WO2011037041A1 - ナノ粒子材料及び光電変換デバイス - Google Patents
ナノ粒子材料及び光電変換デバイス Download PDFInfo
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- WO2011037041A1 WO2011037041A1 PCT/JP2010/065814 JP2010065814W WO2011037041A1 WO 2011037041 A1 WO2011037041 A1 WO 2011037041A1 JP 2010065814 W JP2010065814 W JP 2010065814W WO 2011037041 A1 WO2011037041 A1 WO 2011037041A1
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/0248—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by their semiconductor bodies
- H01L31/0352—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by their semiconductor bodies characterised by their shape or by the shapes, relative sizes or disposition of the semiconductor regions
- H01L31/035209—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by their semiconductor bodies characterised by their shape or by the shapes, relative sizes or disposition of the semiconductor regions comprising a quantum structures
- H01L31/035218—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by their semiconductor bodies characterised by their shape or by the shapes, relative sizes or disposition of the semiconductor regions comprising a quantum structures the quantum structure being quantum dots
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K30/00—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation
- H10K30/30—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation comprising bulk heterojunctions, e.g. interpenetrating networks of donor and acceptor material domains
- H10K30/35—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation comprising bulk heterojunctions, e.g. interpenetrating networks of donor and acceptor material domains comprising inorganic nanostructures, e.g. CdSe nanoparticles
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K2101/00—Properties of the organic materials covered by group H10K85/00
- H10K2101/30—Highest occupied molecular orbital [HOMO], lowest unoccupied molecular orbital [LUMO] or Fermi energy values
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K30/00—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation
- H10K30/50—Photovoltaic [PV] devices
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/549—Organic PV cells
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a nanoparticle material and a photoelectric conversion device, and more specifically, a nanoparticle material in which the surface of ultrafine particles is coated with a surfactant, and a photoelectric conversion device such as a solar cell or a light emitting diode using the nanoparticle material.
- a nanoparticle material in which the surface of ultrafine particles is coated with a surfactant
- a photoelectric conversion device such as a solar cell or a light emitting diode using the nanoparticle material.
- Quantum dots which are ultrafine particles having a particle size of 10 nm or less, have excellent carrier (electron, hole) confinement properties, and therefore excitons can be easily generated by electron-hole recombination. Therefore, light emission from free excitons can be expected, and light emission with high emission efficiency and sharp emission spectrum can be realized. Further, since quantum dots can be controlled in a wide wavelength range using the quantum size effect, their application to light emitting devices such as semiconductor lasers and light emitting diodes (LEDs) has attracted attention.
- LEDs light emitting diodes
- colloidal quantum dots are chemically synthesized in a liquid phase, and usually the surface is covered with organic molecules of a surfactant so that the quantum dots do not aggregate with each other. That is, the colloidal quantum dots have a drawback that the potential barrier is large due to the low conductivity of the surfactant due to the organic molecules, and thus the photoelectric conversion efficiency via carriers (holes and electrons) is low.
- FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram of a photoelectric conversion device assuming the use of a conductive surfactant.
- a quantum dot layer 105 is interposed between a hole transport layer 102 formed on the upper surface of the anode 101 and an electron transport layer 104 formed on the lower surface of the cathode 103.
- the surface of the quantum dot layer 105 is covered with a conductive surfactant 109 so that the quantum dots 108 including the core portion 106 and the shell portion 107 do not aggregate. That is, the quantum dot layer 105 has a laminated structure in which a large number of quantum dots 108 are arranged, and a conductive surfactant 109 is interposed between the quantum dots 108.
- Patent Document 1 has a surfactant composed of at least two kinds of ligands localized on the surface of quantum dots, and at least one of the ligands is a hole transporting ligand.
- a nanoparticle light-emitting material in which at least one kind is an electron transporting ligand.
- the energy state of a molecule corresponds to the molecular orbital in which an electron exists, and can be divided into a ground state with the lowest energy and a stable ground state, and an excited state with higher energy than the ground state. it can.
- the molecule Before the molecule is irradiated with light, it is in the ground state, and electrons are occupied in order from the molecular orbital having the lowest energy, but the highest molecular orbital in the ground state molecular orbital is the highest occupied. It is called an orbit (Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital; hereinafter referred to as “HOMO”), and the energy level corresponding to this HOMO is the HOMO level.
