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  • C07J41/0016—Oximes

Definitions

• Cardiac glycosides have been recognized as potential cancer drugs at least since 1999 (Haux, Med Hypotheses. 53:543-8, 1999) and extensive studies of their cytotoxicity in human cancer cells were carried out as early as 2001 (Johansson, et al., Anticancer Drugs. 12:475-83, 2001).
• Interest in the mechanism of inhibition of the cardiac glycosides' target, the inotropic Na,K-ATPases found in the membranes of animal cells has spawned a considerable body of work (Mijatovic, et al., Biochim Biophys Acta. 1776:32-57, 2007).
• cardiac glycosides some of which include the synthesis of specific cardiac glycosides as cancer drugs, exemplified by the work on digitoxin neoglycoside analogs (Langenhan, et al., Proc Natl Acad Sd U S A. 102:12305-10, 2005) and on proscillaridin analogs (Gardiner, et al., USPTO. Al: 1-67, 2009), few cardiac glycosides are currently undergoing clinical development — perhaps due to the widespread belief that cardiac glycosides cannot be used for cancer therapeutically without significant toxicity to heart and neural tissues.
• the present invention provides novel glycoside compounds of the structure of Formula (I) and Formula (II) below.
• these compounds are selected from the group consisting of CEN08-177, CEN08-178, CEN08-193, CEN08-243 and CEN08-244.
• the present invention provides methods of making the compounds as described herein and particularly compounds of Formula (I) and (II).
• the invention provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising such compounds and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
• the invention provides a method of treating a hyperproliferative disease by administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound or pharmaceutical composition as described herein to a subject in need thereof.
• the invention provides a method of treating cancer in a subject in need thereof comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a glycoside compound (or pharmaceutical composition comprising the same) as set forth herein to a subject in need of such treatment.
• a glycoside compound or pharmaceutical composition comprising the same as set forth herein to a subject in need of such treatment.
• the glycoside is of Formula (I) below.
• the glycoside compound is of Formula (II) below.
• the glycoside is selected from the group consisting of CEN08-177, CEN08-178, CEN08-193, CEN08-243, CEN08-244, and combinations thereof.
• the present invention provides methods for preparing glycosides of Formula (I) and Formula (II).
• the glycoside is selected from the group consisting of CEN08-177, CEN08-178, CEN08-193, CEN08-243, CEN08- 244.
• Fig. 1 shows various ⁇ ardiac glycoside structures, including the structures of cardiac glycosides currently in clinical trials.
• Fig. 2 shows synthesis and structures of neoglycoside analogs made from digitoxin or digoxin.
• Fig. 3 shows synthesis and structures of O-glycoside analogs made from digitoxin.
• Fig. 4 shows synthesis and structures of neoglycoside and O-glycoside analogs made from proscillaridin.
• the invention provides glycoside compounds of Formula (I) as well as pharmaceutically acceptable esters, derivatives, conjugates, hydrates, solvates, prodrugs and salts thereof, or mixtures of any of the foregoing:
• steroidal rings are either saturated, unsaturated or a combination thereof
• R a is CH 3 ;
• R b is CH 3 , CH 2 OH, or CHO
• R c is H, OH or CH 3 COO
• R d is H, OH or CH 3 COO
• R e is H or no group
• X is O or N(OR');
• R' is an alkyl or aryl group
• Sugar is D or L of hexose, pentose, deoxyhexose, deoxypentose, deoxy- halohexose, deoxy-halopentose, deoxy-aminopentose, deoxy-aminohexose, tetrose, heterosugar, carboxysugar, a derivative of the aforementioned sugars, a disaccharide derived from at least one of the aforementioned sugars, or a polysaccharide derived from at least one of the aforementioned sugars.
• Suitable sugars include, e.g., L-ribose, D-ribose, L-fucose, D- fucose, 2-deoxy-D-galactose, 3-deoxy-D-glucose, 6-deoxy-D-glucose, 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D- glucose, 6-deoxy-6-fluoro-D-glucose, L-lyxose, D-lyxose, L-rhamnose, L-allose, D-allose, L- altrose, D-altrose, L-galactose, D-galactose, L-xylose, D-xylose, D-gulose, L-mannose, D- mannose, L-idose, D-idose, L-mycarose, 6-keto-D-galactose, L-arabinose, D-arabinose, N- acetyl-D-galactosaminose, melibiose, lac
• the invention provides glycoside compounds of Formula (II) as well as pharmaceutically acceptable esters, derivatives, conjugates, hydrates, prodrugs, solvates and salts thereof, and mixtures of any of the foregoing:
• R 1 is selected from the group consisting of ;
• R and R are each independently hydrogen, or R 2 and R 3 along with the attached carbons represent a carbon-carbon double bond;
• R 4 is selected from the group consisting of
• X is O or NR 5 , wherein R 5 is selected from hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, isopropyl and propyl.
• R and R together with the attached carbons represent a carbon- carbon double bond; and R 4 is selected from the group consisting of
• R 4 is selected from and its epimers and conformers.
• the invention provides a glycoside compound of
• the invention provides a glycoside compound of
• the glycoside compound comprises CEN08-178 (3-0- digitoxigenin-L-riboside), CEN08-193 (3-O-isodigitoxigenin-L-xyloside), CEN08-243 ((3S)- 3-N-methoxyamino-scillarenin-L-neo-4-amino-4-deoxyxyloside), or CEN08-244 ((3S)-3-N- methoxyamino-scillarenin-L-neo-4-amino-4-deoxyriboside).
• the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising one or more glycoside compounds of Formula (I) or (II) and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
• the composition is formulated as one or more dosage units.
• dose unit and “dosage unit” herein refer to a portion of a pharmaceutical composition that contains an amount of a therapeutic agent suitable for a single administration to provide a therapeutic effect. Such dosage units may be administered one to a plurality (e.g. 2, 3, 4 or 5) of times per day, or as many times as needed to elicit a therapeutic response.
• a dosage unit as disclosed herein comprises a glycoside compound of Formula (I) or (II) in an amount of about 0.1 mg to about 1 g, about 0.5 mg to about 750 mg, or about 1 mg to about 500 mg, for example about 0.1 mg, about 0.5 mg, about 1 mg, about 5 mg, about 10 mg, about 50 mg, about 100 mg, about 150 mg, about 250 mg, about 300 mg, about 400 mg, about 500 mg, about 600 mg or about 700 mg.
• compositions of the invention are deliverable intravenously and orally.
• oral administration include any form of delivery of a therapeutic agent or a composition thereof to a subject wherein the agent or composition is placed in or passes through the mouth of the subject, whether or not the agent or composition is swallowed.
