Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/41—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with two or more ring hetero atoms, at least one of which being nitrogen, e.g. tetrazole
  • A61K31/4245—Oxadiazoles
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
  • A61K9/48—Preparations in capsules, e.g. of gelatin, of chocolate
  • A61K9/4841—Filling excipients; Inactive ingredients
  • A61K9/4866—Organic macromolecular compounds
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/28—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system, e.g. nootropic agents, cognition enhancers, drugs for treating Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia

Definitions

• the present invention relates to pharmaceutical formulations containing the Beta amyloid peptide production inhibitor compound (2R)-2-[[(4- chlorophenyl)sulfonyl][[2-fluoro-4-(l,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)phenyl]methyl]amino]- 5,5,5-trifluoropentanamide, and more particularly, to pharmaceutical capsule compositions containing (2R)-2-[[(4-chlorophenyl)suIfonyl] [[2-fluoro-4-(l ,2,4- oxadiazol-3-yl)phenyl]methyl]ammo]-5,5,5-trifluoropentanarnide together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable polymers that are storage stable for extended periods and are orally bioavailable with good in vivo absorption.
• AD Alzheimer's disease
• a progressive neurodegenerative disease which begins with memory loss and progresses to include severe cognitive impairment, altered behavior, and decreased motor function (Grundman, M. et al, Arch Neurol., 61:59-66 (2004); Walsh, D.M. et al., Neuron, 44:181-193 (2004)). It is the most common form of dementia and represents the third leading cause of death after cardiovascular disorders and cancer.
• the cost of AD is enormous and includes the suffering of the patients and families and the lost productivity of patients and caregivers. No treatment that effectively prevents AD or reverses the clinical symptoms and underlying pathophysiology is currently available.
• AD Alzheimer's disease
• Plaques primarily consist of ⁇ -amyloid (A ⁇ ) peptides that are formed by a stepwise proteolytic cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) by ⁇ -site APP-cleaving enzyme (BACE), to generate the N-terminus, and ⁇ -secretase, to generate the C- terminus (Selkoe, DJ., Physiol. Rev., 81 :741-766 (2001)).
• ⁇ -Secretase is a transmembrane protein complex that includes Nicastrin, Aph-1, PEN-2, and either Presenilin-1 (PS-I) or Presenilin-2 (PS-2) (Wolfe, M.S.
• PS-I and PS-2 are believed to contain the catalytic sites of ⁇ -secretase.
• a ⁇ 40 is the most abundant form of A ⁇ synthesized (80-90%), while A ⁇ 42 is most closely linked with AD pathogenesis.
• mutations in the APP, PS-I, and PS-2 genes that lead to rare, familial forms of AD implicate A ⁇ 42 aggregates as the primary toxic species (Selkoe, D. J., Physiol. Rev., 81:741-766 (2001)).
• Current evidence suggests that oligomeric, protofibrillar and intracellular A ⁇ 42 play a significant role in the disease process (Cleary, J.P.
• Inhibitors of the enzymes that form A ⁇ 42 represent potential disease-modifying therapeutics for the treatment of AD.
• ⁇ -Secretase cleaves multiple type I transmembrane proteins in addition to APP (Pollack, S.J. et al., Curr. Opin. Investig. Drugs, 6:35-47 (2005)). While the physiological significance of most of these cleavage events is unknown, genetic evidence indicates that ⁇ -secretase cleavage of Notch is required for Notch signaling (Artavanis-Tsakonas, S.
• ALS-D ubiquitin-positive inclusions comprised primarily of the TDP-43 protein (Neumann, M. et al., Science, 314:130- 133 (2006)).
• TDP-43 protein Neuropathol.
• IBM is a rare, age-related degenerative disease of skeletal muscle.
• Compounds that specifically target ⁇ -secretase could reduce or prevent IBM.
• a ⁇ was identified as one of several components of drusen, extracellular deposits beneath the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) (Anderson, D.H. et al., Exp. Eye Res., 78:243-256 (2004)).
• RPE retinal pigment epithelium
• a recent study has shown potential links between A ⁇ and macular degeneration in mice (Yoshida, T. et al., J. Clin. Invest, 115:2793-2800 (2005)). Increases in A ⁇ deposition and supranuclear cataracts have been found in AD patients (Goldstein, L.E. et al., Lancet, 361 :1258-1265 (2003)).
• Compounds that specifically target ⁇ -secretase could reduce or prevent age-related macular degeneration.
• compounds which inhibit ⁇ -secretase may also be useful as therapeutic agents for the treatment of cancer (Shih, L-M., et al., Cancer Res., 67:1879-1882 (2007)).