- HOMO Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital
- the HOMO level 122 of the electron transporting ligand 121 is made lower than the HOMO level 124 of the hole transporting ligand 123, and the hole transporting coordination is performed.
- the LUMO level 125 of the child 123 higher than the LUMO level 126 of the electron transporting ligand 121, the efficiency of carrier injection into the quantum dots 127 is improved.
- the electron transport is such that the HOMO level 122 of the electron transporting ligand 121 is lower than the highest electron level 128 in the valence band of the quantum dot 127.
- the conductive ligand 121 By selecting the conductive ligand 121, the holes injected into the quantum dots 127 are blocked by the electron transporting ligand 121, and the LUMO level 125 of the hole transporting ligand 123 is By selecting a hole transporting ligand 123 that is higher than the lowest electron level 129 in the conduction band of the dot 127, electrons injected into the quantum dot 127 are blocked by the hole transporting ligand 123. is doing.
- FIG. 12 is a diagram for explaining the principle of confinement of quantum dots in Patent Document 1.
- the quantum dot 108 includes a core portion 106 and a shell portion 107 that covers the core portion 106, and the shell portion 107 is covered with a surfactant 133.
- This surfactant 133 has a hole transporting ligand 133a and an electron transporting ligand 133b, and the hole transporting ligand 133a is localized on the hole transporting layer 102 side, and the electron transporting is performed.
- An electron transporting ligand 133b is localized on the layer 104 side.
- the hole transporting ligand 133a Since the LUMO level 136 of the hole transporting ligand 133a is higher than the LUMO level 137 of the electron transporting ligand 133b, electrons from the electron transporting layer 135 are easily injected into the core portion 106. On the other hand, since the LUMO level 136 of the hole transporting ligand 133a is higher than the lowest electron level 138 in the conduction band of the core portion 106, the hole transporting ligand 133a serves as a barrier against electrons. The electrons are confined inside the core portion 106.
- the HOMO level 139 of the electron transporting ligand 133b is lower than the HOMO level 140 of the hole transporting layer ligand 133a, holes from the hole transporting layer 102 are easily in the core part 106.
- the HOMO level 139 of the electron transporting ligand 133b is lower than the highest electron level 141 in the valence band of the core portion 106, the electron transporting ligand 133b has a barrier against holes. Thus, the holes are confined inside the core portion 106.
- carriers are confined inside the quantum dots 127 by the electron blocking effect of the hole transporting ligand 133a and the hole blocking effect of the electron transporting ligand 133b.
- Patent Document 1 electrons and holes are confined in the core portion 106 to recombine the electron-holes in the core portion 106, thereby generating excitons to emit light.
- JP 2008-214363 A (Claim 1, Claims 3 to 5)
- Patent Document 1 since the surfactant 133 has both the hole transporting ligand 133a and the electron transporting ligand 133b, the hole and the electron are It will be transported in a form coexisting in the surfactant 133. For this reason, there is a possibility that electrons and holes approach each other with a certain probability, and there is a possibility that the holes and electrons recombine in the surfactant 133 as shown in FIG.
- the present invention has been made in view of such circumstances, and an object of the present invention is to provide a nanoparticle material and a photoelectric conversion device that have favorable carrier transport efficiency and are suitable for photoelectric conversion device applications.
- the present inventor conducted intensive research to achieve the above-mentioned object.
- a surfactant that transports only electrons or only holes coexists in the nanoparticle material, and these two types of surfactants are used to form ultrafine particles.
- carrier recombination in the surfactant can be prevented, thereby improving the carrier transport efficiency.
- the present invention has been made on the basis of such findings, and the nanoparticle material according to the present invention includes a first surfactant having a hole transporting property on the surface of ultrafine particles and a second material having an electron transporting property. It is characterized by being coated with a surfactant.
- a phonon bottleneck is generated by moving carriers between the first surfactant having electron transporting property and the second surfactant having hole transporting property and the quantum dot using tunnel resonance.
- the carrier can be transported quickly and efficiently.
- the first surfactant needs to have a HOMO level that makes tunnel resonance with the valence band of the quantum dot, and the second surfactant has a tunnel resonance with the conduction band of the quantum dot. It is necessary to have such a LUMO level.
