WO2010026931A1 - 光導波路、光配線、光電気混載基板および電子機器 - Google Patents
光導波路、光配線、光電気混載基板および電子機器 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2010026931A1 WO2010026931A1 PCT/JP2009/065094 JP2009065094W WO2010026931A1 WO 2010026931 A1 WO2010026931 A1 WO 2010026931A1 JP 2009065094 W JP2009065094 W JP 2009065094W WO 2010026931 A1 WO2010026931 A1 WO 2010026931A1
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- refractive index
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- core
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
- G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
- G02B6/122—Basic optical elements, e.g. light-guiding paths
- G02B6/1221—Basic optical elements, e.g. light-guiding paths made from organic materials
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
- G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
- G02B6/122—Basic optical elements, e.g. light-guiding paths
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an optical waveguide, an optical wiring, an opto-electric hybrid board, and an electronic device.
- optical communication using optical frequency carrier waves to transfer data has become increasingly important.
- an optical waveguide as a means for guiding an optical frequency carrier wave from one point to another point.
- the optical waveguide is configured to have, for example, a pair of cladding layers and a core layer provided between the pair of cladding layers.
- the core layer has a linear core portion and clad portions provided on both sides of the core portion so as to sandwich the core portion.
- the core portion is made of a material that is substantially transparent to light of an optical frequency carrier wave, and the cladding layer and the cladding portion are made of a material having a lower refractive index than the core portion.
- Patent Document 1 discloses a polymer having two clad layers (an upper clad layer and a lower clad layer) and a polysilane layer provided between them and formed using a polysilane composition containing polysilane and an organic peroxide.
- An optical waveguide is disclosed.
- the polysilane layer a core layer (core portion) and side clad layers (cladding portions) provided on both sides thereof are formed.
- the core portion is surrounded by a cladding layer and a cladding portion having a refractive index lower than that of the core portion. Therefore, the light introduced from the end portion of the core portion is conveyed along the axis of the core portion while being reflected at the boundary between the cladding layer and the cladding portion.
- a light emitting element such as a semiconductor laser is disposed on the incident side of the optical waveguide, and light generated from the light emitting element is incident on the core portion of the optical waveguide.
- a light receiving element such as a photodiode is disposed on the exit side of the optical waveguide, and the light propagating through the core is received by the light receiving element. Then, optical communication is enabled based on the blinking pattern of light received by the light receiving element.
- the optical waveguide when the optical waveguide is adjacent to the low refractive index medium, specifically, when the optical waveguide is in the air, not only the boundary between the core portion and the cladding portion but also the cladding portion and the air. Light is also reflected at the boundary.
- the optical waveguide On the incident side of the optical waveguide, it is preferable that all of the light generated by the light emitting element is incident on the core part.
- the optical axis is misaligned and the numerical aperture is matched between the optical waveguide and the light emitting element. Some light may be incident on the cladding due to a defect or the like.
- the light incident on the cladding in this way is repeatedly reflected at the boundary with the air and propagates to the end. Finally, the light is emitted from the end of the clad portion and is received by the light receiving element together with the light emitted from the core portion.
- the light propagating through the cladding part becomes noise and lowers the S / N ratio, leading to a decrease in optical communication quality due to crosstalk or the like.
- An object of the present invention is to provide an optical waveguide capable of improving the S / N ratio of signal light and capable of high-quality optical communication by having means for moving light propagating in the cladding part away from the core part, and such an optical waveguide.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a high-performance optical wiring, an opto-electric hybrid board, and an electronic device.
- the present invention provides: An optical waveguide comprising a core portion and a cladding portion provided adjacent to the core portion, In the cladding portion, the refractive index is lower than that of the core portion, the low refractive index region in contact with the core portion, the refractive index is higher than the low refractive index region, and the core is interposed through the low refractive index region.
- a plurality of high refractive index regions spaced from the portion, The plurality of high refractive index regions are scattered or aligned in the clad portion.
- each of the high refractive index regions is made of the same kind of material as that of the core portion.
- the difference between the refractive index of each high refractive index region and the refractive index of the low refractive index region is preferably 0.5% or more.
- the plurality of high-refractive index regions refract light passing through the cladding part in a direction away from the core part or irregularly scatter the light. .
- each of the high refractive index regions is granular.
- each of the granular high refractive index regions has irregularities in its outline.
- the granular high refractive index regions are irregularly scattered in the cladding.
- each of the high refractive index regions has a strip shape.
- each of the strip-shaped high refractive index regions has a longitudinal axis on the rear side in the traveling direction of light passing through the core portion from the perpendicular of the axis of the core portion. It is preferable to be oriented so as to incline.
- an angle formed by the axis of each strip-shaped high refractive index region and the perpendicular of the axis of the core portion is 10 to 85 °.
- each of the strip-like high refractive index regions is a long and narrow triangle.
- the high refractive index region forming the elongated triangle has a shape in which the cross-sectional area gradually increases as the distance from the core portion increases.
- each of the strip-shaped high refractive index regions has an extension line of the longitudinal axis thereof and an axis line of the core portion orthogonal to each other.
- each of the strip-like high refractive index regions is an elongated rectangle.
- the strip-shaped high refractive index regions are arranged in parallel to each other.
- the plurality of high refractive index regions are arranged so as not to be exposed on the light incident side end surface and the light emitting side end surface of the optical waveguide.
- the plurality of high refractive index regions are formed in the same manufacturing process as the core portion.
- the optical waveguide has a laminate formed by laminating the first layer, the second layer, and the third layer in this order, A part of the second layer forms the core part, It is preferable that the remaining part of the second layer, the first layer, and the third layer constitute the cladding part.
- the plurality of high refractive index regions are provided in the second layer.
- the core portion and at least a part of the cladding portion of the optical waveguide are each composed of a norbornene-based polymer as a main material.
- the present invention provides: An optical wiring comprising the optical waveguide.
- the present invention provides: An opto-electric hybrid board, wherein electrical wiring and the optical wiring are mixedly mounted on a substrate.
- the present invention provides: An electronic apparatus comprising the opto-electric hybrid board.
- FIG. 1 is a perspective view showing a first embodiment of an optical waveguide according to the present invention (partially cut out and shown through).
- FIG. 2 is a plan view showing only the core layer of the optical waveguide shown in FIG.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating an example of a propagation path of light propagating through the core layer illustrated in FIG.
- FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing an example of steps in the method of manufacturing the optical waveguide shown in FIG.
- FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing an example of steps of the method of manufacturing the optical waveguide shown in FIG.
- FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing a process example of the method of manufacturing the optical waveguide shown in FIG. FIG.
- FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing a process example of the method of manufacturing the optical waveguide shown in FIG.
- FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing a process example of the method of manufacturing the optical waveguide shown in FIG.
- FIG. 9 is a diagram showing another configuration example of the first embodiment shown in FIG.
- FIG. 10 is a diagram showing still another configuration example of the first embodiment shown in FIG.
- FIG. 11 is a plan view showing only the core layer of the second embodiment of the optical waveguide of the present invention.
- FIG. 12 is a diagram illustrating another configuration example of the second embodiment illustrated in FIG. 11.
- FIG. 13 is a diagram for explaining a method of measuring the intensity of light emitted from the clad portion of the optical waveguide.
- FIG. 14 is a diagram for explaining a method of evaluating crosstalk.
- FIG. 15 is a graph showing the intensity of light that has propagated through the cladding.
- FIG. 16 is a graph showing the intensity of crosstalk light.
- FIG. 17 is a plan view showing only a core layer of a conventional optical waveguide.
- FIG. 1 is a perspective view showing a first embodiment of the optical waveguide of the present invention (partially cut out and shown in a transparent manner), and FIG. 2 is a plan view showing only the core layer of the optical waveguide shown in FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating an example of a propagation path of light propagating through the core layer illustrated in FIG.
- the upper side in FIG. 1 is referred to as “upper” or “upper”
- the lower side is referred to as “lower” or “lower”
- the left side is referred to as “left” or “incident side”.
- the thickness direction of the layers (the vertical direction in each figure) is exaggerated.
