WO2011152070A1 - X線撮影装置 - Google Patents
X線撮影装置 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2011152070A1 WO2011152070A1 PCT/JP2011/003157 JP2011003157W WO2011152070A1 WO 2011152070 A1 WO2011152070 A1 WO 2011152070A1 JP 2011003157 W JP2011003157 W JP 2011003157W WO 2011152070 A1 WO2011152070 A1 WO 2011152070A1
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Definitions
- Embodiments of the present invention relate to an X-ray imaging apparatus.
- a cord-like insertion device composed of a thin cord-like member
- the insertion device include a catheter and a guide wire introduced together with the catheter.
- a cord-like insertion instrument including these is hereinafter referred to as a “wire”.
- a wire absorbs X-rays more easily than a human body, it is observed as a relatively clear black thin line in an X-ray image.
- An example of a surgery in which a wire is used is a fluoroscopic catheterization.
- a catheter Under fluoroscopic catheterization, a catheter is inserted into the body from the femoral artery, etc., and the treatment is performed by guiding the catheter to the affected area while referring to a fluoroscopic image (moving image) displayed in real time. is there.
- An X-ray imaging apparatus used in catheterization under fluoroscopy irradiates fluoroscopic X-rays toward a subject with a catheter inserted therein, detects X-rays transmitted through the subject, and detects the detection results. Based on this, an X-ray fluoroscopic image depicting the inside of the subject is formed and displayed. Further, the X-ray imaging apparatus is configured to be able to change the fluoroscopy conditions including the X-ray dose when fluoroscopically seeing the subject based on information by the input operation. As a result, a more detailed X-ray fluoroscopic image is displayed. In a finer fluoroscopic image, it is possible to easily view a tissue in a subject including blood vessels (for example, Patent Document 1).
- the operator In the catheterization under fluoroscopy, the operator must guide the catheter to the affected part through an appropriate route through the blood vessel stretched like a maze. The operation for this is performed by manipulating the portion of the catheter that is outside the body. For this reason, skilled procedures are required for fluoroscopic catheterization.
- the guide wire when the distal end of the catheter is properly inserted into the path, the guide wire should be advanced by displaying a more detailed X-ray fluoroscopic image in order to make it easier to visually recognize the branch and stenosis of the blood vessel. The position can be confirmed. In order to display a more detailed X-ray fluoroscopic image, it is possible to confirm the position where the guide wire should enter by observing the image of the contrast medium that appears for only a few seconds by occasionally letting out the contrast medium from the catheter.
- the amount of contrast agent used is limited because it imposes a load on the kidney function of the patient, and the contrast agent cannot be continuously used during the insertion of the distal end of the catheter.
- the operator does not always perform the insertion operation of the distal end portion of the catheter, but may perform other operations. In this case, the operator does not need a fine X-ray fluoroscopic image. Therefore, in order to keep the exposure dose of the subject as low as possible, even if the dose of X-rays irradiated to the subject is reduced, other operations can be performed. There will be no hindrance.
- the X-ray imaging apparatus is configured to be able to change the X-ray dose when seeing through the subject based on information from the input operation. Therefore, in X-ray fluoroscopic catheterization, a detailed X-ray fluoroscopic image can be obtained. It is possible to increase or decrease the X-ray dose by an input operation as required.
- one embodiment includes a work state detection unit and an X-ray dose control unit.
- the work state detection means detects a plurality of types of work state information related to the work state of the operator who performs the operation on the subject.
- the X-ray dose control unit controls the X-ray dose irradiated from the X-ray generation unit based on a plurality of types of detection results detected by the work state detection unit.
- FIG. 1 It is a figure showing the whole structure of the X-ray imaging apparatus which concerns on the detection method of a 1st work state. It is a block diagram showing the structure of the control system of the X-ray imaging apparatus shown in FIG. It is a figure showing the flame
- FIG. 9A and 9B It is a flowchart which shows an example of the judgment by X dose determination part.
- FIG. It is the figure which expanded and represented the part of the adapter shown in FIG. It is a figure which shows the example using the camera attached to the display as an operator sensor which concerns on the detection method of the 4th working state. It is a figure which shows the exposure area
- the 5th working state detection method it is a figure showing the image of an eye when an operator faces a display directly. It is a figure showing the image of an eye when a surgeon does not face a display. It is a figure showing the reflective marker with which the operator was mounted
- An X-ray imaging apparatus irradiates a subject with X-rays from an X-ray generation unit, detects X-rays transmitted through the subject with an X-ray detection unit, and images an X-ray image. It has work state detection means and X-ray dose control means.
- the work state detection means detects a plurality of types of work state information related to the work state of the operator who performs the operation on the subject.
- the X-ray dose control means controls the X-ray dose irradiated from the X-ray generation means based on a plurality of types of detection results detected by the work state detection means.
- the X-ray imaging apparatus is used in surgery performed by inserting a wire into the body of a subject.
- This X-ray imaging apparatus suppresses the exposure dose of the subject to a low level without placing a burden on the operator when the operator does not need a fine X-ray fluoroscopic image in catheterization under fluoroscopy. . Therefore, this X-ray imaging apparatus determines whether to reduce the current X-ray dose or not in X-ray fluoroscopic catheterization, and automatically reduces the X-ray dose when it is determined to reduce the X-ray dose.
- the working state 1 is an operation state of the instrument by the operator, such as a state in which the instrument (wire) is operated by the operator.
- the working state 2 is the posture of the operator when the operator is looking at a display for displaying an X-ray fluoroscopic image, for example.
- the work state 3 is the operation of the surgeon when the surgeon's breathing is suppressed or when the surgeon is in a tension state in the wire tip insertion work that requires a very precise work. Biometric information.
- the work state 4 is a behavior of the surgeon as when the surgeon has a conversation.
- the work state 5 is that an operator, an X-ray engineer, or the like performs an operation for instructing the apparatus to reduce or increase the dose.
- the work states listed here are those performed by the operator when X-rays are being emitted by operating the exposure switch. And based on these work state information, the operation state of the instrument inserted by the operator can be detected, and based on those detection results, the X-ray irradiation related to the X-ray dose of the irradiated X-rays Conditions are controlled.
- the combination of the work states of the plurality of surgeons described above is a judgment material for judging whether or not the surgeon needs a fine X-ray fluoroscopic image. Therefore, this X-ray imaging apparatus determines whether or not to reduce the current X-ray dose based on this determination material.
- a method for detecting the operator's working state will be described in detail as a judgment material when this X-ray imaging apparatus judges whether or not to reduce the current X-ray dose.
- the first working state detection method detects the working state of the wire by the operator in the fluoroscopic catheterization based on the amount of movement of the wire. Note that the amount of change in wire shape will be described as an example of the amount of wire movement.
- FIG. 1 A configuration example of this X-ray imaging apparatus is shown in FIG.
- This X-ray imaging apparatus has a mechanical configuration similar to that of the prior art.
- the subject 1 represents a patient who is subjected to catheterization under fluoroscopy.
- the subject 1 is placed on the top 2.
- the top plate 2 is a part of a couch device (not shown).
- the bed apparatus is provided with a drive mechanism for moving the top board 2.
- the subject 1 is placed so as to lie on the top 2.
- Some X-ray imaging apparatuses are provided with a standing table for supporting a subject in a standing position.
- the subject is usually supported in a supine state on a top plate.
- the specimen is treated.
- the C arm 3 is a support member formed in a substantially “C” shape.
- An X-ray tube 4 and an X-ray diaphragm 5 are supported on one end side of the C arm 3, and an X-ray detector 6 is supported on the other end side.
- the X-ray tube 4 and the X-ray diaphragm 5 and the X-ray detector 6 are arranged at positions facing each other with the subject 1 interposed therebetween.
- the X-ray tube 4 is an example of the “X-ray generation means” of the present invention.
- the X-ray detector 6 is an example of the “X-ray detection means” of the present invention.
- the C arm 3 is movably held by a drive mechanism 8.
- the drive mechanism 8 moves the C arm 3 under the control of the arithmetic and control unit 20, thereby changing the positions and inclination angles of the X-ray tube 4, the X-ray diaphragm 5 and the X-ray detector 6.
- the X-ray tube 4 generates X-rays 7 when a high voltage is applied from the high-voltage generator 9.
- the X-ray diaphragm 5 has diaphragm blades that regulate the irradiation range (solid angle and cross-sectional shape) of the X-ray 7 generated from the X-ray tube 4.
- the aperture controller 10 changes the irradiation range of the X-ray 7 by moving the position of the aperture blade.
- the operations of the high voltage generator 9 and the aperture controller 10 are controlled by the arithmetic and control unit 20.
- the X-ray 7 whose irradiation range is regulated by the X-ray diaphragm 5 is irradiated to the subject 1.
- the X-ray 7 that has passed through the subject 1 is projected to the X-ray detector 6.
- the X-ray detector 6 detects the X-ray 7, converts the detection result into an electric signal, and transmits it to the detection control unit 11.
- the detection control unit 11 transmits this electric signal to the arithmetic control device 20.
- the detection control unit 11 controls the operation of the X-ray detector 6.
- the X-ray detector 6 can be configured using, for example, a flat panel detector (FPD) or an image intensifier (I.I.).
