Classifications

• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
  • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
  • B22F1/00—Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
  • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
  • B22F9/00—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof
  • B22F9/16—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using chemical processes
  • B22F9/18—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using chemical processes with reduction of metal compounds
  • B22F9/28—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using chemical processes with reduction of metal compounds starting from gaseous metal compounds
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
  • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
  • B22F9/00—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof
  • B22F9/16—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using chemical processes
  • B22F9/30—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using chemical processes with decomposition of metal compounds, e.g. by pyrolysis
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
  • C22C—ALLOYS
  • C22C1/00—Making non-ferrous alloys
  • C22C1/04—Making non-ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
  • H01B1/00—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors
  • H01B1/02—Conductors or conductive bodies characterised by the conductive materials; Selection of materials as conductors mainly consisting of metals or alloys
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
  • H01G4/00—Fixed capacitors; Processes of their manufacture
  • H01G4/002—Details
  • H01G4/005—Electrodes
  • H01G4/008—Selection of materials
  • H01G4/0085—Fried electrodes
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
  • H05K1/00—Printed circuits
  • H05K1/02—Details
  • H05K1/09—Use of materials for the conductive, e.g. metallic pattern
  • H05K1/092—Dispersed materials, e.g. conductive pastes or inks
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • H10N30/00—Piezoelectric or electrostrictive devices
  • H10N30/80—Constructional details
  • H10N30/87—Electrodes or interconnections, e.g. leads or terminals
  • H10N30/877—Conductive materials
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
  • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
  • B22F2998/00—Supplementary information concerning processes or compositions relating to powder metallurgy
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
  • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
  • B22F2999/00—Aspects linked to processes or compositions used in powder metallurgy

Definitions

• the invention is directed to making multi-element, finely divided, alloy powders containing silver and at least two non-silver containing elements.
• the invention is directed to a process for making multi-element, finely divided, alloy powders containing silver and at least two non-silver containing elements and the use of these powders in ceramic piezoelectric devices.
• Metal and metal alloy powders have many important applications, especially in electronics and dental industries. Mixtures and alloys of silver and palladium are widely used in conductor compositions for hybrid integrated circuits, multilayer ceramic capacitors, actuators and other uses. Alloys of silver and palladium are less expensive than gold or platinum compositions and are compatible with most dielectric and resistor systems. The addition of palladium to silver greatly enhances the compatibility of the circuit for soldering, raises the melting point of the silver for compatibility with the dielectric firing temperatures and reduces the problems of silver migration which can cause degradation of the dielectric properties and shorting.
• Bi-metallic mixtures and alloys of silver and palladium powders are used in internal electrode materials for multilayer ceramic devices, ceramic piezoelectric actuators, and other ceramic devices.
• Ceramic piezoelectric actuators are used, for example, for actuating a mechanical component such as a valve or the like (see, e.g. United States patent 6,411 ,018).
• a typical composition used in ceramic piezoelectric actuators is a 70% Ag 30% Pd which has a melting point higher than the temperatures used to sinter the ceramics.
• the properties of the metallic components of thick film inks intended for the internal electrodes of devices are extremely important because compatibility is required between the metal power and the organic medium of an ink and between the ink itself and the surrounding dielectric material.
• Metal particles that are uniformly sized, approximately 0.1 - 1.0 microns in diameter, pure, crystalline, and unagglomerated are required to maximize the desired qualities of a conductive thick film paste.
• a piezoelectric ceramic generates an electric voltage when a force is applied to it and produces a displacement or a force when voltage is applied to it. This makes it very useful as actuators or sensors.
• Ceramic piezoactuators are composed of a multiplicity of thin, ceramic piezoactive layers. Each layer is separated from the others by an internal electrode layer which can be electrically contacted and driven.
• Piezoactuators of this type are essentially composed of a PZT ceramic (i.e. Pb (Ti x Zri -x ) O3) where 0.4 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.6 with internal electrodes mounted between each layer. These layers are co-fired to form a stack which as a result of the inverse piezoelectric effect undergoes an expansion or compression in response to the application of an external voltage.
• Typical driving voltages are between 100 and 300 volts with a resulting alteration of 0.1 % to 0.3 %.
• the internal electrodes in piezoelectric ceramic bodies are made of materials whose melting point is higher that the temperature necessary for sintering the ceramic.
