Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D417/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00
  • C07D417/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00 containing three or more hetero rings
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
  • A61K31/505—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim
  • A61K31/506—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim not condensed and containing further heterocyclic rings
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K45/00—Medicinal preparations containing active ingredients not provided for in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
  • A61K45/06—Mixtures of active ingredients without chemical characterisation, e.g. antiphlogistics and cardiaca
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
  • A61P3/06—Antihyperlipidemics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
  • A61P3/08—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
  • A61P3/08—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis
  • A61P3/10—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis for hyperglycaemia, e.g. antidiabetics
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D513/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for in groups C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D499/00 - C07D507/00
  • C07D513/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed system at least one hetero ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for in groups C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D499/00 - C07D507/00 in which the condensed system contains three hetero rings
  • C07D513/14—Ortho-condensed systems
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07B—GENERAL METHODS OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C07B2200/00—Indexing scheme relating to specific properties of organic compounds
  • C07B2200/13—Crystalline forms, e.g. polymorphs

Definitions

• WO 2008/083238 discloses 5-ethyl-2- ⁇ 4-[4-(4-tetrazol-l-yl-phenoxymethyl)- thiazol-2-yl]-piperidin-l-yl ⁇ -pyrimidine and its uses for the treatment of diabetes and metabolic disorders.
• PCT/US2009/038847 discloses uses of oxymethylene compounds including 5-ethyl-2- ⁇ 4- [4- (4-tetrazol- 1 -yl-phenoxymethyl)-thiazol-2-yl] -piperidin- 1 -yl ⁇ - pyrimidine in a combination therapy with a dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV) inhibitor.
• DPP IV dipeptidyl peptidase IV
• the present invention provides crystalline salts of 5-ethyl-2- ⁇ 4- [4-(4-tetrazol- 1 -yl-phenoxymethyl)-thiazol-2-yl] -piperidin- 1 -yl ⁇ -pyrimidine selected from the group consisting of a besylate, camsylate, esylate, HBr, HC1, mesylate, sulfate, and tosylate salt.
• polymorphs (Form 1 and Form 2) of 5- ethyl-2- ⁇ 4- [4- (4-tetrazol- 1 -yl-phenoxymethyl)-thiazol-2-yl] -piperidin- 1 -yl ⁇ -pyrimidine hydrochloride.
• compositions comprising a crystalline salt or polymorph described herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• a crystalline salt or polymorph described herein to treat a disease selected from the group consisting of Type I diabetes, Type II diabetes and metabolic syndrome, and their uses in the preparation of such medicaments.
• crystalline salt or polymorph described herein for one or more of stimulating insulin production, stimulating glucose-dependent insulin secretion, lowering blood glucose, or lowering blood triglyceride levels, and their uses in the preparation of such medicaments.
• crystalline salt or polymorph described herein in a combination therapy with a therapeutically effective amount of a DPP IV inhibitor.
• Figure 1 shows the X-ray powder pattern of HC1 salt Form I.
• Figure 2 shows the DSC thermogram of HC1 salt Form I.
• Figure 3 shows the TGA thermogram of HC1 salt Form I.
• Figure 4 shows the Raman spectrum of HC1 salt Form I.
• Figure 5 shows the X-ray powder pattern of HC1 salt Form II.
• Figure 6 shows the DSC thermogram of HC1 salt Form II.
• Figure 7 shows the TGA thermogram of HC1 salt Form II.
• Figure 8 shows an overlay of the DSC and TGA thermograms of the besylate salt.
• Figure 9 shows an overlay of the DSC and TGA thermograms of the camsylate salt.
• Figure 10 shows an overlay of the DSC and TGA thermograms of the esylate salt.
• Figure 11 shows an overlay of the DSC and TGA thermograms of the HBr salt.
• Figure 12 shows an overlay of the DSC and TGA thermograms of the mesylate salt.
• Figure 13 shows an overlay of the DSC and TGA thermograms of the sulfate salt.
• Figure 14 shows an overlay of the DSC and TGA thermograms of the tosylate salt.
• Figure 15 shows the X-ray powder pattern of the besylate salt.
• Figure 16 shows the X-ray powder pattern of the camsylate salt.
• Figure 17 shows the X-ray powder pattern of the esylate salt.
• Figure 18 shows the X-ray powder pattern of the HBr salt.
• Figure 19 shows the X-ray powder pattern of the mesylate salt.
• Figure 20 shows the X-ray powder pattern of the sulfate salt.
• Figure 21 shows the X-ray powder pattern of the tosylate salt.
• Figure 22 shows the X-ray powder pattern of the HCl salt (pattern O).
• Figure 23 shows the mean plasma concentrations of micronized MBX-2982 free base, HCl Forms I and II, and the mesylate and tosylate salts versus time in male SD rats following single oral dose of 200 mg/kg.
• XRPD x-ray powder diffraction
• DSC differential scanning calorimetry
• TGA thermoographic analysis
• besylate bezene sulfonate salt
• camsylate camphorsulfonate salt
• esylate ethanesulfonate salt
• mesylate methanesulfonate salt
• tosylate p-toluene sulfonate salt
• acetone ((CH 3 ) 2 CO ); RH (relative humidity).
• compositions and methods include the recited elements, but not excluding others.
• crystalline salt encompasses anhydrous and unsolvated crystals, as well as crystals that may be associated with varying degrees of hydrates or solvates.
• the term “substantially” refers to degree of variations of +/- by about 1%, about 5%, about 10%, about 15% or about 20%.
• the term "substantially pure" with respect to a particular polymorphic form of a compound means that the polymorph form contains about less than 30%, or about less than 20%, or about less than 15%, or about less than 10%, or about less than 5%, or about less than 1% by weight of impurities, such impurities may include other polymorphic forms of the same compound or trace solvents.