- the X-ray tube 4 is controlled to irradiate the pulse X-ray 7 at a predetermined time interval. This time interval is set to, for example, about (1/30) seconds to (1/5) seconds (5 to 30 irradiation times per second).
- the X-ray imaging apparatus can perform irradiation at a maximum of several tens of times / second, for example, but this time interval is selected in order to reduce the X-ray exposure to the subject 1 and the operator. Thereby, a moving image having a frame rate of about 5 to 30 frames / second is obtained. Instead of repeatedly irradiating pulsed X-rays in this way, it is also possible to irradiate X-rays continuously.
- the arithmetic and control unit 20 controls each part of the X-ray imaging apparatus and executes various arithmetic processes.
- the arithmetic and control unit 20 has the same configuration as a general computer, for example.
- the arithmetic and control unit 20 includes a microprocessor, a storage device (RAM, ROM, hard disk drive, etc.), a communication interface, and the like.
- An operation device, an input device, and a display device are connected to the arithmetic control device 20.
- the system control unit 21 in the arithmetic and control unit 20 controls each unit of the X-ray imaging apparatus.
- the drive mechanism 8 is controlled to move the C-arm 3;
- the high voltage generator 9 is controlled to control the X-ray irradiation conditions (X-ray 7 dose, frame rate, tube For example, an X-ray dose increase / decrease adjustment is performed by changing the current etc .;
- the aperture control unit 10 is controlled to change the irradiation range of the X-rays 7;
- the detection control unit 11 is controlled to control the X-ray detector 6 operation control is performed.
- the system control unit 21 controls each unit of the arithmetic and control unit 20.
- the arithmetic and control unit 20 is an example of the “X dose control means” of the present invention.
- the image processing unit 23 forms an image (digital image data) of the subject 1 based on the electrical signal transmitted from the X-ray detector 6 via the detection control unit 11.
- the image processing unit 23 performs various image processing on the image. Details of the image processing unit 23 will be described later.
- the display control unit 24 displays information on the display unit 31 under the control of the system control unit 21.
- the display unit 31 is configured using a display device such as a liquid crystal display (LCD) or a CRT (Cathode Ray Tube).
- LCD liquid crystal display
- CRT Cathode Ray Tube
- the X-ray dose determining unit 25 determines whether or not to reduce the current X-ray dose based on the detection result of the work state output from the plurality of operator sensors 33, and when determining to reduce the current X-ray dose, A control signal is output so as to reduce the X-ray dose. Details of the X-ray dose determining unit 25 will be described later.
- the operation unit 32 is used for operation of the X-ray imaging apparatus and information input.
- the operation unit 32 includes operation devices and input devices such as a keyboard, a mouse, a control panel, and a pedal operation unit.
- the pedal operation unit outputs an instruction signal for starting or stopping X-ray irradiation, and outputs an instruction signal for increasing or decreasing the X-ray dose.
- the operator sensor 33 detects the amount of change in the shape of the wire from the difference between the wire image in any one of the plurality of frames included in the moving image and the wire image in the previous frame. Output the detection result.
- the operator sensor 33 is an example of the “working state detection means” in the present invention. Details of the operator sensor 33 will be described later.
- the image processing unit 23 is provided with a wire specifying unit 41 and an alignment processing unit 43.
- the image processing unit 23 executes processing described below in real time.
- the real-time processing in this embodiment is the result of immediately executing the processing for the frame in response to the electrical signal (corresponding to one frame) from the X-ray detector 6 being input to the arithmetic and control unit 20. Is output (displayed). Thereby, it becomes possible to display the state of the wire as a moving image within a delay time that is considered practically not delayed.
- the wire specifying unit 41 specifies a guide wire image in each of a plurality of frames constituting the moving image.
- a frame refers to each of a series of still images constituting a moving image.
- the plurality of frames do not have to be all frames constituting the moving image.
- it may be a plurality of frames determined according to the start timing and end timing of characteristic functions (described later) of this embodiment.
- a moving image of about several frames to about 30 frames per second is continuously generated over a long time (for example, several hours), but the function according to this embodiment is used, for example, about several minutes. It is.
- the image processing unit 23 starts its operation together with an instruction to start using the function according to this embodiment, and executes the following processing.
- the frames to be processed by the image processing unit 23 are a series of frames acquired after the use start instruction.
- FIG. 3 An example of the frame is shown in FIG.
- Frame F represents the catheter and guide wire inserted from the femoral artery inserted into the coronary artery via the aorta.
- an X-ray image is often displayed so that a portion with a small amount of X-ray transmission is drawn black and a portion with a large amount of white is drawn white.
- FIG. 3 also follows this display method.
- a schematic diagram of the image shown in FIG. 3 is shown in FIG.
- an image C ′ that looks like a dark band is a shadow of the catheter.
- an image C that looks slightly black and is located at the distal end portion of the catheter image C ′ is a shadow of the guide wire.
- the tip of the catheter is open. The distal end side of the guide wire protrudes from this opening.
- a large bend near the center of the guide wire occurs because the catheter is fitted at the branch from the aorta to the coronary artery.
- the tip portion of the guide wire image C is viewed in detail, it is slightly bent. This is a bend that is attached to the guide wire in advance so that the guide wire can be easily inserted into the branching portion of the blood vessel.
- Frame F depicts such a state.
- FIG. 4 an image depicting a body tissue such as a blood vessel, an organ, or a bone is omitted for easy viewing (the same applies to other schematic diagrams below).
- a complex shading pattern corresponding to the body tissue is also depicted.
- an image and its substance are not distinguished unless otherwise specified.
- the wire specifying unit 41 performs enhancement processing to make the image C clearer.
- enhancement processing after performing non-linear lightness conversion to reduce the density unevenness of the image C of the wire, an image filter processing for extracting a component having a high spatial frequency from among various spatial frequency components of the image is performed. There is a way. This image filtering process removes a global and smooth gradation and leaves only local and minute fluctuation components.
- the emphasis process is not limited to the above example.
- the content of the enhancement process can be appropriately determined according to the characteristics of the X-ray imaging apparatus used and the subject. Further, it is possible to realize the enhancement process by appropriately combining known image processing techniques.
- the wire identification unit 41 performs an appropriate pattern extraction process on the frame F to identify the wire image C.
- this pattern extraction processing any image processing technique such as threshold processing regarding pixel values and spatial filter processing can be used as appropriate.
- threshold processing regarding pixel values and spatial filter processing
- the wire image C instead of specifying the entire image C, its outline may be specified.
- a wire is a smooth curve (three-dimensional curve) embedded in real space (three-dimensional space).
- an image obtained by the X-ray imaging apparatus is a two-dimensional curve obtained by projecting the three-dimensional curve onto a plane.
- the position of the X-ray tube 4 that is, the generation position of the X-ray 7
- the detection surface of the X-ray detector 6 is used as a projection plane. Therefore, the specified wire image C can be understood as a two-dimensional curve (this is also represented by the same symbol C).
- the wire specifying unit 41 extracts the image C of the wire specified from the frame F.
- the alignment processing unit 43 represents the extracted image C as a two-dimensional curve (described later). An example of the extracted wire image C is shown in FIG. An example of a two-dimensional curve C based on the wire image C is shown in FIG.
- the wire specifying unit 41 performs the above-described processing in real time for each frame based on the electrical signal sequentially sent from the X-ray detector 6 at the above-described time interval. Thereby, a plurality of time-series images of wires are obtained.
- FIG. 7 shows a two-dimensional curve C based on the wire images extracted from each of the temporally continuous frames when the wire is axially rotated by the operator's wire operation.
- FIG. 8 shows a two-dimensional curve C based on the wire images extracted from each temporally continuous frame group when the wire is advanced by the operator's wire operation.
- the position and shape of the two-dimensional curve C change little by little as a result of movement of the subject 1 due to movement caused by respiration, heartbeat, and the like, and deformation of the wire itself due to movement of the wire in the blood vessel.
- the shape of the tip of the wire may suddenly change due to the twisting operation of the wire or the collision with the blood vessel wall.
- the other portions reflect the shape of the blood vessel at the position where the wire actually passes and hardly deform rapidly. In this embodiment, the following processing is executed using this fact.
- the alignment processing unit 43 performs the following processing on each frame other than the first frame in a series of frames to which the function according to this embodiment is applied. At this time, the first frame is referred to as a position reference in the processing for the subsequent frames.
- the alignment processing unit 43 aligns the frame and the past frame so that the wire image C in the frame and the wire image C in the past frame overlap best.
- the frame alignment process will be described in detail.
- the alignment processing unit 43 obtains a two-dimensional curve C representing the shape of the wire image C in each frame (see FIG. 6). At this time, image processing such as thinning processing is performed as necessary.
- FIGS. 9A and 9B Two-dimensional curves based on the wire image C in the adjacent frames f and g shown in FIG. 7 are shown in FIGS. 9A and 9B, respectively.
- FIG. 9A shows a two-dimensional curve Cf corresponding to the frame f
- FIG. 9B shows a two-dimensional curve Cg corresponding to the frame g.
- the two-dimensional curve Cf is indicated by a solid line
- the two-dimensional curve Cg is indicated by a broken line in consideration of the overlapping described later. The same applies to the coordinate axes in each figure.