- the first surfactant has a HOMO level that causes tunnel resonance with the valence band of the quantum dot that is the ultrafine particle.
- the HOMO level is preferably ⁇ 0.2 to +0.2 eV with respect to the energy level of the valence band.
- the second surfactant has a LUMO level that causes tunnel resonance with the conduction band of the quantum dots that are the ultrafine particles.
- the LUMO level is preferably ⁇ 0.2 to +0.2 eV with respect to the energy level of the conduction band.
- the ultrafine particles have a core-shell structure including a core portion and a shell portion covering the core portion.
- the photoelectric conversion device is a photoelectric conversion device in which a quantum dot layer is interposed between a first electrode and a second electrode, wherein the quantum dot layer is formed of the nanoparticle material. It is characterized by having.
- an electron transport layer is formed between any one of the first electrode and the second electrode and the quantum dot layer, and the other electrode and the A hole transport layer is preferably formed between the quantum dot layer.
- the surface of the ultrafine particles is coated with the first surfactant having hole transportability and the second surfactant having electron transportability.
- This surfactant can transport only holes, and the second surfactant can transport only electrons.
- the holes and electrons in the surfactant do not recombine, and the carriers generated in the quantum dots that are ultrafine particles by light irradiation can be efficiently transported to the electrode side.
- Carriers injected into the electrodes can be efficiently transported into the quantum dots. Thereby, the transport efficiency (injection efficiency) of carriers to the quantum dots and the transport efficiency (drawing efficiency) from the quantum dots can be improved.
- the first surfactant has a HOMO level that causes tunnel resonance with the valence band of the quantum dot that is the ultrafine particle, for example, ⁇ 0.2 to about the energy level of the valence band.
- a HOMO level that causes tunnel resonance with the valence band of the quantum dot that is the ultrafine particle, for example, ⁇ 0.2 to about the energy level of the valence band.
- the second surfactant has a LUMO level that causes tunnel resonance with the conduction band of the quantum dot that is the ultrafine particle, for example, ⁇ 0.2 to +0. By setting it to 2 eV, electrons move rapidly between the quantum dot and the surfactant by tunnel resonance.
- efficient carrier transport can be realized without causing a phonon bottleneck by moving carriers using tunnel resonance.
- the quantum dot layer in the photoelectric conversion device in which the quantum dot layer is interposed between the first electrode and the second electrode, is the nanoparticle material described above. Since it is formed, the carrier transport efficiency in the quantum dot layer is good, and conversion from an electrical signal to an optical signal and conversion from an optical signal to an electrical signal can be performed with high efficiency.
- a photoelectric conversion device can be realized.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing one embodiment of a nanoparticle material according to the present invention.
- This nanoparticle material 1 has a core-shell structure in which quantum dots 2 that are ultrafine particles have a core part 3 and a shell part 4 that protects the core part 3, and the surface of the shell part 4 has a hole transporting property. It is coated with a hole transporting surfactant (first surfactant) 5 and an electron transporting surfactant (second surfactant) 6 having electron transporting properties.
- the core material for forming the core portion 3 is not particularly limited as long as it is a semiconductor material that exhibits a photoelectric conversion action, and InP, CdSe, CdS, PbSe, or the like can be used.
- carriers are generated in the quantum dots 2 by light irradiation, and carriers are extracted from the quantum dots 2 when exciton absorption occurs.
- holes are transported to the anode side through the inside of the hole transporting surfactant 5, and electrons are transported to the cathode side through the inside of the electron transporting surfactant 6.
- each of the hole transporting surfactant 5 and the electron transporting surfactant 6 forms a bulk heterogeneous network, and the hole transporting surfactant 5 transports only holes and transports electrons.
- the surfactant 6 transports only electrons.
- the holes injected into the anode are transported into the quantum dots 2 through the bulk heterogeneous network of the hole transporting surfactant 5.
- the electrons injected into the cathode are transported into the quantum dots 2 through the bulk hetero network of the electron transporting surfactant 6.
- the holes and electrons are transported through the hole transporting surfactant 5 and the electron transporting surfactant 6 to the anode and the cathode or the inside of the quantum dot 2 through different paths. And electrons can be transported efficiently without approaching and recombining during transport. As a result, photoelectric conversion from an optical signal to an electrical signal and photoelectric conversion from an electrical signal to an optical signal can be performed with high efficiency.