- An optical waveguide 10 shown in FIG. 1 is formed by laminating a cladding layer (cladding portion) 11, a core layer 13 and a cladding layer (cladding portion) 12 in this order from the lower side in FIG.
- a core portion 14 having a predetermined pattern and a side clad portion 15 (clad portion) adjacent to the core portion (waveguide channel) 14 are formed.
- two core portions 14 and three side clad portions 15 are provided alternately.
- the optical waveguide 10 shown in FIG. 1 totally reflects light incident on the core portion 14 of the incident side end face 10a at the interface between the core portion 14 and the clad portions (the clad layers 11 and 12 and the side clad portions 15). And propagating to the exit side can be taken out from the core portion 14 of the exit side end face 10b.
- each side cladding 15 includes a plurality of high refractive index regions 151 each having a higher refractive index than the other regions (low refractive index regions 152) in the side cladding 15. That is, the side clad portion 15 is divided into a plurality of high refractive index regions 151 and a low refractive index region 152 having a refractive index lower than that of the high refractive index region 151. A plurality of high refractive index regions 151 shown in FIG. 1 are aligned in each side cladding portion 15.
- the difference in refractive index between the core portion 14 and the low refractive index region 152 in the side cladding portion 15 is not particularly limited, but is preferably 0.5% or more, and more preferably 0.8% or more. .
- the upper limit value may not be set, but is preferably about 5.5%. If the difference in refractive index is less than the lower limit, the effect of transmitting light may be reduced, and even if the upper limit is exceeded, no further increase in light transmission efficiency can be expected.
- the refractive index difference is expressed by the following equation when the refractive index of the core portion 14 is A and the refractive index of the low refractive index region 152 is B.
- Refractive index difference (%)
- the core portion 14 is formed in a straight line shape in a plan view, but may be curved or branched in the middle, and the shape thereof is arbitrary.
- the manufacturing method of the optical waveguide 10 mentioned later is used, the complicated and arbitrary-shaped core part 14 can be formed easily and with sufficient dimensional accuracy.
- the cross-sectional shape of the core part 14 is a square such as a square or a rectangle (rectangle).
- the width and height of the core part 14 are not particularly limited, but are preferably about 1 to 200 ⁇ m, more preferably about 5 to 100 ⁇ m, and still more preferably about 10 to 60 ⁇ m.
- the core portion 14 is made of a material having a higher refractive index than the low refractive index region 152 in the side clad portion 15, and is made of a material having a higher refractive index than the cladding layers 11 and 12. .
- the constituent materials of the core part 14, the side clad part 15, and the clad layers 11 and 12 are not particularly limited as long as the above-described refractive index difference is generated, but in the present embodiment, the core part 14 and the side clad part 15. Are made of the same material (core layer 13), and the refractive index difference between the core portion 14 and the low refractive index region 152 and the refractive index difference between the high refractive index region 151 and the low refractive index region 152 are , Each is expressed by the difference in the chemical structure of the material.
- any material can be used as the constituent material of the core layer 13 as long as it is a material that is substantially transparent to the light propagating through the core portion 14.
- an acrylic resin or a methacrylic resin can be used.
- Polycarbonate, polystyrene, epoxy resin, polyamide, polyimide, polybenzoxazole, polysilane, polysilazane, and various resin materials such as cyclic olefin resin such as benzocyclobutene resin and norbornene resin, quartz glass, borosilicate A glass material such as acid glass can be used.
- the refractive index changes by irradiation with active energy rays such as ultraviolet rays and electron beams (or by further heating).
- active energy rays such as ultraviolet rays and electron beams (or by further heating).
- it is a material.
- Such a material examples include a material whose chemical structure can be changed by, for example, breaking at least a part of a bond or detaching at least a part of a functional group by irradiation with active energy rays or heating. Can be mentioned.
- silane-based resins such as polysilane (eg, polymethylphenylsilane), polysilazane (eg, perhydropolysilazane), and the resin serving as a base for materials with structural changes as described above include molecules on the molecular side.
- the following resins (1) to (6) having a functional group at the chain or terminal are mentioned.
- norbornene resins are particularly preferred.
- These norbornene-based polymers include, for example, ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP), combination of ROMP and hydrogenation reaction, polymerization by radical or cation, polymerization using a cationic palladium polymerization initiator, and other polymerization initiators ( For example, it can be obtained by any known polymerization method such as polymerization using a polymerization initiator of nickel or another transition metal).
- the clad layers 11 and 12 constitute the clad portions located at the lower part and the upper part of the core part 14, respectively.
- the core portion 14 functions as a light guide path whose outer periphery is surrounded by the cladding portion.
- the average thickness of the cladding layers 11 and 12 is preferably about 0.1 to 1.5 times the average thickness of the core layer 13, more preferably about 0.3 to 1.25 times, Specifically, the average thickness of the clad layers 11 and 12 is not particularly limited, but each of them is usually preferably about 1 to 200 ⁇ m, more preferably about 5 to 100 ⁇ m, and about 10 to 60 ⁇ m. More preferably. Thereby, the function as a clad layer is suitably exhibited while preventing the optical waveguide 10 from being unnecessarily enlarged (thickened).
- constituent material of the cladding layers 11 and 12 for example, the same material as the constituent material of the core layer 13 described above can be used, but a norbornene polymer is particularly preferable.
- a different material is appropriately selected and used between the constituent material of the core layer 13 and the constituent materials of the cladding layers 11 and 12 in consideration of the difference in refractive index between the two. Is possible. Therefore, in order to ensure total reflection of light at the boundary between the core layer 13 and the cladding layers 11 and 12, a material may be selected so that a sufficient difference in refractive index is generated. Thereby, a sufficient refractive index difference is obtained in the thickness direction of the optical waveguide 10, and light can be prevented from leaking from the core portion 14 to the cladding layers 11 and 12. As a result, attenuation of light propagating through the core portion 14 can be suppressed.
- the adhesion between the core layer 13 and the cladding layers 11 and 12 is high. Therefore, the constituent material of the cladding layers 11 and 12 is any material as long as the refractive index is lower than that of the constituent material of the core layer 13 and the adhesiveness with the constituent material of the core layer 13 is high. May be.
- norbornene-based polymer having a relatively low refractive index those containing norbornene repeating units having a substituent containing an epoxy structure at the terminal are preferable.
- Such a norbornene-based polymer has a particularly low refractive index and good adhesion.
- the norbornene-based polymer preferably contains an alkylnorbornene repeating unit. Since a norbornene-based polymer containing an alkylnorbornene repeating unit has high flexibility, high flexibility (flexibility) can be imparted to the optical waveguide 10 by using such norbornene-based polymer.
- alkyl group contained in the alkylnorbornene repeating unit examples include a propyl group, a butyl group, a pentyl group, a hexyl group, a heptyl group, an octyl group, a nonyl group, and a decyl group, and a hexyl group is particularly preferable.
- These alkyl groups may be either linear or branched.
- a norbornene-based polymer having a repeating unit of hexyl norbornene is preferable because it has excellent transmittance with respect to light in the wavelength region as described above (particularly in the wavelength region near 850 nm).
- the constituent materials of the clad layer 11, the side clad portion 15, and the clad layer 12 may be the same (same type) or different materials, but these preferably have approximate refractive indexes. .
- Such an optical waveguide 10 varies slightly depending on the optical characteristics of the material of the core portion 14 and is not particularly limited.
- the optical waveguide 10 is preferably used in data communication using light in the wavelength region of about 600 to 1550 nm. Is done.
- the side cladding portion 15 is divided into a plurality of high refractive index regions 151 and a low refractive index region 152 having a refractive index lower than that of the high refractive index region 151.
- the optical waveguide of the present invention is characterized in that such a high refractive index region is included in a part of the clad portion.
- the high refractive index region 151 and the low refractive index region 152 will be described in detail.
- the low refractive index region 152 is provided so as to be in contact with each core portion 14 in each side cladding portion 15.
- the high refractive index region 151 is provided so as not to be in direct contact with each core portion 14 as shown in FIG. That is, the low refractive index region 152 is interposed between the high refractive index region 151 and each core portion 14.