• the term "pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” includes any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, surfactants, antioxidants, preservatives (e.g., antibacterial agents, antifungal agents), isotonic agents, absorption delaying agents, salts, preservatives, drugs, drug stabilizers, binders, excipients, disintegration agents, lubricants, sweetening agents, flavoring agents, dyes, such like materials and combinations thereof, as would be known to one of ordinary skill in the art (See, for example, Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18th Ed. Mack Printing Company, 1990, pp. 1289- 1329, incorporated herein by reference.). Except insofar as any conventional carrier is incompatible with the active ingredient, its use in the therapeutic or pharmaceutical compositions is contemplated.
• the term "subject” refers to a mammal and includes, without limitation, humans, domestic animals (e.g. , dogs or cats), farm animals (cows, horses, or pigs), and laboratory animals (mice, rats, hamsters, guinea pigs, pigs, rabbits, dogs, or monkeys).
• therapeutically effective amount refers to that amount of an active ingredient that is sufficient to effect treatment, as defined below, when administered to a mammal in need of such treatment.
• the therapeutically effective amount will vary depending upon the subject and disease condition being treated, the weight and age of the subject, the severity of the disease condition, the manner of administration and the like, which can readily be determined by a prescribing physician.
• treatment means any treatment of a disease in a mammal, including: (i) preventing the disease, that is, causing the clinical symptoms of the disease not to develop; (ii) inhibiting the disease, that is, arresting the development of clinical symptoms; and/or (iii) relieving the disease, that is, causing the regression of clinical symptoms.
• diabetes mellitus or "diabetes” means a disease or condition that is generally characterized by metabolic defects in production and utilization of glucose that result in the failure to maintain appropriate blood sugar levels in the body. The result of these defects is elevated blood glucose, referred to as "hyperglycemia.”
• Type I diabetes is generally the result of an absolute deficiency of insulin, the hormone that regulates glucose utilization.
• Type II diabetes often occurs in the face of normal, or even elevated levels of insulin and can result from the inability of tissues to respond appropriately to insulin.
• Type II diabetic subjects are insulin resistant and have a relative deficiency of insulin, in that insulin secretion cannot compensate for the resistance of peripheral tissues to respond to insulin.
• Type II diabetics are obese.
• Other types of disorders of glucose homeostasis include impaired glucose tolerance, which is a metabolic stage intermediate between normal glucose homeostasis and diabetes, and gestational diabetes mellitus, which is glucose intolerance in pregnancy in women with no previous history of Type I or Type II diabetes.
• metabolic syndrome refers to a cluster of metabolic abnormalities including abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, diabetes,
• hypertension hyperlipidemia
• dyslipidemia abnormalities are known to be associated with an increased risk of vascular events.
• insulin resistance can be defined generally as a disorder of glucose metabolism. More specifically, insulin resistance can be defined as the diminished ability of insulin to exert its biological action across a broad range of concentrations producing less than the expected biologic effect (see, e.g., Reaven GM, J. Basic & Clin. Phys. & Pharm. (1998) 9:387-406 and Flie J, Ann Rev. Med. (1983) 34: 145-60). Insulin resistant persons have a diminished ability to properly metabolize glucose and respond poorly, if at all, to insulin therapy.
• Manifestations of insulin resistance include insufficient insulin activation of glucose uptake, oxidation and storage in muscle and inadequate insulin repression of lipolysis in adipose tissue and of glucose production and secretion in liver. Insulin resistance can cause or contribute to polycystic ovarian syndrome, impaired glucose tolerance, gestational diabetes, metabolic syndrome, hypertension, obesity, atherosclerosis and a variety of other disorders. Eventually, the insulin resistant individuals can progress to a point where a diabetic state is reached.
• Atherosclerosis encompasses vascular diseases and conditions that are recognized and understood by physicians practicing in the relevant fields of medicine.
• Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, coronary heart disease (also known as coronary artery disease or ischemic heart disease), cerebrovascular disease and peripheral vessel disease are all clinical manifestations of atherosclerosis and are therefore encompassed by the terms “atherosclerosis” and "atherosclerotic disease”.
• symptom of diabetes includes, but is not limited to, polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia, as used herein, incorporating their common usage.
• polyuria means the passage of a large volume of urine during a given period
• polydipsia means chronic, excessive thirst
• polyphagia means excessive eating.
• Other symptoms of diabetes include, e.g., increased susceptibility to certain infections (especially fungal and staphylococcal infections), nausea, and ketoacidosis (enhanced production of ketone bodies in the blood).
• Microvascular complications are those complications that generally result in small blood vessel damage. These complications include, e.g., retinopathy (the impairment or loss of vision due to blood vessel damage in the eyes); neuropathy (nerve damage and foot problems due to blood vessel damage to the nervous system); and nephropathy (kidney disease due to blood vessel damage in the kidneys). Macrovascular complications are those
• Cardiovascular disease refers to diseases of blood vessels of the heart. See, e.g., Kaplan RM, et al., "Cardiovascular diseases” in Health and Human Behavior, pp. 206-242 (McGraw-Hill, New York 1993). Cardiovascular disease is generally one of several forms, including, e.g., hypertension (also referred to as high blood pressure), coronary heart disease, stroke, and rheumatic heart disease.
• Peripheral vascular disease refers to diseases of any of the blood vessels outside of the heart. It is often a narrowing of the blood vessels that carry blood to leg and arm muscles.
• dislipidemia refers to abnormal levels of lipoproteins in blood plasma including both depressed and/or elevated levels of lipoproteins (e.g., elevated levels of LDL and/or VLDL, and depressed levels of HDL).
• hypolipidemia includes, but is not limited to, the following:
• Familial Hyperchylomicronemia a rare genetic disorder that causes a deficiency in an enzyme, LP lipase, that breaks down fat molecules.
• the LP lipase deficiency can cause the accumulation of large quantities of fat or lipoproteins in the blood;
• Familial Hypercholesterolemia a relatively common genetic disorder caused where the underlying defect is a series of mutations in the LDL receptor gene that result in malfunctioning LDL receptors and/or absence of the LDL receptors. This brings about ineffective clearance of LDL by the LDL receptors resulting in elevated LDL and total cholesterol levels in the plasma;
• Familial Combined Hyperlipidemia also known as multiple lipoprotein-type hyperlipidemia is an inherited disorder where subjects and their affected first-degree relatives can at various times manifest high cholesterol and high triglycerides. Levels of HDL cholesterol are often moderately decreased;
• Familial Defective Apolipoprotein B-100 is a relatively common autosomal dominant genetic abnormality.
