WO2011082807A1 - Co2 -entfernung aus gasen mit niedrigen co2 -partialdrücken mittels 1,2 diaminopropan - Google Patents
Co2 -entfernung aus gasen mit niedrigen co2 -partialdrücken mittels 1,2 diaminopropan Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2011082807A1 WO2011082807A1 PCT/EP2010/007799 EP2010007799W WO2011082807A1 WO 2011082807 A1 WO2011082807 A1 WO 2011082807A1 EP 2010007799 W EP2010007799 W EP 2010007799W WO 2011082807 A1 WO2011082807 A1 WO 2011082807A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- absorbent
- diaminopropane
- group
- amine
- amino
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/14—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by absorption
- B01D53/1456—Removing acid components
- B01D53/1475—Removing carbon dioxide
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/14—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by absorption
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/14—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by absorption
- B01D53/1493—Selection of liquid materials for use as absorbents
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/46—Removing components of defined structure
- B01D53/62—Carbon oxides
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2252/00—Absorbents, i.e. solvents and liquid materials for gas absorption
- B01D2252/10—Inorganic absorbents
- B01D2252/103—Water
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2252/00—Absorbents, i.e. solvents and liquid materials for gas absorption
- B01D2252/20—Organic absorbents
- B01D2252/204—Amines
- B01D2252/2041—Diamines
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2252/00—Absorbents, i.e. solvents and liquid materials for gas absorption
- B01D2252/20—Organic absorbents
- B01D2252/204—Amines
- B01D2252/20421—Primary amines
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2252/00—Absorbents, i.e. solvents and liquid materials for gas absorption
- B01D2252/50—Combinations of absorbents
- B01D2252/504—Mixtures of two or more absorbents
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2257/00—Components to be removed
- B01D2257/50—Carbon oxides
- B01D2257/504—Carbon dioxide
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
- Y02A50/20—Air quality improvement or preservation, e.g. vehicle emission control or emission reduction by using catalytic converters
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02C—CAPTURE, STORAGE, SEQUESTRATION OR DISPOSAL OF GREENHOUSE GASES [GHG]
- Y02C20/00—Capture or disposal of greenhouse gases
- Y02C20/40—Capture or disposal of greenhouse gases of CO2
Definitions
- aqueous solutions of organic bases e.g. Alkanolamines used as an absorbent.
- the absorbent is regenerated by supplying heat, pressure reduction, or stripping by means of suitable auxiliary media. After regeneration, the absorbent is a regenerated solvent for the absorption of
- Absorbents have a very high binding capacity for C0 2 .
- the highest possible absorption capacity should already be available even at low C0 2 partial pressures.
- the absorption capacity of the absorbent is essentially the required Absorptionsffenumlaufmenge and thus determines the size and cost of the equipment required for it. Since the energy needed to heat and cool the absorbent is proportional to the amount of recirculation, the regeneration energy needed to regenerate the solvent is also substantially reduced if it succeeds in reducing the recirculating amount of the absorbent. In addition to a high absorption capacity should be a suitable
- Volatile decomposition products such as ammonia would have the consequence that the C0 2 product and leaving the C0 2 scrubbing flue gas would be contaminated with impermissible emission components. Avoiding these emissions requires further process steps, which further increase the cost of a C0 2 wash.
- the at least one of 1, 2 diaminopropane various other amine is selected for example from:
- R 1 is an alkyl group
- R 2 is a hydroxyalkyl group
- X is an alkylene group which is interrupted one or more times by oxygen and n and m is an integer from 0 to 2, or two radicals R 1 and R 2 linked to different nitrogen atoms R 2 together represents an alkylene group
- R2 is a C 2 to C 6 alkyl group.
- the tertiary amines which are used in addition to 1, 2 diaminopropane, selected from a A group comprising tris (2-hydroxyethyl) amine, tris (2-hydroxypropyl) amine,
- Tributanolamine bis (2-hydroxyethyl) methylamine, 2-diethylaminoethanol, 2-dimethyiaminoethanol, 3-dimethylamino-1-propanol, 3-diethylamino-1-propanol, 2-diisopropylaminoethanol, N, N-bis (2-hydroxypropyl) methylamine
- the sterically hindered amines which are used in addition to 1, 2 diaminopropane, selected from a group comprising 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol, 2-amino-2-methyl-1 -butanol, 3-amino-3-methyl-1-butanol, 3-amino-3-methyl-2-pentanol and 1-amino-2-methylpropan-2-ol.
- Further suitable sterically hindered amines are mentioned in WO 2008/145658 A1, US Pat. No. 4,217,236, US Pat. No. 2009/0199713 A1, US Pat. No. 5,700,437, US Pat. No. 6,500,397 B1 and US Pat. No. 6,036,931.