- the plurality of high refractive index regions 151 are each formed in a strip shape in plan view, and are arranged so that the axes are parallel to each other.
- region 151 shown in FIG. 2 has comprised the parallelogram in planar view, respectively.
- the plurality of high refractive index regions 151 are aligned on both sides of each side cladding portion 15 with each core portion 14 interposed therebetween.
- Each high refractive index region 151 shown in FIG. 2 has a long and narrow parallelogram, and the length of the long side is preferably about 2 to 50 times the short side, and is preferably about 5 to 30 times. Is more preferable.
- these strip-like high refractive index regions 151 are provided so as to cross the side clad portions 15 in the width direction. As a result, the light passing through each side clad portion 15 inevitably passes through each high refractive index region 151, so that the function of each high refractive index region 151 described later can be reliably exhibited.
- Each of the high refractive index regions 151 having such a strip shape is provided such that its axis is inclined backward in the traveling direction of the light passing through the core 14 with respect to the perpendicular of the axis of the core 14. ing.
- light passing through each high refractive index region 151 is incident on the high refractive index region 151 from the low refractive index region 152 and low from the high refractive index region 151.
- the light is emitted to the refractive index region 152, it is refracted so as to inevitably move away from the core portion 14 based on the difference in refractive index between the two.
- the light passing through the side clad portion 15 can be kept away from the core portion 14, and the emission position of the light propagating through the core portion 14 and the side clad portion 15 are separated from the emission side end face 10 b of the optical waveguide 10. A sufficient separation distance from the outgoing position of the propagated light is ensured.
- the angle ⁇ (the inclination angle of the high refractive index region 151) ⁇ formed by the perpendicular of the axis of the core portion 14 and the axis of each high refractive index region 151 having a strip shape shown in FIG.
- the refractive index difference between the refractive index region 151 and the low refractive index region 152, the width of the side cladding portion 15, and the like the light passing through the side cladding portion 15 is appropriately set so as to be refracted sufficiently and sufficiently.
- the inclination angle ⁇ of the high refractive index region 151 is preferably about 10 to 85 °, and more preferably about 20 to 70 °.
- the inclination angle ⁇ within the above range, the light leaked from the core portion 14 is refracted so as to be surely separated from the core portion 14, and the signal light and the noise light are separated at the emission side end face 10 b of the optical waveguide 10. Can be separated. As a result, the S / N ratio as a carrier wave can be more reliably increased.
- the separation distance between the high refractive index regions 151 is also appropriately set according to the refractive index difference between the high refractive index region 151 and the low refractive index region 152, the width of the side cladding portion 15, and the like.
- each high refractive index region 151 is also set as appropriate, but as an example, it is preferably about 1 to 30 ⁇ m, more preferably about 3 to 20 ⁇ m.
- each high-refractive index region 151 is not particularly limited as long as it has a strip shape (elongate shape). Besides a quadrangle such as a trapezoid, a rectangle, and a rhombus, a polygon such as a pentagon, a hexagon, It may be oval, oval, or the like.
- FIG. 17 is a plan view showing only the core layer of the conventional optical waveguide 90.
- a light emitting element 97 is provided on the incident side of the optical waveguide 90 corresponding to each core portion 94, and signal light is emitted on the emission side.
- a light receiving element 98 for receiving light is provided.
- the light propagating through the side clad portion 95 becomes noise for the signal light, leading to a decrease in the S / N ratio as a carrier wave. Therefore, in the conventional optical waveguide 90, it has been a problem to improve the S / N ratio as a carrier wave and improve the quality of optical communication.
- the deviation between the optical axis of the optical waveguide 90 and the optical axis of the light emitting element 97, and the mismatch between the numerical apertures of the optical waveguide 90 and the light emitting element 97 are possible.
- the cross section of the core portion 94 is extremely small, it is extremely difficult to match the optical axes and match the numerical apertures when the light emitting element 97 is disposed.
- the light propagates through the side cladding portion 95.
- the transmitted light reaches the light receiving element 98, and the S / N ratio as a carrier wave is lowered.
- Another cause of light entering the side clad portion 95 is that light leaks from the core portion 94 to the side clad portion 95 in the middle of the optical waveguide 90.
- the light leaking from the core portion 94 propagates through the side clad portion 95 and causes a decrease in the S / N ratio as a carrier wave as described above.
- a part of the side cladding portion 15 has a higher refractive index than the other regions (low refractive index regions 152) and a plurality of high refractive index regions 151 as described above.
- the light propagating through the side cladding 15 of the optical waveguide 10 can be refracted so as to be away from the core 14 when passing through the high refractive index region 151.
- the emission-side end face 10 b of the optical waveguide 10 it is possible to ensure a sufficient separation distance between the emission position of the light propagated through the core portion 14 and the emission position of the light propagated through the side cladding portion 15. As a result, even if light is incident on the side cladding portion 15, the light can be refracted away from the core portion 14 by the high refractive index region 151.
- FIG. 3 shows a path of light passing through the optical waveguide shown in FIG.
- the emission position 14L of the signal light that has propagated through the core portion 14 and the emission position 151L of the noise light that has propagated through the high refractive index region 151 can be sufficiently separated. And it can suppress that this noise light is received by the light receiving element 18, and can prevent that the S / N ratio as a carrier wave falls.
- the high refractive index region 151 is separated from the core portion 14 as shown in FIG. If the high refractive index region 151 and the core portion 14 are in contact with each other, the light propagating through the core portion 14 from this portion may branch to the high refractive index region 151 side. Since the core part 14 is separated, it is possible to prevent light propagating through the core part 14 from branching to the high refractive index region 151 side.
- Such a high refractive index region 151 may have a refractive index higher than that of the other region of the side cladding portion 15, that is, the low refractive index region 152, but preferably the difference is 0.5% or more. Preferably, the difference is 0.8% or more. Moreover, although an upper limit does not need to be set in particular, Preferably it is set to 5.5%.
- the high refractive index region 151 is not exposed to the incident side end face 10a. Therefore, since light is not directly incident on the high refractive index region 151, it is possible to suppress light from propagating through the high refractive index region 151. As a result, the function of the high refractive index region 151 as described above can be surely exhibited.
- the high refractive index region 151 is not exposed even on the output side end face 10 b of the optical waveguide 10. If the high refractive index region 151 is exposed on the emission side end face 10b, relatively high intensity light may be emitted from this portion, but if it is not exposed, the high refractive index region 151 has the original function. Can be reliably exhibited, and the S / N ratio can be reliably increased.
- the plurality of high refractive index regions 151 are preferably provided so as to be distributed in the entire longitudinal direction between the incident side end face 10a and the emission side end face 10b of the optical waveguide 10. .
- the plurality of high refractive index regions 151 are preferably provided so as to be distributed in the entire longitudinal direction between the incident side end face 10a and the emission side end face 10b of the optical waveguide 10. .
- the light incident on the side cladding 15 from the incident side end face 10 a but also the light leaking from the core 14 to the side cladding 15 in the middle of the optical waveguide 10 can be reliably transmitted from the core 14. You can keep away.
- the inclination direction of the high refractive index region 151 provided in the side clad portion 15 between the adjacent core portions 14 and 14 may be determined with reference to the core portion 14 located closest. Accordingly, the high refractive index regions 151 arranged between the parallel core portions 14 and 14 as shown in FIG. 2 inevitably have a V-shaped arrangement.
- FIG. 9 shows another configuration example of the first embodiment shown in FIG.
- the optical waveguide 10 shown in FIG. 9 is the same as FIG. 2 except that the shape of the high refractive index region having a strip shape is different in plan view. That is, the side clad portion 15 shown in FIG. 9 has a plurality of high refractive index regions 151 ′ having a strip shape in plan view. The plurality of high refractive index regions 151 ′ are elongated triangles in plan view. I am doing.
- the high refractive index region 151 ′ has an axis whose traveling direction passes through the core portion 14 with respect to the perpendicular of the axis of the core portion 14. It is provided so as to incline backward.
- each high refractive index region 151 ′ has a shape in which the cross-sectional area gradually increases as the distance from the core portion 14 side increases.