- the alignment processing unit 43 obtains a coordinate transformation that best matches the two-dimensional curves Cf and Cg.
- This coordinate transformation includes translation and rotation.
- Such coordinate transformation can be expressed as affine transformation.
- the affine transformation used here does not include enlargement / reduction and reflection.
- the obtained affine transformation is to relatively translate and / or rotate the wire image C of the frame g in accordance with the wire image C of the frame f.
- This affine transformation is denoted as T (g, f).
- the entire two-dimensional curves Cf and Cg are not combined, but a deviation occurring at both end portions is allowed.
- a sharp deformation may occur at the tip portion as described above, a relatively large deviation is allowed.
- the tip portions of the two-dimensional curves Cf and Cg do not need to be overlapped as accurately as other portions.
- the alignment processing unit 43 generates weighting functions W f and W g corresponding to the positions of the two-dimensional curves Cf and Cg.
- a large weight is set for a portion for which superimposition is strictly performed, and a small weight is set for a portion that allows deviation. Since the vicinity of the tip portion of the wire is easily deformed as described above, the weight is reduced. Moreover, it is possible to give a weight according to the bending degree in each point of a wire. For example, it is desirable to increase the weight in a position where the bending of the wire is large.
- the weight functions W f and W g are generated by appropriately setting the weight at each position in view of these matters.
- the parameters ⁇ , u, and v need to be appropriately determined.
- the parameter ⁇ represents the rotational movement amount
- the parameters u and v represent the parallel movement amount.
- a two-dimensional curve obtained by applying the affine transformation T (g, f) to the two-dimensional curve (x g , y g ) of the frame g is defined as (x g ′, y g ′).
- E is a value obtained by evaluating the degree of inconsistency between the two-dimensional curve (x f , y f ) and the two-dimensional curve (x g ′, y g ′) of the frame f with an appropriate scale
- the value of E is approximately Parameters ⁇ , u, and v are calculated so as to be minimized.
- D be the distance between each point p on the two-dimensional curve (x f , y f ) and a point q on the two-dimensional curve (x g ′, y g ′) that is closest to the point p.
- E the evaluation scale E of the degree of inconsistency is considered.
- Equation (2) The sum shown in Equation (2) is assumed for all points on the two-dimensional curve (x f , y f ). If the values of ⁇ , u, and v are changed, the value of E also changes, so that ⁇ , u, and v where E is substantially minimized are searched. This search can be performed by a technique such as a known nonlinear least square method.
- an appropriate affine transformation T (g, f) is determined.
- the wire images C of the frames f and g are almost superposed, so that the frames f and g are aligned.
- the affine transformation parameters are calculated so that the degree of inconsistency is substantially minimized.
- the degree of coincidence is evaluated by an appropriate scale, and the degree of coincidence is substantially maximized. It goes without saying that the affine transformation parameters may be obtained as described above.
- the alignment processing unit 43 executes the following processing.
- a frame immediately before the first frame to be subjected to motion suppression processing is referred to as a frame F0, and subsequent frames are sequentially referred to as frames F1, F2, F3,... (Not shown).
- the positioning process unit 43 executes this way the affine transformation T n obtained sequentially, by going sequentially applied to the corresponding frame Fn, the alignment of a plurality of frames are sequentially acquired in real time To do.
- the parameters ⁇ , u, and v in which the evaluation measure E of the degree of inconsistency is substantially minimized when the mutual wire images C of the frames f and g are substantially overlapped are searched.
- These parameters ⁇ , u, and v correspond to the amount of change in the shape of the wire when the operator operates the wire (axial rotation, forward movement, and backward movement). Therefore, the amount of change in the shape of the wire can be detected based on the parameters ⁇ , u, v.
- the parameters ⁇ , u, and the like searched when superimposing the images of the mutual wires of the latest frame and the frame obtained immediately before this are obtained.
- the operator sensor 33 obtains the residual of the mean square as follows, for example.
- the operator sensor 33 obtains average values ⁇ a , u a , and v a of parameters by the following calculation.
- the average value ⁇ a, u a, v parameters for a ⁇ , u, v, ⁇ ', u', v seek sum of squares S of '.
- the operator sensor 33 calculates the residual R of the mean square by the following calculation.
- D represents the degree of freedom that is the number of variables that can be selected independently
- N represents the number of groups that is the number of sets when observation data are combined in one operation
- n represents the number of groups in one group.
- the X-ray dose determination unit 25 determines whether or not the residual R exceeds the threshold using a predetermined threshold as a criterion, and when the determination result that the residual R does not exceed the threshold is obtained, Determine if there is room to reduce the X-ray dose.
- the X-ray dose determining unit 25 determines whether there is room for reducing the current X-ray dose
- the tube current and the frame rate are used as determination materials.
- the tube current and the frame rate are both the lowest values, the image quality of the X-ray fluoroscopic image is deteriorated and the moving image does not operate smoothly. Therefore, it is determined that there is no room for reducing the current X-ray dose.
- at least one of the tube current and the frame rate is not the lowest value, it is determined that there is room for reducing the current X-ray dose.
- the X-ray dose determining unit 25 determines whether the residual R exceeds the threshold value. It is determined whether or not (S102). When the operator sensor 33 determines that the residual R exceeds the threshold value (S102: No), the system control unit 21 maintains the current X-ray dose. On the other hand, when the operator sensor 33 determines that the residual R does not exceed the threshold value (S102: Yes), the X-ray dose determination unit 25 determines whether there is room for reducing the current X-ray dose, for example, as follows. To do.
- the X-ray dose determining unit 25 determines whether or not the tube current is the minimum value (min) (S103), and determines that the tube current is not the minimum value (there is room for reducing the current X-ray dose) (S103: No), the system control unit 21 outputs a control signal for reducing the tube current to the high voltage generator 9 to reduce the tube current (S106). When determining that the tube current is not the lowest value (S103: Yes), the X-ray dose determining unit 25 determines whether the frame rate is the lowest value (min) (S104).
- the system control unit 21 When it is determined that the frame rate is not the lowest value (there is room to reduce the current X-ray dose) (S104: No), the system control unit 21 outputs a control signal for reducing the frame rate to the high voltage generator 9. The frame rate is lowered (S107).
- the X-ray dose determining unit 25 determines that the tube current is the lowest value (S103; Yes) and when the frame rate is determined to be the lowest value (S104: Yes), the current X-ray dose is determined. Since there is no room for reduction, the system control unit 21 does not output a control signal for reducing the tube current and a control signal for lowering the frame rate to the high voltage generator 9, and maintains the current X-ray dose.
- the X-ray dose determination unit 25 determines whether there is room for reducing the current X-ray dose by combining the detection results of a plurality of work states by other work state detection methods described later. Details of the comprehensive determination method will be described later in ⁇ Method of integrating detection results of a plurality of work states>.
- the amount of change in the shape of the wire is detected by performing a predetermined calculation based on the searched parameters ⁇ , u, v. It can be configured by software.
- the second work state detection method is a method for determining the work state of the wire by the surgeon. As a result of detecting sound and vibration generated when the wire is operated, the hand of the operator who operates the wire is detected. The work state is detected based on the detection result of the motion or the detection result of the acceleration sensor attached to the surgeon.
- an example of a wire is shown as an insertion instrument. The wire is introduced into the subject by an adapter.
- an example is shown in which the result of detecting sound / vibration generated when a wire is operated is used as a determination material when determining the operation state of the wire.
- a valve (not shown) provided in the adapter and the wire are rubbed to generate sound and vibration over a specific frequency band. If this sound / vibration occurs frequently, it can be estimated that the operator is operating the wire.
- FIG. 12 is a diagram illustrating an example in which a solid microphone attached to an adapter is used, and an operation direction of a wire is represented by an arrow.
- FIG. 13 is an enlarged view of the adapter portion.
- the sound / vibration of the wire 51 rubbing against the valve is detected by the solid microphone 53 attached to the adapter 52 to detect the frequency of wire operation.
- the X-ray dose determining unit 25 determines whether or not this frequency exceeds a predetermined threshold value (for example, N times in 10 seconds). If it is determined that the frequency does not exceed the threshold value, there is room for reducing the current X-ray dose. Determine if there is. This is because it is presumed that the surgeon is not operating the wire and does not require a fine X-ray fluoroscopic image.
- a predetermined threshold value for example, N times in 10 seconds
- an example using the result of detecting the movement of the hand of the operator who operates the wire will be shown as a determination material when determining the operation state of the wire.
- an infrared reflective motion sensor attached to an adapter detects the movement of the operator's hand near the adapter, calculates the average amount of movement of the operator's hand every second, and the average value exceeds a certain amount. Detect the number of times When the X-ray dose determination unit 25 determines whether or not the number of detected times exceeds the threshold value based on a predetermined threshold value (for example, N times in 10 seconds), and determines that the threshold value is not exceeded, Determine if there is room to reduce the current X-ray dose.
- a predetermined threshold value for example, N times in 10 seconds
- the infrared reflection type motion sensor a plurality of pyroelectric elements are arranged within the detection range provided at the focal length of the infrared condenser lens, and the movement of the detection target (operator's hand) is pyroelectric. Some devices detect changes in the amount of electricity.