• Compounds which inhibit gamma secretase may also be useful in treating conditions associated with loss of myelination, for example multiple sclerosis (Watkins, T.A. et al. Neuron, 60:555-569 (2008)).
• capsule formulations containing the active compound (2R) ⁇ 2 ⁇ [[(4-chlorophenyl)sulfonyl][[2-fluoro-4- ( 1 f 2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)phenyi]methyl]amino]-5,5,5-trifluoropentanamide, including pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable polymers.
• the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising (2R)-2-[[(4-chlorophenyl)sulfonyl][[2-fluoro-4-(l ,2,4- oxadiazol-3 -yl)phenyl]methyl]amino] -5 ,5 ,5 -trifluoropentanamide , polyethylene glycol (PEG), Vitamin E polyethylene glycol succinate, one crystallization inhibitor member selected from the group consisting of polyvinylpryrrolidone (PVP) and copovidone (PVP-Polyvinyl acetate), and citric acid.
• PEG polyethylene glycol
• Vitamin E polyethylene glycol succinate one crystallization inhibitor member selected from the group consisting of polyvinylpryrrolidone (PVP) and copovidone (PVP-Polyvinyl acetate), and citric acid.
• PVP polyvinylpryrrolidone
• a pharmaceutical capsule containing the above composition.
• This pharmaceutical capsule is preferably a hard gel capsule.
• Also provided herein is a method of making a pharmaceutical composition which comprises dissolving (2R)-2-[[(4-chlorophenyl)sulfonyl][[2-fluoro-4-(l,2,4- oxadiazol-3-yl)phenyl]methyl]amino]-5 s 5,5-trifluoropentanamide in a mixture of PEG j Vitamin E PEG succinate, a crystallization inhibitor member, and citric acid.
• the resultant mixture is put into a pharmaceutical capsule.
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising (2R)-2-[[(4-chlorophenyl)sulfonyl][[2-fluoro-4 ⁇ (l ,2,4- oxadiazol-3 -yl)phenyl]methyl] amino] -5,5,5 -trifluoropentanamide , polyethylene glycol (PEG), Vitamin E polyethylene glycol succinate, one crystallization inhibitor member selected from the group consisting of polyvinylpryrrolidone (PVP) and copovidone (PVP-Polyvinyl acetate), and no citric acid.
• PEG polyethylene glycol
• Vitamin E polyethylene glycol succinate one crystallization inhibitor member selected from the group consisting of polyvinylpryrrolidone (PVP) and copovidone (PVP-Polyvinyl acetate), and no citric acid.
• PVP polyvinylpryrrolidone
• PVP-Polyvinyl acetate copovidone
• Also provided herein is a method of making a pharmaceutical composition which comprises dissolving (2R)-2-[[(4-chlorophenyl)sulfonyl][[2-fiuoro-4-(l ,2,4- oxadiazol-3-yl)phenyl]methyl]amino]-5,5,5-trifluoropentanamide in a mixture of PEG 5 Vitamin E PEG succinate, a crystallization inhibitor member, and no citric acid.
• the resultant mixture is put into a pharmaceutical capsule.
• a method of treating or delaying the onset of Alzheimer's disease, cerebral amyloid angiopathy, mild cognitive impairment and/or Down syndrome, as well as the treatment of head trauma, traumatic brain injury, and/or dementia pugilistica which comprises administering to a patient a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical capsule composition according to one or more of the embodiments herein described.
• the present invention is directed to these, as well as other important ends, hereinafter described.
• This compound has the chemical formula C 2O Hi 7 ClF 4 N 4 O 4 S, and a molecular weight of 520.88.
• a composition comprising about 0.1 to 20% of the active compound (2R)-2-[[(4-chlorophenyI)sulfonyl]t[2- fluoro-4-(l,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)phenyl]methyl]amino]-5 f 5,5-trifluoropentanamide, together with up to about 90% of polyethylene glycol (PEG) as solubilizer, and up to about 90% of Vitamin E polyethylene glycol succinate (TPGS) as co- solubilizer/surfactant, about 0.1 to 20% of a crystallization inhibitor member selected from the group consisting of polyvinylpryrrolidone (PVP) and copovidone (PVP- Polyvinyl acetate), and about 0.05 to 5% of citric acid as a stabilizer.