• the defect is caused by a single nucleotide mutation that produces a substitution of glutamine for arginine, which can cause reduced affinity of LDL particles for the LDL receptor. Consequently, this can cause high plasma LDL and total cholesterol levels;
• Familial Dysbetaliproteinemia also referred to as Type III
• Hyperlipoproteinemia is an uncommon inherited disorder resulting in moderate to severe elevations of serum TG and cholesterol levels with abnormal apolipoprotein E function. HDL levels are usually normal; and
• Familial Hypertriglyceridemia is a common inherited disorder in which the concentration of plasma VLDL is elevated. This can cause mild to moderately elevated TG levels (and usually not cholesterol levels) and can often be associated with low plasma HDL levels.
• Risk factors for hyperlipidemia include, but are not limited to, the following: (1) disease risk factors, such as a history of Type I diabetes, Type II diabetes, Cushing's syndrome, hypothyroidism and certain types of renal failure; (2) drug risk factors, which include, birth control pills; hormones, such as estrogen, and corticosteroids; certain diuretics; and various ⁇ blockers; (3) dietary risk factors include dietary fat intake per total calories greater than 40%; saturated fat intake per total calories greater than 10%; cholesterol intake greater than 300 mg per day; habitual and excessive alcohol use; and obesity.
• disease risk factors such as a history of Type I diabetes, Type II diabetes, Cushing's syndrome, hypothyroidism and certain types of renal failure
• drug risk factors which include, birth control pills; hormones, such as estrogen, and corticosteroids; certain diuretics; and various ⁇ blockers
• dietary risk factors include dietary fat intake per total calories greater than 40%; saturated fat intake per total calories greater than 10%; cholesterol intake greater than 300 mg per day; habitual and excessive alcohol use
• the terms "obese” and “obesity” refers to, according to the World Health Organization, a Body Mass Index (“BMI") greater than 27.8 kg/m for men and 27.3 kg/m 2 for women (BMI equals weight (kg)/height (m 2 ).
• BMI Body Mass Index
• Obesity is linked to a variety of medical conditions including diabetes and hyperlipidemia. Obesity is also a known risk factor for the development of Type II diabetes (see, e.g., Barrett-Conner E, Epidemol. Rev. (1989) 11: 172-181; and Knowler, et al., Am. J. Clin. Nutr. (1991) 53: 1543-1551).
• salts formed from acetic, adipic, L-ascorbic, L-aspartic, citric, formic, gentisic (2,5-dihydroxybenzoic), L-glutamic, glutaric, lactic, maleic, L- malic, phosphoric, and L-tartaric were found to be oils or gels that were difficult to handle and isolate, and would not be suitable for use in bulk preparations.
• the crystalline besylate, camsylate, esylate, HBr, HC1, mesylate, sulfate, and tosylates salts are therefore superior for use in preparing pharamceutical salts of 5-ethyl-2- ⁇ 4-[4-(4-tetrazol-l-yl- phenoxymethyl)-thiazol-2-yl] -piperidin- 1 -yl ⁇ -pyrimidine.
• the salts are characterized by a number of solid state techniques such as DSC and TGA. It is understood that melting point temperatures and thermograms can vary depending on instrumentation and the procedures employed, including the heating rate used. Accordingly, the temperature data and graphs disclosed herein are understood to accommodate such variations.
• the salts are also characterized by XRPD (x-ray powder diffraction). Relative intensities and peak assignments can vary depending on a number of factors, including sample preparation, mounting, and the instrument and analytical procedure and settings used to obtain the spectrum. The peak assignments described herein are intended to encompass variations of plus or minus 0.5 degrees 2 theta.
• a crystalline besyalte salt having a DSC endotherm at about 153°C.
• the besylate salt has a DSC or TGA
• the besylate salt has the XRPD pattern substantially as shown in Figure 15.
• a crystalline camsylate salt having a DSC endotherm at about 184°C.
• the camsylate salt has a DSC or TGA thermogram substantially as shown in Figure 9.
• the camsylate salt has the XRPD pattern substantially as shown in Figure 16.
• a crystalline esylate salt having a DSC endotherm at about 99°C.
• the esylate salt has a DSC or TGA thermogram substantially as shown in Figure 10.
• the esylate salt has the XRPD pattern substantially as shown in Figure 17.
• a crystalline HBr salt having a DSC endotherm at about 142°C.
• the HBr salt has a DSC or TGA thermogram substantially as shown in Figure 11.
• the HBr salt has the XRPD pattern substantially as shown in Figure 18.
• a crystalline mesylate salt having a DSC endotherm at about 86°C.
• the mesylate salt has a DSC or TGA thermogram substantially as shown in Figure 12.
• the mesylate salt has the XRPD pattern substantially as shown in Figure 19.
• a crystalline sulfate salt having a DSC endotherm at about 97 °C.
• the sulfate salt has a DSC or TGA thermogram substantially as shown in Figure 13.
• the sulfate salt has the XRPD pattern substantially as shown in Figure 20.
• a crystalline tosylate salt having a DSC endotherm at about 94°C.
• the tosylate salt has a DSC or TGA thermogram substantially as shown in Figure 14.
• the tosylate salt has the XRPD pattern substantially as shown in Figure 21.
• a crystalline HCl salt In one embodiment, provided is a crystalline HCl salt.
• the crytalline HCl salts include the crytstal "pattern O" described below and those described in the Examples (Table 6).
• the HCl salt may also contain a polymorph such as Form I or Form II described below or mixtures thereof.
• the crystalline HCl may also contain trace amounts of solvents such as acetone, ethanol, methanol, and ethyl acetate.
• the Form I polymorph provide herein is substantially pure and may contain residual acetaone.
• the Form II polymorph provide herein is substantially pure may contain residual methanol and/or ethyl acetate.