- an acceleration sensor may be attached to the surgeon's hand instead of the infrared reflection type motion sensor as the surgeon sensor 33 for detecting the movement of the surgeon's hand operating the wire.
- the acceleration sensor detects the number of times the acceleration has become a certain amount or more, and the X-ray dose determination unit 25 uses a predetermined threshold (for example, N times for 10 seconds) as a criterion.
- a predetermined threshold for example, N times for 10 seconds
- the acceleration sensor there is one that detects a change in position caused by acceleration as a change in diaphragm position by a piezoresistive element.
- the third work state detection method uses the result of detecting the operator's posture as a material for determining the operator's work state.
- a result of detecting whether or not the operator is looking at a display (display unit 31) for displaying an X-ray fluoroscopic image may be used.
- the follower is an X-ray fluoroscopic image. It can be presumed that the user is looking closely, and it can be presumed that the surgeon needs a fine X-ray fluoroscopic image.
- measurement can be performed using a sensor such as a camera attached to the display.
- a detection result of the position of the operator viewed from the display side There is a detection result of the position of the operator viewed from the display side. Further, as an example of a material for determining whether or not the surgeon is facing the display displaying the X-ray fluoroscopic image, the detection result of the area of the surgeon's face relative to the display, and the surgeon's face relative to the display There is a direction detection result. Note that any two or more of these detection results may be combined and used as a determination material, and it may be determined whether or not the operator is viewing a display for displaying an X-ray fluoroscopic image.
- the detection result of the operator's position relative to the display is used as a judgment material whether or not the operator has approached the display displaying the X-ray fluoroscopic image.
- the position of the operator with respect to the display is detected by an ultrasonic sensor attached to the display.
- the location where the ultrasonic sensor is attached is not limited to the display, and may be any location where the relative position between the display and the surgeon can be grasped.
- an ultrasonic sensor an ultrasonic wave is transmitted from a sensor head, and an ultrasonic wave reflected by an object (an operator's face) is received again by the sensor head.
- the device for detecting the position of the operator with respect to the display is not limited to the ultrasonic sensor, and may be a camera having a face recognition function, for example.
- the direction from the camera having the face recognition function to the surgeon's face is detected, and the distance from the display screen to the position of the surgeon's face is calculated based on the detection result.
- an image recognition function for example, an image processing function described in JP-A-8-275195 is used to detect a face candidate region by detecting a skin color region that is a facial feature using a color difference image.
- the camera having the face recognition function may simply identify the color of the operator's skin and detect the position of the operator's face (the location of the place where the operator's face is present) on the image. .
- the X-ray dose determination unit 25 uses the result of obtaining the distance from the display screen to the position of the operator's face as a judgment material, and uses a predetermined threshold value (for example, 1.5 m) as a judgment criterion, to obtain the above-mentioned calculation.
- the result exceeds the threshold, and if it is determined that the threshold is exceeded, it is determined whether there is room for reducing the current X-ray dose. This is because it is estimated that the operator's face is away from the display and does not require a fine X-ray fluoroscopic image.
- the fourth working state detection method uses a result of detecting whether or not the surgeon is facing the display displaying the X-ray fluoroscopic image, as a material for determining the working state of the surgeon.
- FIG. 1 An example in which the direction of the operator's face or the direction of the line of sight is detected as work state information will be described.
- An example is shown in which the detection result of the area of the operator's face relative to the display is used as the detection result of whether or not the operator has turned to the display displaying the X-ray fluoroscopic image.
- the orientation of the operator's face relative to the display is detected by a camera attached to the display or the vicinity thereof.
- the camera includes the image recognition mechanism described above. Since the surgeon wears a garment or mask that is different from the skin color, the camera identifies the skin color of the surgeon, locates the skin color on the image, and determines the facial area. Can be detected. It is estimated that the smaller the face area, the less the operator is facing the display.
- the exposed area around the eyes and nose is referred to as an “exposed area”. The area of the exposed area when viewed from the camera is detected.
- FIG. 15 is a diagram showing an exposed area when it is estimated that the operator is facing the display, and the outer shape of the exposed area surrounded by a solid line is a substantially rectangular shape that is long in the width direction of the face. It becomes.
- FIG. 16 is a diagram showing an exposed region when it is estimated that the surgeon is not facing the display, and the outer shape of the exposed region surrounded by a solid line is a substantially rectangular shape. Compared to the case of 15, the width direction of the face becomes shorter. The area of the exposed area when viewed from the camera is so small that the surgeon no longer faces the display.
- the X-ray dose determining unit 25 uses the result of detecting the area of the exposed region as a judgment material, and uses a predetermined threshold (for example, 50%) as a judgment criterion, and determines the maximum value of the area of the exposed region (the operator displays It is determined whether or not the ratio of the value of the area of the current exposure region to the value of the area of the exposure region that is estimated to be directly facing is less than a predetermined threshold. If it is determined, it is determined whether there is room for reducing the current X-ray dose. This is because it is estimated that the surgeon is not facing the display and does not require a fine X-ray fluoroscopic image.
- a predetermined threshold for example, 50%
- the exposed region may be detected, the contour of the exposed region may be extracted, and this contour may be used as a judgment material.
- the outline of the exposed area when the operator approaches the display, the image of the exposed area becomes larger, and when the operator moves away from the display, the image of the exposed area becomes smaller. Therefore, in the outline, for example, the length between the lower edge of the hat and the upper edge of the mask (vertical length of the substantially rectangular outline) is used as a reference, and the length becomes equal between images.
- the image to be compared is enlarged / reduced, and the size-adjusted contour is used as a judgment material. This adjustment of the image is also effective in using the area of the exposed region as a judgment material.
- the fifth working state detection method uses the eyes of the operator (black eyes and white eyes) as a judgment material for determining the detection result of whether or not the operator is facing the display displaying the fluoroscopic image.
- the detection result of the operator's face orientation with respect to the display obtained based on the detection result is used.
- the orientation of the surgeon's face is not affected by variations in the size and shape of the surgeon's face and variations in the way the garment and mask are worn. Can be detected.
- the region of the operator's eyes is extracted with a camera equipped with a feature detection mechanism attached to or near the display.
- a feature detection mechanism for example, a feature detection mechanism described in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2004-91917 is used to extract the pupil position and the outline of the iris region from the image.
- FIG. 17 and FIG. 18 show black eye (pupil and iris) and white eye regions extracted by the feature detection mechanism. As shown in FIG. 17, in the eye region where it is estimated that the surgeon is facing the display, the black eye region is on or near the center line in the width direction of the white eye region 61 (direction from the top of the eye to the outside of the eye).
- the center of gravity of 62 is located. Also, as shown in FIG. 18, in the eye region where it is estimated that the surgeon is not facing the display, the center of gravity of the black eye region 62 is positioned away from the center line of the white eye region 61 in the width direction.
- the X-ray dose determination unit 25 uses the result of detecting the position of the center of gravity of the black eye region with respect to the center line in the width direction of the white eye region as a determination material, and uses a predetermined threshold (for example, 5 mm) as a determination criterion, If the distance from the center of gravity of the white-eye region deviates from the center line in the width direction exceeds a predetermined threshold value, and if it is determined that the threshold value is exceeded, is there room to reduce the current X-ray dose? Judge whether. This is because it is estimated that the surgeon is not facing the display and does not require a fine X-ray fluoroscopic image.
- a predetermined threshold for example, 5 mm
- the sixth work state detection method uses the detection result of the object attached to the surgeon as a judgment material for judging the detection result of the orientation of the operator's face relative to the display.
- the orientation of the surgeon's face can be detected with high accuracy even when the conditions for obtaining the image of the surgeon's eyes are not good due to the reflected light from the glasses used by the surgeon.
- a reflective marker attached on the midline of the surgeon's hat or mask is used as an object to be worn by the surgeon.
- the reflective marker is, for example, a flexible sheet formed in a rectangular shape, and a reflective layer made of a metal thin film such as aluminum is formed on the surface of the sheet by, for example, sputtering or vapor deposition.
- An infrared light source that irradiates the reflective marker with infrared light is attached to or near the display, and further, the front area of the display screen (the area where the screen is directed and the area within a certain distance from the screen)
- a camera as a shooting field is also attached to the display or the vicinity thereof.
- a reflective marker 71 is attached on the midline of the surgeon's hat. Then, as shown in FIG. 20, a reflective marker 71 attached to the surgeon's hat (not shown) is detected by an infrared light source 72 and a camera 73 attached to the display.
- ⁇ is an angle formed by the reflected infrared light with respect to the incident light (the sum of the incident angle and the reflection angle).
- the X-ray dose determination unit 25 detects the intensity of the reflected light from the reflection marker, and the relative reflectance (the ratio of the intensity of the current reflected light to the intensity of the reflected light when facing directly) from the detection result.
- the detection result as a determination material, using a predetermined threshold value (for example, 30%) as a determination criterion, determining whether the relative reflectance is less than the threshold value, and determining that it is less than the threshold value, Determine if there is room to reduce the current X-ray dose.
- FIG. 21 is a graph depicting the relationship between the angle ⁇ and the relative reflectance.