• the materials of the internal electrodes are oxidation stable.
• One disadvantage in using silver in the internal electrodes is that during sintering in a co-firing process, the result can be a diffusion of silver from the electrodes into the neighboring insulating layers degrading the ceramic properties decreasing the piezoelectric effect and decreasing the insulation resistance leading to electrical breakdowns.
• Another disadvantage of using 30% Pd is that the palladium cost is still relatively high. Reducing the amount of Pd causes a further increase in silver which causes more undesirable diffusion effects.
• the aerosol decomposition process involves the conversion of a precursor solution to a powder. (See U. S. 6,338,809, which is incorporated herein by reference.) This process involves the generation of droplets, transport of the droplets with a gas into a heated reactor, the removal of the solvent by evaporation, the decomposition of the salt to form a porous solid particle, and then the densification of the particle to give fully dense, spherical pure particles. Conditions are such that there is no interaction of droplet-to-droplet or particle-to-particle and there is no chemical interaction of the droplets or particles with the carrier gas.
• the present invention is directed to a material that is a multielement, finely divided, alloy powder containing silver and at least two non-silver containing elements where the non-silver containing elements include at least two of the following elements: Au, Bi, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ge, Hg, In, Ir, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pd, Pb, Pt, Re, Rh, Ru, Sb, Sn, Ti, W, Zn.
• the invention is further directed to a method for the manufacture of a multi-element, finely divided, alloy powder containing silver and at least two non-silver containing elements comprising: a. forming a solution of a mixture of a thermally decomposable silver containing compound with at least two additional, non- silver containing thermally decomposable metal compounds in a thermally volatilizable solvent; b. forming an aerosol consisting essentially of finely divided droplets of the solution from step A dispersed in a carrier gas, the droplet concentration which is below the concentration where collisions and subsequent coalescence of the droplets results in a 10% reduction in droplet concentration c.
• the invention is further directed to conductor compositions prepared in the form of an ink or a paste that are suitable for forming a conductor film on a piezoelectric ceramic material, the conductor composition comprising a multi-element, alloy powder containing silver and at least two non-silver containing elements.
• the invention is also directed to ceramic piezoelectric devices that contain internal electrodes that comprise a multi-element, alloy powder containing silver and at least two non-silver containing elements.
• the term "volatilizable” means that the solvent is completely converted to vapor or gas by the time the highest operating temperature is reached, whether by vaporization and/or by decomposition.
• thermalally decomposable means that the compound becomes fully decomposed to the metal and volatilized by-products by the time the highest operating temperature is reached. For example, AgNO3, Co(NOs)2, Pd(NOs)2 are decomposed to form NO x and Ag and Pd metal, respectively.
• Any soluble salt can be used in the method of the invention so long as it is inert with respect to the carrier gas used to form the aerosols.
• Examples include metal nitrates, phosphates, sulfates, acetates, and the like. Specific examples include the suitable salts: AgNO3, Ag 3 PO 4 , Ag 2 SO 4 , Pd(NOs) 2 , Pd 3 (PO 4 ),, Pt(NOs) 2 , Co(NOs) 2 , Co(C 2 H 3 O 2 ) 2 , Pb(NOs) 2 and the like.
• the silver-containing compound and non-silver- containing metal compounds may be used in concentrations as low as 0.2 mole/liter and upward to just below the solubility limit of the particular salt. In most embodiments concentrations are greater than about 0.2 mole/liter and less than about 90% of saturation.
• water-soluble silver salts as the source of silver and water-soluble palladium salts as the source of palladium are used for the method of the invention.
• the method is carried out effectively with the use of other solvent-soluble compounds such as organometallic silver, palladium, or mixed silver palladium compounds dissolved in either aqueous or organic solvents.
• Very small, colloidal particles of the non-silver containing elements may also be used provided the particles form a stable suspension.
• the concentration of the soluble silver-containing compound and the non-silver-containing metal compounds in the aerosol must be below the saturation concentration at the feed temperature and preferably at least 10% below the saturation concentration in order to prevent precipitation of solids before removal of the liquid solvent;
• the concentration of droplets in the aerosol must be sufficiently low so that it is below the concentration where collisions and subsequent coalescence of the droplets results in a 10% reduction in droplet concentration;
• the temperature of the reactor must be below the melting point of the formed alloy.