• oral administration includes buccal and sublingual as well as esophageal and pulmonary administration, hi other embodiments, compositions of the invention can be administered rectally, parenterally, (for example, intramuscularly, or subcutaneously) intracistemally, intraperitoneally, locally (for example, powders, ointments or drops), topically, or intranasally.
• compositions of the invention are in the form of solid dosage forms.
• suitable solid dosage forms include tablets (e.g. suspension tablets, bite suspension tablets, rapid dispersion tablets, chewable tablets, melt tablets, effervescent tablets, bilayer tablets, etc), caplets, capsules (e.g. a soft or a hard gelatin capsule filled with solid and/or liquids), powder (e.g. a packaged powder, a dispensable powder or an effervescent powder), lozenges, sachets, cachets, troches, pellets, granules, microgranules, encapsulated microgranules, powder aerosol formulations, or any other solid dosage form reasonably adapted for oral administration.
• compositions of the invention are in the form of liquid or semi-solid dosage forms or units.
• suitable liquid/semi-solid dosage forms include solutions, suspension, elixirs, syrups, liquid aerosol formulations, liniments, lotions, oil-in-water or water-in-oil emulsions such as creams, ointments or pastes, etc.
• compositions of the invention are in the form of a powder for suspension or injection that can be dispersed, suspended or dissolved in a liquid vehicle prior to administration to a subject. While the powder for reconstitution itself can be a solid dosage form of the present invention, the powder dispersed, suspended or dissolved in liquid also comprises a liquid embodiment of the invention.
• compositions of the invention optionally comprise one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.
• pharmaceutically acceptable excipient refers to any substance, not itself a therapeutic agent, used as a carrier or vehicle for delivery of a therapeutic agent to a subject or added to a pharmaceutical composition to improve its handling or storage properties or to permit or facilitate formation of a dosage unit of the composition, and that does not produce unacceptable toxicity or interaction with other components in the composition.
• compositions of the invention comprise at least one pharmaceutically acceptable solvent, co-solvent, and/or solubilizing agent (collectively referred to herein as solubilizers).
• solubilizers include polyethylene glycol (PEG), ethanol, dimethylacetamide (DMAC), propylene glycol, cyclodextrins, and mixtures thereof.
• Cyclodextrins suitable for use in a composition of the invention can be a- cyclodextrins or /3-cyclodextrins (also referred to herein as /3-CD).
• the cyclodextrin is a partially etherified /3-cyclodextrin, substantially as is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,407,079 to Muller et al., (hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety) of Formula (III):
• R groups are independently selected from hydrogen, hydroxyalkyl or alkyl (e.g. methyl, ethyl and propyl) and wherein at least one R group is hydroxyalkyl (e.g. hydroxyethyl, hydroxypropyl or dihydroxypropyl).
• /3-cyclodextrin is a compound with ring structure consisting of 7 anhydro glucose units; it is also referred to as cycloheptaamylose.
• Each of the 7 glucose rings contains in 2-, 3-, and 6-position three hydroxy groups which may be etherified. Therefore, a total of 21 hydroxy groups per cyclodextrin molecule are available for etherification.
• the partially etherified /3-cyclodextrin derivatives suitable for the present invention only a portion of these available hydroxy groups are etherfied with hydroxyalkyl groups.
• a portion of these available hydroxy groups are etherfied with alkyl groups, hi the hydroxyalkyl ethers of /3-cyclodextrin used in accordance with the invention the average degree of substitution (DS) with hydroxyalkyl groups per cyclodextrin molecule is about 0.5 to about 20, about 2 to about 18 or about 3 to about 16.
• DS degree of substitution
• Partially etherified /3-cyclodextrin which comprises alkyl groups in addition to hydroxyalkyl groups optionally have a degree of substitution per cyclodextrin molecule of about 0.35 to about 16 or about 1.4 to about 15.
• the cyclodextrins are hydroxyethyl, hydroxypropyl and dihydroxypropyl ether cyclodextrins, their corresponding mixed ethers, and further mixed ethers with methyl or ethyl groups, such as methyl-hydroxyethyl, methyl- hydroxypropyl, ethyl-hydroxyethyl, and ethyl-hydroxypropyl ether of /3-cyclodextrin.
• Preparation of hydroxyalkyl ethers of /3-cyclodextrin can be carried out using any suitable method, for example methods described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,459,731 to Gramera et al., hereby incorporated herein in its entirety.
• the /3-cyclodextrin is a partially alkylated /3- cyclodextrin, for example a partially methylated or partially dimethylated /3-cyclodextrin.
• Partially alkylated /3-cyclodextrins preferably have an average degree of substitution (DS) with alkyl groups per cyclodextrin molecule of about 0.5 to about 20, about 2 to about 18 or about 3 to about 16, for example about 14.
• the cyclodextrin is selected from those described in U.S Pat. No. 5,134,127 and has a structure represented by Formula (IV):
• n 4, 5, or 6;
• R 1 , R 2 R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 and R 9 are each, independently, O ⁇ or a O — C 2- 6 -alkylene)-SO 3 ⁇ group, wherein at least one of R 1 and R 2 is independently a O — (C 2-6 - alkylene)-SO 3 ⁇ group, or a O — (CH 2 ) m SO 3 " group, wherein m is 2 to 6 or 2 to 4, (e.g.
• S 1 , S 2 , S 3 , S 4 , S 5 , S 6 , S 7 , S 8 , and S 9 are each, independently, a pharmaceutically acceptable cation which includes, for example, H + , alkali metals (e.g. Li + , Na + , K + ), alkaline earth metals (e.g., Ca +2 , Mg +2 ), ammonium ions and amine cations such as the C 1-6 alkylamines, piperidine, pyrazine, C 1-6 alkanolamine and C 4-8 cycloalkanolamine.
• alkali metals e.g. Li + , Na + , K +
• alkaline earth metals e.g., Ca +2 , Mg +2
• ammonium ions and amine cations such as the C 1-6 alkylamines, piperidine, pyrazine, C 1-6 alkanolamine and C 4-8 cycloalkan
• R 1 is a O — (C 26 -alkylene)-SO 3 ⁇ group, or a O — (CH 2 ) mSO 3 " group (e.g. OCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 SO 3 " or OCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 SO 3 ) wherein m is 2-6 or 2-
• R 2 to R 9 are O ⁇ ;
• S 1 to Sg are each, independently, a pharmaceutically acceptable cation.
