Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M169/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by containing as components a mixture of at least two types of ingredient selected from base-materials, thickeners or additives, covered by the preceding groups, each of these compounds being essential
  • C10M169/02—Mixtures of base-materials and thickeners
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M141/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a mixture of two or more compounds covered by more than one of the main groups C10M125/00 - C10M139/00, each of these compounds being essential
  • C10M141/10—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a mixture of two or more compounds covered by more than one of the main groups C10M125/00 - C10M139/00, each of these compounds being essential at least one of them being an organic phosphorus-containing compound
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2203/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds and hydrocarbon fractions as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2203/003—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds and hydrocarbon fractions as ingredients in lubricant compositions used as base material
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2205/00—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2205/02—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing acyclic monomers
  • C10M2205/0206—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing acyclic monomers used as base material
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2215/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2215/10—Amides of carbonic or haloformic acids
  • C10M2215/102—Ureas; Semicarbazides; Allophanates
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2219/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2219/04—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing sulfur-to-oxygen bonds, i.e. sulfones, sulfoxides
  • C10M2219/044—Sulfonic acids, Derivatives thereof, e.g. neutral salts
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2010/00—Metal present as such or in compounds
  • C10N2010/02—Groups 1 or 11
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2010/00—Metal present as such or in compounds
  • C10N2010/04—Groups 2 or 12
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
  • C10N2030/06—Oiliness; Film-strength; Anti-wear; Resistance to extreme pressure
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
  • C10N2030/12—Inhibition of corrosion, e.g. anti-rust agents or anti-corrosives
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
  • C10N2040/02—Bearings
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
  • C10N2040/04—Oil-bath; Gear-boxes; Automatic transmissions; Traction drives
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2050/00—Form in which the lubricant is applied to the material being lubricated
  • C10N2050/10—Semi-solids; greasy

Definitions

• This invention relates to a grease composition with excellent anti-fretting corrosion characteristics.
• Fretting corrosion also called abrasion-corrosion, rubbing corrosion and microvibration wear
• abrasion-corrosion is a wear phenomenon which occurs when two objects pressed together at any pressure repeatedly slide relative to each other with very small amplitudes in the contact space.
• the frictional dust which arises in the case of steel-steel microvibrations in the atmosphere turns to a fine brown iron oxide ( Fe 2 0 3 ) .
• the phenomenon of the grease becoming brown occurs in various kinds of machinery, accompanying microvibrations and microsliding between two objects in contacts, as for example in automobile wheel bearings, bolt-tightened flanges and laminated springs. Fretting corrosion promotes wear in machine parts and bearings, and is also a cause of noise.
• lubricating greases used in the past at lubrication points where fretting corrosion occurs have been highly paraffinic low-viscosity base oils with high penetration (soft greases of penetration not less than 320 are especially effective (NLGI Spokesman, Vol. 45, 1 (1982))), but satisfactory effectiveness has not necessarily been achieved.
• composition in which at least one additive selected from organic molybdenum compounds, organic fatty acid
• the aim of this invention is to offer a lubricating grease which will improve the anti-fretting corrosion characteristics compared to the lithium soap greases and urea greases of the prior art.
• a grease composition comprising (a) a base oil, (b) a thickener, (c) tricalcium phosphate, and (d) at least one kind of salt selected from the group consisting of alkaline earth metal salts, alkali metal salts, amine salts or zinc salts of oxidised waxes, petroleum
• sulphonic acids alkyl aromatic sulphonic acids or such salts which are salicylates or phenates; and mixtures thereof.
• the grease composition of this invention can improve anti-fretting corrosion characteristics. Also, it need not be the highly paraffinic low-viscosity base oils with high penetration (soft greases: penetration not less than 320) deemed necessary in the past, as mentioned above, and in this invention it is possible to obtain excellent anti-fretting corrosion characteristics also in cases where a high viscosity oil or a naphthene-based base oil is used in part, and even if the hardness is of Grade 2 Penetration [penetration grade of the NLGI (US grease institute) classification] .