• a crystalline HCl salt (pattern O) containing trace amounts of ethanol, In one aspect, the ratio of EtOH to HCl salt is approximately 1:6. In one aspect, the HCl salt the XRPD pattern substantially as shown in Figure 22.
• the Form I polymorph has a DSC thermogram substantially as shown in Figure 2.
• the Form I polymorph has a TGA thermogram substantially as shown in Figure 3.
• the Form I polymorph has a Raman spectrum substantially as shown in Figure 4.
• the Form I polymorph comprises XRPD peaks at degrees 2-theta diffraction angles of about 8.8, 10.8, 16.1, 17.4, 20.4, 20.9, 21.5, 21.7, 26.6, and 28.1.
• the Form I polymorph has the XRPD pattern substantially as shown in Figure 1. Table 1 lists the observed Form 1 XRPD peaks and Table 2 lists the representative peaks, with relative intensities given in both tables. Table 3 lists the observed Raman peaks for Form I.
• polymorph (Form II) HC1 salt having a DSC endotherm onset at about 150°C.
• the Form II polymorph has a DSC thermogram substantially as shown in Figure 6.
• the Form II polymorph has a TGA thermogram substantially as shown in Figure 7.
• the Form II polymorph comprises XRPD peaks at degrees 2-theta diffraction angles of about 7.8, 10.1, 12.5, 18.4, 19.0, 20.8, 23.0, and 23.5.
• the Form II polymorph has the XRPD pattern substantially as shown in Figure 5. Table 4 lists the observed Form II XRPD peaks and Table 5 lists the representative peaks, with relative intensities given in both tables.
• measurements on independently prepared samples on different instruments may lead to variability which is greater than ⁇ 0.10° 2 theta (for example ⁇ 0.50° 2 theta or more).
• the crystalline salts disclosed herein may be prepared by precipitation from organic or mixed organic solvents and may also be prepared from organic/aqueous solvents.
• Suitable organic solvents include acetone, acetonitrile, dichloromethane, diethyl ether, ethyl acetate, ethanol, heptane, hexane, hexafluoroisopropanol, isopropyl alcohol, isopropyl ether, methyl ethyl ketone, methanol, methyl-tert-butyl ether, 2,2,2- trifluoroethanol, and tetrahydrofuran.
• the HC1 salt (Form I) can generally be prepared by addition of HC1 to the free base at elevated temperatures in solvent such as acetone, acetonitrile, ethanol/ethyl acetate, methanol/ethyl acetate and THF, optionally followed by further crystallizations in acetone.
• the HC1 salt (Form II) can generally be prepared by crystallizations in methanol.
• the methanol solution may optionally contain other solvents such as ethyl acetate or acetone.
• compositions comprising one or more crystalline salts as described herein.
• crystalline salts in the preparation of medicaments and their use in treating a disease selected from the group consisting of Type I diabetes, Type II diabetes and metabolic syndrome.
• the salts may also be used in a combination therapy with a DPP IV inhibitor.
• a method for one or more of stimulating insulin production, stimulating glucose-dependent insulin secretion, lowering blood glucose, or lowering blood triglyceride levels comprising administering to a subject in need of such treatment an effective amount of a crystalline salt as described herein.
• the DPP IV inhibitors useful in the present invention are sitagliptin (Merck), vildagliptin (Novartis), BMS-477118 (saxagliptin) (Bristol-Myers Squibb), R1438 (aminomethylpyridine) (Roche), NVP DPP728 (Novartis), PSN9301 (Prosidion), P32/98 (isoleucine thiozolidide) (Probiodrug), GSK823093C (Denagliptin) (Glaxo Smithkline), SYR-322 (Alogliptin) (Takeda), NN-7201 (NovoNordisk), ALS2-0426 (Alantos).
• DPP IV inhibitors are sitagliptin, vildagliptin, Denagliptin, saxagliptin, and alogliptin). Even more preferred DPP ⁇ inhibitors are sitagliptin and vildagliptin.
• Sitagliptin is an approved pharmaceutical marketed as JanuviaTM, and vildagliptin is an approved pharmaceutical marked as GalvusTM.
• the crystalline salt and DPP ⁇ inhibitor are administered in a single dosage or in separate dosages.
• the single dosage is administered once a day or multiple times a day.
• the dosages can be administered once a day or multiple times a day.
• the salt and the DPP IV inhibitor are administered in a single dosage, the salt and DPP ⁇ inhibitor are formulated as a medicament into a single pill, single table, or a single capsule.
• the salt is formulated as a medicament into a pill, tablet or capsule and the DPP IV inhibitor is formulated into a separate pill or capsule.
• the salt and DPP IV inhibitor are administered in separate dosages, the salt can be administered first and the DPP IV inhibitor can be administered next, following administration of the salt.
• the DPP IV inhibitor can be administered first and the salt can be administered next, following administration of the DPP IV inhibitor.
• the time between the sequential first administration and the second administration can be varied by a skilled practitioner.
• the first administration (the salt or DPP ⁇ inhibitor), is followed immediately by the second administration (the salt or DPP IV inhibitor).
• the second administration is within 2 minutes, 5 minutes, 10 minutes, 15 minutes, 30 minutes, or 60 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, 4 hours, 5 hours, 6 hours, 7 hours, 8 hours, 9 hours, 10 hours, 11 hours, or 12 hours following the first administration. Yet another embodiment provides for the
• the salt and/or DPP IV inhibitor are preferably
• Another aspect of this invention provides methods of lowering blood levels of glucose in a subject by administering the salt and a DPP ⁇ inhibitor.
• the method comprises administering an effective amount of the salt and DPP IV inhibitor to the mammal.
• the method further comprises steps to measure blood glucose levels before and after administration of the salt and DPP IV inhibitor.
• Blood glucose levels are easily measured by numerous commercially available glucose monitoring devices that measure blood glucose from samples of blood or urine, or as taught herein. Blood glucose can also be measured by commercially available glucometers that do not require blood or urine samples.
• Another aspect of this invention provides methods of lowering blood levels of insulin in a subject by administering the salt and a DPP IV inhibitor.
• the method comprises administering an effective amount of the salt and DPP IV inhibitor to the mammal.