- Each high refractive index region 151 ′ having such a shape can more effectively attenuate light passing through the side cladding portion 15. As a result, the S / N ratio as a carrier wave can be further increased.
- the inner angle located on the core portion 14 side is an acute angle, and the angle is smaller than the other inner angles.
- the inner angle is preferably about 3 to 30 °, and more preferably about 5 to 20 °.
- the length of the side facing the inner corner located on the core part 14 side is shorter than the length of the other two sides.
- the length of the side facing the inner angle located on the core portion 14 side is about 0.02 to 0.5 times the shorter side of the other two sides. Preferably, it is about 0.03 to 0.2 times.
- FIG. 10 shows still another configuration example of the first embodiment shown in FIG.
- the optical waveguide 10 shown in FIG. 10 is the same as FIG. 2 except that the shape of the high refractive index region having a strip shape is different in plan view. That is, the side clad portion 15 shown in FIG. 10 has a plurality of high refractive index regions 151 ′′ that are formed in a strip shape in plan view, and the plurality of high refractive index regions 151 ′′ are elongated rectangular shapes in plan view. And the extension of the axis thereof is arranged so as to be substantially orthogonal to the axis of the core portion 14.
- Each high refractive index region 151 ′′ shown in FIG. 10 has an elongated rectangular shape, but the length of the long side is preferably about 2 to 50 times the short side, and is preferably about 5 to 30 times. Is more preferable.
- Such a plurality of high-refractive index regions 151 ′′ efficiently refracts or scatters light propagating through the side cladding 15 so as to be away from the core 14, so that light passing through the side cladding 15 is more effective. As a result, the S / N ratio as a carrier wave can be further improved.
- high refractive index regions 151 ′ and high refractive index regions 151 ′′ have the same functions as the high refractive index regions 151 described above.
- the optical waveguide 10 is manufactured by forming a clad layer 11 (first layer), a core layer 13 (second layer), and a clad layer 12 (third layer), and laminating them.
- the optical waveguide 10 is manufactured by forming a clad layer 11 (first layer), a core layer 13 (second layer), and a clad layer 12 (third layer), and laminating them.
- the specific manufacturing method is not particularly limited as long as the core part 14, the high refractive index region 151, the low refractive index region 152, and the like can be formed in the same layer (second layer).
- Photobleaching method photolithography method, direct exposure method, nanoimprinting method, monomer diffusion method and the like.
- 4 to 8 are cross-sectional views schematically showing process examples of the method for manufacturing the optical waveguide 10 shown in FIG. 5, 6 and 8 are cross-sectional views taken along line AA in FIG.
- the layer 110 is formed on the support substrate 161 (see FIG. 4).
- the layer 110 is formed by a method in which a core layer forming material (varnish) 100 is applied and cured (solidified).
- the layer 110 is formed by applying the core layer forming material 100 on the support substrate 161 to form a liquid film, and then placing the support substrate 161 on a ventilated level table so that the surface of the liquid film is not coated. It is formed by leveling the uniform part and evaporating (desolving) the solvent.
- the layer 110 is formed by a coating method
- examples thereof include a doctor blade method, a spin coating method, a dipping method, a table coating method, a spray method, an applicator method, a curtain coating method, a die coating method, and the like. It is not done.
- a silicon substrate for example, a silicon substrate, a silicon dioxide substrate, a glass substrate, a quartz substrate, a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film, or the like is used.
- PET polyethylene terephthalate
- the core layer-forming material 100 contains a developable material composed of a polymer 115 and an additive 120 (including at least a monomer and a catalyst). It is a material that causes a reaction.
- the additive 120 is substantially uniformly and arbitrarily dispersed in the layer 110.
- the average thickness of the layer 110 is appropriately set according to the thickness of the core layer 13 to be formed and is not particularly limited, but is preferably about 5 to 200 ⁇ m, and preferably about 10 to 100 ⁇ m. More preferably, it is about 15 to 65 ⁇ m.
- the polymer 115 has sufficiently high transparency (colorless and transparent) and is compatible with the monomer described later, and the monomer can react (polymerization reaction or crosslinking reaction) as described later. Even after the monomers are polymerized, those having sufficient transparency are preferably used.
- having compatibility means that the monomer is at least mixed and does not cause phase separation with the polymer 115 in the core layer forming material 100 or the layer 110.
- the constituent material of the core layer 13 mentioned above is mentioned.
- a norbornene-based polymer is used as the polymer 115, since the polymer has high hydrophobicity, it is possible to obtain the core layer 13 that is less likely to cause a dimensional change due to water absorption.
- the norbornene-based polymer may be either a polymer having a single repeating unit (homopolymer) or a polymer having two or more norbornene-based repeating units (copolymer).
- a compound having a repeating unit represented by the following formula (1) is preferably used as an example of the copolymer.
- n represents an integer of 1 to 9.
- copolymer examples include those in which the two units of the above formula (1) are arranged in an arbitrary order (random), those in which they are arranged alternately, those in which each unit is solidified (in a block form), etc. Any of these forms may be used.
- an example of the additive 120 is preferably selected to include a norbornene-based monomer, a promoter (first substance), and a catalyst precursor (second substance). Is done.
- the norbornene-based monomer reacts in the active radiation irradiation region by irradiation with actinic radiation, which will be described later, and forms a reaction product.
- a compound capable of producing a refractive index difference A compound capable of producing a refractive index difference.
- the reaction product includes a polymer (polymer) formed by polymerizing a norbornene-based monomer in the polymer (matrix) 115, a crosslinked structure that cross-links the polymers 115, and a polymer polymerized by polymer 115. At least one of the branched structures branched from 115 (branch polymer or side chain (pendant group)).
- a polymer 115 having a relatively low refractive index and a norbornene-based monomer having a high refractive index with respect to the polymer 115 are obtained.
- a polymer 115 having a relatively high refractive index and a norbornene-based monomer having a low refractive index with respect to the polymer 115 are combined. used.
- the portion becomes the side cladding portion 15, and when the refractive index of the irradiated region increases, the portion is It becomes the core part 14.
- the catalyst precursor (second substance) is a substance capable of initiating the above-described monomer reaction (polymerization reaction, crosslinking reaction, etc.), and is a promoter (first substance) activated by irradiation with actinic radiation described later. It is a substance whose activation temperature changes by the action of.
- any compound may be used as long as the activation temperature changes (increases or decreases) with irradiation of actinic radiation. Those whose activation temperature decreases with irradiation are preferred.
- the core layer 13 optical waveguide 10 can be formed by heat treatment at a relatively low temperature, and unnecessary heat is applied to the other layers, so that the characteristics (optical transmission performance) of the optical waveguide 10 are deteriorated. Can be prevented.
- a catalyst precursor containing (mainly) at least one of the compounds represented by the following formulas (Ia) and (Ib) is preferably used.
- E (R) 3 represents a neutral electron donor ligand of group 15, respectively, E represents an element selected from group 15 of the periodic table, and R represents , Represents a moiety containing a hydrogen atom (or one of its isotopes) or a hydrocarbon group, and Q represents an anionic ligand selected from carboxylate, thiocarboxylate and dithiocarboxylate.
- LB represents a Lewis base
- WCA represents a weakly coordinating anion
- a represents an integer of 1 to 3
- b represents an integer of 0 to 2
- a and b
- p and r represent numbers that balance the charge of the palladium cation and the weakly coordinated anion.
- Typical catalyst precursors according to Formula Ia include Pd (OAc) 2 (P (i-Pr) 3 ) 2 , Pd (OAc) 2 (P (Cy) 3 ) 2 , Pd (O 2 CCMe 3 ) 2 (P (Cy) 3 ) 2 , Pd (OAc) 2 (P (Cp) 3 ) 2 , Pd (O 2 CCF 3 ) 2 (P (Cy) 3 ) 2 , Pd (O 2 CC 6 H 5 ) 3 (P (Cy) 3 ) 2 may be mentioned, but is not limited thereto.
- Cp represents a cyclopentyl group
- Cy represents a cyclohexyl group.
- the catalyst precursor represented by the formula Ib is preferably a compound in which p and r are selected from integers of 1 and 2, respectively.