• R 1 , R 2 and R 3 are each, independently, a O — (C 2-6 - alkylene)-SO 3 ⁇ group or a O— (CH 2 ) m SO 3 " group, (e.g. OCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 SO 3 " or OCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 SO 3 " ) wherein m is 2-6 or 2-4;
• R 4 to R 9 are O " ;
• S 1 to S 9 are each, independently, a pharmaceutically acceptable cation.
• R 1 to R 3 are each, independently, a O — (C 2-6 - alkylene)-SO 3 ⁇ group;
• R 4 , R 6 and R 8 is a O — (C 2-6 -alkylene)-SO 3 ⁇ group, for example a 0-(CH 2 ) m SO 3 — group wherein m is 2-6 or 2-4 (e.g., OCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 SO 3 " or OCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 SO 3 " );
• R 5 , R 7 and R 9 are O " ;
• S 1 to S 9 are each, independently, a pharmaceutically acceptable cation.
• R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 6 and R 8 are each, independently, a O — (C 2-6 -alkylene)-SO 3 ⁇ group, for example a O — (CH 2 )mSO 3 — group wherein m is 2-6 or 2-4 (e.g. OCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 SO 3 " or OCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 SO 3 " );
• R 5 , R 7 and R 9 are O " ;
• S 1 to S 9 are each, independently, a pharmaceutically acceptable cation.
• the cyclodextrin is a sulfoalkylether /3-cyclodextrin, for example sulfobutylether-/3-cyclodextrin having an average substitution of about 4 to about 8 or about 5 to about 7, for example about 6.4 sulfobutyl ether linkages (i.e. sulfobutyl ether 6 .4 - ⁇ -cyclodextrin).
• One or more cyclodextrins are present in a composition of the invention in an amount of at least about 2.5% (w/v), at least about 5% (w/v), at least about 7.5% (w/v), at least about 10% (w/v), at least about 12.5% (w/v), at least about 15% (w/v), or at least about 20% (w/v).
• a cyclodextrin is present in a total amount of about 5% to about 95% (w/v), about 5% to about 80% (w/v), about 7.5% to about 75% (w/v), about 10% to about 60% (w/v), about 15% to about 50% (w/v), or about 20% to about 50% (w/v).
• compositions of the invention optionally comprise one or more pharmaceutically acceptable diluents as excipients.
• suitable diluents illustratively include, either individually or in combination, lactose, including anhydrous lactose and lactose monohydrate; starches, including directly compressible starch and hydrolyzed starches (e.g., CelutabTM and EmdexTM); mannitol; sorbitol; xylitol; dextrose (e.g., CereloseTM 2000) and dextrose monohydrate; dibasic calcium phosphate dihydrate; sucrose-based diluents; confectioner's sugar; monobasic calcium sulfate monohydrate; calcium sulfate dihydrate; granular calcium lactate trihydrate; dextrates; inositol; hydrolyzed cereal solids; amylose; celluloses including microcrystalline cellulose, food grade sources of ⁇ - and amorphous cellulose (e.
• compositions of the invention optionally comprise one or more pharmaceutically acceptable disintegrants as excipients.
• Suitable disintegrants include, either individually or in combination, starches, including sodium starch glycolate (e.g., ExplotabTM of PenWest) and pregelatinized corn starches (e.g., NationalTM 1551, NationalTM 1550, and ColocoraTM 1500), clays (e.g., VeegumTM HV), celluloses such as purified cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, methylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose and sodium carboxymethylcellulose, croscarmellose sodium (e.g., Ac-Di-SolTM of FMC), alginates, crospovidone, and gums such as agar, guar, xanthan, locust bean, karaya, pectin and tragacanth gums.
• Such disintegrants if present, typically comprise in total about 0.2% to about 30%, about 0.2% to about 10%, or about 0.2% to about 5%, of the
• compositions of the invention optionally comprise one or more antioxidants or anti-microbial agents.
• antioxidants include sodium ascorbate and vitamin E (tocopherol).
• Illustrative anti-microbial agents include parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, and sorbic acid.
• One or more antioxidants or anti-microbial agents, if present, are typically present in a composition of the invention in an amount of about 0.001% to about 5%, about 0.005% to about 2.5%, or about 0.01% to about 1%, by weight.
• compositions of the invention optionally comprise one or more pharmaceutically acceptable binding agents or adhesives as excipients.
• binding agents and adhesives can impart sufficient cohesion to a powder being tableted to allow for normal processing operations such as sizing, lubrication, compression and packaging, but still allow the tablet to disintegrate and the composition to be absorbed upon ingestion.
• Suitable binding agents and adhesives include, either individually or in combination, acacia; tragacanth; sucrose; gelatin; glucose; starches such as, but not limited to, pregelatinized starches (e.g., NationalTM 1511 and NationalTM 1500); celluloses such as, but not limited to, methylcellulose and carmellose sodium (e.g., TyloseTM); alginic acid and salts of alginic acid; magnesium aluminum silicate; PEG; guar gum; polysaccharide acids; bentonites; povidone, for example povidone K-15, K-30 and K-29/32; polymethacrylates; HPMC; hydroxypropylcellulose (e.g., KlucelTM); and ethylcellulose (e.g., EthocelTM).
• Such binding agents and/or adhesives if present, constitute in total about 0.5% to about 25%, about 0.75% to about 15%, or about 1% to about 10%, of the total weight of the composition.
• compositions of the invention optionally comprise one or more pharmaceutically acceptable wetting agents as excipients.
• surfactants that can be used as wetting agents in compositions of the invention include quaternary ammonium compounds, for example benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride and cetylpyridinium chloride, dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate, polyoxyethylene alkylphenyl ethers, for example nonoxynol 9, nonoxynol 10, and octoxynol 9, poloxamers (polyoxyethylene and polyoxypropylene block copolymers), polyoxyethylene fatty acid glycerides and oils, for example polyoxyethylene (8) caprylic/capric mono- and diglycerides (e.g., LabrasolTM of Gattefosse), polyoxyethylene (35) castor oil and polyoxyethylene (40) hydrogenated castor oil; polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers, for example polyoxyethylene (20) cetosteary
• compositions of the invention optionally comprise one or more pharmaceutically acceptable lubricants (including anti-adherents and/or glidants) as excipients.
• suitable lubricants include, either individually or in combination, glyceryl behapate (e.g., CompritolTM 888); stearic acid and salts thereof, including magnesium (magnesium stearate), calcium and sodium stearates; hydrogenated vegetable oils (e.g., SterotexTM); colloidal silica; talc; waxes; boric acid; sodium benzoate; sodium acetate; sodium fumarate; sodium chloride; DL-leucine; PEG (e.g., CarbowaxTM 4000 and CarbowaxTM 6000); sodium oleate; sodium lauryl sulfate; and magnesium lauryl sulfate.
