ⁇ m from the viewpoint of improving the short circuit current density.
- the fill factor tends to increase as the length of one side of the square forming the bottom of the quadrangular pyramid that forms the texture structure increases. That is, from the viewpoint of improving the curve factor, it is preferable that the length of one side of the square forming the bottom surface of the quadrangular pyramid is longer. However, if the length of one side of the square that forms the bottom of the quadrangular pyramid is too long, the fill factor decreases. This is because the unevenness of the substrate surface becomes too large, and the light-receiving surface side electrode formed thereon is disconnected. Therefore, from these points of view, it can be said that the length of one side of the square forming the bottom surface of the quadrangular pyramid constituting the texture structure is preferably in the range of 12 ⁇ m to 22 ⁇ m from the viewpoint of improving the fill factor.
- the cell photoelectric conversion efficiency which is a product of (not shown here), cannot use the optimum value of the length of one side of the square that forms the bottom of the quadrangular pyramid in each electrical characteristic. It has an optimum value near the midpoint between the optimum values of the short-circuit current density and the fill factor.
- the texture structure formed on the substrate surface on the light-receiving surface side of the solar battery cell the light-receiving region (corresponding to the light-receiving surface-side electrode on the light-receiving surface side of the solar battery cell) having a strong correlation with the improvement of the short circuit current density In the region excluding the region and actually receiving light), in order to improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency by improving the short-circuit current density, one side of the square forming the bottom surface of the quadrangular pyramid constituting the texture structure The length is in the range of 2 ⁇ m to 12 ⁇ m.
- the length of one side of the square forming the bottom surface is in the range of 12 ⁇ m to 22 ⁇ m.
- the length of one side of the square forming the bottom surface of the quadrangular pyramid that constitutes the texture structure is adopted as a reference for defining the texture structure.
- FIGS. 2-1 to 2-4 are diagrams for explaining the configuration of the solar battery cell 1 according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2A is a top view of the solar battery cell 1 viewed from the light receiving surface side.
- FIG. 2-2 is a bottom view of the solar battery cell 1 viewed from the side opposite to the light receiving surface (back surface).
- 2C is a cross-sectional view of the main part of the solar battery cell 1, and is a cross-sectional view of the main part in the AA direction of FIG.
- FIG. 2-4 is a perspective view showing the texture structure formed on the surface of the semiconductor substrate of the solar battery cell 1.
- the solar battery cell 1 is a silicon solar battery used for home use or the like.
- an n-type impurity diffusion layer 3 is formed by phosphorous diffusion on the light receiving surface side of a semiconductor substrate 2 made of p-type single crystal silicon, and a semiconductor substrate 11 having a pn junction is formed.
- an antireflection film 4 made of a silicon nitride film (SiN film) is formed on the n-type impurity diffusion layer 3.
- the semiconductor substrate 2 is not limited to a p-type single crystal silicon substrate, and may be a p-type polycrystalline silicon substrate, an n-type polycrystalline silicon substrate, or an n-type single crystal silicon substrate.
- a micro uneven shape having a texture (4-pyramid) as shown in FIG. 2-4 is formed as a texture structure.
- the texture structure increases the area for absorbing light from the outside on the light receiving surface, suppresses the reflectance on the light receiving surface, and confines light.
- the light receiving region (excluding the region of the light receiving surface side electrode on the light receiving surface side of the solar cell, which is deeply correlated with the improvement of the short circuit current density, is actually In the light receiving region), the length L of one side of the square forming the bottom surface of the quadrangular pyramid constituting the texture structure is in the range of 2 ⁇ m to 12 ⁇ m.
- the texture structure of the light receiving region satisfies such a condition, the reflectance of incident light incident on the semiconductor substrate 11 is further reduced, which contributes to the improvement of the short circuit current density, which is one of the electrical characteristics of the solar cell.
- the photoelectric conversion efficiency can be improved.