- Typical catalyst precursors according to such formula Ib include Pd (OAc) 2 (P (Cy) 3 ) 2 .
- Cy represents a cyclohexyl group
- Ac represents an acetyl group.
- catalyst precursors can efficiently react with a monomer (in the case of a norbornene-based monomer, an efficient polymerization reaction, a crosslinking reaction, etc. by an addition polymerization reaction).
- the cocatalyst (first substance) is a substance that can be activated by irradiation with actinic radiation to change the activation temperature of the catalyst precursor (procatalyst) (the temperature at which the monomer reacts).
- any compound can be used as long as it has a molecular structure that changes (reacts or decomposes) when activated by irradiation with actinic radiation.
- a compound (photoinitiator) that decomposes upon irradiation with actinic radiation and generates a cation such as a proton or other cation and a weakly coordinated anion (WCA) that can be substituted with a leaving group of the catalyst precursor ( (Mainly) is preferably used.
- weakly coordinating anions examples include tetrakis (pentafluorophenyl) borate ion (FABA ⁇ ), hexafluoroantimonate ion (SbF 6 ⁇ ), and the like.
- promoter photoacid generator or photobase generator
- examples of the promoter include tetrakis (pentafluorophenyl) borate and hexafluoroantimonate, tetrakis (pentafluorophenyl) gallate, and aluminates.
- a sensitizer may be added to the core layer forming material (varnish) 100 as necessary.
- an antioxidant can be added to the core layer forming material 100. Thereby, generation of undesirable free radicals and natural oxidation of the polymer 115 can be prevented. As a result, the characteristics of the obtained core layer 13 (optical waveguide 10) can be improved.
- the layer 110 is formed using the core layer forming material 100 as described above. At this time, the layer 110 has a first refractive index. This first refractive index is due to the action of the polymer 115 and monomers that are uniformly dispersed (distributed) in the layer 110.
- the monomer is a norbornene-based monomer
- a compound having a polymerizable site may be used, and acrylic acid (methacrylic acid) may be used.
- acrylic acid methacrylic acid
- examples of such monomers include epoxy monomers, epoxy monomers, and styrene monomers, and one or more of these can be used in combination.
- the catalyst in the additive 120 may be appropriately selected according to the type of monomer. For example, in the case of an acrylic acid monomer or an epoxy monomer, the addition of the catalyst precursor (second substance) is omitted. can do.
- a mask (masking) 135 in which an opening (window) 1351 is formed is prepared, and the layer 110 is irradiated with active radiation (active energy light) 130 through the mask 135 (FIG. 5). reference).
- the irradiation region 125 of the active radiation 130 becomes the low refractive index region 152 in the side cladding portion 15.
- an opening (window) 1351 equivalent to the pattern of the low refractive index region 152 to be formed is formed in the mask 135.
- This opening 1351 forms a transmission part through which the active radiation 130 to be irradiated passes.
- the mask 135 may be formed in advance (separately formed) (for example, plate-shaped) or may be formed on the layer 110 by, for example, a vapor deposition method or a coating method.
- the actinic radiation 130 to be used is not limited as long as it can cause a photochemical reaction (change) with respect to the promoter.
- a photochemical reaction change
- visible light ultraviolet light, infrared light, laser light, an electron beam or X Lines or the like can also be used.
- the cocatalyst first substance: cocatalyst
- the cocatalyst present in the irradiation region 125 irradiated with the active radiation 130 reacts by the action of the active radiation 130. (Binding) or decomposition to release (generate) cations (protons or other cations) and weakly coordinating anions (WCA).
- the use of the mask 135 may be omitted when highly directional light such as laser light is used as the active radiation 130.
- the layer 110 is subjected to heat treatment (first heat treatment).
- first heat treatment the catalyst precursor of an active latent state is activated (it will be in an active state), and monomer reaction (a polymerization reaction or a crosslinking reaction) will arise.
- the monomer concentration in the irradiation region 125 gradually decreases. As a result, there is a difference in monomer concentration between the irradiated region 125 and the unirradiated region 140, and in order to eliminate this, the monomer diffuses from the unirradiated region 140 (monomer diffusion) and collects in the irradiated region 125. come.
- the monomer and its reaction product increase, and the structure derived from the monomer greatly affects the refractive index of the region, and the first refraction The second refractive index lower than the refractive index.
- the monomer polymer an addition (co) polymer is mainly produced.
- the amount of monomer decreases as the monomer diffuses from the region to the irradiated region 125, so that the influence of the polymer 115 appears greatly on the refractive index of the region, and the first refraction is performed.
- the third refractive index is higher than the refractive index.
- a refractive index difference (second refractive index ⁇ third refractive index) occurs between the irradiated region 125 and the non-irradiated region 140, and the core portion 14 and the high refractive index region 151 (unirradiated region). 140) and a low refractive index region 152 (irradiation region 125) are formed (see FIG. 6).
- the layer 110 is subjected to a second heat treatment.
- the catalyst precursor remaining in the unirradiated region 140 and / or the irradiated region 125 is activated (in an activated state) directly or with the activation of the cocatalyst.
- the remaining monomer is reacted.
- the obtained core portion 14 As described above, by reacting the monomers remaining in the respective regions 125 and 140, the obtained core portion 14, the high refractive index region 151, and the low refractive index region 152 can be stabilized.
- the layer 110 is subjected to a third heat treatment. Thereby, reduction of internal stress generated in the obtained core layer 13 and further stabilization of the core part 14, the high refractive index region 151, and the low refractive index region 152 can be achieved.
- the core layer 13 (second layer) is obtained.
- a sufficient refractive index difference is obtained between the core portion 14 and the high refractive index region 151 and the low refractive index region 152 before the second heat treatment and the third heat treatment are performed. If present, this step [5] and the step [4] may be omitted.
- the clad layer 11 (12) is formed on the support substrate 162 (see FIG. 7).
- a method for forming the clad layer 11 (12) As a method for forming the clad layer 11 (12), a method of applying and curing (solidifying) a varnish (clad layer forming material) including a clad material, and a method of applying and hardening (solidifying) a monomer composition having curability. Any method may be used.
- examples thereof include a spin coating method, a dipping method, a table coating method, a spray method, an applicator method, a curtain coating method, and a die coating method.
- the support substrate 162 As the support substrate 162, a substrate similar to the support substrate 161 can be used. As described above, the clad layer 11 (12) is formed on the support substrate 162.
- the core layer 13 is peeled from the support substrate 161, and the core layer 13 is separated from the support substrate 162 on which the cladding layer 11 (first layer) is formed, and the cladding layer 12 (third layer). Is sandwiched between the support substrate 162 formed with (see FIG. 8).
- the cladding layers 11 and 12 first layer and third layer
- the core layer 13 second layer
- this crimping operation is preferably performed under heating.
- the heating temperature is appropriately determined depending on the constituent materials of the clad layers 11 and 12 and the core layer 13, and is usually preferably about 80 to 200 ° C, more preferably about 120 to 180 ° C.
- the support substrate 162 is peeled off and removed from the clad layers 11 and 12, respectively. Thereby, the optical waveguide 10 (the optical waveguide of the present invention) is obtained.
- the core part 14 and the high refractive index region 151 can be formed simultaneously in the same manufacturing process. For this reason, the high refractive index region 151 and the low refractive index region 152 can be efficiently formed in the side cladding portion 15 without increasing the number of steps from the conventional manufacturing method.
- the core part 14 and the high refractive index region 151 formed in this way are made of the same kind of material. For this reason, both have the same coefficient of thermal expansion, and it is possible to reduce defects such as deformation of the optical waveguide 10 and delamination due to temperature changes, as compared with the case where they are made of different materials.
- a release agent that is activated by irradiation with actinic radiation
- a main chain and a release agent that is branched from the main chain and activated, thereby causing at least one molecular structure.
- a core layer forming material containing a polymer having a leaving group (detachable pendant group) that can be detached from the main chain of the part is used. After this core layer forming material is formed into a layer, a part of this layer is irradiated with actinic radiation such as ultraviolet rays, whereby the leaving group is detached (cut), and the refractive index of the region changes. (Rise or fall).