- a material in which a ligand is introduced into a low molecular weight hole transport layer material can be used.
- Examples of the low-molecular hole transport layer material include N, N′-diphenyl-N, N′-bis (3-methylphenyl) -1,1′-biphenyl-4, represented by the chemical formula (1), 4′-diamine (hereinafter referred to as “TPD”), 4,4′-bis [N- (1-naphthyl) -N-phenyl-amino] biphenyl represented by the chemical formula (2) (hereinafter referred to as “ ⁇ -NPD”). ), 4,4 ′, 4 ′′ -tris (2-naphthylphenylamino) triphenylamine (hereinafter referred to as “2-TNATA”) represented by the chemical formula (3), and the chemical formula (4).
- TPD 4′-diamine
- ⁇ -NPD 4,4′-bis [N- (1-naphthyl) -N-phenyl-amino] biphenyl represented by the chemical formula (2)
- 2-TNATA 2,4
- N, N′-7-di (1-naphthyl) -N, N′-diphenyl-4,4′-diaminobiphenyl (hereinafter referred to as “Spiro-NPB”), 4,4 represented by the chemical formula (5) ', 4 "-Tris (3-methylphenylphenylamino C) Triphenylamine (hereinafter referred to as “m-MTDATA”) and derivatives thereof.
- the ligand is not particularly limited as long as it is a polar group.
- thiol group —SH
- amino group —NH 2
- carboxyl group —COOH
- carbonyl group —CO
- a nitro group —NO 2
- a phosphino group —PH 2
- a phosphoroso group —PO
- the hole transporting surfactant 5 for example, a TPD-thiol ligand in which a thiol group is introduced into TPD, an ⁇ -NPD-amino ligand in which an amino group is introduced into ⁇ -NPD, or the like is used. be able to.
- the number of introduced ligands is one, it can be dispersed in a nonpolar solvent, and when the number of ligands introduced is two or more, it can also be dispersed in a polar solvent.
- a polymer material such as poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly (styrenesulfonate) (hereinafter referred to as “PEDOT: PSS”) represented by the chemical formula (6) is used for hole transport.
- PEDOT: PSS poly (styrenesulfonate)
- the polymer material has a large molecular size, which becomes a steric hindrance, so the adjacent distance cannot be shortened, resulting in a decrease in the surface coverage of the quantum dots 2 and a decrease in quantum yield. This is because the density of the quantum dot layer cannot be increased.
- the electron transporting surfactant 6 a material in which a ligand is introduced into the electron transporting layer material can be used.
- Examples of the material for the electron transport layer include 2- (4-biphenylyl) -5- (4-t-butylphenyl) -1,3,4-oxadiazole (hereinafter referred to as “PBD”) represented by the chemical formula (7). And 2,2 ′, 2 ′′-(1,3,5-benzonitrile) -tris (1-phenyl-1-H-benzimidazole (hereinafter referred to as “TPBi”) represented by the chemical formula (8).
- BCP 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline
- BCP 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline
- coumarin 6 3- (benzothiazole- 2-yl) -7- (diethylamino) -2H-1-benzopyran-2-one (hereinafter referred to as “coumarin 6”), bis (2-methyl-8-quinolinolate) -4 represented by the chemical formula (11) (Phenylphenolate) aluminum (hereinafter referred to as “BAlq”), 4,4′-bis (9-carbazolyl) -2,2′-dimethylbiphenyl (hereinafter referred to as “CDBP”) represented by the chemical formula (12). ), And derivatives thereof.
- the ligand is not particularly limited as long as it is a polar group, like the hole-transporting surfactant 5.
- a thiol group (—SH) amino group (—NH 2 ), carboxyl A group (—COOH), a carbonyl group (—CO), a nitro group (—NO 2 ), a phosphino group (—PH 2 ), a phosphoroso group (—PO) and the like can be used.
- the electron transporting surfactant 6 for example, a PBD-thiol ligand in which a thiol group is introduced into PBD, a BCP-amino ligand in which an amino group is introduced into BCP, or the like can be used.
- Tris (8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum (hereinafter referred to as “Alq3”) represented by the chemical formula (13) can be suitably used as a material for an electron transport layer, but it has an electron transporting surface activity. It is not preferable to use it for the agent 6. This is because Alq3 is inferior in solubility and has a low ligand density, so it is difficult to use and emits light easily, so that it may recombine with holes in the surfactant to generate excitons. It is.