• Such lubricants if present, constitute in total about 0.1% to about 10%, about 0.2% to about 8%, or about 0.25%
• Suitable anti-adherents include talc, cornstarch, DL-leucine, sodium lauryl sulfate and metallic stearates.
• Talc is an anti-adherent or glidant used, for example, to reduce formulation sticking to equipment surfaces and also to reduce static in the blend.
• Talc if present, constitutes about 0.1% to about 10%, about 0.25% to about 5%, or about 0.5% to about 2%, of the total weight of the composition.
• Glidants can be used to promote powder flow of a solid formulation. Suitable glidants include colloidal silicon dioxide, starch, talc, tribasic calcium phosphate, powdered cellulose and magnesium trisilicate.
• compositions of the invention optionally comprise a suspending agent.
• suitable suspending agents include silicon dioxide, bentonite, hydrated aluminum silicate (e.g. kaolin) and mixtures thereof.
• One or more suspending agents are optionally present in compositions of the invention in a total amount of about 0.01% to about 3.0%, about 0.1% to about 2.0%, or about 0.25% to about 1.0%, by weight
• excipients can have multiple roles as is known in the art.
• starch can serve as a filler as well as a disintegrant.
• the classification of excipients above is not to be construed as limiting in any manner. Excipients categorized in any manner may also operate under various different categories of excipients as will be readily appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art.
• compositions as disclosed herein upon storage in a closed container maintained at either room temperature, refrigerated (e.g. about 5-10 0 C) temperature, or freezing temperature for a period of about 1, 6, or 12 months or longer, pharmaceutical compositions as disclosed herein exhibit at least about 90%, at least about 95%, or at least about 99% of the original glycoside(s) present therein.
• the present invention provides methods of treating or preventing a variety of cancers including, without limitation, colorectal, non-small cell, lung, ovarian, breast, colon, CNS, liver, lung, and kidney cancers.
• the methods comprise administering a therapeutically effective amount of a glycoside compound as disclosed herein (or pharmaceutical composition comprising such a compound) to a subject in need thereof.
• a therapeutically effective amount or pharmaceutical composition comprising such a compound
• therapeutically effective amount refer to an amount of glycoside that is sufficient to elicit the required or desired therapeutic and/or prophylactic response, as the particular treatment context may require.
• treating in relation to a given disease or disorder, includes, but is not limited to, inhibiting the disease or disorder, for example, arresting the development of the disease or disorder; relieving the disease or disorder, for example, causing regression of the disease or disorder; or relieving a condition caused by or resulting from the disease or disorder, for example, relieving, preventing or treating symptoms of the disease or disorder.
• prevention in relation to a given disease or disorder means preventing the onset of disease development if none had occurred, preventing the disease or disorder from occurring in a subject that may be predisposed to the disorder or disease but has not yet been diagnosed as having the disorder or disease, and/or preventing further disease/disorder development if already present.
• a pharmaceutical composition as disclosed herein is administered to a subject in need of treatment in an amount sufficient to provide a daily glycoside compound dose of about 0.1 mg to about 1O g, about 1 mg to about 5 g, or about 25 mg to about 2.5 g, for example about 0.1 mg, about 0.5, about 1 mg, about 5 mg, about 10 mg, about 50 mg, about 100 mg, about 150 mg, about 250 mg, about 500 mg, about 750 mg, about 1000 mg, about 1500 mg, about 2000 mg, about 2500 mg, about 5000 mg, about 7500 mg, or about 9000 mg.
• a pharmaceutical composition as disclosed herein is administered to a subject in need of treatment in an amount sufficient to provide a daily glycoside compound dose of about 0.01 microgram ( ⁇ g) per kilogram (kg) body weight ( ⁇ g/kg) to about 100 mg/kg body weight (mg/kg), about 0.01 ⁇ g/kg to about 50 mg/kg, about 0.01 ⁇ g/kg to about 25 mg/kg, about 0.1 ⁇ g/kg to about 10 mg/kg, or about 1 ⁇ g/kg to about 5 mg/kg.
• a pharmaceutical composition as disclosed herein can be administered to a subject one to a small plurality of times per day to achieve the above daily glycoside dosing.
• small plurality herein means more than one but less than about 5.
• a small plurality in the present context could illustratively represent about 2 or 3.
• Equivalent glycoside compound dosages to those disclosed above may be administered over various time periods including, but not limited to, about every 2 hours, about every 8 hours, about every 12 hours, about every 24 hours, about every 48 hours, about every 72 hours, about every week, about every two weeks, about every three weeks, about every month, and about every two months.
• a glycoside compound as disclosed herein is administered directly to a target cell, to a tissue that includes a target cell, to a body fluid that contacts a target cell, or to a body location from which the glycoside can diffuse or be transported to a target cell. It is sufficient that the glycoside is administered to the patient in an amount and by a route whereby a sufficient amount of the glycoside arrives, directly or indirectly, at the target cell(s).
• the minimum amount varies with the identity of the glycoside being administered. In one embodiment, a useful minimum amount is from about 10-9 molar to about 10-5 molar, or even from about 10-7 molar to about 10-5 molar.
• compounds of the invention are useful in treatment of tumors that are refractive to conventional antitumor drugs.
• tumors can be solid tumors with hypoxic regions and any tumor resistant to therapy with conventional antitumor drugs.
• compounds of the invention can be used in the treatment of cystic fibrosis.
• compounds as disclosed herein are believed to inhibit IL-8 secretion by cystic fibrosis lung cells and partially restore the ion-transport function of the CFTR protein lost in cystic fibrosis, giving them significant potential as safe and effective new drugs for treatment of this disease.
• Compounds disclosed herein are also useful in the treatment of diseases caused by calcium oscillations because they can be administered at therapeutically effective doses that cause little or no inhibition of Na,K+ flux. These oscillations can activate the calcium-dependent transcription factor NF- ⁇ B that mediates the expression of several anti- apoptotic genes which can protect kidney cells from serum deprivation induced apoptosis. Abnormal calcium homeostasis is linked to the pathogenesis of many diseases, and in accordance with the methods of the invention, cardiac glycosides are administered as a new therapy for calcium-related pathologies (Aperia, Journal of Internal Medicine. 261:44-52, 2007).
• the compounds of the invention also can be administered to act as neuroprotective agents in the CNS, as it is known that other cardiac glycosides can protect rat hearts against ischaemia-reperfusion injury (Prassas and Diamandis, Nat Rev Drug Discov. 7:926-35, 2008). Accordingly, the present invention provides methods for treatment of stroke and heart ischemia by administering therapeutically effective doses of compounds or pharmaceutical compositions of the invention to a subject in need thereof.