- the 5-, 6-, or 7-membered saturated heterocycles used in addition to 1, 2-diaminopropane are selected from the group comprising, piperazine, 2-methylpiperazine, N-methylpiperazine, N-ethylpiperazine, N-aminoethylpiperazine, homopiperazine, piperidine and morpholine.
- Other compounds which can be selected are described in WO 2008/145658 A1 and US Pat
- Dimethylaminopentylamine 1, 1, ⁇ , ⁇ -tetramethylethanediamine, 2,2, N, N-tetramethyl-1,3-propanediamine, N, N'-dimethyl-1,3-propanediamine, N, N'Bis (2-hydroxyethyl ) ethylene diamine.
- all components come into consideration, which are characterized in WO 2008/145658 A1 and US 2009/0199713 A1 as such, in particular MAPA.
- the use of the absorbent is characterized in that the fluid flow is brought into contact with a previously characterized absorbent and thereby the absorbent is loaded with C02. This is preferably done at a partial pressure of ⁇ 200 mbar.
- the loaded absorbent is heated by heating
- Diaminopropane was slightly yellow at the beginning and at the end of the experiment.
- Example 2 Determination of C0 2 uptake capacity
- a static phase equilibrium apparatus was used according to the synthetic measuring principle. In this arrangement, the pressure for different
- Absorption solution C0 2 is determined by calculation, taking into account the gas space.
- DAP 1, 2 diaminopropane
- MEA Monoethanolamine
- a solvent for the absorption of C0 2 in particular in the range of low C0 2 partial pressures and in the presence of oxygen before, which is significantly more stable on the one hand at these conditions and on the other hand also has a higher cyclic absorption capacity, as a
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Gas Separation By Absorption (AREA)
- Treating Waste Gases (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (8)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CA2786323A CA2786323A1 (en) | 2010-01-05 | 2010-12-20 | Removal of co2 from gases having low co2 partial pressures by means of 1,2 diaminopropane |
KR1020127020505A KR20120124062A (ko) | 2010-01-05 | 2010-12-20 | 1,2 디아미노프로판에 의한 낮은 co₂분압의 가스들로부터 co₂의 제거 |
EP10798964A EP2547423A1 (de) | 2010-01-05 | 2010-12-20 | Co2 -entfernung aus gasen mit niedrigen co2 -partialdrücken mittels 1,2 diaminopropan |
RU2012130909/04A RU2012130909A (ru) | 2010-01-05 | 2010-12-20 | Удаление co2 из газов с низким парциальным давлением co2 путем использования 1, 2-диаминопропана |
CN2010800645092A CN102834161A (zh) | 2010-01-05 | 2010-12-20 | 通过1,2-丙二胺从低co2分压的气体中去除co2 |
AU2010341129A AU2010341129A1 (en) | 2010-01-05 | 2010-12-20 | Removal of CO2 from gases having low CO2 partial pressures, using 1,2 diaminopropane |
US13/261,352 US20130055895A1 (en) | 2010-01-05 | 2010-12-20 | Removal of co2 from gases of low co2 partial pressures by means of 1,2 diaminopropane |
JP2012547453A JP2013516311A (ja) | 2010-01-05 | 2010-12-20 | 低いco2分圧を有するガスからの1,2−ジアミノプロパンを用いたco2除去 |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE102010004073.8 | 2010-01-05 | ||
DE102010004073A DE102010004073A1 (de) | 2010-01-05 | 2010-01-05 | CO2-Entfernung aus Gasen mit niedrigen CO2-Partialdrücken mittels 1,2 Diaminopropan |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2011082807A1 true WO2011082807A1 (de) | 2011-07-14 |
Family
ID=43798276
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/EP2010/007799 WO2011082807A1 (de) | 2010-01-05 | 2010-12-20 | Co2 -entfernung aus gasen mit niedrigen co2 -partialdrücken mittels 1,2 diaminopropan |
Country Status (10)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20130055895A1 (de) |
EP (1) | EP2547423A1 (de) |
JP (1) | JP2013516311A (de) |
KR (1) | KR20120124062A (de) |
CN (1) | CN102834161A (de) |
AU (1) | AU2010341129A1 (de) |
CA (1) | CA2786323A1 (de) |
DE (1) | DE102010004073A1 (de) |
RU (1) | RU2012130909A (de) |
WO (1) | WO2011082807A1 (de) |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2983087A1 (fr) * | 2011-11-30 | 2013-05-31 | IFP Energies Nouvelles | Procede d'elimination de composes acides d'un effluent gazeux avec une solution absorbante a base de bis(amino-3-propyl) ethers ou de (amino-2-ethyl)-(amino-3-propyl) ethers |