- the dispersion solvent of the hole transporting surfactant 5 and the electron transporting surfactant 6 are required. It is necessary to have a polarity opposite to that of the dispersion solvent of the agent 6. That is, for example, when a nonpolar solvent such as toluene is used as the dispersion solvent of the hole transporting surfactant 5, it is necessary to use a polar solvent such as methanol as the dispersion solvent of the electron transporting surfactant 6. Yes, as the hole transporting surfactant 5 and the electron transporting surfactant 6, materials suitable for at least these dispersion solvents are selected.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram showing the relationship between the energy levels of the surfactants 5 and 6 and the energy levels of the quantized carriers of the quantum dots 2.
- the hole-transporting surfactant 5 performs tunnel resonance with the energy level (hereinafter referred to as “valence band level”) 7 of the valence band of the core portion 3 that is an energy band in which holes can move.
- the electron transporting surfactant 6 having such a HOMO level 8 has an energy level (hereinafter referred to as “conduction band level”) of the conduction band of the core 3 of the quantum dot 2 which is an energy band in which electrons can move. It has a LUMO level 10 that is in tunnel resonance with 9.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram showing the principle of carrier movement by tunnel resonance.
- the quantum dot 2 includes the core portion 3 and the shell portion 4 as described above.
- the shell part 4 is an ultra-thin film of 1 nm or less normally, a carrier passes easily by the tunnel effect, but the carrier movement between the core part 3 and the surfactants 5 and 6 is also performed quickly, and the carrier It is desirable to improve transportation efficiency.
- the movement of phonons is slow, and the phonon bottleneck is generated due to the slow movement of phonons, which makes it difficult to move the carriers quickly.
- the hole transporting surfactant 5 has a HOMO level 8 that causes tunnel resonance with the valence band level 7 of the core 3, and the electron transporting surfactant 6 has a LUMO level 10 that is in tunnel resonance with the conduction band level 9 of the core 3, thereby rapidly moving carriers as shown by arrows A and B, and improving carrier transport efficiency. I am trying.
- the HOMO level 8 of the hole transporting surfactant 5 is ⁇ 0.2 to +0.2 eV with respect to the valence band level 7 of the core 3.
- InP valence band level: 5.7 eV
- TPD-thiol ligand HOMO level: 5.6 eV
- the LUMO level 10 of the electron transporting surfactant 6 is preferably in the range of ⁇ 0.2 to +0.2 eV with respect to the conduction band level 9 of the core 3.
- a BCP-amino ligand (LUMO level: 3.2 eV) can be used.
- the quantum dots 2 that are ultrafine particles.
- InP is used for the core portion 3 and ZnS is used for the shell portion 4 will be described as an example. To do.
- indium acetate, myristic acid and octadecene are mixed in a container and dissolved by stirring in a nitrogen atmosphere, thereby preparing an indium precursor solution.
- tristrimethylsilylphosphine, octylamine, and octadecene are mixed in a nitrogen atmosphere, thereby preparing a phosphorus precursor solution.
- the indium precursor solution is heated to a predetermined temperature (for example, 190 ° C.), and the phosphorus precursor solution is injected into the heated solution. Then, precursors with high activity react with each other at a high temperature, indium and phosphorus combine to form nuclei, and then react with surrounding unreacted components to cause crystal growth, thereby producing InP quantum dots.
- a predetermined temperature for example, 190 ° C.
- a zinc oxide solution in which zinc oxide is dissolved in stearic acid and a sulfur solution in which sulfur is dissolved in stearic acid are prepared.
- an InP quantum dot solution adjusted to a predetermined temperature (for example, 150 ° C.), heated, cooled, and washed to remove excess organic components in the solution. To do. After that, it is dispersed in a nonpolar solvent such as toluene, thereby preparing an InP / ZnS dispersion solution, that is, a quantum dot dispersion solution.
- a predetermined temperature for example, 150 ° C.
- the hole transporting surfactant 5 is injected into the quantum dot dispersion solution, and the surface of the quantum dot 2 made of InP / ZnS is covered with the hole transporting surfactant 5, whereby the hole transporting property is covered.