• PEG polyethylene glycol
• TPGS Vitamin E polyethylene glycol succinate
• compositions containing about 0.1 to 20% of the active compound, together with about 35 to 90% of PEG, about 2 to 60% of TPGS, about 0.1 to 20% of the crystallization inhibitor member, and about 0.05 to 5% of citric acid. Even more preferably, there is provided a composition containing about 0.1 to 10% of the active compound, together with about 50 to 85% of PEG, about 5 to 40% of TPGS, about 1 to 10% of the crystallization inhibitor member, and about 0.05 to 1% of citric acid. These compositions are especially well adapted for use with hard gel capsules, hereinafter described.
• the polyethylene glycol (PEG) component be PEG 1450.
• PEG 1450 has demonstrated enhanced solubilization of the active compound. It is preferred over such compounds as PEG 3550, PEG 4000 and PEG 6000, etc.
• the active compound (2R)-2-[[(4-chlorophenyi)sulfonyl] [[2-fluoro-4-(l ,2,4-oxadiazol-3- yl)phenyl] methyl] amino]-5,5,5-trifluoropentanarmde has shown to have about 25 to 30% higher solubility in PEG 1450, as compared to PEG 3350 at about 60° C.
• Vitamin E Polyethylene Glycol Succinate is the preferred co-solubilizer/surfactant for the active compound.
• the TPGS can also be present as the sole solubilizer/surfactant in the composition of the invention.
• Formulations containing TPGS have now been shown to provide superior resistance to precipitation of the water-insoluble active compound following aqueous dilution, compared to formulations containing other surfactants such as the polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleates (Polysorbates, e.g., Polysorbate 80). This property provides for increased oral absorption since the drug is not well absorbed orally from a crystalline state.
• formulations containing TPGS demonstrated superior stability (i.e., lower levels of the degradant compound formed from the active) as compared to counterpart formulations containing other surfactants such as the polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleates (Polysorbates, e.g., Polysorbate 80) and the polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene glycol block copolymers (for example Polaxamer 407 or PLURONIC® F 127).
• surfactants such as the polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleates (Polysorbates, e.g., Polysorbate 80) and the polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene glycol block copolymers (for example Polaxamer 407 or PLURONIC® F 127).
• the crystallization inhibitor member component of the composition is one member selected from the group consisting of polyvinylpryrrolidone (PVP) and copovidone (PVP-Polyvinyl acetate). It is preferred that the crystallization inhibitor by either PVP or PVP-PoIyvinyl acetate.
• PVP polyvinylpryrrolidone
• copovidone copovidone
• the water soluble polyvinylpyrrolidone (povidone) polymers and polyvinlyprrolidone-polyvinylacetate (copovidone) copolymers provide additional resistance to crystallization of the active drug compound during storage of the dosage forms and following aqueous dilution.
• the average molecular weight of polyvinylpyrrolidones (povidones) used in the present formulations may be in the range of from about 2,000 to about 54,000, but preferably in the range from about 2,000 to about 30,000, to help ensure that a liquid fill is obtained.
• Preferred polyvinylpyrrolidones are sold under trademarks KOLLIDON® 12 PF, KOLLIDON® 17 PF, KOLLIDON® 25 and KOLLIDON® 30 by BASF Corporation.
• the preferred average molecular weight of polyvinlyprrolidone- polyvinylacetate (copovidones) used in the formulations of the invention may be in the range of about 45,000 to 70,000, to help ensure that a liquid fill is obtained.
• the preferred polyvinlyprrolidone-polyvmylacetate (copovidone) is sold under the trademark KOLLIDON® VA64 by BASF Corporation.
• Alternative or additional crystallization inhibitor members that may be included in the formulations include the water-soluble cellulose ether derivatives (for example : hydroxypropylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose) and the like.
• citric acid is the preferred stabilizer that may be included in the formulation.
• Other pharmaceutically acceptable stabilizers of the active compound include various inorganic acids (for example : hydrochloric acid, and the like) or other organic mono-, di-, or tri-carboxylic acids (for example ; acetic acid, ascorbic acid, methanesulfonic acid, succinic acid, tartaric acid, and the like) and various salts of these acids (for example sodium citrate, sodium succinate, sodium tartrate, and the like).
• Other excipients such as pharmaceutical-grade fillers and binders available in the art may also be incorporated therein the composition, but this is optional.
• the formulations may optionally also contain a pharmaceutically acceptable antioxidant for stabilization of the dosage form, Examples include ascorbic acid, BHA, BHT, propyl gallate, Vitamin E, and the like.
• a pharmaceutically acceptable antioxidant for stabilization of the dosage form
• examples include ascorbic acid, BHA, BHT, propyl gallate, Vitamin E, and the like.