JP2013236987A (ja) * | 2012-05-11 | 2013-11-28 | Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd | 複合アミン吸収液、co2又はh2s又はその双方の除去装置及び方法 |
Families Citing this family (10)
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US9340739B1 (en) * | 2011-09-02 | 2016-05-17 | David C. Morrow | Enhanced landfill gas treatment |
JP6173817B2 (ja) * | 2013-07-30 | 2017-08-02 | 株式会社東芝 | 酸性ガス吸収剤、酸性ガス除去方法及び酸性ガス除去装置 |
CN104548903A (zh) * | 2013-10-09 | 2015-04-29 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | 一种用于捕集二氧化碳的有机胺溶剂 |
CN105854524A (zh) * | 2016-05-27 | 2016-08-17 | 四川益能康生环保科技有限公司 | 一种用于捕集烟气中二氧化碳的吸收剂 |
US11458431B2 (en) | 2017-02-17 | 2022-10-04 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Amine-appended metal-organic frameworks exhibiting a new adsorption mechanism for carbon dioxide separations |
CN107261767B (zh) * | 2017-08-21 | 2020-04-10 | 攀钢集团攀枝花钢铁研究院有限公司 | 一种烟气脱碳剂及烟气脱碳的方法 |
CN107398147A (zh) * | 2017-08-21 | 2017-11-28 | 攀钢集团攀枝花钢铁研究院有限公司 | 一种烟气脱碳组合物及烟气脱碳的方法 |
CN107519735B (zh) * | 2017-08-21 | 2020-07-03 | 攀钢集团攀枝花钢铁研究院有限公司 | 一种从混合气中脱除二氧化碳的组合物及烟气脱碳的方法 |
CN107261766B (zh) * | 2017-08-21 | 2020-07-03 | 攀钢集团攀枝花钢铁研究院有限公司 | 一种烟气脱碳组合物、其制备方法及烟气脱碳的方法 |
KR102170273B1 (ko) * | 2019-02-27 | 2020-10-28 | 한국에너지기술연구원 | 이산화탄소 흡수제 및 이를 이용한 이산화탄소 포집방법 |
Citations (6)
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US4217236A (en) | 1977-02-14 | 1980-08-12 | Exxon Research & Engineering Co. | Process and composition for removing carbon dioxide containing acidic gases from gaseous mixtures |
US5700437A (en) | 1993-10-06 | 1997-12-23 | The Kansai Electric Power Co., Inc. | Method for removing carbon dioxide from combustion exhaust gas |
US6036931A (en) | 1992-02-27 | 2000-03-14 | The Kansai Electric Power Co., Inc. | Method for removing carbon dioxide from combustion exhaust gas |
US20070264180A1 (en) | 2006-05-10 | 2007-11-15 | Pierre-Louis Carrette | Method of deacidizing a gas by partly neutralized multiamines |
WO2008145658A1 (de) | 2007-05-29 | 2008-12-04 | Basf Se | Absorptionsmittel zum entfernen von sauren gasen, umfassend eine basische aminocarbonsäure |
US20090199713A1 (en) | 2006-05-18 | 2009-08-13 | Basf Se | Carbon dioxide absorbent requiring less regeneration energy |
Family Cites Families (11)
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GB1261609A (en) * | 1968-09-30 | 1972-01-26 | Lummus Co | Improvements in or relating to the removal of acid gases from gaseous hydrocarbon-containing effluents |
JPH0644972B2 (ja) * | 1988-03-11 | 1994-06-15 | ユニオン・カーバイド・コーポレーション | エチレンアミン促進剤を含有する第三級アルカノールアミン吸収剤及びその使用法 |
JPH05237341A (ja) * | 1992-02-27 | 1993-09-17 | Kansai Electric Power Co Inc:The | 燃焼排ガス中の二酸化炭素を除去する方法 |
FR2777802B1 (fr) * | 1998-04-22 | 2000-06-23 | Elf Exploration Prod | Procede regeneratif de desacidification d'un gaz renfermant du co2 ainsi que des hydrocarbures liquides, a l'aide d'un liquide absorbant a base de methyldiethanolamine activee |
CN1381301A (zh) * | 2001-12-20 | 2002-11-27 | 南化集团研究院 | 抑制回收低分压co2溶剂降解的抗氧化剂 |
DE102004011428A1 (de) * | 2004-03-09 | 2005-09-29 | Basf Ag | Verfahren zum Entfernen von Kohlendioxid aus Rauchgasen |
CN100493673C (zh) * | 2007-05-15 | 2009-06-03 | 大连理工大学 | 回收混合气体中二氧化碳的复合脱碳溶液 |
CN100418610C (zh) * | 2007-05-31 | 2008-09-17 | 辽河石油勘探局 | 一种回收废气中二氧化碳用复合脱碳溶液 |
WO2009001804A1 (ja) * | 2007-06-28 | 2008-12-31 | Research Institute Of Innovative Technology For The Earth | ガス中の二酸化炭素を効率的に回収する方法 |
CN101612509A (zh) * | 2009-07-29 | 2009-12-30 | 大连理工大学 | 捕集混合气体中二氧化碳的复合脱碳溶液 |
FR2969504B1 (fr) * | 2010-12-23 | 2014-11-14 | IFP Energies Nouvelles | Procede d'elimination de composes acides d'un effluent gazeux avec regeneration de la solution absorbante par deplacement d'equilibre chimique |
-
2010
- 2010-01-05 DE DE102010004073A patent/DE102010004073A1/de not_active Withdrawn
- 2010-12-20 WO PCT/EP2010/007799 patent/WO2011082807A1/de active Application Filing