• the invention also provides methods of treatment of other non-cancer hyperproliferative diseases characterized by cellular hyperproliferation (e.g., an abnormally increased rate or amount of cellular proliferation),
• the hyperproliferative disease treated according to the present method is selected from the group consisting of allergic angiitis and granulomatosis (Churg-Strauss disease), asbestosis, asthma, atrophic gastritis, benign prostatic hyperplasia, bullous pemphigoid, coeliac disease, chronic bronchitis and chronic obstructive airway disease, chronic sinusitis, Crohn's disease, demyelinating neuropathies, derniatomyositis, eczema including atopic dermatitis, eustachean tube diseases, giant cell arteritis, graft rejection, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, hypersensitivity vasculitis (Henoch-Schonlein purpura), irritant dermatitis, inflammatory hemolytic an
• a compound of the present invention is administered to treat a hyperproliferative disease selected from the group consisting of psoriasis, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, restenosis, and benign prostatic hyperplasia, hi one embodiment, the hyperproliferative disease treated is psoriasis, a disease characterized by the cellular hyperproliferation of keratinocytes which builds up on the skin to form elevated, scaly lesions.
• the hyperproliferative disease treated is multiple sclerosis, a disease characterized by progressive demyelination in the brain, hi another embodiment, the hyperproliferative diseases treated is rheumatoid arthritis, a multisystem chronic, relapsing, inflammatory disease that can lead to destruction of joints affected.
• a compound of the present invention is administered to prevent a hyperproliferative disease resulting from cellular proliferation on a prosthesis implanted in a subject by coating the prosthesis with a composition containing a compound of the present invention.
• the hyperproliferative disease treated is benign prostatic hyperplasia, a disease in which prostate epithelial cells grow abnormally and thereby block urine flow.
• glycosides disclosed herein are also suitable for use in other applications including, e.g., as diagnostic or research tools and in the discovery of other biologically active compounds.
• Use of a compound of the invention in manufacture of a medicament for treating any of the foregoing diseases is also provided by the present invention.
• Glycosides as disclosed herein can be administered as a sole therapeutic agent, in combination with other glycosides, or in combination with one or more other pharmaceutically active compounds.
• Combination agents can be selected to treat the same disease as the glycoside or a different disease. If the subject is to receive or is receiving multiple pharmaceutically active compounds, the compounds can be administered simultaneously, substantially simultaneously or sequentially in any order.
• the compounds also can be administered in the same or different dosage units, the same or different dosage forms (e.g., delivering at least one compound in the form of a tablet and delivering a second compound in the form of an injection or a syrup that is delivered orally) and/or the same or different routes of administration (e.g. one agent by oral delivery route and a second agent by intravenous delivery route).
• antiproliferative agent(s) when glycosides are administered in combination with additional antiproliferative agent(s) for the treatment of cancer and/or for inhibiting the formation of metastases, can include, without limitation, those agents disclosed herein below.
• a glycoside compound of the instant invention is added to an existing clinical regimen (e.g. paclitaxel for the treatment of breast cancer).
• addition of a glycoside to an existing clinical regiment acts to provide one or more of the following benefits: (a) reducing the minimum efficacious dose of one or both agents; (b) reducing adverse reactions or side effects of one or both agents; (c) improving efficacy of one or both agents; (d) extending the life of the subject being treating; and/or (e) improving cure rate.
• the dosage and frequency of administration of the glycoside and additional anti-proliferative agent(s) can be controlled independently. For example, one compound may be administered orally three times per day, while the second compound may be administered intravenously once per day. The compounds may also be formulated together such that one dosage unit contains both compounds.
• the exemplary dosage of the glycoside and additional antiproliferative agent(s) to be administered will depend on such variables as the type and extent of the disorder, the overall health status of the patient, the therapeutic index of the selected antiproliferative agent(s), and their route of administration. Standard clinical trials may be used to optimize the dose and dosing frequency for any particular combination of the invention.
• Nitrogen mustards Nitrogen mustards.
• Mechlorethamine Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphomas
• Cyclophosphamide Ifosfamide (Acute and chronic lymphocytic, leukemias, Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, multiple myeloma, neuroblastoma, breast, ovary, lung, Wilms' tumor, cervix, testis, soft-tissue, Sarcomas); Melphalan (Multiple myeloma, breast, ovary); Chlorambucil (Chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Primary macro globulinemia, Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphomas); Uracil mustard (Leukemia); Estramustine (Solid Tumors)
• Ethylenimines and Methylmelamines Ethylenimines and Methylmelamines. Mitomycin C (Colorectal, ocular); AZQ (Primary brain tumors); Thiotepa (Bladder, breast, ovary)
• Alkyl Sulfonates Busulfan, Hepsulfan (Chronic myelogenous leukemia)
• Carmustine Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, primary brain tumors, multiple myeloma, malignant melanoma
• Lomustine Hodgkin's disease, non- Hodgkin's lymphomas, primary brain tumors, small cell lung
• Semustine Primary brain tumors, stomach, colon
• Streptozocin Malignant pancreatic insulinama, malignant carcinoid
• Triazines dacarbazine (Malignant melanoma, Hodgkin's disease, soft-tissue sarcomas)
• Cisplatin Trisplatin, Carboplatin (Testis, ovary, bladder, head and neck, lung, thyroid, cervix, endometrium, neuroblastoma, osteogenic sarcoma)
• Methotrexate Trimetrexate (Acute lymphocytic leukemia, choriocarcinoma, mycosis fungoides, breast, head and neck, lung, osteogenic sarcoma)