• the compound (2R)-2-[[(4-chlorophenyl)sulfonyl][[2-fluoro-4-(l , 2,4-oxadiazol-3- yl)phenyl]methyl]ammo]-5,5,5-trifluoro ⁇ entanamide be dissolved at elevated temperature in an admixture solution of the polyethylene glycol (PEG), Vitamin E polyethylene glycol succinate, crystallization inhibitor member, and citric acid using apparatus and procedures available in the art.
• composition of the invention there is provided another composition of the invention.
• PEG polyethylene glycol
• TPGS Vitamin E polyethylene glycol succinate
• compositions containing about 0.1 to 20% of the active compound, together with about 5 to 75% of PEG, about 5 to 75% of TPGS, about 0.1 to 20% of the crystallization inhibitor member, and no citric acid stabilizer. Even more preferably, there is provided a composition containing about 0.5 to 20% of the active compound, together with about 10 to 30% of PEG, about 45 to 75% of TPGS, about 1 to 10% of the crystallization inhibitor member, and no citric acid stabilizer. These compositions are especially well adapted for use with soft gel capsules, hereinafter described.
• PEG 400 is the preferred solubilizing component due to superior solubilization of the active drug compound in this excipient and the preferred soft gelatin capsule processing parameters provided by lowering the melting point range of the fill material compared to that obtained by other related potential solubilizers, e.g., PEG 1450, PEG 3550, PEG 4000, PEG 6000, etc.
• co-solubilizer/surfactant TPGS component and the crystallization inhibitor member component are as previously described.
• copovidone PVP -polyvinyl acetate
• citric acid stabilizer there is no citric acid stabilizer in the composition according to this embodiment.
• the dosage forms may optionally include a pharmaceutically acceptable stabilizer of the active compound, including various inorganic acids (for example : hydrochloric acid, and the like) or other organic mono-, di-, or tri- carboxylic acids (for example : acetic acid, ascorbic acid, methanesulfonic acid, citric acid, succinic acid, tartaric acid, and the like) and various salts of said acids (for example sodium citrate, sodium succinate, sodium tartrate, and the like).
• various inorganic acids for example : hydrochloric acid, and the like
• other organic mono-, di-, or tri- carboxylic acids for example : acetic acid, ascorbic acid, methanesulfonic acid, citric acid, succinic acid, tartaric acid, and the like
• various salts of said acids for example sodium citrate, sodium succinate, sodium tartrate, and the like.
• the formulations according to this embodiment may optionally also contain a pharmaceutically acceptable antioxidant for stabilization of the dosage form.
• a pharmaceutically acceptable antioxidant for stabilization of the dosage form. Examples include ascorbic acid, BHA, BHT, propyl gallate, Vitamin E, and the like.
• the dosage forms may also contain glycerin and/or another suitable plasticizer for physical stability when encapsulated in a soft gelatin capsule.
• compositions according to the further embodiment hereinabove described, various preparation means available to the skilled artisan may be utilized. It is preferred that the active compound (2R)-2-[[(4- chlorophenyI)sulfonyl][[2-fluoro-4-(l,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)phenyl]methyl]amino]- 5,5,5-trifluoropentanamide be dissolved at elevated temperature in an admixture solution of the polyethylene glycol (PEG), Vitamin E polyethylene glycol succinate, and crystallization inhibitor member using apparatus and procedures available in the art.
• PEG polyethylene glycol
• Vitamin E polyethylene glycol succinate Vitamin E polyethylene glycol succinate
• compositions of the invention herein described according to the various embodiments may then be further adapted for oral administration in discrete units such as capsules. These capsules may be hard or soft.
• the compositions herein described containing the active drug component may be utilized as is, or can be further combined with an oral, non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable inert carrier such as ethanol, glycerol, glycerin, water, and the like.
• the compositions of the invention maybe encapsulated as liquid, semi-solid or solid matrices.
• Powders may be prepared, for example, by comminuting the composition of the invention, or the active compound, to a suitable fine size and if desired, further mixing with a similarly comminuted pharmaceutical carrier such as an edible carbohydrate, as, for example, starch or mannitol.
• a similarly comminuted pharmaceutical carrier such as an edible carbohydrate, as, for example, starch or mannitol.
• Capsules are then made by filling formed gelatin sheaths or shells.
• other materials for the capsule sheath or shell include hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), cellulose, methylcellulose, starch, other materials, and combinations of any of the foregoing.
• HPMC hydroxypropyl methylcellulose
• Other methods for preparing capsules both hard and soft available to the skilled artisan may also be utilized.
• Flavoring, preservative, dispersing, and coloring agent can also be present, if desired.