- the length L of one side of the square that forms the bottom surface of the quadrangular pyramid that forms the texture structure is 12 ⁇ m to 22 ⁇ m. It is considered as a range.
- the length L of one side of the square forming the bottom surface of the quadrangular pyramid constituting the texture structure is made different between the light receiving region and the lower region of the light receiving surface side electrode. Good conditions can be adopted for each, and by improving both the short-circuit current density and the fill factor in a well-balanced manner, a solar cell excellent in photoelectric conversion efficiency can be realized.
- the antireflection film 4 is made of an insulating film for the purpose of preventing reflection, such as a silicon nitride film (SiN film), a silicon oxide film (SiO 2 film), or a titanium oxide film (TiO 2 ) film.
- a plurality of long and narrow surface silver grid electrodes 5 are arranged side by side on the light receiving surface side of the semiconductor substrate 11, and a surface silver bus electrode 6 electrically connected to the surface silver grid electrode 5 is substantially the same as the surface silver grid electrode 5. They are provided so as to be orthogonal to each other, and are respectively electrically connected to the n-type impurity diffusion layer 3 at the bottom portion.
- the front silver grid electrode 5 and the front silver bus electrode 6 are made of a silver material.
- the front silver grid electrode 5 has a width of, for example, about 100 ⁇ m to 200 ⁇ m and is arranged substantially in parallel at an interval of about 2 mm, and collects electricity generated inside the semiconductor substrate 11. Further, the front silver bus electrode 6 has a width of, for example, about 1 mm to 3 mm and is arranged in a number of 2 to 4 per solar battery cell, and takes out the electricity collected by the front silver grid electrode 5 to the outside.
- the front silver grid electrode 5 and the front silver bus electrode 6 constitute a light receiving surface side electrode 12 as a first electrode. Since the light receiving surface side electrode 12 blocks sunlight incident on the semiconductor substrate 11, it is desirable to reduce the area as much as possible from the viewpoint of improving the power generation efficiency, and a comb-shaped surface as shown in FIG. In general, the silver grid electrode 5 and the bar-shaped front silver bus electrode 6 are arranged.
- a silver paste is usually used, for example, lead boron glass is added.
- This glass has a frit shape and is composed of, for example, lead (Pb) 5-30 wt%, boron (B) 5-10 wt%, silicon (Si) 5-15 wt%, and oxygen (O) 30-60 wt%. Furthermore, zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), etc. may be mixed by several wt%.
- lead boron glass has a property of melting by heating at several hundred degrees C. (for example, 800.degree. C.) and eroding silicon at that time.
- a method of obtaining electrical contact between a silicon substrate and a silver paste by using the characteristics of the glass frit is used.
- a back aluminum electrode 7 made of an aluminum material is provided on the entire back surface (surface opposite to the light receiving surface) of the semiconductor substrate 11 and extends in substantially the same direction as the front silver bus electrode 6.
- the back silver electrode 8 which consists of is provided.
- the back aluminum electrode 7 and the back silver electrode 8 constitute a back electrode 13 as a second electrode.
- the back aluminum electrode 7 is also expected to have a BSR (Back Surface Reflection) effect in which long wavelength light passing through the semiconductor substrate 11 is reflected and reused for power generation.
- BSR Back Surface Reflection
- a p + layer (BSF (Back Surface Field)) 9 containing a high concentration impurity is formed on the surface layer portion of the back surface (surface opposite to the light receiving surface) of the semiconductor substrate 11.
- the p + layer (BSF) 9 is provided to obtain the BSF effect, and the electron concentration of the p-type layer (semiconductor substrate 2) is increased by an electric field having a band structure so that electrons in the p-type layer (semiconductor substrate 2) do not disappear.
- BSF Back Surface Field
- the solar cell 1 configured as described above, sunlight is applied to the pn junction surface (the junction surface between the semiconductor substrate 2 and the n-type impurity diffusion layer 3) of the semiconductor substrate 11 from the light receiving surface side of the solar cell 1. Then, holes and electrons are generated. Due to the electric field at the pn junction, the generated electrons move toward the n-type impurity diffusion layer 3 and the holes move toward the p + layer 9. As a result, electrons are excessive in the n-type impurity diffusion layer 3 and holes are excessive in the p + layer 9. As a result, a photovoltaic force is generated.