- the angle ⁇ is 0 ° (the angle when the operator is facing the display) and the angle ⁇ is 90 ° (the angle when the operator is facing the display). It shows that the reflectance is decreasing.
- the present invention is not limited to this. It can be estimated that the operator is facing the display as the sum of the luminances of the pixels corresponding to the image of the reflection marker photographed by the camera is larger. Therefore, the X-ray dose determining unit 25 detects the sum of the luminance of the reflective marker and detects the result of detecting the ratio of the sum of the brightness (the ratio of the current sum of the brightness to the sum of the brightness when facing the head) from the detection result.
- FIG. 22 shows an image of the reflective marker when it is estimated that the surgeon is directly facing the display.
- the shape of the reflective marker image 81 in which the pixel is expressed with high luminance is almost a copy of the external shape of the reflective marker. It has a shape.
- FIG. 23 shows a reflection marker image when it is estimated that the surgeon is not facing the display, and the shape of the reflection marker image 81 is narrower in the horizontal direction than the outer shape of the reflection marker.
- the luminance of the pixels that form the image 81 is lower than the luminance that forms the image 81 shown in FIG. Therefore, the image of the reflective marker when it is estimated that the surgeon is directly facing the display is larger than the image of the reflective marker when it is estimated that the surgeon is not directly facing, and the luminance of the pixels forming the image is also high.
- the operator sensor 33 detects whether the operator is looking at the display as the posture of the operator.
- the operator sensor 33 for detecting the posture of the operator is not limited to this.
- the detection result of the operator sensor 33 for detecting whether or not the operator's body movement is frequent is used as a material for determining the operator's work state.
- the operator In a catheter operation under fluoroscopic fluoroscopy, when performing a wire operation that requires extremely precise work, the operator usually does not significantly change the posture, so the frequency of body movement of the operator is low. Therefore, in the catheterization under fluoroscopy, when the operator's body movement is frequent, it is possible to estimate that the operator does not need a fine X-ray fluoroscopic image because the wire operation is not performed. Focusing on this point, an operator sensor 33 for detecting whether or not the operator's body movement is frequent is provided.
- Body movement includes, for example, movements when the surgeon leans forward or sideways, wakes up, changes direction, or moves the standing position. It does not include movements that move only the hands and arms while keeping the upper body constant, without changing the direction.
- the pressure sensor mat detects the pressure from the operator's foot as a two-dimensional pressure distribution pattern.
- the X-ray dose determination unit 25 collects a two-dimensional pressure distribution pattern at regular time intervals (for example, 0.1 seconds), and the number of sheets (for example, 30) collected in a predetermined time period (for example, the past 3 seconds). Sheet) pressure distribution pattern image is created, and the center of gravity of the operator is obtained based on the pressure distribution pattern image.
- the pressure sensor mat there is one in which the pressure receiving surface of the semiconductor pressure sensor is arranged in a range where pressure is applied, and the pressure applied thereto is detected as a change in electric quantity.
- FIG. FIG. 24 shows a pressure distribution pattern image for both legs.
- the pixels forming the pressure distribution pattern image shown in FIG. 24 have a pressure value.
- the pressure distribution pattern on the left foot has three isobaric lines that connect pixels with the same pressure value, whereas the pressure distribution pattern on the right foot has two isobaric lines, so the operator can be weighted on the left foot side.
- FIG. 25 shows the position of the center of gravity of the determined pressure value (the center of gravity of the operator) with a black circle.
- the X-ray dose determining unit 25 determines whether or not the standard deviation of the center of gravity position of the operator exceeds the threshold, using a predetermined threshold (for example, standard deviation 20) as a determination criterion.
- a predetermined threshold for example, standard deviation 20
- the X-ray dose determining unit 25 determines whether there is room for reducing the current X-ray dose. This is because it is presumed that a fine X-ray fluoroscopic image is not required because the surgeon performed a large body movement (for example, the movement of the surgeon tilting the upper body forward or sideways).
- the eighth working state detection method uses the detection result of the surgeon sensor 33 for detecting the surgeon's biological information as a judgment material for the surgeon's working state.
- the biological information refers to information related to exercises and the like that occur based on a stimulus in a living body.
- the operator sensor 33 detects the posture of the operator as the operator's work state. This is because the operator's working state in the catheterization under fluoroscopy appears as the posture of the operator who operates the wire while viewing the display. The working state of the operator in the catheterization under fluoroscopy also appears as biological information indicating a tension state, such as suppression of breathing when operating the wire. Therefore, the surgeon sensor 33 that detects biological information as a working state of the surgeon may be used.
- the biological information refers to information related to exercises and the like that occur based on stimulation in a living body.
- a stethoscope microphone skin-contact microphone
- heartbeat data is collected and recorded.
- an ECG telemeter may be attached to the operator, and an electrocardiogram may be collected and recorded wirelessly.
- FIG. 26 shows a heartbeat cycle during normal breathing, and the heartbeat cycle changes in any time zone, and there is no time zone in which the heartbeat cycle is substantially constant.
- FIG. 27 shows a heartbeat period when respiration is suppressed, and there are a time zone in which the heart rate is substantially constant (a portion with an underline) and a time zone in which the heartbeat period is not substantially constant.
- heart rate changes with breathing. Any surgeon may be forced to shallow or stop breathing (suppress breathing) when performing precise operations. That is, if the state in which breathing is suppressed (the state indicated by the underline in FIG. 27) lasts for a long time, it is considered as a sign that precise work is being performed. When breathing is suppressed, the heart rate becomes almost constant.
- the operator sensor 33 detects the variation (standard deviation) of the heart rate of the operator for a predetermined time (eg, the past 10 seconds).
- the X-ray dose determination unit 25 determines whether or not the standard deviation of the heart rate exceeds the threshold, using a predetermined threshold (for example, standard deviation 20) as a determination criterion.
- a predetermined threshold for example, standard deviation 20
- the X-ray dose determination unit 25 determines whether there is room for reducing the current X-ray dose. This is because it is presumed that a fine X-ray fluoroscopic image is not required because the surgeon does not perform a precise operation of the wire and does not need to watch the display unit 31.
- the surgeon detects the surgeon's brain wave, pupil diameter, frequency of blinking, the degree of sweating of the palm or sole skin, or the skin temperature. There is a result of detecting whether or not it is in tension.
- the degree of sweating of the palm or sole skin is detected because there are many sweat glands that sweat when the palm and sole are in tension.
- a modification of the eighth work information detection method will be described.
- the main types of brain waves are ⁇ waves, ⁇ waves, and ⁇ waves.
- the brain waves become ⁇ waves with a frequency of 13 Hz or more when they are nervous, and the ⁇ waves fall from 13 Hz as they relax. It becomes. Therefore, the surgeon's brain wave is detected by the surgeon sensor 33, and the detected result can be used as a judgment material when judging whether or not the surgeon is in a tension state.
- the surgeon sensor 33 is attached to the surgeon to detect the surgeon's brain wave, and the X-ray dose determination unit 25 uses a result of detecting the surgeon's brain wave as a judgment material, and a predetermined threshold (for example, 10 Hz) Is determined as to whether or not the result of detecting the surgeon's brain wave exceeds the threshold, and if it is determined that the threshold should be exceeded, it is determined whether or not there is room for reducing the current X-ray dose. This is because it is estimated that the surgeon is not in tension and is not operating the wire.
- a predetermined threshold for example, 10 Hz
- an operator sensor 33 for detecting perspiration is attached to the operator, and the degree of perspiration generated from the palm or the like is detected as humidity or potential at predetermined time intervals.
- the operator sensor 33 for detecting the degree of sweating for example, the one disclosed in JP-A-7-143968 is used.
- the X-ray dose determining unit 25 uses the result detected by the operator sensor 33 as a determination material, and determines whether the degree of perspiration exceeds the threshold using a predetermined threshold (for example, potential or humidity) as a determination criterion. If it is determined that the degree of sweating does not exceed the threshold, it is determined whether there is room for reducing the current X-ray dose. This is because it is estimated that the surgeon is not in tension, does not operate the wire, and does not require a fine X-ray fluoroscopic image.
- a predetermined threshold for example, potential or humidity
- the surgeon sensor 33 attached to the surgeon is used when detecting the surgeon's biological information, but a modification using the surgeon sensor 33 not attached to the surgeon is shown.
- the surgeon's pupil diameter is used as the surgeon's biological information. It is known that the pupil diameter is larger when in tension than when relaxing. Therefore, when the maximum pupil diameter when relaxed is set as a threshold, the operator's pupil diameter is detected by the operator sensor 33, and it is determined that the pupil diameter does not exceed the threshold, there is room for reducing the current X-ray dose. Determine if there is. This is because it is estimated that the surgeon is not in tension, does not operate the wire, and does not require a fine X-ray fluoroscopic image.
- the surgeon sensor 33 for detecting the pupil diameter of the surgeon for example, the one disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 10-262953 is used.
- the surgeon sensor 33 includes, for example, a display or a camera attached in the vicinity of the display. An operator's face image is acquired by the camera at predetermined time intervals, and the acquired operator's face image is subjected to image processing to extract the shape of the pupil. The pupil diameter can be detected from the extracted pupil shape.