• the method further comprises steps to measure blood insulin levels before and after administration of the salt and a DPP IV inhibitor. Blood insulin levels are easily measured by well-known insulin monitoring assays that measure insulin from samples of blood or urine, or as taught herein.
• this invention provides methods of increasing blood levels of incretins in a subject by administering the salt and a DPP IV inhibitor.
• the incretins are GLP-1 and GIP.
• the method comprises administering an effective amount of the salt and DPP ⁇ inhibitor to the mammal.
• the method further comprises steps to measure blood incretin levels before and after administration of the salt and a DPP IV inhibitor. Blood incretin levels are easily measured by well-known incretin monitoring assays that, or as taught herein.
• Yet another aspect of this invention provides methods of lowering blood triglyceride levels in a subject by administering the salt and a DPP IV inhibitor.
• the method comprises administering an effective amount of the salt and DPP IV inhibitor to the mammal.
• the method further comprises steps to measure blood triglycerides levels before and after administration of the salt and DPP ⁇ inhibitor. Blood triglyceride levels are easily measured by numerous commercially available devices that measure blood triglyceride levels from samples of blood.
• a further aspect of this invention provides methods of lowing gastric emptying in a subject by administering the salt and a DPP IV inhibitor.
• the method comprises administering an effective amount of the salt and DPP ⁇ inhibitor to the mammal.
• the method further comprises steps to measure blood incretin levels before and after administration of the salt and a DPP IV inhibitor. Blood incretin levels are easily measured by well-known incretin monitoring assays, or as taught herein.
• Another aspect of this invention provides methods of increasing insulin production in the islet cells of a subject by administering the salt and a DPP IV inhibitor.
• the method comprises administering an effective amount of the salt and DPP IV inhibitor to the mammal.
• the method further comprises steps to measure insulin production in islet cells or the beta cells of the pancreas before and after administration of the salt and a DPP ⁇ inhibitor.
• the insulin production of islets and beta cells are easily measured by well-known assays, or as taught herein.
• this invention provides methods of preserving islet function in a subject by administering the salt and a DPP ⁇ inhibitor.
• the method comprises administering an effective amount of the salt and DPP IV inhibitor to the mammal.
• the method further comprises steps to measure the function of islets' or beta cell's ability to produce insulin before and after administration of the salt and a DPP ⁇ inhibitor.
• the insulin production of islets and beta cells are easily measured by well- known assays, or as taught herein.
• a therapeutically effective amount of the salt and DPP IV inhibitor can be used for the preparation of one or more pharmaceutical compositions useful for treating Type II diabetes and/or lowering the plasma level of glucose.
• a therapeutically effective amount of the salt and a DPP IV inhibitor can be used for the preparation of one or more pharmaceutical compositions useful for treating other indications that include diabetes as a component, such as metabolic syndrome, as well as indications that can be improved as a result of increased insulin production (such as the early stages of Type I diabetes).
• compositions of the invention can include the salt and optionally DPP IV inhibitors, pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, or a hydrolysable precursor thereof.
• the salt is mixed with suitable carriers or excipient(s) in a therapeutically effective amount.
• pharmaceutically acceptable amount it is meant that a sufficient amount of the compound of the present invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier will be present in order to achieve a desired result, e.g. , alleviating a symptom or complication of Type II diabetes.
• the MBX-2982 salts that are used in the methods of the present invention can be incorporated into a variety of formulations for therapeutic administration. More particularly, the salts can be formulated into pharmaceutical compositions by combination with appropriate, pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, excipients, or diluents, and can be formulated into preparations in solid or semi-solid forms such as tablets, capsules, pills, powders, granules, dragees, gels, ointments, suppositories, inhalants. Administration can be achieved in various ways, including oral, buccal, rectal, intradermal, and transdermal administration. Moreover, the salt can be administered in a local rather than systemic manner, in a depot or sustained release formulation. In addition, the salts can be administered in a liposome.
• Suitable formulations for use in the present invention are found in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences (Mack Publishing Company (1985) Philadelphia, PA, 17th ed.), which is incorporated herein by reference.
• the pharmaceutical compositions described herein can be manufactured in a manner that is known to those of skill in the art, i.e., by means of conventional mixing, granulating, dragee-making, levigating, emulsifying, encapsulating, or entrapping processes.
• the following methods and excipients are merely exemplary and are in no way limiting.
• the salt can be formulated readily by combining with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers that are well known in the art.
• Pharmaceutical preparations for oral use can be obtained by mixing the compounds with a solid excipient, optionally grinding a resulting mixture, and processing the mixture of granules, after adding suitable auxiliaries, if desired, to obtain tablets or dragee cores.
• Suitable excipients are, in particular, fillers such as sugars, including lactose, sucrose, mannitol, or sorbitol; cellulose preparations such as, for example, maize starch, wheat starch, rice starch, potato starch, gelatin, gum tragacanth, methyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl- cellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, and/or polyvinylpyrrolidone.
• disintegrating agents can be added, such as the cross-linked polyvinyl pyrrolidone, agar, or alginic acid or the salt thereof such as sodium alginate.
• Dragee cores are provided with suitable coatings.
• suitable coatings can be used, which can optionally contain gum arabic, talc, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, carbopol gel, polyethylene glycol, and/or titanium dioxide, lacquer solutions, and suitable organic solvents or solvent mixtures.
• Dyestuffs or pigments can be added to the tablets or dragee coatings for identification or to characterize different combinations of active compound doses.
• compositions that can be used orally include push-fit capsules made of gelatin, as well as soft, sealed capsules made of gelatin and a plasticizer, such as glycerol or sorbitol.
• the push-fit capsules can contain the active ingredients in admixture with filler such as lactose, binders such as starches, and/or lubricants such as talc or magnesium stearate and, optionally, stabilizers.
• the active compounds can be dissolved or suspended in suitable liquids, such as fatty oils, liquid paraffin, or liquid polyethylene glycols.
• stabilizers can be added. All formulations for oral administration should be in dosages suitable for such administration.
• compositions can take the form of tablets or lozenges formulated in conventional manner.