- This photovoltaic force is generated in the direction of biasing the pn junction in the forward direction, the light receiving surface side electrode 12 connected to the n-type impurity diffusion layer 3 becomes a negative pole, and the back aluminum electrode 7 connected to the p + layer 9 becomes a positive pole. Thus, a current flows through an external circuit (not shown).
- the texture shape that has been uniform over the entire surface of the solar cell in the past is applied to the lower region and the light receiving region of the light receiving surface side electrode 12. Since it optimized, the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the photovoltaic cell 1 can be increased.
- the length L of one side of the square forming the bottom surface of the quadrangular pyramid constituting the texture structure is made different between the light receiving region and the lower region of the light receiving surface side electrode.
- the length L of one side of the square forming the bottom surface of the quadrangular pyramid that forms the texture structure is in the range of 2 ⁇ m to 12 ⁇ m.
- the length L of one side of the square forming the bottom surface of the quadrangular pyramid constituting the texture structure is in the range of 12 ⁇ m to 22 ⁇ m.
- a silicon solar cell using a single crystal silicon substrate as a semiconductor substrate has been described as an example.
- the present invention is applied to a substrate made of a substance other than silicon as a semiconductor substrate and a substrate made of a crystal other than a single crystal.
- the formation of a quadrangular pyramid texture structure is possible, the same effects as described above can be obtained.
- FIG. 3 is a flowchart for explaining an example of the manufacturing process of the solar battery cell 1 according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIGS. 4-1 to 4-10 are cross-sectional views for explaining an example of the manufacturing process of the solar battery cell 1 according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIGS. 4-1 to 4-10 are principal part cross-sectional views corresponding to FIG. 2-3.
- a p-type single crystal silicon substrate having a thickness of several hundred ⁇ m is prepared as the semiconductor substrate 2 (FIG. 4A). Since the p-type single crystal silicon substrate is manufactured by slicing an ingot formed by cooling and solidifying molten silicon with a wire saw, damage at the time of slicing remains on the surface. Therefore, the p-type single crystal silicon substrate is etched near the surface of the p-type single crystal silicon substrate by etching the surface by immersing the surface in an acid or heated alkaline solution, for example, an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution. Remove the damage area that exists in the.
- an acid or heated alkaline solution for example, an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution.
- the surface is removed by a thickness of 10 ⁇ m to 20 ⁇ m with several to 20 wt% caustic soda or carbonated caustic soda.
- the p-type silicon substrate used for the semiconductor substrate 2 may be either a single crystal or a polycrystal, but here, the specific resistance is 0.1 ⁇ ⁇ cm to 5 ⁇ ⁇ cm, and the (100) plane orientation p-type single substrate is used.
- a crystalline silicon substrate will be described as an example.
- IPA isopropyl alcohol
- an alkaline liquid such as caustic soda or carbonated caustic soda of several wt%
- the processing time is determined in advance such that the length L of one side of the square forming the bottom surface of the quadrangular pyramid constituting the texture structure 2a is in the range of 2 ⁇ m to 12 ⁇ m, for example, about 5 ⁇ m.
- the texture structure By providing such a texture structure on the light-receiving surface side of the p-type single crystal silicon substrate, multiple reflection of light is generated on the surface side of the solar battery cell 1, and the light incident on the solar battery cell 1 is efficiently semiconductor The light can be absorbed in the substrate 11, and the conversion efficiency can be improved by effectively reducing the reflectance.
- the concentration of the alkaline solution may be adjusted to a concentration according to each purpose, and continuous treatment may be performed.
- a texture structure is also formed on the back surface (the surface opposite to the light receiving surface side) of the p-type single crystal silicon substrate.