- a predetermined threshold value is detected and stored, and the result of detecting the pupil diameter of the operator by the operator sensor 33 is compared with the threshold value, and the comparison result is used as a judgment material.
- the X-ray dose determination unit 25 uses the result of the comparison as a determination material, and determines whether the result of the comparison does not exceed the threshold based on whether or not a predetermined threshold (for example, 90%) is exceeded. Determine if there is room to reduce the current X-ray dose. This is because it is estimated that the surgeon is not in tension, does not operate the wire, and does not require a fine X-ray fluoroscopic image.
- a predetermined threshold for example, 90%
- the operator's blink is used as the surgeon's biological information.
- the frequency of blinking is usually 15 to 20 times per minute (the blinking period is 3 to 4 seconds).
- the blinking cycle decreases when you focus on something. Since the surgeon should gaze at the display in the wire operation that requires precise work, it is considered that the blinking cycle becomes longer.
- surgeon sensor 33 for detecting the surgeon's blink for example, one disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2003-338952 is used.
- the surgeon sensor 33 includes, for example, a display or a camera attached in the vicinity of the display.
- the operator's eye 33 is continuously monitored by the operator sensor 33, and blinking is detected depending on whether or not the black eye (iris) portion has become smaller.
- the operator sensor 33 detects the time (blink cycle) from the time of detecting blinking to the time of detecting the next blinking.
- the X-ray dose determination unit 25 determines that the blinking cycle does not exceed the threshold value using the blinking cycle as a determination material and a predetermined threshold (for example, the blinking cycle of 3 seconds) as a determination criterion, Determine if there is room to reduce the X-ray dose. This is because it is presumed that the surgeon is not gazing at the display and does not need a fine fluoroscopic image.
- the detection result of the operator sensor 33 for detecting the action of the operator is used as a material for determining the operator's work state.
- the behavior of the surgeon includes the frequency of the surgeon's conversation with the staff and the amount of movement of the surgeon in the medical field.
- the wire is not precisely manipulated and a fine fluoroscopic image is required. It is estimated that it is not.
- the operator sensor 33 for detecting the frequency of conversation for example, a contact microphone described in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2010-5326 is used.
- the microphone attached to the surgeon is used to detect the loudness (decibel (dB)) rather than as speech.
- the X-ray dose determination unit 25 considers that the conversation has been performed when the average value of the sound volume over the past 3 seconds exceeds a threshold value, obtains the ratio of the time during which the conversation has been performed in the past 20 seconds, and determines the obtained conversation. If the rate of conversation is determined based on a predetermined threshold value (for example, 50%) as a criterion, it is determined whether the calculated conversation rate exceeds the threshold value. Determine if there is room to reduce the dose.
- a predetermined threshold value for example, 50%
- the frequency of conversation is high, the wire operation is not performed, and it is estimated that a fine X-ray fluoroscopic image is not required.
- the average value of the sound volume over the past 3 seconds is used as a determination material, and a predetermined threshold value (for example, 50 dB) is used as a determination criterion. If it is determined whether or not the threshold value is exceeded, it may be determined whether or not there is room for reducing the current X-ray dose.
- the operator sensor 33 for detecting the frequency of conversation is not limited to the contact type microphone, and may be a microphone for collecting the operator and surrounding sounds. When multiple microphones with directivity are placed toward the surgeon and the microphones collect sound together, the collected sounds are assumed to be the surgeon and surrounding sounds, and the surgeon talks. It is estimated that
- the operator sensor 33 for detecting the frequency of conversation may be an ECG telemeter instead of these microphones. That is, the ECG telemeter attached to the surgeon is used to detect fluctuations in the heart rate. If the heartbeat becomes aperiodic, it is considered that irregular breathing is taking place and conversation is taking place.
- the surgeon sensor 33 detects the frequency spectrum of the temporal change of the surgeon's heartbeat period over a predetermined time period (for example, the past 20 seconds).
- the X-ray dose determination unit 25 determines whether or not a spectral component generated by normal breathing exceeds a threshold value using a predetermined threshold as a determination criterion. If the X-ray dose determination unit 25 determines that the threshold value is not exceeded, the current X-ray dose is reduced. Determine if there is room. This is because it is presumed that the frequency of conversation is high, the surgeon is not operating the wire, and does not require a fine X-ray fluoroscopic image.
- an imaging apparatus is installed in a medical site, and a video is taken at the medical site.
- the staff including the surgeon is equipped with an RF tag and transmits staff identification information.
- a receiving device is provided in the medical field.
- the medical site can be recorded as a video, the person who is the staff can be identified along with its location, and the staff in the medical site can be identified and displayed on the recorded video.
- the X-ray dose determination unit 25 determines whether there is room for reducing the current X-ray dose. This is because the frequency of the surgeon's movement is high, so that the wire operation is not performed, and therefore it is estimated that an X-ray fluoroscopic image is not required.
- the X-ray dose determination unit 25 determines whether there is room for reducing the current X-ray dose. This is because the surgeon is far away from the display, so it is presumed that an X-ray fluoroscopic image is not required.
- a position encoder of a bed or an X-ray frame may be used as the operator sensor 33 for detecting the movement of the operator.
- the operator is operating a bed or an X-ray frame (such as the angle of the C arm), it is determined whether there is room for reducing the current X-ray dose. This is because it is presumed that the surgeon is not operating the wire and does not require a fine X-ray fluoroscopic image.
- any one of the operation state of the wire operated by the surgeon, the posture of the surgeon, the biological information of the surgeon, or the behavior of the surgeon is detected and output as a detection result of the surgeon's work state
- the surgeon sensor 33 and the X-ray dose determination unit 25 that determines whether there is room for reducing the current X-ray dose using the detection result as a criterion and using a predetermined threshold as a criterion.
- a method for determining an appropriate X-ray dose by combining the detection results of a plurality of work states by a plurality of operator sensors 33 will be described.
- determining the X-ray dose for example, direct operation by the operator (X-ray irradiation stop or X-ray dose increase / decrease instruction operation) has the highest priority, and immediately the operator regardless of the detection result of the other operator sensor 33.
- the X-ray dose must be adjusted as directed by On the other hand, for example, an appropriate X-ray dose estimated from the surgeon's breathing cannot be expected to have a very high accuracy.
- fuzzy logic As described above, a technique for combining various sensors with different credibility is known, and for example, fuzzy logic can be used. That is, a scale expressing “the degree of dependence on the image of the surgeon” or “importance of the image quality” is calculated as a fuzzy logic value, and an appropriate X-ray dose is determined based on this.
- the image quality importance M is used as a judgment material when the X-ray dose determining unit 25 determines whether there is room for reducing the X-ray dose by combining outputs from the plurality of operator sensors 33.
- An example of a method for calculating the image quality importance M is shown by the following equation.
- A a fuzzy truth value for the operator's body movement, for example, a fuzzy truth value for the standard deviation of the center of gravity position of the operator detected by the pressure sensor mat described in the seventh working state detection method.
- B A fuzzy truth value for suppression of surgeon breathing, and a fuzzy truth value for the standard deviation of the heart rate of the surgeon detected by the stethoscope microphone shown in the eighth working state detection method.
- C Fuzzy true / false value for the operator's display gaze, for example, fuzzy for the detection result of whether or not the surgeon detected by the camera shown in the third to sixth work state detection methods is looking at the display Boolean value.
- D Fuzzy true / false value with respect to wire shape change, for example, the amount of change in wire shape described in the first method for detecting the working state (residual of mean square obtained based on parameters ⁇ , u, v) Is a true or false value of fuzzy.
- E Fuzzy true / false value for the adapter sensor, for example, a fuzzy true / false value for the frequency of the operator's wire operation described in the second work state detection method.
- F Fuzzy truth value for the movement of the couch / table, for example, fuzzy truth / false for movement of the couch detected using the position encoder of the couch / X-ray frame described in the ninth working state detection method. Value.
- FIG. 28 shows a fuzzy truth value obtained for each item.
- the fuzzy true / false value is a value from 0 to 1, and is obtained corresponding to the detection result of each item output by the operator sensor 33.
- the data may be aggregated with a predetermined weight, and the result of the aggregation may be used as a determination material.
- a weighting database for storing a combination of weights for detection results of the plurality of operator sensors 33 for each operator may be provided.
- the system control unit 21 reflects the combination of weights corresponding to the operator in the detection results of the plurality of operator sensors 33, and controls the X-ray dose based on the reflection result.
- the following describes an example of a method for creating a weighting database. While allowing the surgeon to perform a catheterization in a simulated manner, the work state is detected by a plurality of surgeon sensors 33, and the image quality importance M is calculated by multiplying each item A to F by a predetermined weight. At this time, the surgeon or the like inputs a timing for allowing a decrease in the X-ray dose. The weight value is adjusted so that the timing at which the image quality importance M is equal to or less than the threshold matches the allowable timing. By repeating the adjustment of the weight value until both timings coincide (the timing deviation is within an allowable range, for example, within 1 second), a combination of weights that matches the operator can be obtained.
- the exposed X-ray dose is determined by the power source input to the X-ray tube.
- the voltage is lowered, the X-ray dose decreases, but the efficiency of converting electric power into X-rays also decreases. For this reason, the electric power required to produce the same X-ray dose increases, and the X-ray tube tends to overheat.