- a quantum dot dispersion solution with a surfactant (hereinafter referred to as “quantum dot dispersion solution with hole transporting property”) is prepared.
- the hole transporting surfactant 5 a material having a HOMO level 8 that is in tunnel resonance with the valence band level 7 (5.7 eV) of InP that is the core 3, for example, as described above.
- a TPD-thiol ligand with a HOMO level 8 of 5.6 eV is used as the hole transporting surfactant 5.
- the HOMO level 8 of the hole transporting surfactant 5 can be obtained from the band gap energy estimated from the work function.
- the nanoparticle material 1 is manufactured by a method as shown in FIG.
- a quantum dot dispersion solution with a hole transport property is applied onto the substrate 11, and one or more layers have a hole transport property.
- the quantum dot layer 12 is formed.
- substitution solution a dispersion solution containing the electron transporting surfactant 6 (hereinafter referred to as “substitution solution”) is prepared.
- the dispersion solvent of the substitution solution is a solvent having a polarity opposite to that of the dispersion solvent of the quantum dot dispersion solution with hole transport property, for example, the dispersion solvent of the quantum dot dispersion solution with hole transport property as in the present embodiment.
- a polar solvent such as methanol is used.
- the electron transporting surfactant 6 a material having an LUMO level 10 that tunnel-resonates with the conductor level 9 (about 3 eV) of InP that is the core portion 3, for example, the LUMO level 10 described above.
- a BCP-amino ligand of 3.2 eV is used.
- the LUMO level 10 of the electron transporting surfactant 6 can be determined from the work gap and the band gap energy estimated from the absorption edge of the absorption spectrum.
- the substrate 11 having the hole transporting quantum dot layer 12 formed on the surface is immersed in the replacement solution, and a part of the hole transporting surfactant 5 is replaced with the electron transporting surfactant 6.
- the quantum dot layer 13 becomes the nanoparticle material of the present invention.
- the substrate 11 on which the quantum dot layer 12 with a hole transporting property is formed is immersed in a substitution solution, between the hole transporting surfactant 5 and the electron transporting surfactant 6 in the film thickness direction from the surface. A concentration gradient is formed. The portion close to the surface is replaced with the electron transporting surfactant 6 at a higher concentration, and the portion close to the substrate 11 remains with the hole transporting surfactant 5 maintaining a higher concentration state.
- the hole transporting surfactant 5 is almost completely changed to the electron transporting surfactant 6 regardless of the film thickness.
- the dense portion where the film density is high only the surface is replaced or the hole transporting surfactant 5 remains without being replaced.
- the thickness of the quantum dot layer 12 with hole transporting property is small, even a dense film is completely substituted by a substitution reaction for a sufficiently long time.
- substitution rate is slower as the distance from the surface is smaller, the substitution with the electron transporting surfactant 6 is less likely to occur, and the substitution ratio of the hole transporting surfactant 5 to the electron transporting surfactant 6 is thereby reduced. A gradient occurs.
- the substrate 11 is immersed in a substitution solution for a predetermined time (for example, 60 minutes) in which the hole transporting surfactant 5 and the electron transporting surfactant 6 coexist, and ligand substitution is performed.
- a substitution solution for a predetermined time for example, 60 minutes
- quantum dots 2 coated with two types of surfactants, a hole transporting surfactant 5 and an electron transporting surfactant 6, are arranged on the substrate 11 so that one layer or two or more layers are formed.
- a quantum dot layer 13 having a laminated structure, that is, a nanoparticle material is produced.
- the surfactant coordinated on the surface of the shell part 4 of the quantum dot 2 is the shell part. No peeling from 4. Therefore, the surface coverage of the surfactant covering the shell portion 4 is not lowered, and surface defect inactivation can be maintained, and a nanoparticle material that does not lower the quantum yield is obtained. be able to.
- the hole transporting surfactant 5 and the electron transporting surfactant 6 coexist, only the holes or only the electrons can be transported.
- the carrier transport efficiency can be improved without recombination.
- FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing an embodiment of a solar cell as a photoelectric conversion device using the nanoparticle material 1.
- an anode 21 is formed on a glass substrate 20, a hole transport layer (p layer) 22 made of a hole transport material is formed on the surface of the anode 21, and the surface of the hole transport layer 22 is formed.