- a silicon nitride film for example, is formed on the surface of the semiconductor substrate 2 on the light receiving surface side as a mask film 21 having etching resistance against an alkaline low concentration solution (FIG. 4-3). Then, in the mask film 21, the region corresponding to the region where the light receiving surface side electrode 12 is formed on the light receiving surface side surface of the semiconductor substrate 2 is removed to form an opening 21a (FIG. 4-4).
- a method for opening the mask film 21 an optimum technique can be selected from known methods such as photolithography and laser irradiation. 4-4 shows a state in which the opening 21a is formed in a region corresponding to the formation region of the surface silver grid electrode 5 in the mask film 21.
- anisotropic etching is performed again with a solution in which an additive for promoting anisotropic etching such as IPA (isopropyl alcohol) is added to a low concentration alkali solution of about several wt%.
- IPA isopropyl alcohol
- the portion where the mask film 21 is opened on the light receiving surface side of the semiconductor substrate 2 is etched again, and the second region having an unevenness (four-sided pyramid) shape larger than the texture structure 2 a in the formation region of the light receiving surface side electrode 12.
- a texture structure 2b is formed (step S20, FIG. 4-5).
- the processing time is determined in advance so that the length L of one side forming the bottom of the quadrangular pyramid constituting the texture structure 2b is in the range of 12 ⁇ m to 22 ⁇ m, for example, about 15 ⁇ m.
- concentration of the alkali solution or IPA used in this etching may not be the same as that used when forming the texture structure 2a.
- the silicon nitride film of the mask film 21 is removed using, for example, a hydrofluoric acid solution (FIG. 4-6).
- the length L of one side of the square that forms the bottom surface of the quadrangular pyramid that forms the concavo-convex shape is 5 ⁇ m, for example, in the region that becomes the light receiving region on the light receiving surface side of the semiconductor substrate 2.
- a texture structure 2a having a degree is formed.
- the length L of one side of the square forming the bottom surface of the quadrangular pyramid constituting the uneven shape is longer than the texture structure 2a, for example 15 ⁇ m.
- a texture structure 2b having a degree is formed.
- a texture structure 2b is formed on the entire surface of the semiconductor substrate 2 on the back surface side.
- a pn junction is formed in the semiconductor substrate 2 (step S30, FIG. 4-7). That is, a group V element such as phosphorus (P) is diffused into the semiconductor substrate 2 to form the n-type impurity diffusion layer 3 having a thickness of several hundred nm.
- a pn junction is formed by diffusing phosphorus oxychloride (POCl 3 ) by thermal diffusion with respect to a p-type single crystal silicon substrate having a texture structure on the surface.
- the semiconductor substrate 2 made of p-type single crystal silicon which is the first conductivity type layer, and the n-type impurity diffusion layer 3 which is the second conductivity type layer formed on the light receiving surface side of the semiconductor substrate 2, A semiconductor substrate 11 having a pn junction is obtained.
- the p-type single crystal silicon substrate is placed in a mixed gas atmosphere of, for example, phosphorus oxychloride (POCl 3 ) gas nitrogen gas and oxygen gas at a high temperature of, for example, 800 ° C. to 900 ° C. for several tens of minutes.
- the n-type impurity diffusion layer 3 in which phosphorus (P) is diffused is uniformly formed in the surface layer of the p-type single crystal silicon substrate by thermal diffusion.
- Good electrical characteristics of the solar cell can be obtained when the sheet resistance range of the n-type impurity diffusion layer 3 formed on the surface of the semiconductor substrate 2 is about 30 ⁇ / ⁇ to 80 ⁇ / ⁇ .
- the vitreous (phosphosilicate glass, PSG: Phospho-Silicate Glass) layer deposited on the surface during the diffusion treatment is formed on the surface immediately after the formation of the n-type impurity diffusion layer 3, the phosphorus glass layer Is removed using a hydrofluoric acid solution or the like.