• the salts according to the present invention are conveniently delivered in the form of an aerosol spray presentation from pressurized packs or a nebulizer, with the use of a suitable propellant, e.g., dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, dichlorotetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide or other suitable gas, or from propellant-free, dry-powder inhalers.
• a suitable propellant e.g., dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, dichlorotetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide or other suitable gas, or from propellant-free, dry-powder inhalers.
• a suitable propellant e.g., dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, dichlorotetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide or other suitable gas
• propellant-free, dry-powder inhalers e.g.,
• the salts can also be formulated in rectal compositions such as suppositories or retention enemas, e.g., containing conventional suppository bases such as cocoa butter, carbowaxes, polyethylene glycols or other glycerides, all of which melt at body temperature, yet are solidified at room temperature.
• rectal compositions such as suppositories or retention enemas, e.g., containing conventional suppository bases such as cocoa butter, carbowaxes, polyethylene glycols or other glycerides, all of which melt at body temperature, yet are solidified at room temperature.
• the salts can also be formulated as a depot preparation. Such long acting formulations can be administered by implantation (for example subcutaneously or intramuscularly) or by intramuscular injection.
• the salts can be formulated with suitable polymeric or hydrophobic materials (for example as an emulsion in an acceptable oil) or ion exchange resins, or as sparingly soluble derivatives, for example, as a sparingly soluble salt.
• hydrophobic pharmaceutical compounds can be employed.
• Liposomes and emulsions are well known examples of delivery vehicles or carriers for hydrophobic drugs.
• long-circulating, i.e., stealth liposomes can be employed.
• liposomes are generally described in Woodle, et al., U.S. Patent No. 5,013,556.
• the compounds of the present invention can also be administered by controlled release means and/or delivery devices such as those described in U.S. Patent Nos. 3,845,770; 3,916,899; 3,536,809; 3,598,123; and 4,008,719.
• compositions suitable for use in the present invention include compositions wherein the active ingredients are contained in a therapeutically effective amount.
• the amount of composition administered will, of course, be dependent on the subject being treated, on the subject's weight, the severity of the affliction, the manner of administration and the judgment of the prescribing physician. Determination of an effective amount is well within the capability of those skilled in the art, especially in light of the detailed disclosure provided herein.
• the amount of salt that can be combined with a carrier material to produce a single dosage form will vary depending upon the disease treated, the mammalian species, and the particular mode of administration.
• suitable unit doses for the salts can, for example, preferably contain between 0.1 mg to about 1000 mg of the active compound.
• a preferred unit dose is between 1 mg to about 500 mg.
• a more preferred unit dose is between 1 mg to about 300mg.
• Another preferred unit dose is between 1 mg to about 100 mg.
• Other preferred unit doses include 25, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, and 500 mg.
• the unit does can also be administered 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 times a day, preferably 1 or 2 times per day, or more preferably once a day so that the total dosage, for example, for a 70 kg adult is in the range of 0.001 to about 15 mg per kg weight of subject per administration.
• a preferred dosage is about 0.5 to about 10 mg, about 0.5 to about 7.5 mg, about 0.5 to about 5 mg, about 0.5 to about 4 mg, about 0.5 to about 3 mg, about 0.5 to about 2 mg, or about 0.5 to about 1 mg per kg weight of subject per administration, and such therapy can extend for a number of weeks or months, and in some cases, years.
• the specific dose level for any particular subject will depend on a variety of factors including the activity of the specific compound employed; the age, body weight, general health, sex and diet of the individual being treated; the time and route of administration; the rate of excretion; other drugs that have previously been administered; and the severity of the particular disease undergoing therapy, as is well understood by those of skill in the area.
• a typical dosage can be one 1 mg to about 500 mg, or a 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, or 500 mg tablet taken once a day or as a time- release capsule or tablet taken once a day and containing a proportionally higher content of active ingredient.
• the time-release effect can be obtained by capsule materials that dissolve at different pH values, by capsules that release slowly by osmotic pressure, or by any other known means of controlled release.
• kits with unit doses of the salt and/or DPP IV inhibitor either in oral or injectable doses.
• the containers containing the unit doses will be an informational package insert describing the use and attendant benefits of the drugs in treating diabetes, obesity, hyperlipidemia,
• Atherosclerosis and metabolic syndrome and/or their respective related symptoms, complications and disorders.
• XRPD XRPD patterns were collected using an Inel XRG-3000 diffractometer or PANalytical X'Pert Pro diffractometer.
• Inel Inel XRG-3000 diffractometer equipped with a curved position sensitive detector with a 2 ⁇ range of 120°. An incident beam of Cu Ka radiation (40 kV, 30 mA) was used to collect data in real time at a resolution of 0.03° 2 ⁇ . Prior to the analysis, a silicon standard (NIST SRM 640c) was analyzed to verify the Si 111 peak position. Samples were prepared for analysis by packing them into thin- walled glass capillaries. Each capillary was mounted onto a goniometer head and rotated during data acquisition.
• PANalytical An incident beam of Cu Ka radiation was produced using an Optix long, fine-focus source. An elliptically graded multilayer mirror was used to focus the Cu Ka X-rays of the source through the specimen and onto the detector. Data were collected and analysed using X'Pert Pro Data Collector software (v. 2.2b). Prior to the analysis, a silicon specimen (NIST SRM 640c) was analyzed to verify the Si 111 peak position. The specimen was sandwiched between 3 ⁇ thick films, analyzed in transmission geometry, and rotated to optimize orientation statistics. Soller slits were used for the incident and diffracted beams to minimize axial divergence. Diffraction patterns were collected using a scanning position-sensitive detector (X'Celerator) located 240 mm from the specimen.
• X'Celerator scanning position-sensitive detector
• DSC DSC was performed using a TA Instruments Q2000 differential scanning calorimeter. Temperature calibration was performed using NIST traceable indium metal. The sample was placed into an aluminum DSC pan, and the weight was accurately recorded. The pan was either covered with a lid perforated with a laser pinhole, and the lid was hermetically sealed or covered with an unperforated lid and crimped. The sample cell was equilibrated at either -30°C or 25 °C and heated under a nitrogen purge at a rate of 10 °C/minute, up to a final temperature of 250 °C. Reported temperatures are at the transition maxima.