- the active radiation irradiation region becomes the low refractive index region 152, and the other region becomes the core portion 14 or the high refractive index region 151.
- the clad layers 11 and 12 are bonded to both surfaces of the core layer 13 as described above.
- a layer of a material for forming a core part having a high refractive index is formed on the cladding layer 11, and a resist having a shape corresponding to the core part 14 and the high refractive index region 151 is formed on this layer.
- a film is formed by photolithography. Then, using this resist film as a mask, the core portion forming material layer is etched. Thereby, the core part 14 and the high refractive index area
- the portion forming material is filled, and the low refractive index region 152 is obtained. Further, the cladding layer 12 is obtained by supplying the cladding portion forming material so as to cover these (the core portion 14, the high refractive index region 151, and the low refractive index region 152).
- FIG. 11 is a plan view showing only the core layer of the second embodiment of the optical waveguide of the present invention.
- the optical waveguide according to the present embodiment will be described. However, differences from the optical waveguide according to the first embodiment will be mainly described, and description of similar matters will be omitted.
- the optical waveguide according to this embodiment is the same as that of the first embodiment except that the high-refractive index region and the low-refractive index region have different patterns in plan view.
- the side clad portion 15 shown in FIG. 11 has a plurality of high refractive index regions 153 that are granular in plan view.
- the plurality of high refractive index regions 153 are regions having a higher refractive index than the low refractive index region 152 and are aligned on both sides with the core portion 14 interposed therebetween. is doing.
- the high refractive index regions 153 are independent from each other, and are provided so as not to directly contact the core portions 14. That is, the low refractive index region 152 is inserted between the high refractive index region 153 and each core portion 14.
- Such a high refractive index region 153 may have a refractive index higher than that of the other region of the side cladding portion 15, that is, the low refractive index region 152, but preferably the difference is 0.5% or more. Preferably, the difference is 0.8% or more. Moreover, although an upper limit does not need to be set in particular, Preferably it is set to 5.5%.
- the high refractive index region 153 is not exposed to the incident side end face 10a. Therefore, since light is not directly incident on the high refractive index region 153, it is possible to prevent light from propagating through the high refractive index region 153. As a result, the function of the high refractive index region 153 as described above can be surely exhibited.
- the high refractive index region 153 is not exposed even on the output side end face 10 b of the optical waveguide 10. If the high refractive index region 153 is exposed on the emission side end face 10b, relatively high intensity light may be emitted from this portion, but if it is not exposed, the high refractive index region 153 has the original function. Can be reliably exhibited, and the S / N ratio can be reliably increased.
- the plurality of high refractive index regions 153 are preferably provided so as to be distributed in the entire longitudinal direction between the incident side end face 10a and the emission side end face 10b of the optical waveguide 10. . In this way, not only the light incident on the side cladding 15 from the incident side end face 10 a but also the light leaking from the core 14 to the side cladding 15 in the middle of the optical waveguide 10 can be reliably transmitted from the core 14. You can keep away.
- each of the core portions 14 and 14 is provided. It is possible to effectively suppress noise light received by light receiving elements other than the corresponding light receiving elements, that is, leakage of signal light from another channel (crosstalk).
- the shape of the high-refractive index region 153 having a granular shape in plan view is not particularly limited.
- the shape is a circle such as a perfect circle, an ellipse, or an ellipse, a triangle, a quadrangle, a hexagon, an octagon, or a star. It is assumed to be a square, semicircle, fan shape, etc.
- the contour of the high refractive index region 153 has irregularities as shown in FIG.
- the contour of the high refractive index region 153 has irregularity on the surface that receives the light leaking from the core portion 14, and can reliably diffuse the light.
- the average particle size of each high refractive index region 153 is preferably about 10 to 500 ⁇ m, more preferably about 20 to 300 ⁇ m. By setting the average particle diameter of each high refractive index region 153 within the above range, the probability that each high refractive index region 153 scatters light can be sufficiently increased.
- the difference in refractive index between each high refractive index region 153 and low refractive index region 152 is preferably 0.5% or more, and more preferably 0.8% or more. Moreover, although an upper limit does not need to be set in particular, Preferably it is set to 5.5%.
- FIG. 12 shows another configuration example of the second embodiment shown in FIG.
- the optical waveguide 10 shown in FIG. 12 is the same as FIG. 11 except that the arrangement pattern of the plurality of high refractive index regions 153 is different. That is, the plurality of high refractive index regions 153 shown in FIG. 11 are arranged in alignment, but the plurality of high refractive index regions 153 shown in FIG. 12 are arranged irregularly (randomly). Thereby, when the light which passes the side clad part 15 is scattered in the high refractive index area
- optical waveguide of the present invention has been described based on the illustrated embodiments, the present invention is not limited to these, and the configuration of each part is replaced with any configuration that can exhibit the same function. In addition, an arbitrary configuration may be added.
- optical waveguide of the present invention may be a combination of the first embodiment and the second embodiment among the configurations of the respective embodiments.
- the number of the core parts 14 may be one or three or more.
- the high refractive index regions 151 and 153 are provided in the side cladding portion 15, but these high refractive index regions may be provided in the cladding layers 11 and 12.
- optical waveguide of the present invention can be used, for example, in an optical wiring for optical communication.
- the optical wiring (optical wiring of the present invention) provided with the optical waveguide of the present invention can be mixed on the substrate together with the existing electric wiring to constitute a so-called “optical / electrical mixed substrate”.
- an optical signal transmitted through the optical wiring (core portion of the optical waveguide) is converted into an electrical signal in the optical device and transmitted to the electrical wiring. .
- This enables high-speed and large-capacity information transmission in the optical wiring portion as compared with the conventional electric wiring.
- this optical / electrical hybrid board to a bus or the like that connects between an arithmetic device such as a CPU or LSI and a storage device such as a RAM, the performance of the entire system is improved and electromagnetic noise is generated. Can be suppressed.
- the optical / electrical hybrid board is mounted on electronic devices that transmit a large amount of data at high speed, such as a mobile phone, a game machine, a personal computer, a television, and a home server.
- the electronic device (electronic device of the present invention) including the optical / electrical mixed substrate can exhibit high performance with excellent internal information processing speed.
- this core layer forming material was applied onto the substrate to form a liquid film.
- this liquid film was dried to obtain a layer of a material for forming a core layer.
- this layer was irradiated with ultraviolet rays through a mask having an opening (window) corresponding to the low refractive index region to be formed.
- the layer was then heated in an oven. Thereby, the region irradiated with ultraviolet rays becomes a low refractive index region (refractive index: 1.54), and the region not irradiated with ultraviolet rays is the core portion (refractive index: 1.55) and a high refractive index region (refractive index). : 1.55), and as a result, a core layer was obtained.
- the core portion, the high refractive index region, and the low refractive index region have the shapes shown in FIG. However, the inclination angle of the high refractive index region shown in FIG. 2 was 45 °.
- a norbornene-based polymer having a refractive index lower than that of the polymer used for the core layer forming material was prepared, and a clad layer forming material including this was prepared.
- this clad layer forming material was applied on each of the two substrates to form a liquid film. Next, these liquid coatings were dried to obtain clad layers.
- Example 2 An optical waveguide was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the shapes of the core portion, the high refractive index region, and the low refractive index region were changed to the shapes shown in FIG.
- the inclination angle of the high refractive index region 151 ′ in FIG. 9 was 45 °. Further, the internal angle of the high refractive index region 151 ′ located on the core portion 14 side was 10 °.
- Example 3 An optical waveguide was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the shapes of the core portion, the high refractive index region, and the low refractive index region were changed to the shapes shown in FIG. Note that the aspect ratio of the high refractive index region 151 ′′ in FIG. 10 was 1:20.
- Example 4 An optical waveguide was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the shapes of the core portion, the high refractive index region, and the low refractive index region were changed to the shapes shown in FIG.
- the average particle size of the high refractive index region 153 in FIG. 11 was 1 ⁇ m.
- Example 5 An optical waveguide was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the shapes of the core portion, the high refractive index region, and the low refractive index region were changed to the shapes shown in FIG.