- the n-type impurity diffusion layer 3 is formed on the entire surface of the semiconductor substrate 2. Therefore, in order to remove the influence of the n-type impurity diffusion layer 3 formed on the back surface or the like of the semiconductor substrate 2, the n-type impurity diffusion layer 3 is left only on the light-receiving surface side of the semiconductor substrate 2, and n in other regions is left. The type impurity diffusion layer 3 is removed.
- a polymer resist paste is applied to the light receiving surface side of the semiconductor substrate 2 by screen printing and dried. Then, the semiconductor substrate 2 is immersed in a 20 wt% potassium hydroxide solution for several minutes, for example, and the n-type impurity diffusion layer 3 formed on the surface other than the light receiving surface side of the semiconductor substrate 2 is removed. Thereafter, the polymer resist is removed with an organic solvent. Thereby, the n-type impurity diffusion layer 3 can be left only on the light receiving surface side of the semiconductor substrate 2.
- end face separation may be performed by laser or dry etching at the end of the process.
- n-type impurity diffusion layer 3 may be formed only on the light-receiving surface side of semiconductor substrate 2 in advance.
- the antireflection film 4 is formed with a uniform thickness on one surface of the p-type single crystal silicon substrate on the light receiving surface side (step S40, FIG. 4-8).
- the film thickness and refractive index of the antireflection film 4 are set to values that most suppress light reflection.
- the antireflection film 4 is formed by using, for example, a plasma CVD method, using a mixed gas of silane (SiH 4 ) gas and ammonia (NH 3 ) gas as a raw material, and at 300 ° C. or higher and under reduced pressure. 4, a silicon nitride film is formed.
- the refractive index is, for example, about 2.0 to 2.2, and the optimum antireflection film thickness is, for example, 70 nm to 90 nm.
- the antireflection film 4 may be formed by vapor deposition, thermal CVD, or the like. It should be noted that the antireflection film 4 formed in this manner is an insulator, and simply forming the light receiving surface side electrode 12 on the surface does not act as a solar battery cell.
- electrodes are formed by screen printing.
- the light-receiving surface side electrode 12 is produced (before firing).
- a silver paste 12a which is an electrode material paste containing glass frit, is formed on the antireflection film 4 which is the light receiving surface of the p-type single crystal silicon substrate in the shape of the surface silver grid electrode 5 and the surface silver bus electrode 6.
- the silver paste is dried (step S50, FIG. 4-9).
- an aluminum paste 7a which is an electrode material paste, is applied to the back aluminum electrode 7 in the shape of the back aluminum electrode 7 by screen printing on the back side of the p-type single crystal silicon substrate.
- a paste is applied and dried (step S60, FIG. 4-9). In the figure, only the aluminum paste 7a is shown, and the description of the silver paste is omitted.
- the electrode paste on the front and back surfaces of the semiconductor substrate 11 is simultaneously fired at, for example, 600 ° C. to 900 ° C., so that the antireflection film 4 is melted with the glass material contained in the silver paste 12a on the front side of the semiconductor substrate 11.
- the silver material comes into contact with the silicon and resolidifies.
- the front silver grid electrode 5 and the front silver bus electrode 6 as the light receiving surface side electrode 12 are obtained, and electrical connection between the light receiving surface side electrode 12 and the silicon of the semiconductor substrate 11 is ensured (step S70, FIG. 4). -10).
- Such a process is called a fire-through method.
- the aluminum paste 7 a reacts with the silicon of the semiconductor substrate 11 to obtain the back aluminum electrode 7, and the p + layer 9 is formed immediately below the back aluminum electrode 7. Further, the silver material of the silver paste comes into contact with silicon and re-solidifies to obtain the back silver electrode 8 (FIG. 4-10). In the figure, only the front silver grid electrode 5 and the back aluminum electrode 7 are shown, and the front silver bus electrode 6 and the back silver electrode 8 are not shown.
