Classifications

• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E04—BUILDING
  • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
  • E04B5/00—Floors; Floor construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted therefor
  • E04B5/02—Load-carrying floor structures formed substantially of prefabricated units
• • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
  • E04—BUILDING
  • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
  • E04B5/00—Floors; Floor construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted therefor
  • E04B5/16—Load-carrying floor structures wholly or partly cast or similarly formed in situ
  • E04B5/32—Floor structures wholly cast in situ with or without form units or reinforcements
  • E04B5/326—Floor structures wholly cast in situ with or without form units or reinforcements with hollow filling elements
  • E04B5/328—Floor structures wholly cast in situ with or without form units or reinforcements with hollow filling elements the filling elements being spherical

Definitions

• the invention relates to a prestressed slab element according to the preamble of Claim 1 and a preferred use of such a slab element according to Claim 14 and a manufacturing method for a slab element according to Claim 15.
• prestressed slab elements also include tensioning elements in addition to the "unstressed" reinforcing bars .
• tensioning elements in addition to the "unstressed" reinforcing bars .
• the addition of "unstressed” reinforcement can be reduced to a design minimum for example to accommodate parasitic, locally occurring constraining forces and as reinforcement against surface cracks when the deadweight and the live load of the element are completely offset through the deflection forces.
• tensioning cables which surround the cables
• injection materials which are introduced between sleeve and cable after the tensioning depending on the installation method
• anchor heads which are introduced between sleeve and cable after the tensioning depending on the installation method
• couplings which are introduced between sleeve and cable after the tensioning depending on the installation method
• support aids for the sleeves and cables and tensioning devices are necessary for the prestressing.
• the mass of ceiling deadweight to be offset through the deflection forces of the tensioning cables is directly proportional to the applied tensile force and consequently to the cross section of tensioning cables employed.
• the tensioning cables consist of high-strength steel which has a particularly high tensile strength.
• the manufacture of the cables is therefore subject to stringent qualitative specifications as a result of which the costs of the cables are many times higher than the costs for conventional "un- stressed" reinforcing steel.
• each stressing cable requires its own anchor heads on both opposite edges of the ceiling. These anchor heads additionally drive up the costs.
• prestressing allows the bridging of larger spans with the simultaneous minimisation of the ceiling thickness and thus the ceiling deadweight.
• prestressing allows better control of crack formation in the concrete through the horizontal tying-together .
• a further advantage of prestressing are the minimised deformations of the ceil- ing which with dimensioning of concrete ceilings frequently is the decisive criterion for the ceiling thickness.
• the publication AU 505 760 B2 discloses components of a slab element which have a region that is hollowed out towards the bottom and can be prefabricated of concrete. These components are then arranged relative to one another on site and fastened. To this end, stressing elements are used which run along the lateral edges of the respective components .
• the publication DE 12 22 643 B discloses a slab element which is prefabricated in a concrete plant.
• the slab element in top view of its surface contains at least one hollow element region with hollow elements contained therein. Stressing elements or reinforcing mats are cast into the bottom and top ceiling which run in two directions at a right angle to one another.
• This object is solved through a slab element and more preferably through a ceiling element according to Claim 1.
• the term "lattice-shaped" arrangement of stressing elements is to mean a structure wherein these elements cross one another at an angle or various angles that need not necessarily be right angles .
• the stressing elements need neither run in a straight line but more preferably with geometrically sophisticated slab geometries can also be installed curved, e.g. arc of a circle-shaped, parabolically, orthogonally or similar in order to satisfy the relevant load case.
• the invention is based on that stressing elements passed over hollow element regions allow only limited prestressing because of the reduced material. In addition, a geometrical problem arises since the space to accommodate these elements is greatly restricted. Thus, if installation was at all possible in the past, the combination of hollow element regions and prestressing did not necessarily result in improved efficiency of the slab element . Excessive prestressing in these regions can even damage the slab element and thus render it unusable.
• An essential point of the present invention initially con- sists in the specially reinforced support strips which join the individual support regions of the slab element with one another. This makes possible a hybrid combination of hollow element regions and prestressed regions of a slab element, which increases the optimising effect of both reinforcements in a technical, economical and ecological manner.
• a planner has various possibilities of arranging the cables. He can, for example, select areal prestressing during which the cables are arranged evenly distributed over the ceiling length and width. Another option is offered by the support strip prestressing, wherein the cables are arranged in a concentrated manner in the zones passing over the supports in strips arranged orthogonally relative to one another. However, a combination of both arrangements can also be selected wherein one direction is worked areally, the other using support strips.
• a further reinforcement of the slab element is achieved in that in its lateral view the stressing elements are installed in the slab element wave-like and support themselves on at least one lattice system of bars with hollow elements held therein, whose respective height is adapted to the wave shape. Since the lattice system discharges the forces introduced from the stressing element past the hollow spaces these are protected against destruction. This allows hitherto unknown stressing element guidance and thus prestress- ing even across hollow element regions .