• the base oil used in the grease composition of this invention it is possible to use the mineral oils, synthetic oils and mixtures thereof normally used for lubricating oils.
• Their kinematic viscosity at 40°C should preferably be approximately 20 to 400 mm 2 /s.
• Group III, Group IV and Group V of the API (American Petroleum Institute) base oil categories are Group III, Group IV and Group V of the API (American Petroleum Institute) base oil categories.
• Group I base oils include, for example, paraffinic mineral oils obtained by appropriate use of a suitable combination of refining processes such as solvent
• Group II base oils include, for example, paraffinic mineral oils obtained by appropriate use of a suitable combination of refining processes such as hydrorefining and dewaxing in respect of lubricating oil fractions obtained by atmospheric distillation of crude oil.
• Group II base oils include, for example, paraffinic mineral oils obtained by appropriate use of a suitable combination of refining processes such as hydrorefining and dewaxing in respect of lubricating oil fractions obtained by atmospheric distillation of crude oil.
• base oils refined by hydrorefining methods such as the Gulf Company method have a total sulphur content of less than 10 ppm and an aromatic content of not more than 5% and so are suitable for use in this invention.
• Group III and Group 11+ base oils include paraffinic mineral oils manufactured by a high degree of
• isoparaffins and base oils refined by the Mobil wax isomerisation process. These too are suitable for use in this invention.
• Fischer-Tropsch method of converting natural gas to liquid fuel have a very low sulphur content and aromatic content compared with mineral oil base oils refined from crude oil and have a very high paraffin constituent ratio, and so have excellent oxidative stability, and because they also have extremely small evaporation losses, they are suitable as base oils for this
• Group V base oils include, for example, naphthenic mineral oils obtained by appropriate use of a suitable combination of refining processes such as solvent
• synthetic oils mention may be made of polyolefins, dibasic acid diesters such as dioctyl sebacate, polyol esters, alkylbenzenes ,
• alkylnaphthalenes esters, polyoxyalkylene glycols, polyoxyalkylene glycol esters, polyoxyalkylene glycol ethers, polyphenyl ethers, dialkyldiphenyl ethers, fluorine-containing compounds (perfluoropolyethers, fluorinated polyolefins) and silicones.
• polystyrene resins include polymers of various olefins or hydrides thereof. Any olefin may be used, and as examples mention may be made of ethylene, propylene, butene and -olefins with five or more
• polyolefins one kind of the aforementioned olefins may be used singly or two or more kinds may be used in combination. Particularly suitable are the polyolefins called poly- -olefins (PAO) . These are base oils of Group IV.
• PAO poly- -olefins
• aforementioned thickening agent one kind, or two or more kinds in combination, of generally already known urea compounds, alkali metal soaps, alkali metal complex soaps, alkaline earth metal soaps, alkaline earth metal complex soaps, alkali metal sulphonates, alkaline earth metal sulphonates, aluminium soaps, aluminium complex soaps, metal terephthalamate salts, clays,
• the tricalcium phosphate in this invention is one having the chemical structure of a hydroxyapatite
• composition as generally represented by [Ca 3 (PO 4 )
• the tricalcium phosphate preferably will have an average granularity of not more than 5 ⁇ diameter in order to increase the penetration yield of the grease, but it may be used without problems so long as the average granularity is not more than 100 ⁇ diameter.
• aforementioned grease composition and it is best if it is blended in an amount, relative to the total amount of the grease composition, of from 0.1 to 20% by mass, but preferably from 1 to 15% by mass, and more preferably from 2 to 10% by mass.
• aforementioned (d) include alkaline earth metal salts of oxidised waxes, alkaline earth metal salts of petroleum sulphonic acids, alkaline earth metal salts of alkyl aromatic sulphonic acids, alkaline earth metal salts which are salicylates, and alkaline earth metal salts which are phenates.