- the sheet resistance is about 100 ⁇ / ⁇ to 70 ⁇ / ⁇ after the process of FIG. 4-2, and the diffusion after the process of FIG. 4-5 is 60 ⁇ / ⁇ to 40 ⁇ / ⁇ It is preferable to diffuse with aim.
- the texture shape that has been uniform over the entire surface of the solar cell in the past is optimal for the lower region and the light receiving region of the light receiving surface side electrode 12. Therefore, the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar battery cell 1 can be increased.
- the solar cell 1 in a texture (four-sided pyramid) manufacturing process by alkaline wet etching, one side of a square that forms the bottom surface of the four-sided pyramid constituting the texture structure in the light receiving region and the lower region of the light receiving surface side electrode.
- Different lengths L In the light receiving region that is closely related to the improvement of the short-circuit current density, the length L of one side of the square forming the bottom surface of the quadrangular pyramid that forms the texture structure is in the range of 2 ⁇ m to 12 ⁇ m.
- the length L of one side of the square forming the bottom surface of the quadrangular pyramid constituting the texture structure is in the range of 12 ⁇ m to 22 ⁇ m.
- the present invention is not limited to a substrate made of a substance other than silicon as a semiconductor substrate, Even in the case of using a substrate made of the above, the effect can be obtained in the same manner as described above if a texture structure of a quadrangular pyramid can be formed.
- the solar battery cell and the manufacturing method thereof according to the present invention are useful for realizing a solar battery cell having a good balance of electrical characteristics and excellent photoelectric conversion efficiency.
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Abstract
Description
バルク型太陽電池セルに形成されるテクスチャー構造は、元々、光反射を抑制させ、太陽光をできるだけ多く基板内に取り入れることを目的としている。この為、テクスチャー構造は、短絡電流密度という電気特性に大きく作用していると考えられていた。したがって、テクスチャーの形状の最適化においては、入射光の反射率をできるだけ低くするような形状を選択することが一般的であった。
2 半導体基板
2a テクスチャー構造
2b テクスチャー構造
3 型不純物拡散層
4 反射防止膜
5 表銀グリッド電極
6 表銀バス電極
7 裏アルミニウム電極
7a アルミニウムペースト
8 裏銀電極
9 p+層(BSF(Back Surface Field))
11 半導体基板
12 受光面側電極
12a 銀ペースト
13 裏面側電極
21 マスク膜
21a 開口
Claims (8)
- 一面側に第2導電型の不純物元素が拡散された不純物拡散層を有する第1導電型の半導体基板と、
前記不純物拡散層に電気的に接続して前記半導体基板の一面側に形成された受光面側電極と、
前記半導体基板の他面側に形成された裏面側電極と、
を備え、
前記不純物拡散層を含む前記半導体基板の一面側における前記受光面側電極が形成された受光面側電極形成領域には4角錐形状の第1凸部を有する第1凹凸構造を有し、
前記不純物拡散層を含む前記半導体基板の一面側における前記受光面側電極が形成されていない領域には前記第1凸部よりも大きい4角錐形状の第2凸部を有する第2凹凸構造を有すること、