- a quantum dot layer (i layer) 23 having a multilayer structure formed of the nanoparticle material 1 of the present invention is formed, and an electron transport layer (n layer) 24 made of an electron transport material is further formed on the surface of the quantum dot layer 23.
- the cathode 25 is formed on the surface of the electron transport layer 24.
- holes and electrons are separated from the quantum dots 2 through the hole transporting surfactant 5 and the electron transporting surfactant 6 through the hole transporting surfactant 5 and the electron transporting surfactant 6, respectively. Therefore, the holes and electrons do not approach and recombine while being transported, and the carriers can be transported efficiently.
- the hole transporting surfactant 5 has a HOMO level 8 that is in tunnel resonance with the valence band level 7 of the core 3, and the electron transporting surfactant 6 is composed of the core 3. Since the LUMO level 10 is in tunnel resonance with the conduction band level 9, the carrier can be moved quickly without causing a phonon bottleneck.
- 6 and 7 are manufacturing process diagrams showing the method for manufacturing the solar cell.
- an ITO film is formed on the transparent substrate 20 by sputtering and UV ozone treatment is performed to form an anode 21 having a thickness of 100 nm to 150 nm.
- PEDOT PSS, TPD, ⁇ -NPD, 2-TNATA, Spiro-NPB, m-MTDATA, etc.
- the hole transporting surfactant dispersion solvent and polarity For example, when a polar solvent such as water is used as the dispersion solvent, PEDOT: PSS that is dispersed in water is used.
- a hole transporting dispersion solution is applied onto the anode 21 by using a spin coat method or the like to form a hole transport layer 22 having a film thickness of 20 nm to 30 nm as shown in FIG.
- a quantum dot dispersion solution with a hole transporting property is prepared by the method described above.
- a quantum dot dispersion solution with a hole transporting property is applied onto the hole transporting layer 22, and as shown in FIG. A quantum dot layer 26 with a hole transporting property is formed.
- the replacement solution described above is prepared.
- the substrate 20 on which the hole-transporting quantum dot layer 26 is formed is immersed in a substitution solution, and a part of the TPD-thiol ligand is substituted with the BCP-amino ligand, and FIG. As shown, a quantum dot layer 23 having a film thickness of 300 nm to 1000 nm in which a hole transporting surfactant and an electric transporting surfactant coexist is formed.
- an electron transport layer 24 having a film thickness of 50 nm to 70 nm is formed on the surface of the quantum dot layer 23 by a vacuum deposition method.
- Ca, Al or the like is used to form a cathode 25 having a film thickness of 100 nm to 300 nm by a vacuum vapor deposition method, thereby producing a solar cell.
- the coverage ratio of the surfactant coordinated on the surface of the shell portion 4 is not lowered, and the hole transporting surfactant 5 and the electron transporting surfactant 6 Therefore, the nanoparticle material 1 having good carrier transport efficiency and good quantum yield can be obtained.
- the side closer to the electron transport layer 24 is replaced with the electron transporting surfactant 6 at a higher concentration, and the side closer to the hole transport layer 21. Since the hole transporting surfactant 21 remains at a higher concentration, it is possible to ensure a barrier property against carriers, and therefore the hole transporting layer 22 and the electron transporting layer 24 can be omitted. .
- FIG. 8 is a schematic view showing another embodiment of the photoelectric conversion device, and the embodiment of this figure shows a case of a light emitting diode.
- this light emitting diode has the same configuration as the above solar cell, and a quantum dot layer 27 having a laminated structure is interposed between the hole transport layer 22 and the electron transport layer 24.
- carriers are injected into the anode 21 and the cathode 25 when a voltage is applied.
- holes are injected into the quantum dots 2 via the hole transporting surfactant 5 that forms a bulk hetero network.
- electrons are similarly injected into the quantum dots 2 through the electron transporting surfactant 5 that forms a bulk hetero network, and the holes and electrons recombine in the quantum dots 2 to emit light.
- carrier transport can be carried out deep in the film thickness direction, it is possible to emit light with high brightness without improving the surface density of the quantum dots 2.
- the present invention is not limited to the above embodiment.
- substrate 11 is immersed in the substitution solution containing an electron transport surfactant, the quantum dot layer 13, That is, a nanoparticle material is produced.
- the substrate is immersed in a substitution solution containing a hole transporting surfactant.