• overbased alkaline earth metal salts of oxidised waxes overbased alkaline earth metal salts of petroleum sulphonic acids, overbased alkaline earth metal salts of alkyl aromatic sulphonic acids, overbased alkaline earth metal salts which are salicylates, and overbased alkaline earth metal salts which are phenates.
• Salts of the aforementioned petroleum sulphonic acids and alkyl aromatic sulphonic acids are generally known as sulphonates .
• alkaline earth metals examples include calcium, magnesium and barium.
• alkaline earth metal salt it is possible to use one of the aforementioned kinds, or two or more together .
• Alkali metal salts which are the aforementioned (d) include alkali metal salts of oxidised waxes, alkali metal salts of petroleum sulphonic acids, alkali metal salts of alkyl aromatic sulphonic acids, alkali metal salts which are salicylates, and alkali metal salts which are phenates. In addition, they include overbased
• overbased alkali metal salts of oxidised waxes overbased alkali metal salts of petroleum sulphonic acids, overbased alkali metal salts of alkyl aromatic sulphonic acids, overbased alkali metal salts which are salicylates, and overbased alkali metal salts which are phenates.
• alkali metals examples include lithium, sodium and potassium.
• alkali metal salt it is possible to use one of the aforementioned kinds, or two or more together.
• amine salts which are the aforementioned (d) include amine salts of oxidised waxes, amine salts of petroleum sulphonic acids, amine salts of alkyl aromatic sulphonic acids, amine salts which are salicylates, and amine salts which are phenates.
• they include overbased versions thereof, that is overbased amine salts of oxidised waxes, overbased amine salts of petroleum sulphonic acids, overbased amine salts of alkyl aromatic sulphonic acids, overbased amine salts which are salicylates, and overbased amine salts which are
• Zinc salts which are the aforementioned (d) include zinc salts of oxidised waxes, zinc salts of petroleum sulphonic acids, zinc salts of alkyl aromatic sulphonic acids, zinc salts which are salicylates, and zinc salts which are phenates.
• alkyl aromatic sulphonic salts mention may be made of those of General Formula (1) and General Formula (2), these being salts of alkyl benzene sulphonic salts or of alkyl naphthalene sulphonic acids.
• M is selected from alkaline earth metal, alkali metal, amine or zinc
• Rn 1 and R n 2 are each independently selected from hydrogen atoms or a hydrocarbyl group having from 1 to 30 carbon atoms, preferably an alkyl group having from 6 to 18 carbon atoms
• n is an integer of from 1 to 3
• h and k are each an integer of 1 or 2.
• R 1 group these may the same or different.
• R 2 group these may the same or different .
• overbased compounds of alkaline earth metal and the aforementioned alkyl aromatic sulphonic acids may be obtained in respect of the normal salt by reacting excess of an alkaline earth metal salt or a carbonate or a borate which is an alkaline earth metal salt in the presence of carbon dioxide gas.
• the aforementioned salicylates include alkaline earth metal salts, alkali metal salts, amine salts and zinc salts, and mention may be made for example of the salicylates of the General Formula (3) below.
• M is selected from alkaline earth metal, alkali metal, amine or zinc, preferably alkaline earth metal, more preferably calcium or magnesium.
• Each R 3 group is independently selected from hydrogen or a hydrocarbyl group having from 1 to 40 carbon atoms, preferably an alkyl group having from 6 to 22 carbon atoms.
• n is an integer of from 1 to 4, and
• j is an integer of 1 or 2. Where there is more than one R 3 group present, these may be the same or different.
• the normal salt can be used as is, but it is also possible to use a basic Ca salicylate obtained by heating the normal salt of a Ca type salicylate in the presence of excess Ca salt or Ca base and water, or an overbased Ca salicylate obtained by reacting a Ca carbonate or borate with the normal salt of a Ca type salicylate in the presence of carbon dioxide gas.