- the X-ray dose is proportional to the product of current, pulse width and frame rate. However, it is technically and costly difficult to make the pulse width very narrow. Therefore, one economically reasonable configuration is to adjust the X-ray dose by current and frame rate.
- the current (tube current) input to the X-ray tube is reduced, the X-ray dose is reduced, the X-ray quantum noise and the background noise of the X-ray detector become relatively conspicuous, and the image quality deteriorates. For this reason, it is clinically meaningless to irradiate X-rays with a tube current below a certain threshold.
- the frame rate is lowered, the X-ray dose used to capture one frame does not change, so image quality does not deteriorate. However, it becomes difficult to observe a temporally continuous movement. For this reason, it is not desirable to make the frame rate extremely low.
- a frame rate of at least 3 fps is required. is there.
- FIG. 29 is an example of a timing chart of the ON operation by the pedal, the bed / stand operation, the wire shape change rate, the tube current, the frame rate, and the X-ray dose.
- the detection result of the change amount of the wire shape and the detection result of the movement amount of the bed / X-ray gantry are used as judgment materials.
- a to l shown on the horizontal axis indicate the time points at which a factor for increasing or decreasing the X-ray dose occurs (including the starting point for detecting the elapsed time until the factor occurs).
- a Since the surgeon steps on the pedal, X-ray irradiation is started.
- b Since the time when the change of the wire shape is small continued for a while, the gradual decrease of the X-ray dose (tube current) is automatically started.
- c Since the operator steps on the pedal, the X-ray dose is increased.
- d Since the change of the wire shape is large, the state where the X-ray dose is large is maintained.
- e Since the time when the change of the wire shape is small continued for a while, the gradual decrease of the X-ray dose (tube current) is automatically started.
- f Since the tube current has reached a predetermined minimum value, the gradual reduction of the X-ray dose is started by lowering the frame rate. g: Since both the tube current and the frame rate have reached predetermined minimum values, X-ray irradiation is stopped. h: Since the operator steps on the pedal, X-ray irradiation is started. i: Since the movement of the bed / X-ray frame is detected, the X-ray dose is reduced by lowering the tube current and the frame rate. j: Since the movement of the bed / X-ray frame has stopped, the tube current is increased to facilitate the confirmation of the position. k: Since the operator steps on the pedal, the X-ray dose is increased. l: Since the time when the change of the wire shape is small continued for a while, the gradual decrease of the X-ray dose (tube current) is automatically started.
- the work state detection means the one that detects pedal operation, the one that detects the amount of change in the shape of the wire (insertion tool), and the movement of the bed / X-ray frame
- the X-ray dose was controlled based on the respective detection results.
- the X-ray imaging apparatus according to the present embodiment the X-ray dose may be controlled based on the detection results of a plurality of different types of work state detection means, and the operation state detection shown in the operation example of the X-ray imaging apparatus is performed.
- the means is only an example.
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Abstract
Description
一つの実施形態に係るX線撮影装置は、被検体にX線発生手段からX線を照射し、被検体を透過したX線をX線検出手段で検出して、X線画像を撮影し、作業状態検出手段及びX線量制御手段を有する。作業状態検出手段が、前記被検体の手術を行う術者の作業状態に関する複数種類の作業状態情報を検出する。X線量制御手段が、作業状態検出手段により検出された複数種類の検出結果に基づいて、X線発生手段から照射するX線量を制御する。
第1の作業状態の検出方法は、X線透視下カテーテル術における術者によるワイヤの作業状態をワイヤの動き量に基づいて検出する。なお、ワイヤの動き量として、ワイヤの形状の変化量を例にとって説明する。
先ず、この実施形態に係るX線撮影装置の構成について説明する。このX線撮影装置の構成例を図1に示す。このX線撮影装置は、従来と同様の機械構成を有する。
被検体1はX線透視下カテーテル術が施される患者を示す。被検体1は天板2の上に載置される。天板2は図示しない寝台装置の一部である。寝台装置には天板2を移動させるための駆動機構が設けられている。被検体1は、天板2に横たわるようにして載置される。X線撮影装置によっては被検体を立位状態で支持する立位載置台が設けられたものもあるが、X線透視下カテーテル術においては、通常、天板上に仰臥状態で支持された被検体に対して処置が施される。
Cアーム3は駆動機構8により移動可能に保持されている。駆動機構8は、演算制御装置20の制御の下にCアーム3を移動させることで、X線管4、X線絞り5及びX線検出器6の位置や傾斜角度を変更させる。
X線管4は、高電圧発生装置9から高電圧を印加されてX線7を発生する。X線絞り5は、X線管4から発生されたX線7の照射範囲(立体角や断面形状)を規制する絞り羽根を有する。絞り制御部10は、絞り羽根の位置を移動させてX線7の照射範囲を変更させる。高電圧発生装置9及び絞り制御部10の動作は演算制御装置20により制御される。
この実施形態では、所定の時間間隔でパルスX線7を照射するようにX線管4を制御する。この時間間隔はたとえば(1/30)秒~(1/5)秒(毎秒の照射回数5~30回)程度に設定される。なお、X線撮影装置ではたとえば最大数十回/秒の照射が可能であるが、被検体1や術者へのX線被曝を低減させるためにこの程度の時間間隔が選択される。それにより、5~30フレーム/秒程度のフレームレートの動画像が得られる。このように反復的にパルスX線を照射する代わりに、連続的にX線を照射することも可能である。
画像処理部23の構成例について、図2を更に参照しながら説明する。画像処理部23には、ワイヤ特定部41と位置合わせ処理部43が設けられている。
上記のように、この実施形態では5~30フレーム/秒程度のフレームレートの動画像が得られる。ワイヤ特定部41は、この動画像を構成する複数のフレームのそれぞれにおけるガイドワイヤの像を特定する。
位置合わせ処理部43は、この実施形態に係る機能の適用対象となる一連のフレームのうち、最初のフレーム以外の各フレームに対して次のような処理を実行する。このとき、最初のフレームは、以降のフレームに対する処理において位置の基準として参照される。位置合わせ処理部43は、当該フレームにおけるワイヤの像Cとこれより過去のフレームにおけるワイヤの像Cとが最もうまく重なるように、当該フレームと過去のフレームとを位置合わせする。以下、フレームの位置合わせ処理について詳しく説明する。
第2の作業状態の検出方法は、術者によるワイヤの作業状態を判断する際の判断材料として、ワイヤを操作したときに生じる音・振動を検出した結果、ワイヤを操作する術者の手の動きを検出した結果、または、術者に装着された加速度センサーによる検出結果に基づいて、作業状態を検出する。ここでは、挿入器具としてワイヤの例を示す。ワイヤは被検体内にアダプターにより導入される。