- the average particle diameter of the high refractive index region 153 in FIG. 12 was 1 ⁇ m.
- FIG. 13 is a diagram for explaining a method for measuring the intensity of light emitted from the clad part of the optical waveguide.
- an incident side optical fiber 21 having a diameter of 50 ⁇ m was disposed on the light incident side of the optical waveguide 10 to be measured.
- the incident side optical fiber 21 is connected to a light emitting element (not shown) for entering light into the optical waveguide 10, and the optical axis thereof is in the same plane as the optical axis of the core portion 14 of the optical waveguide 10. Is arranged.
- the incident side optical fiber 21 can scan the same plane as the core layer 13 along the incident side end face 10 a of the optical waveguide 10.
- the scanning width is set to 250 ⁇ m on both sides around the optical axis of the core portion 14 of the optical waveguide 10.
- an emission side optical fiber 22 having a diameter of 200 ⁇ m was disposed on the light emission side of the optical waveguide 10.
- the emission side optical fiber 22 is connected to a light receiving element (not shown) for receiving the light emitted from the optical waveguide 10, and its optical axis extends from the optical axis of the core portion 14 of the optical waveguide 10 to the side surface. It arrange
- examples 1 to 3 and a comparative example are shown in FIG. 15 as representatives.
- the horizontal axis of the graph of FIG. 15 represents the position of the incident-side optical fiber with respect to the optical axis of the core portion of the optical waveguide, and the vertical axis represents the intensity of light propagating through the core portion of the optical waveguide (incident It represents a light intensity ratio (loss) based on the light intensity when the optical axis of the side optical fiber and the optical axis of the output side optical fiber coincide with the core portion of the optical waveguide.
- the light intensity ratio is particularly large when the incident side optical fiber is at a position near 80 to 200 mm with respect to the optical axis of the core portion of the optical waveguide. It was. From this, it was recognized that in the optical waveguide of the comparative example, the light incident on the side cladding portion propagates to an extent that is almost the same as that of the core portion.
- Example 5 Although not shown, when Example 4 and Example 5 were compared, the result of Example 5 was better. This is presumably due to the fact that the granular high refractive index regions are randomly arranged in Example 5.
- FIG. 14 is a diagram for explaining a method of evaluating crosstalk.
- an incident side optical fiber 21 having a diameter of 50 ⁇ m was disposed on the light incident side of the optical waveguide 10 to be measured.
- the incident side optical fiber 21 is connected to a light emitting element (not shown) for entering light into the optical waveguide 10, so that its optical axis coincides with the optical axis of the core portion 14 of the optical waveguide 10.
- a light emitting element not shown
- an exit side optical fiber 22 having a diameter of 62.5 ⁇ m was disposed on the light exit side of the optical waveguide 10.
- the emission side optical fiber 22 is connected to a light receiving element (not shown) for receiving the light emitted from the optical waveguide 10, and its optical axis is the same as the optical axis of the core portion 14 of the optical waveguide 10. It is arranged in the plane. Further, the emission side optical fiber 22 can scan the same plane as the core layer 13 along the emission side end face 10 b of the optical waveguide 10. The scanning width is set to 250 ⁇ m on both sides around the optical axis of the core portion 14 of the optical waveguide 10.
- the emission side optical fiber 22 When measuring the light intensity, when the emission side optical fiber 22 is scanned while radiating light from the incidence side optical fiber 21, the light passing through the core portion 14 reaches the emission side optical fiber 22. At this time, the intensity of the light leaking from the core portion 14 can be measured by setting the outer diameter of the emission side optical fiber 22 to be larger than the outer diameter of the core portion 14. Therefore, the degree of crosstalk was evaluated by evaluating the relationship between the position of the output side optical fiber 22 and the intensity of light incident on the output side optical fiber 22.
- examples 2 to 4 and a comparative example are shown in FIG.
- the horizontal axis of the graph of FIG. 16 represents the position of the outgoing optical fiber with respect to the optical axis of the core portion of the optical waveguide
- the vertical axis represents the intensity of light propagating through the core portion of the optical waveguide (outgoing light). It represents the light intensity ratio (loss) based on the light intensity when the optical axis of the side optical fiber coincides with the optical axis of the core portion.
- the light intensity at the base of the spectrum peak is smaller than that of the optical waveguide obtained in the comparative example.
- the peak of this spectrum corresponds to the intensity of light that has propagated through the core. Therefore, in other words, in each of Examples 2 to 4, the intensity of the light propagating through the cladding part is smaller than the intensity of the light propagating through the core part as compared with the comparative example. It can be seen that is relatively reduced.
- the optical waveguide of the present invention is an optical waveguide comprising a core portion and a clad portion provided adjacent to the core portion, and the refractive index in the clad portion is lower than that of the core portion.