• a basic Ca salicylate obtained by heating the normal salt of a Ca type salicylate in the presence of excess Ca salt or Ca base and water
• an overbased Ca salicylate obtained by reacting a Ca carbonate or borate with the normal salt of a Ca type salicylate in the presence of carbon dioxide gas.
• Other overbased salts can be
• alkaline earth metal salts of alkaline earth metal salts of alkylphenols , alkylphenol sulphides or Mannich reaction products of alkylphenols, and in particular magnesium salts or calcium salts among others.
• examples of the examples of phenate salts mention may be made, as regards alkaline earth metal salts, of alkaline earth metal salts of alkylphenols , alkylphenol sulphides or Mannich reaction products of alkylphenols, and in particular magnesium salts or calcium salts among others. Specifically, mention may be made of the examples
• R 5 and R 6 in Formula 4 may be the same or different, and are each independently selected from a hydrocarbyl group, preferably a hydrocarbyl group having from 4 to 30 carbon atoms, more preferably an alkyl group having from 9 to 22 carbon atoms.
• M is an alkaline earth metal, preferably calcium, barium or magnesium, and x is in the range of 1 to 3 depending on which metal is used.
• calcium phenate and magnesium phenate are preferred.
• multiple phenate rings may be formed as opposed to the discrete formulae above.
• Phenates or overbased alkaline earth metals are alkaline earth metal salts of alkylphenols or sulphurised alkylphenols , and are normally obtained by the method of carbonating alkaline earth metal salts of alkyl phenols or sulphurised alkylphenols.
• alkaline earth metal salts, alkali metal salts, amine salts or zinc salts which constitute the aforementioned (d) may be selected or they may be used in conjunction with each other, and such salts should be used in the blend in an amount of from 0.1 to 10% by mass relative to the total amount of the grease composition, but preferably from 1 to 8% by mass and more preferably from 2 to 7% by mass.
• the amount thereof added to the blend is less than 0.1% by mass, it will not be possible to maintain superior anti-fretting corrosion properties, and if the amount in the blend exceeds 10% by mass, an increased effect as regards an improvement in anti-fretting
• dispersants dispersants, surfactants, adhesion improvers (polymers, etc.), oiliness agents, friction reducers, wear
• Phenol-based anti-oxidants include 2-t-butylphenol ,
• benzenepropanoic acid 3 5-bis ( 1 , 1-dimethyl-ethyl ) -4- hydroxy-C7-C9 side-chain alkyl esters (Irganox L135, made by Ciba Specialty Chemicals Ltd.), 2 , 6-di-t-butyl- - dimethylamino-p-cresol , and 2 , 2 ' -methylenebis ( 4-alkyl-6- t-butylphenol ) s such as 2 , 2 ' -methylenebis ( 4-methyl-6-t- butylphenol) (Antage W-400, made by Kawaguchi Chemical Industry Ltd.) and 2 , 2 ' -methylenebis ( 4-ethyl-6-t- butylphenol) (Antage W-500, made by Kawaguchi Chemical Industry Ltd) .
• monoalkyldiphenylamines such as mono-t-butyldiphenylamine and monooctyldiphenylamine, bis (dialkylphenyl ) amines such as di ( 2 , 4-diethylphenyl ) amine and di ( 2-ethyl-4- nonylphenyl ) amine, alkylphenyl-l-naphthylamines such as octyl-phenyl-l-naphthylamine and N-t-dodecylphenyl-1- naphthylamine, 1-naphthylamine, aryl-naphthylamines such as phenyl-l-naphthylamine, phenyl-2-naphthylamine, N- hexylphenyl-2-naphthylamine and N-octylphenyl-2- naphthylamine, phenyl
• Phenothiazine (made by Hodogaya Chemical Ltd.) and 3,7- dioctylphenothiazine .