• Fluorouracil, Floxuridine (Breast, colon, stomach, pancreas, ovary, head and neck, urinary bladder, skin, adenocarcinomas); Cytarabine (Acute myelogenous and acute lymphocytic leukemias); Fludarabine Phosphate (Lymphoproliferative disease); Capecitabine (Breast, renal cell, prostate); Azacitidine (acute leukemias)
• Purine Antagonists Thioguanine (Acute myelogenous, acute lymphocytic and chronic myelogenous leukemias); Mercaptopurine (Acute lymphocytic, acute myelogenous and chronic myelogenous leukemias); Allopurine (leukemias); Cladribine (Hairy cell leukemia); Gemcitabine (Pancreatic, soft tissue carcinomas); Pentostatin (Hairy cell leukemia, mycosis fungoides; chronic lymphocytic leukemia) Antimitotic Agents
• Vinblastine Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, breast, testis
• Vincristine Acute lymphocytic leukemia, neuroblastoma, Wilms' tumor, rhabdomyosarcoma, Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, small-cell lung
• Etoposide,Teniposide (Testis, small-cell lung, oat-cell lung, breast, Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, acute myelogenous leukemia, Kaposi's sarcoma) DNA Topoisomerase I Inhibitors
• Daunorubicin Acute myelogenous and acute lymphocytic leukemias
• Doxorubicin myosarcomas, Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, acute leukemias, multiple myeloma, breast, genitourinary, thyroid, lung, ovarian, endometrial, testicular, stomach, neuroblastoma
• Dactinomycin Choriocarcinoma, Wilms' tumor, rhabdomyosarcoma, testis, Kaposi's sarcoma
• Idarubicin Acute myeloid leukemia
• Plicamycins Testicular cancer
• Mitomycin Squamous sell carcinomas, small bladder, papillomas adenocarcinomas, pancreas, lung, colon, stomach, cervix, breast, head and neck
• Amsacrine Acute myelogenous leukemia, ovarian cancer, lymphomas
• Aromatase Inhibitors Aminogluthimide Anastrozole (Breast)
• Gleevec chronic myelogenous leukemia or acute lymphoblastic leukemia
• PDGFR Inhibitors Leflunomide, SU5416, SU6668, PTK787 (gastrointestinal stromal tumor, small cell lung cancer, glioblastoma multifome, and prostate cancer)
• EGFR Inhibitors Iressa, Tarceva, trastuzumab, Erbitux, PKl 166, GW2016, EKB- 509, EKB-569, MDX-H210, 2C4, MDX-447, ABX-EGF, CI- 1033 (non-small-cell lung cancer, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, bladder cancer, prostate cancer, salivary gland cancer, pancreatic cancer, endometrial cancer, colorectal cancer, kidney cancer, head and neck cancer, glioblastoma multiforme)
• VEGFR Inhibitors Avastin, IMC- ICII, ZD4190, ZD6474 (any solid tumor)
• CEP-701 CEP-751 (prostate cancer, pancreatic cancer)
• Mitoxantrone Acute myelogenous leukemia non-Hodgkin's lymphoma's, breast
• Hydroxyurea Choronic myelogenous leukemia, polycythemia vera, essential thrombocytosis, malignant melanoma
• L-asparagine Acute lymphocytic leukemia
• Interferon alfa Haposi's sarcoma, melanoma, carcinoid, renal cell, ovary, bladder, non- Hodgkin's lymphomas, mycosis fungoides, multiple myeloma, chronic myelogenous leukemia
• Rapamycin, CCI-779 Glioblastoma Multiforme, renal cell carcinoma
• Mitotane Adrenal carcinoma
• Digitoxigenin 1 Digitoxin (10 g, 13.07 mmol) was suspended in methanol (300 mL), p-toluene sulfonic acid (1.02 g, 1.31 mmol) was added and stirred overnight at room temperature. Methanol was removed under reduced pressure, residue dissolved in acetone, precipitated with hexanes, and filtered to give digitoxigenin 1 as a white solid (3.86 g, 79 % yield).
• Furan 2 Digitoxigenin 1 (2.5Og, 6.68 mmol) was dissolved in THF and cooled to -5 °C. DIBAL (60.1 mL of IM solution in THF 5 60.1 mmol) was added dropwise via addition funnel. The solution was stirred for 1.5 h when it was poured into 10% H 2 SO 4 . EtOAc was added and the aqueous layer was washed with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers were washed with saturated NaHCO 3 , dried (Na 2 SO 4 ), and concentrated.
• DIBAL 60.1 mL of IM solution in THF 5 60.1 mmol
• the crude product was dissolved in dioxane/H 2 O/AcOH (20mL/4mL/2mL) and MnO 2 (5.8 Ig, 66.8 mmol) was added. The solution was heated to 8O 0 C and stirred for 2.5 h. The solution was filtered through Celite ® and concentrated. The crude solid was dissolved in dichloromethane and washed with saturated NaHCO 3 . The organic layer was dried (Na 2 SO 4 ) and concentrated. The crude product was purified by silica gel chromatography.
• Isodigitoxigenin 3 The furan 2 (600 mg, 1.67 mmol) was dissolved in dioxane/H 2 O (20 mL, 20:1). Sodium acetate (192 mg, 2.34 mmol) and NBS (328 mg, 1.84 mmol) were added. The solution was stirred for 1.5 h, then chloroform and saturated NaHCO 3 were added. The layers were split and the aqueous layer was extracted with chloroform. The organic layer was dried (Na 2 SO 4 ) and concentrated. The crude solid was dissolved in acetic acid (5 mL) and 150 mg zinc dust was added. The suspension was stirred for 30 min when it was filtered and washed with ethyl acetate.
• Benzoylated Isodigitoxigenin Xyloside 5 Isodigitoxigenin 3 (7.13 g, 19.9 mmol) and Zn(OTf) 2 (361 mg, 0.99 mmol) were placed in a round bottom flask with dichloromethane (70 mL) and molecular sieves and then cooled to 0 to 5 0 C. The imidate 16 (14.48 g, 23.86 mmol) was dissolved in dichloromethane (50 mL) and added dropwise. The solution was stirred for 3 h when ethyl acetate and sat. NaHCO 3 were added. The solution was split and the organic layer was washed with brine.
• Isodigitoxigenin Xyloside 6 The tri-benzoate 5 (50 mg, 0.061 mmol) was suspended in methanol/THF (60 niL MeOH:20 mL THF) and NaOMe (0.29 niL of 25% solution) was added. The solution was stirred for 4 h when Amberlite acidic resin was added. The resin was filtered and the solution was concentrated.
• Digitoxigenin tri-benzoyl-O-L-Riboside 7 Digitoxigenin 1 (9.46 g, 25.3 mmol) was dissolved in DCM (150 mL) containing 4 A molecular sieves and brought to O 0 C under an atmosphere of Argon. To this solution was added o//3-l-tricholoracetaimidate-2,3,4- tri-benzoyl-L-ribose (16.86 g, 27.8 mmol) and stirred for 5 min, followed by the addition of trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (228 ⁇ L, 1.26 mmol). The reaction was stirred at 0°C for 15 min.
• Digitoxigenin O-L-Riboside 8 Digitoxigenin tri-benzoyl-O-L-Riboside 7 (9.0 g, 11.0 mmol) was dissolved in 3:1 methanol:THF (300 mL) at room temperature. Sodium methoxide (250 uL of 25 % solution) was added, and stirred for 3 h. Acetic acid (70 ⁇ lS) was added and stirred for 1 min, then the solvent was removed in vacuo. The resulting residue was purified by silica gel flash chromatography (DCM to 9:1 DCM:MeOH) to give 8 as a white solid (4.5 g, 8.89 mmol, 80%).