第3の作業状態の検出方法は、術者の作業状態の判断材料として、術者の姿勢を検出した結果を用いる。
第4の作業状態の検出方法は、術者の作業状態の判断材料として、術者がX線透視画像を表示しているディスプレイの方を向いたか否かを検出した結果を用いる。
第5の作業状態の検出方法は、術者がX線透視画像を表示しているディスプレイの方を向いたか否かの検出結果を判断する判断材料として、術者の目(黒目と白目)の検出結果に基づいて求めたディスプレイに対する術者の顔の向きの検出結果を用いる。術者の目(黒目と白目)の検出結果を用いることにより、術者の顔の大きさや形のばらつきや、術衣やマスクの着け方のばらつきの影響を受けずに術者の顔の向きを検出できる。
第6の作業状態の検出方法は、ディスプレイに対する術者の顔の向きの検出結果を判断する判断材料として、術者に装着される対象物検出結果を用いる。これにより、術者が使用する眼鏡からの反射光等により、術者の目の画像の取得条件が良くない場合でも、術者の顔の向きを精度良く検出することができる。
以上に、判断材料として相対反射率を用いた例を示したが、これに限定されない。カメラにより撮影された反射マーカの画像に相当する画素の輝度の総和が大きいほど、術者がディスプレイに正対しているものと推定することができる。したがって、X線量決定部25は、反射マーカの輝度の総和を検出し、検出結果から輝度の総和の割合(正対したときの輝度の総和に対する現状の輝度の総和の割合)を検出した結果を判断材料とし、予め定められた閾値(例えば、30%)を判断基準にして、輝度の総和の割合がた閾値未満であるか否かを判断し、閾値未満であると判断した場合、現状のX線量を減らす余地があるかどうかを判断する。これは術者がディスプレイの方を向いてなく、精細なX線透視画像を必要としていないと推定されるからである。
第7の作業状態の検出方法は、術者の作業状態の判断材料として、術者の体動が頻繁か否かを検出するための術者センサー33による検出結果を用いる。
X線透視下カテーテル術において、極めて精密な作業が要求されるワイヤ操作をするとき、通常、術者は姿勢を大きく変化させずに行うため、術者の体動の頻度が小さい。したがって、X線透視下カテーテル術において、術者の体動が頻繁である場合、ワイヤ操作をしていないから、術者が精細なX線透視画像を必要としていないと推定することができる。この点に着目して、術者の体動が頻繁か否かを検出するための術者センサー33を設ける。
第8の作業状態の検出方法は、術者の作業状態の判断材料として、術者の生体情報を検出するための術者センサー33による検出結果を用いる。ここで、生体情報とは、生体において、刺激に基づいて起こる運動等に関する情報をいう。
術者センサー33の一例として、聴診器マイク(接触型マイクロフォン(skin-contact microphone))を術者に装着し、心拍音データを収集して記録する。また、術者センサー33の他の例として、ECGテレメータを術者に装着し、心電図を無線で収集して記録するように構成しても良い。
第8の作業状態の検出方法では、術者の生体情報として、術者が呼吸を抑制したか否かを検出した結果を用いた例を示した。しかし、X線透視下カテーテル術において、術者がワイヤを操作するとき、精密な精度操作が術者に要求されることから、術者が緊張状態となって、その影響が術者の生体情報に現れる。術者の緊張状態と精細なX線透視画像の必要性とが関係している。したがって、緊張状態の影響が現れる術者の生体情報を検出した結果を、術者センサー33により検出される術者の生体情報とすることができる。緊張状態の影響が現れる術者の生体情報の一例として、術者の脳波、瞳孔径、まばたきの頻度、手のひらあるいは足底部の皮膚の発汗の程度、又は、皮膚温度を検出して、術者が緊張状態にあるか否かを検出した結果がある。なお、手のひらあるいは足底部の皮膚の発汗の程度を検出するのは、手のひら及び足底部には緊張状態になると、発汗する汗腺が多いことに拠る。
第9の作業情報の検出方法は、術者の作業状態の判断材料として、術者の行動を検出するための術者センサー33による検出結果を用いる。
ここで、術者の行動としては、医療現場における術者がスタッフと会話する頻度及び術者の動き量を含む。X線透視下カテーテル術において、術者がスタッフと会話する頻度が高い場合、又は、術者の動き量が多い場合、ワイヤの緻密な操作をしておらず、精細なX線透視画像を必要としていないと推定される。
複数の術者センサー33による複数の作業状態の検出結果を総合して、適切なX線量を決める方法を説明する。X線量を決める場合、たとえば、術者による直接操作(X線照射の停止やX線量増減の指示操作)は最優先であり、他の術者センサー33による検出結果がどうであろうと直ちに術者により指示された通りにX線量を調整しなくてはならない。一方、たとえば、術者の呼吸から推定される適切なX線量については、あまり高い精度は期待できない。
A:術者体動に対するfuzzy真偽値であり、例えば、上記第7の作業状態の検出方法で説明した圧力センサーマットによって検出された術者の重心位置の標準偏差に対するfuzzy真偽値である。
B:術者呼吸の抑制に対するfuzzy真偽値であり、上記第8の作業状態の検出方法で示す聴診器マイクで検出された術者の心拍数の標準偏差に対するfuzzy真偽値である。
C:術者ディスプレイ注視に対するfuzzy真偽値であり、例えば、上記第3から第6の作業状態の検出方法で示すカメラで検出される術者がディスプレイを見ているか否かの検出結果に対するfuzzy真偽値である。
D:ワイヤ形状変化に対するfuzzy真偽値であり、例えば、上記第1の作業状態の検出方法で説明したワイヤの形状の変化量(パラメータθ、u、vを基に求める平均平方の残差)に対するfuzzy真偽値である。
E:アダプターセンサ-に対するfuzzy真偽値であり、例えば、前記第2の作業状態の検出方法で説明した術者のワイヤ操作の頻度に対するfuzzy真偽値である。
F:寝台・架台移動に対するfuzzy真偽値であり、例えば、上記第9の作業状態の検出方法で説明した寝台・X線架台の位置エンコーダを用いて検出される寝台等の移動に対するfuzzy真偽値である。
X線量決定部25が現状のX線量を減らすと判断した場合、どのようにX線量を減らすかについて説明する。X線量を減らして良いかどうかがあまりはっきりしない場合に、急激にX線量を減らすと、術者の作業を妨げるおそれがある。このため、X線量を減らす際には、直接指示された場合を除いて、漸減させるのが適切である。また、X線量決定部25が現状のX線量を減らすと判断した場合に、即座に、X線量を漸減させるのではなく、X線量決定部25のその判断がしばらく続いたとき、X線量の漸減を開始させるのが好ましい。
a:術者がペダルを踏んだので、X線照射を開始する。
b:ワイヤ形状の変化が小さい時間がしばらく続いたので、自動的にX線量(管電流)の漸減を開始する。
c:術者がペダルを踏んだので、X線量を大きくする。
d:ワイヤ形状の変化が大きいので、X線量が大きい状態が維持される。
e:ワイヤ形状の変化が小さい時間がしばらく続いたので、自動的にX線量(管電流)の漸減を開始する。
f:管電流が所定の最低値に到達したので、フレームレートを下げることによってさらにX線量の漸減を開始する。
g:管電流・フレームレートとも所定の最低値に到達したので、X線照射を中止する。
h:術者がペダルを踏んだので、X線照射を開始する。
i:寝台・X線架台の動きを検出したので、管電流とフレームレートを下げてX線量を低減する。
j:寝台・X線架台の動きが止まったので、管電流を増加させて位置の確認をし易くする。
k:術者がペダルを踏んだので、X線量を大きくする。
l:ワイヤ形状の変化が小さい時間がしばらく続いたので、自動的にX線量(管電流)の漸減を開始する。
2 天板
4 X線管
6 X線検出器
20 演算制御装置
21 システム制御部
22 記憶部
23 画像処理部
24 表示制御部
25 X線量決定部
31 表示部
32 操作部
33 術者センサー
41 ワイヤ特定部
43 位置合わせ処理部
Claims (16)
- 被検体にX線発生手段からX線を照射し、前記被検体を透過したX線をX線検出手段で検出して、X線画像を撮影するX線撮影装置において、
前記被検体の手術を行う術者の作業状態に関する複数種類の作業状態情報を検出する作業状態検出手段と、
前記作業状態検出手段により検出された複数種類の検出結果に基づいて、前記X線発生手段から照射するX線量を制御するX線量制御手段と、
を備えることを特徴とするX線撮影装置。 - 請求項1に記載のX線撮影装置であって、前記作業状態検出手段は、前記術者による挿入する器具の操作状態を検出するものであることを特徴とする。
- 請求項1に記載のX線撮影装置であって、前記作業状態検出手段は、前記被検体内に挿入された索状の挿入器具の動き量を、前記作業状態情報として検出することを特徴とする。
- 請求項3に記載のX線撮影装置であって、前記作業状態検出手段は、前記X線画像における前記挿入器具の像と、それより過去に撮影された前記X線画像における前記挿入器具の像との差に基づいて前記動き量を検出することを特徴とする。
- 請求項1に記載のX線撮影装置であって、前記作業状態検出手段は、前記被検体内に挿入された索状の挿入器具に対する前記術者の操作の頻度を、前記作業状態情報として検出することを特徴とする。
- 請求項1に記載のX線撮影装置であって、前記作業状態検出手段は、前記挿入器具を前記被検体内に導入するためのアダプターに設けられたマイクで検出された音を、前記作業状態情報として検出することを特徴とする。
- 請求項1に記載のX線撮影装置であって、前記作業状態検出手段は、前記術者に装着された加速度センサーによる検出結果に基づいて、前記作業状態情報を検出することを特徴とする。
- 請求項1に記載のX線撮影装置であって、前記作業状態検出手段は、前記被検体を載置する天板、前記X線発生手段、及び、X線検出手段の少なくとも一つの移動量を、前記作業状態情報として検出することを特徴とする。
- 請求項1に記載のX線撮影装置であって、前記作業状態検出手段は、前記X線画像を表示するためのディスプレイを前記術者が見ているか否かを、前記作業状態情報として検出することを特徴とする。
- 請求項1に記載のX線撮影装置であって、前記作業状態検出手段は、前記術者の顔の向き又は視線方向を、前記作業状態情報として検出することを特徴とする。
- 請求項1に記載のX線撮影装置であって、前記作業状態検出手段は、前記術者の体動の頻度または前記術者の会話の頻度の少なくとも一つを、前記作業状態情報として検出することを特徴とする。
- 請求項1に記載のX線撮影装置であって、前記作業状態検出手段は、前記術者の呼吸が抑制されたか否かを、前記作業状態情報として検出することを特徴とする。
- 請求項12に記載のX線撮影装置であって、前記作業状態検出手段は、前記術者の心拍数のばらつきに基づいて、前記術者の呼吸が抑制されたか否かを、前記作業状態情報として検出することを特徴とする。
- 請求項2に記載のX線撮影装置であって、前記作業状態検出手段は、前記術者の脳波、瞳孔の大きさ、まばたきの頻度、皮膚の発汗量、皮膚温度の少なくとも一つを、前記作業状態情報として検出することを特徴とする。
- 請求項1に記載のX線撮影装置であって、前記X線量制御手段は、前記作業状態検出手段の検出結果に基づいて、現状のX線量を下げるか否かを判断して、前記X線発生手段から照射されるX線量を制御することを特徴とする。
- 請求項1に記載のX線撮影装置であって、前記X線量制御手段は、曝射スイッチの操作によりX線が照射されているとき、前記作業状態情報に基づいてX線量に係るX線の照射条件を制御することを特徴とする。
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