• any of the conventional apparatus for droplet generation may be used to prepare the aerosols for the invention such as nebulizers, Collison nebulizers, ultrasonic nebulizers, vibrating orifice aerosol generators, centrifugal atomizers, two-fluid atomizers, electrospray atomizers and the like.
• the particle size of the powder is a direct function of the droplet sizes generated.
• the size of the droplets in the aerosol is not critical in the practice of the method of the invention. However, as mentioned above, it is important that the number of droplets not be so great as to incur excessive coalescence which broadens the particle size distribution.
• concentration of the solution of the silver-containing compound and the non-silver-containing metal compounds has an effect on particle size.
• particle size is an approximate function of the cube root of the concentration. Therefore, the higher the silver-containing and non-silver-containing compounds concentration, the larger the particle size of the precipitated metal alloy. If a greater change in particle size is needed, a different aerosol generator must be used. Virtually any vaporous material which is inert with respect to the solvent for the silver -containing and non-silver-containing metal compounds and with respect to the compounds themselves may be used as the carrier gas for the practice of the invention.
• Suitable vaporous materials are air, nitrogen, oxygen, steam, argon, helium, carbon dioxide and the like.
• air is the carrier gas to make the multi-element, finely divided, alloy powders containing silver and at least two non-silver containing elements where the non-silver containing elements form decomposable metal oxides below the operating temperatures of forming the metal alloy. At temperatures below 1200 0 C, examples of these elements include Pt and Pd.
• nitrogen is the carrier gas for elements that form stable metal oxides at temperatures below 1200 0 C.
• these elements include Co, Mo, Fe, Mn, Cu, Ni, and the like.
• reducing gases such as hydrogen or carbon monoxide may be blended with nitrogen to form the carrier gas.
• the reducing gas may be present in amounts up to 2, 4, 6, 8 or 10 mole percent.
• Suitable co-solvents are those that act as a reducing agent of the metal oxides, are vaporizable, are inert with respect to the carrier gas, are miscible with the primary solvent, and have a carbon number from 1 to 5 carbons.
• suitable co- solvents include alcohols, esters, ethers, ketones, and the like. These co- solvents are present in the solution in an amount from 1 % to 50%, preferably 5% to 20% by volume.
• the temperature range over which the method of the invention can be carried out is quite wide and ranges from the decomposition temperature of the silver-containing compound or the non-silver-containing metal compounds whichever is greater, to the melting point of the formed multi-element alloy.
• the type of apparatus used to heat the aerosol is not by itself critical and either direct or indirect heating may be used.
• tube furnaces may be used or direct heating in combustion flames may be used. It is important to not go above the melting point of the formed multielement, alloy powder containing silver and at least two non-silver containing elements.
• the particles Upon reaching the reaction temperature and the particles are alloyed, they are quenched, separated from the carrier gas, reaction byproducts and solvent volatilization products and the powder collected by one or more devices such as filters, cyclones, electrostatic separators, bag filters, filter discs and the like.
• the gas consists of the carrier gas, decomposition products of the metal compounds and solvent vapor.
• the effluent gas from the method of the invention will consist of nitrogen oxides, water and nitrogen gases.
• the alloy powders of the invention are highly crystalline. Crystallite size exceeds 200 angstroms and typically exceeds 400 angstroms or more.
• This example demonstrates the manufacture of the multi-element, finely divided, alloy powder containing silver and palladium and platinum with the ratio of 85% silver, 10% palladium, and 5% platinum by weight.
• a precursor solution was prepared by the dissolution of silver nitrate crystals in water followed by the addition of palladium nitrate solution and then platinum nitrate solution. The total amount of silver, palladium, and platinum in the solution was 10 weight percent with the relative proportions so that if the silver and palladium and platinum fully alloyed, a 85/10/5 Ag/Pd/Pt alloy will be obtained in the particles.
• An aerosol was then generated using air as the carrier gas and an ultrasonic generator with 9 ultrasonic transducers operating at 1.6 MHz.
• This aerosol was then sent through an impactor and then sent into a 3 zone furnace with the zones set at 900 0 C. After exiting the furnace, the aerosol temperature is quenched with air and the dense, spherical shape, finely divided alloy powder containing silver and palladium and platinum with the ratio of 85% silver, 10% palladium, and 5% platinum by weight were collected in a bag filter.