• Preferred further developments of the slab element according to the invention are stated in the subclaims and relate to reinforcing types of the element with areal, support strip and combined prestressing.
• a support strip preferentially comprises at least one solid material region via which the introduced loads can be discharged.
• laterally adjoining fields of the lattice-shaped structure at least form 1 longish carrying strip with hollow element regions which is arranged between two support strips .
• additional stressing elements are preferentially arranged in longitudinal direction of a support strip to reinforce the slab element. These stressing elements need not necessarily run laterally off the strip. They can more preferably be arranged distributed over its width or be located only in its middle region. These additional stressing elements can also be configured comparatively thicker than others.
• a support strip can comprise at least one hollow element region.
• additional stressing elements of solid material can for ex- ample be provided within a support strip while another support strip is only reinforced laterally and comprises hollow element regions.
• additional stressing elements can be provided which are distributed over its width or only run in its middle. If these stressing elements engage over hollow element regions of the support strip these are provided with reduced prestresing.
• Weight reduction of the slab element can be achieved through carrying strips which run in lattice structure between the support strips .
• a slab element is obtained which is particularly simple in construction and can be unidirection- ally loaded if its lattice-shaped structure forms a grid of rectangular fields.
• any other structure consisting of stressing elements running in a straight line or curved line can also be provided, which cross at a certain or a plurality of different angles.
• rods of the lattice systems relative to a normal of the surface of the slab element are arranged with a slightly oblique orientation. Modules designed in such a manner thus offset local reduction of the transverse force load carrying capacity of the slab cross section caused through the hollow elements.
• these lattice bars can absorb the local parasitic stresses vertically to the ceiling plane generated in the concrete through the prestressing if applicable.
• the lattice system comprises support bars which in longitudinal direction protrude over a receiving region for hollow elements and over which the stressing ele- ments are installed.
• the lateral support can be further improved in that individual lattice systems of bars with hollow elements held therein are so arranged relative to one another that their support bars on both sides mutually overlap one another.
• reinforcement which in longitudinal direction runs over at least two lattice systems is created.
• lattice systems comprise receiving regions which do not contain any hollow elements and over which the stressing elements are installed.
• the slab element according to the invention is to be used as ceiling element since especially loads occurring there require low weight and large load carrying capacity of the ceiling construction.
• its use is not only lim- ited to this since it can also be utilised in any other form of application where particularly lightweight and yet particularly sturdy elements are demanded at the same time. This is not only the case in residential and commercial construction but also includes more preferably power plants, bridges, dams etc.
• a substantial point of the method according to the invention herein consists in its simple executability both in the classic in-situ concrete application and also with prefabricated elements manufactured in a concrete precasting plant .
• the application of this method is conceivable both for use with concrete of conventional composition and quality as well as for concrete of alternative mixture and concept such as lightweight concrete and fibre concrete.
• Lattice systems with hollow elements contained therein are preferably supplied as modules.
• modules are directly installed in the zones of the ceiling not occupied by the stressing cables between the lower and upper unstressed reinforcement. If in the zones occupied by the modules no unstressed reinforcement is provided the modules are directly placed onto the spacers which rest on the shuttering. This is advantageous insofar as the ceiling cross section through the absence of the upper and/or lower unstressed reinforcing layers can be better utilised in favour of the modules. Taking into account the required minimum lower and upper concrete coverage of the modules, larger hollow elements can be employed as a result.
• prestressing stressing elements can additionally reinforce the slab element which run over hollow element regions.
• these elements need not have the basic stress of the areal or the support strips but can be prestressed to a lesser degree. Unstressed reinforcement is then no longer absolutely required so that a larger spacing between modules and surfaces of the slab element can be utilised to accommodate the stressing elements.
• the modules can simultaneously serve as support aid for the prestressing cables.
• modules in stepped size are selected according to the geometrical course of the stressing cables and in the regions where the stressing cables are located in the upper region of the ceiling cross section, placed under the stressing cables. Because of this, additional areas can be covered with modules and the weight saving further optimised as well as conventional support aids saved.
• the geometry of the modules used here can still be adapted to the circumstances and specific requirements of the stressing cables if required.
• the at least one stressing element is placed on support bars of the lattice system which in longitudinal direction protrude over a receiving region for hollow elements.
• respective end regions of the lattice system can be additionally reinforced since no hollow elements will come to be positioned there any longer.
• at least two lattice systems are so installed here that their respective support bars overlap one another. On the one hand this provides greater support for the stressing elements.