• molybdenum dithiocarbamates such as phosphate esters, acidic phosphate esters, phosphite esters, acidic phosphite esters, amine salts of phosphate esters, amine salts of phosphite esters, amine salts of acidic phosphate esters and amine salts of acidic
• phosphite esters such as dithiophosphates like zinc dithiophosphates and molybdenum dithiophosphates, or other molybdenum
• molybdenum amine compounds such as molybdenum amine compounds.
• Organic molybdenum compounds which have superior friction and wear characteristics, are especially preferred.
• rust inhibitors and corrosion inhibitors mention may be made of those that are generally used, for example, organic acid derivatives, among which
• succinic acid ester derivatives particularly preferred for use are succinic acid ester derivatives, aspartic acid derivatives, sarcosinic acid derivatives, and 4-nonylphenoxyacetic acids.
• organic amide derivatives among which diethanolamines , monoalkyl primary amines,
• isostearic acid and amides of oleic acid are preferred.
• sulphurised fatty acids and surfactants (sorbitan trioleate, sorbitan tristearate, sorbitan monolaurate, stearic acid/oleic acid mono/diglycerides).
• naphthenic acid salts alkali metal salts of dibasic acids, alkaline earth metal salts of dibasic acids, or benzotriazole derivatives, benzoimidazole derivatives and
• thiocarbamates are also suitable, and as preferred examples mention may be made of sodium sebacate or benzotriazole, or these combined.
• solid lubricants mention may be made of molybdenum disulphide, graphite, melamine cyanurate, boron nitride, mica, and PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) .
• the aforementioned other additives may of course also be used in a form where they have been pre-added to commercial lubricating oils or semi-solid lubricating oils .
• Base Oil A A paraffin-based mineral oil, with a 40°C kinematic viscosity of 144.1 mm 2 /s and viscosity index 96.
• Base Oil B A paraffin-based and naphthene-based oil, with a 40°C kinematic viscosity of 130.2 mm 2 /s and viscosity index 79.
• Base Oil C A paraffin-based mineral oil belonging to API category Group III which is produced by a high degree of hydrorefining in respect of a lubricating oil fraction obtained by atmospheric distillation of crude oil, with a 40°C kinematic viscosity of 46.87 mm 2 /s and viscosity index 127.
• Base Oil D A poly- -olefin (PAO) , with a 40°C kinematic viscosity of 46.24 mm 2 /s and viscosity index 137.
• PAO poly- -olefin
• Lithium soap lithium-12-hydroxystearate .
• Tricalcium phosphate [Ca 3 (P0 4 ) 2 ] 3-Ca(OH) 2 , average granularity 5 ⁇ diameter.
• Ammonium sulphonate (King Industries, Inc.; trade name Na-SUL AS) .
• compositions were mixed in the blending
• Comparative Examples 1 to 20 were obtained in similar fashion to the aforementioned examples.
• Amount of grease 1.0 ⁇ 0.05 g in upper and lower bearings
• Thrust load 2450 N (550 lb)
• Test temperature Room temperature
• the anti-fretting corrosion characteristic was calculated as the loss (mg) being the race weight loss (wear loss) per each bearing using the formula (weight loss in upper bearing race + weight loss in lower bearing race) / 2.
• Score 1 Amount of fretting wear not more than 3.0 mg
• Score 2 Amount of fretting wear More than 3.0 mg and less than 4.5 mg
• Score 3 Amount of fretting wear 4.5 mg and above and less than 10.0 mg
• Comparative Examples 2 to 7, Comparative Example 9, Comparative Examples 11 to 15, and Comparative Examples 17 to 20 had a score of "3".
• Comparative Example 1 Comparative Example 8, Comparative Example 10 and Comparative Example 16 has a score of "4", so that it was evident that they had greater weight loss and in this characteristic were inferior to the Examples of the invention.

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• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
• General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
• Organic Chemistry (AREA)
• Lubricants (AREA)

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• 2010
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• 2011
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