- 2010-12-20 CN CN2010800645092A patent/CN102834161A/zh active Pending
- 2010-12-20 CA CA2786323A patent/CA2786323A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2010-12-20 AU AU2010341129A patent/AU2010341129A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2010-12-20 US US13/261,352 patent/US20130055895A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2010-12-20 RU RU2012130909/04A patent/RU2012130909A/ru not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2010-12-20 EP EP10798964A patent/EP2547423A1/de not_active Withdrawn
- 2010-12-20 KR KR1020127020505A patent/KR20120124062A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2010-12-20 JP JP2012547453A patent/JP2013516311A/ja active Pending
Patent Citations (7)
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US4217236A (en) | 1977-02-14 | 1980-08-12 | Exxon Research & Engineering Co. | Process and composition for removing carbon dioxide containing acidic gases from gaseous mixtures |
US6036931A (en) | 1992-02-27 | 2000-03-14 | The Kansai Electric Power Co., Inc. | Method for removing carbon dioxide from combustion exhaust gas |
US6500397B1 (en) | 1992-02-27 | 2002-12-31 | The Kansai Electrical Power Co., Inc. | Method for removing carbon dioxide from combustion exhaust gas |
US5700437A (en) | 1993-10-06 | 1997-12-23 | The Kansai Electric Power Co., Inc. | Method for removing carbon dioxide from combustion exhaust gas |
US20070264180A1 (en) | 2006-05-10 | 2007-11-15 | Pierre-Louis Carrette | Method of deacidizing a gas by partly neutralized multiamines |
US20090199713A1 (en) | 2006-05-18 | 2009-08-13 | Basf Se | Carbon dioxide absorbent requiring less regeneration energy |
WO2008145658A1 (de) | 2007-05-29 | 2008-12-04 | Basf Se | Absorptionsmittel zum entfernen von sauren gasen, umfassend eine basische aminocarbonsäure |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
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See also references of EP2547423A1 * |
Cited By (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2983087A1 (fr) * | 2011-11-30 | 2013-05-31 | IFP Energies Nouvelles | Procede d'elimination de composes acides d'un effluent gazeux avec une solution absorbante a base de bis(amino-3-propyl) ethers ou de (amino-2-ethyl)-(amino-3-propyl) ethers |
WO2013079816A1 (fr) * | 2011-11-30 | 2013-06-06 | IFP Energies Nouvelles | Procede d'élimination de composes acides d'un effluent gazeux avec une solution absorbante a base de bis(amino-3- propyl)ethers ou de (amino-2-éthyl)-(amino-3-propyl)éthers |
US9421493B2 (en) | 2011-11-30 | 2016-08-23 | IFP Energies Nouvelles | Method for eliminating acid compounds from a gaseous effluent with an absorbent solution made from bis(amino-3-propyl)ethers |
AU2012343705B2 (en) * | 2011-11-30 | 2017-05-25 | IFP Energies Nouvelles | Method for eliminating acid compounds from a gaseous effluent with an absorbent solution made from bis(amino-3-propyl)ethers or (amino-2-ethyl)-(amino-3-propyl)ethers |
JP2013236987A (ja) * | 2012-05-11 | 2013-11-28 | Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd | 複合アミン吸収液、co2又はh2s又はその双方の除去装置及び方法 |
US10137407B2 (en) | 2012-05-11 | 2018-11-27 | Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Engineering, Ltd. | Complex amine absorbent, and device and method for removing one or both of CO2 and H2S |
EP2848298B1 (de) * | 2012-05-11 | 2018-12-26 | Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Engineering, Ltd. | Zusammengesetzte aminabsorptionslösung und verfahren zum entfernen von co2, h2s oder beiden |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JP2013516311A (ja) | 2013-05-13 |
US20130055895A1 (en) | 2013-03-07 |
CA2786323A1 (en) | 2011-07-14 |
AU2010341129A1 (en) | 2012-08-02 |
EP2547423A1 (de) | 2013-01-23 |
AU2010341129A8 (en) | 2012-08-23 |
DE102010004073A1 (de) | 2011-07-07 |
RU2012130909A (ru) | 2014-02-20 |
CN102834161A (zh) | 2012-12-19 |
KR20120124062A (ko) | 2012-11-12 |
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