• Glidants and lubricants such as colloidal silica, talc, magnesium stearate, calcium stearate, or solid polyethylene glycol can be added to the mixture before the filling operation.
• a disintegrating or solubilizing agent such as agar-agar, calcium carbonate, or sodium carbonate can also be added to improve the availability of the medicament when the capsule is ingested.
• suitable additional binders, lubricants, disintegrating agents, and coloring agents can also be incorporated into the mixture.
• Suitable binders include starch, gelatin, natural sugars such as glucose or beta-lactose, corn sweeteners, natural and synthetic gums such as acacia, tragacanth or sodium alginate, carboxymethylcelMose, polyethylene glycol, and the like.
• Lubricants used in these dosage forms include sodium oleate, sodium chloride, and the like.
• Disintegrators include, without limitation, starch, methyl cellulose, agar, betonite, xanthan gum, and the like.
• Two-piece capsules may be banded, e.g. with a gelatin-based solution for hard gelatin capsules, or an HPMC-based solution for HPMC capsules.
• pharmaceutical capsules containing about 5 mg., about 10 mg., about 20 mg. and about 50 mg., respectively, of the active compound (2R)-2-[t(4-chlorophenyl)svafonyl][[2-fluoro-4-(l,2,4-oxadiazol-3- yl)phenyl]methyl]amino]-5,5,5-trifluoropentanamide may be made using the compositions herein described.
• Other dosage units are within the scope hereof.
• capsules containing (2R)-2-[[(4-chlorophenyl)sulfonyl][[2- fluoro-4-( 1 ,2 ,4-oxadiazol-3 -yl)phenyl]methyl] amino] - 5 ,5 , 5 -tri fluoropentanamide have demonstrated good in vitro dissolution rates, and also good oral bioavailability in dogs. Even more importantly, the compositions according to the various embodiments of the invention have demonstrated consistent and good bioavailability in humans when delivered orally using the capsule mechanism. This enhanced bioavailability is unexpected based on the presence of significant drug precipitation observed during in vitro studies (see Table V 9 hereinafter set forth), and a lack of in vitro - in vivo correlation.
• compositions of the invention containing (2R)-2-[[(4- chlorophenyl)sulfonyl] [[2-fiuoro-4-( 1 ; 2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)phenyl]methyl] amino] - 5,5,5-trifiuoropentanamide are highly storage stable, demonstrating good long-term chemical and physical stability. This means that they exhibit little (less than about 5%) degradation for at least about 12 months, and preferably for at least about 24 months, when stored in a closed container under either approximately 25°C/60% relative humidity, or at approximately 30°C/65% relative humidity as well.
• a method of treating or delaying the onset of Alzheimer's disease, cerebral amyloid angiopathy, mild cognitive impairment and/or Down syndrome, as well as the treatment of head trauma, traumatic brain injury, and/or dementia pugilistica which comprises administering to a patient a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical capsule composition according to one or more of the embodiments hereinabove described.
• a method of treating Alzheimer's disease in a patient comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical capsule composition according to one or more of the embodiments hereinabove described.
• a method of inhibiting the functioning of a ⁇ -secretase enzyme comprising contacting the ⁇ -secretase enzyme with an effective amount of a pharmaceutical capsule composition according to one or more of the embodiments hereinabove described. Also provided is a method of inhibiting the production of ⁇ -amyloid peptide in a patient, comprising contacting a ⁇ -secretase enzyme in the patient with an effective amount of a pharmaceutical capsule composition according to one or more of the embodiments hereinabove described. Further, a method of inhibiting the production of ⁇ -amyloid peptide in a patient comprises administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical capsule composition according to one or more of the embodiments hereinabove described.
• terapéuticaally effective amount means the total amount of the active component of the method that is sufficient to show a patient benefit j i.e., symptomatic or disease modifying treatment.
• a patient benefit j i.e., symptomatic or disease modifying treatment.
• the term refers to that ingredient alone.
• the term refers to combined amounts of the active ingredients that result in the therapeutic effect, whether administered in combination, serially or simultaneously.
• Citric Acid Anhydrous to batching vessel and mix at elevated temperature (e.g., 65°C) to dissolve and give a solution.
• Citric Acid Anhydrous to the batching vessel and mix at elevated temperature (e.g., 65°C) to dissolve and give a solution.
• Copovidone PVP VA64
• elevated temperature e.g. 65 0 C
• Simulated Gastric Fluid Sodium Chloride (2.0 g) / Purified Pepsin (3.2 g, activity of 800 to 2500 units per mg of protein) / Hydrochloric Acid (7.0) / Purified Water (qs to 1000 mL)

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