• DCM flash chromatography
• Scillarenin oximes 11 Crude 10 (2.1 g, 5.5 mmol) was dissolved in 3:1 ethanol: THF (50 ml); to the resulting solution was added methoxyamine hydrochloride (2.3 g, 27.5 mmol) and sodium acetate (1.35 g, 16.5 mmol). The solution was stirred at room temperature for 30 min. Solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue was purified by flash chromatography (4:1 Hexanes:EtOAc to 35:65 Hexanes:EtOAc) to give a mixture of oximes 11 as a white solid (1.39 g, 3.37 mmol, 61 %).
• Scillarenin methoxyamine 12 Scillarenin oximes 11 (1.39 g, 3.37 mmol) were dissolved in 25 ml dicholoroethane with stirring. NaBH 3 CN (2.1 g, 33.7 mmol) and acetic acid (1.93 ml, 33.7 mmol) were added and the mixture was stirred for 45 min, at which time a solution of saturated NaHCO 3 (20 ml) was added. Dichloromethane (300 ml) was added and the organic layer was washed with: saturated NaHCO 3 (50 ml) and brine (100 ml), dried over Na 2 SO 4 and concentrated in vacuo.
• Scillarenin neo-4-amino-4-deoxy-L-ribopyranoside 14 was dissolved in 30% aq. NH 3 /MeOH (15:85). The reaction mixture was stirred overnight. The solvents were removed under reduced pressure.
• Scillarenin neo-4-amino-4-deoxy-L-Xyloside 15 Scillarenin methoxyamine 12 (30 mg, 0.072 mmol) and 4-amino-4-deoxy-L-xylose 37 (25.4 mg, 0.14 mmol) were dissolved in 3:1 DMF: AcOH (1.0 mL) and reacted at 4O 0 C for 36 hours. Solvent was removed in vacuo, the residue was eluted through silica gel plug with 95:4.5:0.5 DCM:MeOH:NH 4 OH then evaporated, to remove unreacted sugar, and the resulting residue was dissolved in 9:1 THF:water (1 mL).
• Tetra-benzoyl-L-Xylose 16 L-Xylose (5.0 g, 33.3 mmol) was suspended in pyridine (45 niL, 556 mmol) at 0°C, benzoyl chloride (30.9 mL, 26.6 mmol) was added over 15 min., and stirred for an additional 30 min.
• l-bromo-2,3,4-tri-benzoyl-L-Xylose 17 Crude tetra-benzoyl-L-xylose 16 (18 g, 31.7 mmol) was dissolved in dichloromethane (175 mL) under an atmosphere of argon at O 0 C. To this solution was added 33 % HBr in AcOH (34.5 mL, 190.2 mmol of HBr) and the reaction was stirred for 30 min. at O 0 C then brought to room temperature for 30 min.
• 2,3,4-tri-benzoyl-L-Xylose 18 Crude l-bromo-2,3,4-tri-benzoyl-L-xylose 17 (14.1 g, 26.8 mmol) was dissolved in acetone (150 niL) and water (5 ml, 277 mmol) at O 0 C. Silver carbonate (6.61 g, 24.0 mmol) was added over 5 min and the reaction was brought to room temperature after 15 min and stirred an additional 30 min.
• Tetra-benzoyl-L-Ribose 20 L-Ribose (4.8 g, 31.9 mmol) was suspended in pyridine (45 mL, 556 mmol) at O 0 C, benzoyl chloride (29.7 mL, 25.6 mmol) was added over 15 min and the reaction was stirred for an additional 30 min.
• 2,3,4-tri-benzoyl-L-Ribose 22 Crude l-bromo-2,3,4-tri-benzoyl-L-ribose 21 (13.3 g, 25.3 mmol) was dissolved in acetone (150 mL) and water (5 ml, 277 mmol) at 0°C. Silver carbonate (6.28 g, 22.7 mmol) was added over 5 min. The reaction was brought to room temperature after 15 min and stirred an additional 30 min. The solids were removed by filtration and washed with acetone (100 mL) and the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo.
• 8-l-tricholoracetaimidate-2,3,4-tri-benzoyl-L-Ribose 23 2,3,4-tri-benzoyl- L-ribose 22 (1.0 g, 2.2 mmol) was dissolved in 15 mL dichloromethane at 0°C; to this solution was added trichloroacetonitrile (2.6 mL, 25.9 mmol) and DBU (1.6 ⁇ L, 0.11 mmol). The solution was stirred at 0 0 C for 30 min, then it was concentrated in vacuo and purified by silica gel flash chromatography (DCM) to give 23 as a white solid (1.25 g, 2.06 mmol, 95 %).
• DCM silica gel flash chromatography
• 1-allyl-D-lyxopyranoside 24 To a suspension of D-Lyxose (50 g, 333 mmol) and Na 2 SO 4 (50 g) in allyl alcohol (500 niL) at 0 0 C, H 2 SO 4 (5.2 mL) was added dropwise. The reaction was heated at 85 0 C and stirred for 12 h. The mixture was filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude material was purified by flash chromatography (CH 2 Cl 2 /Me0H, 95:5 to 80:20) to afford 1-allyl-D-lyxopyranoside 24 as a brown oil (50 g, 78%) R f 0.2 (CH 2 Cl 2 MeOH, 9:1).
• l-allyl-2,3-0-isopropylidene-4-amino-4-deoxy-L-ribopyranoside 28 1-allyl- 2,3-O-isopropylidene-4-azido-4-deoxy-L-ribopyranoside 27 (4,3 g, 16,8 mmol) was dissolved in THF/H 2 O (60 mL, 9:1), PPh3 was added and the reaction mixture was stirred for 2 h at room temperature and to complete the reaction for 20 min at 50 0 C. The solvents were removed under reduced pressure and the crude material was carried on without further purification.
• l-allyl-4-(N-trifluoroacetyl)-amino-4-deoxy-L-ribopyranoside 30 l-allyl-2,3- O-isopropylidene-4-(N-trifluoroacetyl)-amino-4-deoxy-L-ribopyranoside 29 (4.2 g, 12.9 mmol) was dissolved in TFA/H 2 O (30 mL, 80:20). The reaction mixture was stirred for 10 min at room temperature.