- the plurality of high refractive index regions are scattered or aligned in the cladding portion. Therefore, it is suppressed that the light incident on the clad part propagates as it is to the emission end, and the light intensity when this light is received by the light receiving element is reduced.
- optical waveguide capable of high-quality optical communication by improving the S / N ratio of light propagating through the optical waveguide and suppressing crosstalk and the like.
- a high-performance optical wiring, an opto-electric hybrid board, and an electronic device can be provided. Therefore, the optical waveguide, optical wiring, opto-electric hybrid board and electronic device of the present invention have industrial applicability.
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Abstract
Description
コア部と、該コア部に隣接して設けられたクラッド部とを備える光導波路であって、
前記クラッド部中に、前記コア部よりも屈折率が低く、前記コア部に接した低屈折率領域と、該低屈折率領域よりも屈折率が高く、該低屈折率領域を介して前記コア部から離間した複数の高屈折率領域とを有しており、
該複数の高屈折率領域は、前記クラッド部中に点在または整列していることを特徴とする光導波路である。
前記第2の層の一部が、前記コア部をなしており、
前記第2の層の残部、前記第1の層および前記第3の層が、前記クラッド部を構成しているのが好ましい。
上記光導波路を備えたことを特徴とする光配線である。
電気配線と、上記光配線とを、基板上に混載してなることを特徴とする光電気混載基板である。
上記目的を達成するために、本発明は、
上記光電気混載基板を備えたことを特徴とする電子機器である。
まず、本発明の光導波路の第1実施形態について説明する。
屈折率差(%)=|A/B-1|×100
低屈折率領域152は、各側面クラッド部15のうち、図2に示すように、各コア部14に接するように設けられている。一方、高屈折率領域151は、図2に示すように、各コア部14に直接接触しないように設けられている。すなわち、高屈折率領域151と各コア部14との間に、低屈折率領域152が介挿された状態になっている。
図17は、従来の光導波路90のコア層のみを示す平面図である。
図9に示す光導波路10は、短冊状をなす高屈折率領域の平面視の形状が異なること以外は、図2と同様である。すなわち、図9に示す側面クラッド部15は、平面視で短冊状をなす複数の高屈折率領域151’を有するものであるが、この複数の高屈折率領域151’は、平面視で細長い三角形をなしている。
図10に示す光導波路10は、短冊状をなす高屈折率領域の平面視の形状が異なること以外は、図2と同様である。すなわち、図10に示す側面クラッド部15は、平面視で短冊状をなす複数の高屈折率領域151”を有するものであるが、この複数の高屈折率領域151”は、平面視で細長い長方形をなしており、かつ、その軸線の延長線がコア部14の軸線に対してほぼ直交するよう配置されている。
光導波路10は、クラッド層11(第1の層)と、コア層13(第2の層)と、クラッド層12(第3の層)とをそれぞれ作製し、これらを積層することにより製造される。
層110は、コア層形成用材料(ワニス)100を塗布し硬化(固化)させる方法により形成される。
なお、ポリマー115としてノルボルネン系ポリマーを用いた場合、このポリマーが高い疎水性を有するため、吸水による寸法変化等を生じ難いコア層13を得ることができる。
[(E(R)3)aPd(Q)(LB)b]p[WCA]r ・・・(Ib)
[式Ia、Ib中、それぞれ、E(R)3は、第15族の中性電子ドナー配位子を表し、Eは、周期律表の第15族から選択される元素を表し、Rは、水素原子(またはその同位体の1つ)または炭化水素基を含む部位を表し、Qは、カルボキシレート、チオカルボキシレートおよびジチオカルボキシレートから選択されるアニオン配位子を表す。また、式Ib中、LBは、ルイス塩基を表し、WCAは、弱配位アニオンを表し、aは、1~3の整数を表し、bは、0~2の整数を表し、aとbとの合計は、1~3であり、pおよびrは、パラジウムカチオンと弱配位アニオンとの電荷のバランスをとる数を表す。]
このとき、層110は、第1の屈折率を有している。この第1の屈折率は、層110中に一様に分散(分布)するポリマー115およびモノマーの作用による。
これにより、照射領域125内では、活性潜在状態の触媒前駆体が活性化して(活性状態となって)、モノマーの反応(重合反応や架橋反応)が生じる。
これにより、未照射領域140および/または照射領域125に残存する触媒前駆体を、直接または助触媒の活性化を伴って、活性化させる(活性状態とする)ことにより、各領域125、140に残存するモノマーを反応させる。
これにより、得られるコア層13に生じる内部応力の低減や、コア部14、高屈折率領域151および低屈折率領域152の更なる安定化を図ることができる。
なお、例えば、第2の加熱処理や第3の加熱処理を施す前の状態で、コア部14および高屈折率領域151と低屈折率領域152との間に十分な屈折率差が得られている場合等には、本工程[5]や前記工程[4]を省略してもよい。
以上のようにして、支持基板162上に、クラッド層11(12)が形成される。
次に、本発明の光導波路の第2実施形態について説明する。
以下、本実施形態にかかる光導波路について説明するが、前記第1実施形態にかかる光導波路との相違点を中心に説明し、同様の事項についてはその説明を省略する。
図12に示す光導波路10は、複数の高屈折率領域153の配置パターンが異なること以外は、図11と同様である。すなわち、図11に示す複数の高屈折率領域153は、整列して配置されているが、図12に示す複数の高屈折率領域153は、不規則(ランダム)に配置されている。これにより、側面クラッド部15を通過する光が高屈折率領域153で散乱されるとき、複数の高屈折率領域153で散乱された光が干渉してしまうのを抑制することができる。その結果、干渉に伴って、側面クラッド部15から出射されたノイズ光の光強度が増幅されるのを防止することができる。
1.光導波路の製造
(実施例1)
まず、下記式(2)で表わされる繰り返し単位を有するノルボルネン系ポリマーを含むコア層形成用材料を調製した。
コア部、高屈折率領域および低屈折率領域の各形状を、それぞれ図9に示す形状とした以外は、前記実施例1と同様にして光導波路を得た。
コア部、高屈折率領域および低屈折率領域の各形状を、それぞれ図10に示す形状とした以外は、前記実施例1と同様にして光導波路を得た。
なお、図10中の高屈折率領域151”のアスペクト比は、1:20とした。
コア部、高屈折率領域および低屈折率領域の各形状を、それぞれ図11に示す形状とした以外は、前記実施例1と同様にして光導波路を得た。
なお、図11中の高屈折率領域153の平均粒径は、1μmとした。
コア部、高屈折率領域および低屈折率領域の各形状を、それぞれ図12に示す形状とした以外は、前記実施例1と同様にして光導波路を得た。
なお、図12中の高屈折率領域153の平均粒径は、1μmとした。
高屈折率領域および低屈折率領域の形成を省略し、図17に示すように、コア層中にコア部とその両側のクラッド部とを形成するようにした以外は、前記実施例1と同様にして光導波路を得た。
各実施例で得られた光導波路および比較例で得られた光導波路について、それぞれ以下に示す方法で出射側端面における光強度を測定した。
図13は、光導波路のクラッド部から出射した光の強度を測定する方法を説明するための図である。
図14は、クロストークを評価する方法を説明するための図である。
Claims (23)
- コア部と、該コア部に隣接して設けられたクラッド部とを備える光導波路であって、
前記クラッド部中に、前記コア部よりも屈折率が低く、前記コア部に接した低屈折率領域と、該低屈折率領域よりも屈折率が高く、該低屈折率領域を介して前記コア部から離間した複数の高屈折率領域とを有しており、
該複数の高屈折率領域は、前記クラッド部中に点在または整列していることを特徴とする光導波路。 - 前記各高屈折率領域は、それぞれ前記コア部と同種の材料で構成されている請求項1に記載の光導波路。
- 前記各高屈折率領域の屈折率と前記低屈折率領域の屈折率との差は、0.5%以上である請求項1に記載の光導波路。
- 前記複数の高屈折率領域は、前記クラッド部を通過する光を、前記コア部から遠ざかる方向に屈折させるもの、または不規則に散乱させるものである請求項1に記載の光導波路。
- 前記各高屈折率領域は、それぞれ粒状をなしている請求項1に記載の光導波路。
- 前記各粒状の高屈折率領域は、それぞれ、その輪郭に凹凸を有している請求項5に記載の光導波路。
- 前記各粒状の高屈折率領域は、前記クラッド部中に不規則に点在している請求項5に記載の光導波路。
- 前記各高屈折率領域は、それぞれ短冊状をなしている請求項1に記載の光導波路。
- 前記各短冊状の高屈折率領域は、それぞれ、その長手方向の軸線が、前記コア部の軸線の垂線から前記コア部を通過する光の進行方向の後方側に傾斜するよう配向している請求項8に記載の光導波路。
- 前記各短冊状の高屈折率領域の軸線と、前記コア部の軸線の垂線とがなす角は、10~85°である請求項9に記載の光導波路。
- 前記各短冊状の高屈折率領域の形状は、細長い三角形をなしている請求項9に記載の光導波路。
- 前記細長い三角形をなす高屈折率領域は、その横断面積が、前記コア部から遠ざかるにつれて徐々に大きくなるような形状をなしている請求項11に記載の光導波路。
- 前記各短冊状の高屈折率領域は、それぞれ、その長手方向の軸線の延長線と、前記コア部の軸線とが、直交している請求項8に記載の光導波路。
- 前記各短冊状の高屈折率領域の形状は、細長い長方形をなしている請求項13に記載の光導波路。
- 前記各短冊状の高屈折率領域は、互いに平行に配置されている請求項8に記載の光導波路。
- 前記複数の高屈折率領域は、当該光導波路の光入射側の端面および光出射側の端面に露出しないよう配置されている請求項1に記載の光導波路。
- 前記複数の高屈折率領域は、前記コア部と同一の製造工程で形成されたものである請求項1に記載の光導波路。
- 当該光導波路は、第1の層、第2の層および第3の層をこの順で積層してなる積層体を有し、
前記第2の層の一部が、前記コア部をなしており、
前記第2の層の残部、前記第1の層および前記第3の層が、前記クラッド部を構成している請求項1に記載の光導波路。 - 前記複数の高屈折率領域は、前記第2の層中に設けられている請求項18に記載の光導波路。
- 当該光導波路の前記コア部と、前記クラッド部の少なくとも一部とは、それぞれノルボルネン系ポリマーを主材料として構成されている請求項1に記載の光導波路。
- 請求項1ないし20のいずれかに記載の光導波路を備えたことを特徴とする光配線。
- 電気配線と、請求項21に記載の光配線とを、基板上に混載してなることを特徴とする光電気混載基板。
- 請求項22に記載の光電気混載基板を備えたことを特徴とする電子機器。
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EP09811457A EP2333595A1 (en) | 2008-09-05 | 2009-08-28 | Optical waveguide, optical interconnection, opto-electric hybrid board, and electronic device |
JP2010527773A JP5293742B2 (ja) | 2008-09-05 | 2009-08-28 | 光導波路、光配線、光電気混載基板および電子機器 |
CN2009801347149A CN102144180A (zh) | 2008-09-05 | 2009-08-28 | 光波导、光布线、光电混合基板以及电子设备 |
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EP2333595A1 (en) | 2011-06-15 |
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CN102144180A (zh) | 2011-08-03 |
JP5360313B2 (ja) | 2013-12-04 |
US20110158596A1 (en) | 2011-06-30 |
JPWO2010026931A1 (ja) | 2012-02-02 |
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