• the presence of the modules has the effect that the lower and upper longitudinal bars of the modules can be considered as un- stressed additional reinforcement. Because of this, the minimum additional reinforcement can be reduced at least in the reinforcement direction of the modules and the function of the crack reinforcement partially or completely assumed by the modules. However, for this to be possible it must be ensured that the protrusions of the longitudinal bars of the modules are extended by an overlap dimension defined by the standards and subsequently arranged in a superimposing manner. Because of this, the continuity of the reinforcement required by the standards is achieved.
• Figure 1 the schematic construction of a slab element ac- cording to the invention with areal prestressing in a top view of its surface;
• FIG. 2 the schematic construction of a slab element according to the invention with support strip prestressing in a top view of its surface;
• Figure 3 a lateral view of the first and second slab element with a course of a stressing element over lattice systems with hollow elements held therein;
• Figure 4 a lattice system according to the invention with hollow elements held therein and protruding bars and
• Figure 5 a combination of two lattice systems of Figure 4 arranged in an overlapping manner about the protruding bars .
• FIG. 1 shows the schematic construction of a slab element 10 according to the invention with areal prestressing in a top view of its surface 11.
• the element 10 in this case comprises hollow element regions 20 and support regions 30.
• orthogonally arranged stressing elements 40 form a lattice-shaped structure 50 whose respective fields 51 limit the regions 20 and 30.
• Laterally adjoining fields 51 form support strips 60 which connect the support regions 30 with one another over fields 51, wherein these fields are embodied as solid material regions for reinforcement of the support strip.
• Laterally adjoining fields 51 in contrast form rows of longish carrying strips 80 with hollow element regions 20 which are areally stressed via the stressing elements 40.
• Such a slab element 10 is preferably employed as ceiling element which is mounted in the support regions 30.
• the solid material support strips 60 provide adequate stability for the carrying strips 80 that run in- between so that a ceiling element is created which is lightweight yet capable of carrying load at the same time.
• FIG. 2 shows the schematic construction of a slab element 10' with support strip prestressing according to the inven- tion in a top view of its surface 11' .
• the element 10' again comprises support and hollow element regions 20 and 30.
• orthogonally orientated stressing elements 40 forms a lattice-shaped structure 50 whose fields 51 limit the regions 20 and 30.
• the stressing elements 40 are reinforced, in this example of double design.
• a larger cross section and/or a material of greater tensile strength of the stressing elements can be provided.
• the sup- port strips 60 are thus reinforced in such a manner that these can also comprise hollow element regions which render the element 10' more lightweight.
• carrying strips 80 can be provided with large area hollow element regions 20 which run verti- cally and horizontally between the support strips 60.
• hollow element regions 20 which run verti- cally and horizontally between the support strips 60.
• all fields 51 possible here are embodied with hollow element regions 20, not only a weight optimum but also a load-carrying capacity optimum is thus achieved with such an element 10'.
• the right-angled installation of the stressing elements 40 makes possible the simple and cost- effective manufacture of the element 10' .
• Figure 3 shows a lateral view of the first and second slab element 10, 10' with a course of a stressing element 40 over lattice systems 90 with hollow elements 21 held therein.
• the size of the lattice systems 90 here is so selected that these determine the desired course of the stressing element 40.
• the lattice systems are constructed of bars 91 whose for example trapezium-shaped frame on the one hand brings about particularly high stability and on the other hand particu- larly high force discharge of the prestress of the stressing element 40 into the material.
• the stressing element 40 here rests on longitudinal bars 91 of the lattice systems 90 which run vertically to the blade plane.
• Figure 5 finally shows a combination of two lattice systems 90 of Figure 4 arranged in a overlapping manner about the protruding bars 92. Because of this overlap, all longitudi- nal bars 91 of .both lattice systems 90 act like the correspondingly orientated reinforcements 100 in Figure 3. At the same time, the overlapping bars 92 provide a more stable support for the stressing cable 40 likewise shown there if it is installed over these bars 92.
• the slab element according to the invention has a clearly higher load-carrying capacity and is simultaneously lighter in weight than a known slab element.
• the simple construction allows cost-effective manufacture at the same time. Because of its efficiency it is to be preferably employed as ceiling element which carries over wide areas .

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• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Architecture (AREA)
• Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• Electromagnetism (AREA)
• Civil Engineering (AREA)
• Structural Engineering (AREA)
• Panels For Use In Building Construction (AREA)
• Reinforcement Elements For Buildings (AREA)
• Manufacturing Of Tubular Articles Or Embedded Moulded Articles (AREA)
• Rod-Shaped Construction Members (AREA)
• Bridges Or Land Bridges (AREA)
• Hall/Mr Elements (AREA)
• Control Of Vending Devices And Auxiliary Devices For Vending Devices (AREA)
• Read Only Memory (AREA)
• Electrical Discharge Machining, Electrochemical Machining, And Combined Machining (AREA)
• Breeding Of Plants And Reproduction By Means Of Culturing (AREA)
• Scissors And Nippers (AREA)
• Wire Processing (AREA)
• Crystals, And After-Treatments Of Crystals (AREA)
• Audible-Bandwidth Dynamoelectric Transducers Other Than Pickups (AREA)
• Electrochromic Elements, Electrophoresis, Or Variable Reflection Or Absorption Elements (AREA)

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Publications (1)

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Citations (3)

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