• TGA TG analyses were performed using a TA Instruments Q5000 IR thermogravimetric analyzer. Temperature calibration was performed using nickel and AlumelTM. Each sample was placed in an aluminum pan. The pan was hermetically sealed with a lid that was opened using a punching mechanism just before being inserted into the TG furnace. The furnace was heated under nitrogen at a rate of 10 °C/minute to a final temperature of 350 °C.
• FT-Raman spectroscopy Raman spectra were acquired on a Nexus 670 FT- Raman accessory module interfaced to a Nexus 670 FT-IR spectrophotometer (Thermo Nicolet) equipped with an indium gallium arsenide (InGaAs) detector. Wavelength verification was performed using sulfur and cyclohexane. Each sample was prepared for analysis by placing the sample into a glass tube and positioning the tube in a gold-coated tube holder.
• volume Reduction Solutions containing free base and an acid of interest were prepared in various solvents at room temperature. No solids were seen in solution. Sample capped and left at ambient temperature for a period of hours to days. If no solids were generated, the sample was uncapped and the samples volume was reduced. Sample capped and allowed to stand under ambient temperature conditions. Once solids precipitated from solution, the solids were collected via vacuum filtration and dried.
• Precipitation Solutions containing free base and an acid of interest were prepared in various solvents at room temperature. If solids persisted, the samples were either heated to facilitate dissolution or kept at ambient temperature and stirred. If a clear solution resulted, the sample was capped and kept at ambient temperature. The samples at elevated temperature were cooled to ambient temperature. Generated solids were collected via vacuum filtration and dried.
• Example 1 Preparation free base 5-ethyl-2- ⁇ 4-[4-(4-tetrazol-l-yl-phenoxymethyl)- thiazol-2-yl] -piperidin- 1 -yl ⁇ -pyrimidine.
• the besylate salt was generated from an acetone solution volume reduction experiment.
• the material crystallized as stacked plates.
• XRPD analysis indicated the besylate salt was crystalline. After overnight RH stress, the material remained a free- flowing powder.
• Thermal analysis of the stressed sample indicated a slight weight loss (0.9 wt. %) to 125°C and a sharp endotherm centered at 153°C. Associated with the endotherm was a shoulder at approximately 147°C. Rapid weight loss was observed above approximately 155°C.
• 1H NMR spectroscopy results indicated a 1: 1 salt was present.
• the camsylate salt was generated by a precipitation reaction and a slow cool in acetone.
• the material crystallized in an unknown morphology.
• XRPD analysis indicated the camsylate salt was crystalline. After overnight RH stress, the material remained a free flowing powder.
• Thermal analysis of the unstressed material indicated a slight weight loss (0.3 wt. %) to 125°C and a sharp endotherm centered at 184°C. Rapid weight loss, usually indicative of decomposition, was observed above approximately 180°C.
• 1H NMR spectroscopy results indicated that a 1: 1 salt had formed.
• the esylate salt was generated through a precipitation reaction in acetone.
• the esylate material existed as stacked plates and tablets.
• XRPD analyses indicated that the esylate salt was crystalline. After overnight stress, the material remained a free flowing powder.
• Thermal analysis of the stressed powder indicated a 4.8% weight loss to 125°C and a sharp endotherm centered at 98.5°C.
• the endothermic event is typically indicative of a melting event.
• the weight loss could be indicative of a solvate or hydrate of the salt. Rapid weight loss, usually indicative of decomposition, was observed above
• Example 5 HBr salt [0124] The HBr salt was generated through a precipitation reaction in acetone. The material crystallized in an unknown morphology. XRPD results indicated that the HBr salt was crystalline. After overnight stress, the material remained a free flowing powder. Thermal analysis of the unstressed material indicated that a wide, weak endotherm existed prior to the sample undergoing decomposition. A 1.5% wt. loss was detected prior to decomposition. 1H NMR spectroscopy indicated that no decomposition product was formed under ambient conditions. The salt precipitated in the presence of CDCI 3 and the 1H NMR analysis was performed in DMSO.
• the mesylate salt was generated in a variety of morphologies using a slow cool/volume reduction technique. XRPD results indicated that the mono-salt was crystalline. After elevated RH stress, the material remained a free flowing powder.
• XRPD Intel XRG-3000 diffractometer select interlattice plane intervals: d in [A] (40.1 A): 10.23, 6.28, 4.83, 4.75, 4.57, 4.43, 4.32, 3.49, 3.43, 3.32.
• the sulfate salt was generated from precipitation experiments. XRPD results indicated that the mono-salt generated crystalline material. After elevated RH stress, the material turned tacky. Thermal analysis of the unstressed sample indicated a large weight loss (9% to 125°C) was associated with an endotherm centered at 97°C. After this initial weight loss, rapid degradation of the material occurred upon further heating which may be due the loss of water, although this hypothesis was not verified. 1H NMR spectroscopy results indicated that no decomposition product was formed. The salt precipitated in the presence of CDCI 3 and the 1H NMR analysis was performed in DMSO.
• the tosylate salt was generated by slow cooling and volume reduction in acetone.
• the material crystallized in an unknown morphology.
• XRPD results indicated that crystalline material existed.
• the material remained a free flowing powder after exposure to elevated RH conditions.
• Thermal analysis of the material indicated minor (0.9%) weight loss to 125°C associated with a very weak endotherm centered at 94°C. This wide, weak endotherm could be indicative of solvent loss.
• 1H NMR spectroscopy results confirmed a 1: 1 salt had formed.
• XRPD Intel XRG-3000 diffractometer select interlattice plane intervals: d in [A] (+0.1 A): 10.61, 8.41, 5.78, 5.17, 5.02, 4.84, 4.37, 4.22, 3.95, 3.44.