- a nanoparticle material may be produced by
- the quantum dot 2 has the core-shell structure which coat
- the shell part has a core-shell structure with a two-layer structure, or a shell part The same applies to the case where there is no.
- a photoelectric conversion device that performs conversion from an optical signal to an electrical signal can be similarly applied to an image sensor such as a photosensor or CCD in addition to a solar battery.
- a photoelectric conversion device that converts an electrical signal into an optical signal can be similarly applied to a semiconductor laser and various display devices in addition to a light emitting diode.
- the electron transport layer 24 is performed by a dry process using a vacuum deposition method, but may be formed by a wet process such as a spin coat method. However, in this case, it is necessary to use a dispersion solvent having the same polarity as the dispersion solution used in the dipping process.
- a polar solvent is used as the dispersion solvent for the hole transport layer material
- a nonpolar solvent is used as the dispersion solvent for the hole transporting surfactant
- a polar solvent is used as the dispersion solvent for the substitution solution.
- a nonpolar solvent is used as a dispersion solvent for the hole transport layer material
- a polarity is used for the dispersion solvent for the hole transporting surfactant.
- a solvent may be used, and a nonpolar solvent may be used as a dispersion solvent for the substitution solution.
- a hole transport layer material, a hole transport surfactant, an electron transport surfactant, and The electron transport layer material can be appropriately selected.
- a nanoparticle material excellent in carrier transportability can be obtained without recombination of the carrier in the surfactant, and the carrier can be rapidly moved by utilizing tunnel resonance, which is a solar cell. It is useful for various photoelectric conversion devices such as light emitting diodes.
- Quantum dot layer 1
- Core part 4
- Shell part 5
- Hole transporting surfactant (first surfactant) 6
- Electron transporting surfactant (second surfactant) 7
- valence band level 8
- HOMO level 9
- conduction band level 10 LUMO level 21 anode (first electrode) 22 hole transport layer 23
- quantum dot layer 24
- electron transport layer 25
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Abstract
Description
3 コア部
4 シェル部
5 正孔輸送性界面活性剤(第1の界面活性剤)
6 電子輸送性界面活性剤(第2の界面活性剤)
7 価電子帯準位
8 HOMO準位
9 伝導帯準位
10 LUMO準位
21 陽極(第1の電極)
22 正孔輸送層
23 量子ドット層
24 電子輸送層
25 陰極(第2の電極)
27 量子ドット層
Claims (8)
- 超微粒子の表面が正孔輸送性を有する第1の界面活性剤と電子輸送性を有する第2の界面活性剤とで被覆されていることを特徴とするナノ粒子材料。
- 前記第1の界面活性剤は、前記超微粒子である量子ドットの価電子帯とトンネル共鳴するようなHOMO準位を有することを特徴とする請求項1記載のナノ粒子材料。
- 前記HOMO準位は、前記価電子帯のエネルギー準位に対し-0.2~+0.2eVであることを特徴とする請求項2記載のナノ粒子材料。
- 前記第2の界面活性剤は、前記超微粒子である量子ドットの伝導帯とトンネル共鳴するようなLUMO準位を有することを特徴とする請求項1乃至請求項3のいずれかに記載のナノ粒子材料。
- 前記LUMO準位は、前記伝導帯のエネルギー準位に対し-0.2~+0.2eVであることを特徴とする請求項4記載のナノ粒子材料。
- 前記超微粒子は、コア部と該コア部を被覆するシェル部とからなるコアーシェル構造を有していることを特徴とする請求項1乃至請求項5記載のナノ粒子材料。
- 第1の電極と第2の電極との間に量子ドット層が介装された光電変換デバイスにおいて、
前記量子ドット層が、請求項1乃至請求項6のいずれかに記載のナノ粒子材料で形成されていることを特徴とする光電変換デバイス。 - 前記第1の電極及び前記第2の電極のうちのいずれか一方の電極と前記量子ドット層との間に電子輸送層が形成され、他方の電極と前記量子ドット層との間に正孔輸送層が形成されていることを特徴とする請求項7記載の光電変換デバイス。
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US20120175593A1 (en) | 2012-07-12 |
CN102576746A (zh) | 2012-07-11 |
JPWO2011037041A1 (ja) | 2013-02-21 |
US8742399B2 (en) | 2014-06-03 |
CN102576746B (zh) | 2015-05-13 |
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