• l-allyl-2,3-dibenzoyl-D-Arabinose 33 1-allyl-D-arabinose 32 (75 g, 394 mmol) was dissolved in pyridine (800 mL) at 0°C, benzoyl chloride (101 mL, 867 mmol) was added over 2 h by addition funnel and the reaction was stirred while warming to room temperature for 16 h. The solvent was removed in vacuo, and the resulting residue was purified by silica gel flash chromatography (4:1 Hexanes:EtOAc to 3:2 Hexanes:EtOAc) to give 33 as a thick oil (45 g, 113 mmol, 29 %).
• l-allyl-2,3-dibenzoyl-4-trifluromethanesulfonate-D-Arabinose 34 1-allyl- 2,3-dibenzoyl-D-arabinose 33 (20.0 g, 50 mmol) was dissolved in DCM (100 niL) and pyridine (16.2 mL, 200 mmol) then triflic anhydride (10.6 niL, 62.7 mmol) was added and the reaction was stirred for 15 min at 0°C.
• l-allyl-2,3-dibenzoyl-4-azido-4-deoxy-L-Xylose 35 Crude l-allyl-2,3- dibenzoyl-4-trifluromethanesulfonate-D-arabinose 34 was dissolved in N,N- dimethylformamide (100 mL), sodium azide was added (6.37 g, 98 mmol) and the reaction was stirred at room temperature for 18 h The solvent was removed in vacuo, the resulting residue was dissolved in DCM (750 mL), the organic layer was washed with water (two times 200 mL), brine (200 mL), then dried over Na 2 SO 4 and concentrated in vacuo.
• the crude material was purified by silica gel flash chromatography (4:1 Hexanes:EtOAc to 3:2 Hexanes:EtOAc) to give 35 as a thick colorless oil (17.5 g, 41.3 mmol, 84 %).
• l-allyl-4-azido-4-deoxy-L-Xylose 36 l-allyl-2,3-dibenzoyl-4-azido-4- deoxy-L-xylose 35 (12.0 g, 28.3 mmol) was dissolved in 5:1 methanol:THF (70 mL); to this solution was added sodium methoxide (650 ⁇ L of 25 % solution, 2.83 mmol). The solution was stirred for 5 h, then to it was added acetic acid (175 ⁇ L, 3.11 mmol) and the reaction stirred for 1 min. The solvent was removed in vacuo to give 36 as a thick oil. The material was used without further purification.
• Compounds of the invention and comparative compounds were assayed in three cancer cell lines to confirm cytotoxic activity and to set a range of concentrations to use in subsequent assays. All cell lines were maintained in RPMI medium 1640 supplemented with 10% (wt/vol) fetal bovine serum and penicillin-streptomycin (100 units/ml and 100 ⁇ g/ml). Cells were routinely checked for microbial or mycoplasma contamination and if necessary replaced. Cells were harvested by trypsinization using 0.25% trypsin and 0.1% EDTA and then counted in a ViCeIl XR coulter counter in duplicate, before and after dilution for assay plating.
• the individual wells in compound-containing 384 well plates were diluted 1:10 with complete cell culture medium and the 1OX (10 ⁇ L) stocks were added to 90 ⁇ l of cells in each plate to ensure full mixing of stocks with culture media by using a Biomek FX liquid handler with 96-well head.
• Doxorubicin was used as the control to monitor the behavior of each cell line.
• Cells were incubated with the compounds for 3 to 4 days before fluorescence and luminescence reading. Test plates were removed from the incubator and washed once in sterile PBS to remove serum containing calcium esterases.
• Calcein AM (acetoxymethyl ester) reagent was added and the cells were incubated for 30 min at 37 0 C.
• PK characteristics of CEN08-178, CEN08-193, CEN08-243 and CEN08-244 are evaluated in the nude mouse.
• Each compound is administered to outbred, female nude mice, formulated in hydroxypropyl- ⁇ -cyclodextrin (3-5 mg/ml), by the p.o. route at the MTD ( _30-50mg/kg) and -100 ⁇ L samples are collected by retro-orbital bleed into EDTA capillaries or vials at 0, 15, 30 and 60 min; >200 ⁇ L samples are collected by terminal cardiac puncture into EDTA vials at 2, 4, 8 and 24 hr.
• each compound is administered by the i.v.
• CEN07-W-101 An antitumor assay of CEN08-178, CEN08-193, CEN08-243 and CEN08- 244 in the colo205 mouse xenograft model is performed to establish schedule dependency. Inclusion of CEN07-W-101 in the assay allows for comparison of its antitumor efficacy parameters (see above) with those of the compounds of the invention. CEN07-W-101, formulated in hydroxypropyl- ⁇ -cyclodextrin (3-5 mg/ml), is administered QDx 14 by the i.v.
• the optimal schedule for CEN07-W-101 is chosen on the basis of antitumor potency (lowest effective dose) vs. MTD, tumor progression delay and percentage of complete regressions and remissions and is used as the basis for subsequent antitumor efficacy studies of CEN08-178, CEN08-193, CEN08-243 and CEN08-244 in the colo205 mouse xenograft model, using the i.v. route of administration at the MTD, 0.62xMTD, 0.38xMTD and 0.24xMTD for each drug.
• CEN07-W-101 at its MTD and vehicle only are controls. The study parameters and endpoints are the same as above.
• the MTD of the compounds of the invention is determined in transgenic mice whose Na 3 K- ATPase ⁇ l ⁇ l isoform has been rendered sensitive to cardiac glycosides, including the compounds of the invention, by site specific mutation of the gene (Dostanic- Larson, et ah, Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 290:R524-8, 2006; Dostanic, et al., J Biol Chem. 279:54053-61, 2004) to overcome the high resistance of this enzyme in normal mice.
• mice carrying the sensitive isoform are injected retroorbitally with solutions of CEN08-178, CEN08-193, CEN08-243 and CEN08-244 (formulated in 15% hydroxypropyl- ⁇ -cyclodextrin:water at 1 mg/ml), at concentrations of 0.5, 1, 3, 6 mg/kg plus the following two drugs as comparators, CEN07-W-102 at concentrations of 0.5, 1, 3, 6 mg/kg and digitoxin as concentrations of 0.25, 0.5, 1 and 3 mg/kg.
• Normal mice of similar genetic parentage but with the resistant Na 5 K- ATPase ⁇ l ⁇ l isoform are injected with the same drugs but at higher concentrations consistent with the known MTD values in such mice.
• the observed parameters of toxicity include staggering, limb extension, tremor or convulsion, labored breathing and loss of righting reflex, as well as animal weight, are determined daily for 7 days.
• the MTD is the drug dosage that causes observed signs of toxicity during the first 24 hr without resulting in animal death.

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