• HC1 salt was dissolved in a given solvent. The solution was filtered through a 0.2 ⁇ nylon filter. For evaporation experiments at ambient, the solutions were left in open vials (fast evaporation) or covered with aluminum foil containing pinholes (slow evaporation). For evaporation experiments under vacuum (rotary evaporation), the sample was placed on the rotary evaporator at ambient or elevated temperature and the solvents evaporated to dryness.
• HC1 salt was contacted with a given solvent and the sample was brought to elevated temperature in an oil bath on a hotplate. Selected samples were filtered using a 0.2 ⁇ nylon filter. The heat source was then turned off and the hotplate and vials were allowed to cool slowly in the oil bath to ambient temperature for slow cool or placed on the lab bench for fast cool. Selected samples that did not produce solids at ambient temperature were placed in a refrigerator or freezer. Solids were recovered by vacuum filtration.
• Crash Cool Experiments Saturated solutions were prepared in various solvents at elevated temperature. Experiments were performed in an oil bath placed on a hotplate. The resulting solutions or slurries were rapidly filtered through a warm 0.2 ⁇ filter into an open vial while still warm. The vial was placed into an acetone bath cooled by dry ice. Solids were collected by vacuum filtration.
• Vapor Diffusion Small amounts of MBX 2982 HC1 were dissolved in a minimum amount of an appropriate solvent. The samples were filtered through a 0.2 ⁇ nylon filter into a 1 dram vial. Diethyl ether was added to a 20 mL scintillation vial. The 1 dram vials were uncapped and placed into the 20 mL vials. The 20 mL vials were capped and parafilmed. Table 6.
• FT-Raman spectrum (cm-1): 154, 193, 214, 243, 324, 346, 384, 420, 460, 467, 495, 539, 573, 596, 628, 648, 680, 687, 718, 751, 766, 787, 800, 845, 856, 946, 967, 992, 1009, 1051, 1068, 1094, 1110, 1172, 1203, 1225, 1253, 1282, 1300, 1311, 1334, 1375, 1394, 1404, 1432, 1458, 1474, 1480, 1517, 1533, 1591, 1609, 1637, 2734, 2869, 2903, 2928, 2937, 2967, 2999, 3015, 3030, 3063, 3075.
• Example 12 HCl salt Form I from ethyl acetate [0143] To a suspension of MBX-2982 (2 g) in ethyl acetate (9 mL) was added 1.05 equivalent of HCl (1 M solution in ethyl acetate) at 55°C. The suspension was stirred at 55°C for two hours and then cooled down to room temperature. The HCl salt Form I was collected by vacuum filtration as solids. Select interlattice plane intervals from the X-ray powder pattern taken from an Intel XRG-3000 diffractometer: d in [A] (+0.1 A): 10.09, 8.22, 5.51, 5.09, 4.36, 4.26, 4.14, 4.09, 3.35, 3.18.
• the TG curve indicates a -0.6 % weight loss between -21 °C and -113 °C, likely associated with residual methanol and ethyl acetate evaporation.
• a weight loss of approximately 14.6 % between -113 °C and -220 °C was observed, followed by a sharp loss at -312 °C (onset) likely due to decomposition.
• the material may initially lose the HCl, which is accompanied by further degradation at higher temperatures.
• the DSC thermogram exhibited an endothermic event beginning -150 °C (onset) followed by a number of heat fluctuations, likely attributable to decomposition.
• Mass Spectrometer 4000 Q-TRAP® with Analyst 1.4.2 Software (Applied Biosystem Inc.)
• Preparation of samples was performed by solvent precipitation of plasma proteins in a 1 mL/well 96-well plate.
• Standards were prepared by spiking 10 ⁇ ⁇ of blank plasma with 10 ⁇ ⁇ of standard solution (acetonitrile containing MBX-2982 at 0.01, 0.02, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 ⁇ g/mL) and 300 ⁇ , of 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile containing 0.2 ⁇ g/mL internal standard.
• Plasma samples were prepared by adding 10 ⁇ ⁇ of plasma sample, 10 ⁇ ⁇ of acetonitrile, and 300 ⁇ ⁇ of 0.2 ⁇ g/mL internal standard in 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile. After addition of the organic solvents, all samples were vortexed briefly and centrifuged at 3600 rpm for 10 minutes. Some of the samples were diluted 1.3 to 2- fold with blank plasma. An aliquot of the supernatant (25 ⁇ > was transfer to a 1 mL/well 96-well plate and mixed with 200 ⁇ ⁇ water/ ACN (50/50, v/v) and injected into the HPLC. [0152] All stock and spiking solutions were kept in polypropylene tubes and stored at approximately -80°C.
• the suspensions for microcrystalline MBX-2982 (free base) and salt forms of MBX-2982 were prepared in 1% carboxymethylcellulose and 2% tween 80 in water (w/w/v).
• Plasma concentration-time data for individual animals were analyzed using WinNonlin software (Professional, version 5.0.1; Pharsight Corp.). A non-compartmental model (model 200) was used. Peak area ratios of MBX-2982 to internal standard and concentration were fitted to a quadratic equation (Calibration Curve) with 1/x weighting using a quadratic regression program in Analyst version 1.4.2 (Applied Biosystem Inc). The equations were then used to interpolate the concentrations of MBX-2982 in samples from peak area to internal standard ratio.
• micronized, free-base MBX-2982 was 0.26 ⁇ g/ml.
• the plasma levels of the salt forms were 7.3 ⁇ g/ml (HCl form I), 12.02 ⁇ g/ml (HCl form II), 0.476 ⁇ g/ml (mesylate), and 4.2 ⁇ g/ml (tosylate).
• the plasma levels of the micronized, free -base MBX-2982 was 0.08 ⁇ g/ml, and the salt forms were 7.52 ⁇ g/l (HC1 form I), 14.9 ⁇ g/ml (HC1 form II), 0.574 ⁇ g/ml (mesylate), and 3.18 ⁇ g/ml
• the fold difference in the plasma concentrations of the salts of MBX-2982 when compared to the micronized, free-base form of 2982 are 94 fold higher plasma concentration (HC1 form I), 186 fold higher plasma concentration (HC1 form II), 7 fold higher plasma concentration (mesylate), and 40 fold higher plasma concentration (tosylate).

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