を特徴とする太陽電池セル。 - 前記第1凸部は、前記4角錐形状の底面を成す略正方形の一辺の長さが2μm~12μmの範囲であり、
前記第2凸部は、前記4角錐形状の底面を成す略正方形の一辺の長さが12μm~22μmの範囲であること、
を特徴とする請求項1に記載の太陽電池セル。 - 前記第1凹凸構造に含まれる前記第1凸部のうち6割以上の前記第1凸部における前記4角錐形状の底面を成す略正方形の一辺の長さが2μm~12μmの範囲であり、
前記第2凹凸構造に含まれる前記第2凸部のうち6割以上の前記第2凸部における前記4角錐形状の底面を成す略正方形の一辺の長さが12μm~22μmの範囲であること、
を特徴とする請求項1または2に記載の太陽電池セル。 - 前記半導体基板がシリコン基板であること、
を特徴とする請求項1~3のいずれか1つに記載の太陽電池セル。 - 半導体基板の一面側に受光面側電極を有する太陽電池セルの製造方法であって、
第1導電型の前記半導体基板の一面側に対して異方性エッチングを施して、4角錐形状の第1凸部を有する第1凹凸構造を前記半導体基板の一面側に形成する第1工程と、
前記半導体基板の一面側における前記受光面側電極の形成領域に対してさらに異方性エッチングを施して、前記第1凸部よりも大きい4角錐形状の第2凸部を有する第2凹凸構造を前記半導体基板の前記受光面側電極の形成領域に形成する第2工程と、
前記半導体基板の一面側に第2導電型の不純物元素を拡散して不純物拡散層を形成する第3工程と、
前記不純物拡散層に電気的に接続する前記受光面側電極を前記半導体基板の一面側における前記第2凹凸構造が形成された領域に形成する第4工程と、
前記半導体基板の他面側に裏面側電極を形成する第5工程と、
を含むことを特徴とする太陽電池セルの製造方法。 - 前記第1凸部は、前記4角錐形状の底面を成す略正方形の一辺の長さが2μm~12μmの範囲であり、
前記第2凸部は、前記4角錐形状の底面を成す略正方形の一辺の長さが12μm~22μmの範囲であること、
を特徴とする請求項5に記載の太陽電池セルの製造方法。 - 前記第1凹凸構造に含まれる前記第1凸部のうち6割以上の前記第1凸部における前記4角錐形状の底面を成す略正方形の一辺の長さが2μm~12μmの範囲であり、
前記第2凹凸構造に含まれる前記第2凸部のうち6割以上の前記第2凸部における前記4角錐形状の底面を成す略正方形の一辺の長さが12μm~22μmの範囲であること、
を特徴とする請求項5または6に記載の太陽電池セルの製造方法。 - 前記半導体基板がシリコン基板であり、
アルカリ溶液を用いて異方性エッチングを行うことにより前記第1凹凸構造および第2凹凸構造を形成すること、
を特徴とする請求項5~7のいずれか1つに記載の太陽電池セルの製造方法。
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TWI578549B (zh) * | 2015-01-12 | 2017-04-11 | 財團法人工業技術研究院 | 光電元件、包含其之太陽能電池 |
TWI566424B (zh) * | 2015-01-12 | 2017-01-11 | 財團法人工業技術研究院 | 光電元件、包含其之太陽能電池 |
KR102102823B1 (ko) * | 2018-10-30 | 2020-04-22 | 성균관대학교산학협력단 | 표면 구조를 이용한 선택적 에미터의 형성 방법 및 표면 구조를 이용한 선택적 에미터를 포함한 태양전지 |
CN114649427B (zh) * | 2021-09-14 | 2023-09-12 | 浙江晶科能源有限公司 | 太阳能电池及光伏组件 |
CN115832105A (zh) * | 2022-11-23 | 2023-03-21 | 隆基绿能科技股份有限公司 | 一种太阳能电池及其制备方法、光伏组件 |
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- 2010-06-25 CN CN201080067350.XA patent/CN102959717B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2010-06-25 DE DE112010005695T patent/DE112010005695T5/de not_active Withdrawn
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CN102593207A (zh) * | 2012-03-19 | 2012-07-18 | 厦门大学 | 一种局域化发射区结构的太阳能电池及其制备方法 |
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JP2017118112A (ja) * | 2015-12-21 | 2017-06-29 | エルジー エレクトロニクス インコーポレイティド | 太陽電池及びその製造方法 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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DE112010005695T5 (de) | 2013-04-25 |
JP4980494B2 (ja) | 2012-07-18 |
CN102959717A (zh) | 2013-03-06 |
JPWO2011161813A1 (ja) | 2013-08-19 |
US20130048073A1 (en) | 2013-02-28 |
US8981210B2 (en) | 2015-03-17 |
CN102959717B (zh) | 2016-01-06 |
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