• a sample of the multi-element, finely divided, alloy powder containing silver and palladium and platinum with the ratio of 85% silver, 14% palladium, and 1 % platinum by weight was prepared using the same conditions as described in Example 1.
• Example 4 A sample of the multi-element, finely divided, alloy powder containing silver and palladium and platinum with the ratio of 85% silver, 14% palladium, and 1 % copper by weight was prepared using the same conditions as described in Example 1.
• Example 4 A sample of the multi-element, finely divided, alloy powder containing silver and palladium and platinum with the ratio of 85% silver, 14% palladium, and 1 % copper by weight was prepared using the same conditions as described in Example 1.
• Example 4 A sample of the multi-element, finely divided, alloy powder containing silver and palladium and platinum with the ratio of 85% silver, 14% palladium, and 1 % copper by weight was prepared using the same conditions as described in Example 1.
• Example 4 A sample of the multi-element, finely divided, alloy powder containing silver and palladium and platinum with the ratio of 85% silver, 14% palladium, and 1 % copper by weight was prepared using the same conditions as described in Example 1.
• a sample of the multi-element, finely divided, alloy powder containing silver and palladium and platinum with the ratio of 82% silver, 17% palladium, and 1 % copper by weight was prepared using the same conditions as described in Example 1 except nitrogen gas was used for both the 1000 0 C carrier gas and the quench gas.
• a sample of the multi-element, finely divided, alloy powder containing silver and palladium and platinum with the ratio of 78% silver, 20% palladium, and 2% copper by weight was prepared using the same conditions as described in Example 1 except nitrogen gas was used for both the 1000 0 C carrier gas and the quench gas.
• a sample of the multi-element, finely divided, alloy powder containing different ratios of silver and palladium and zinc were prepared using the same conditions as described in Example 1. Under these conditions, some zinc oxide was present as shown by x-ray diffraction.
• a sample of the multi-element, finely divided, alloy powder containing different ratios of silver and palladium and iron were prepared using the same conditions as described in Example 1 except nitrogen gas was used as the 1000 0 C carrier gas. Under these conditions, some iron oxide was present as shown by x-ray diffraction.
• a sample of the multi-element, finely divided, alloy powder containing different ratios of silver and palladium and iron were prepared using the same conditions as described in Example 1 except nitrogen gas was used as the 1000 0 C carrier gas and as the quench gas. Under these conditions, some iron oxide was present as shown by x-ray diffraction, but the amount was less than seen in examples 8 and 10.
• Example 12 A sample of the multi-element, finely divided, alloy powder containing silver and palladium and molybdenum with the ratio of 75% silver, 15% palladium, and 10% molybdenum by weight was prepared using the same conditions as described in Example 1 except nitrogen gas was used for both the 1000 0 C carrier gas and the quench gas.
• a sample of the multi-element, finely divided, alloy powder containing different ratios of silver and palladium and manganese were prepared using the same conditions as described in Example 1 except nitrogen gas was used as the 1000 0 C carrier gas and as the quench gas. Under these conditions, some manganese oxide was present as shown by x-ray diffraction.
• a sample of the multi-element, finely divided, alloy powder containing silver and zinc and platinum with the ratio of 89% silver, 10% zinc, and 1 % platinum by weight was prepared using the same conditions as described in Example 1 except nitrogen gas was used for both the 1000 0 C carrier gas and the quench gas. Under these conditions, some zinc oxide was present as shown by x-ray diffraction.
• a sample of the multi-element, finely divided, alloy powder containing different ratios of silver and manganese and platinum were prepared using the same conditions as described in Example 1 except nitrogen gas was used as the 1000 0 C carrier gas and as the quench gas. Under these conditions, some manganese oxide was present as shown by x-ray diffraction. Table 1

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• 2008
  • 2008-09-05 JP JP2010524168A patent/JP2011514432A/ja active Pending
  • 2008-09-05 EP EP08829929.2A patent/EP2185304B1/en not_active Not-in-force
  • 2008-09-05 CN CN200880103412.0A patent/CN101778684B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
  • 2008-09-05 WO PCT/US2008/075349 patent/WO2009032984A1/en not_active Ceased
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