Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
  • C09D11/00—Inks
  • C09D11/02—Printing inks
  • C09D11/023—Emulsion inks
  • C09D11/0235—Duplicating inks, e.g. for stencil printing
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
  • C09D11/00—Inks
  • C09D11/16—Writing inks
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
  • C09D11/00—Inks
  • C09D11/16—Writing inks
  • C09D11/18—Writing inks specially adapted for ball-point writing instruments

Definitions

• the disclosure is generally related to ink compositions containing an emulsion and, more particularly, to ink compositions containing an emulsified colorant and/or an emulsified lubricating agent, and writing instruments containing same.
• Ball pens can often be further characterized, for example, as roller ball pens, gel pens, or ball point pens.
• Markers can often also be further characterized, for example, as permanent markers, highlighters, dry erase markers, washable markers, and/or other special purpose markers (e.g., metallic markers, correction markers, and other special purpose markers).
• a significant problem for ball point pens involves a lack of writing smoothness.
• a variety of solutions have been implemented to address this deficiency including but not limited to (1) lowering the viscosity of the ink composition, for example, by using various polymer resins and solvent combinations to regulate/reduce its elasticity and/or viscosity, (2) adding miscible lubricants to the ink composition, (3) adding shear-thinning additives capable of demonstrating thixotropic effects to the ink composition, and/or (4) increasing the size of the ball, particularly, in combination with reducing the ink composition viscosity.
• writing smoothness remains an issue for many ball pens.
• a significant problem for markers containing pigmented ink compositions involves pigment settling.
• Pigment settling can occur both when the ink composition is stored in bulk and when it is in an ink delivery system (such as a capillary reservoir system).
• Pigment settling in an ink delivery system can be particularly problematic for a consumer because it can result in the delivery of an ink composition that does not contain a sufficient and/or intended amount of colorant.
• dispersing agents, resins, and additives such as viscosity modifiers have been added to both water- and solvent-based inks so as to stabilize pigment dispersions therein.
• success in eliminating pigment settling has been limited. Consequently, many markers containing pigmented ink compositions should be positioned/orientated in a tip-down fashion otherwise the color intensity of the ink will delcteriously change during the writing life of the markers.
• the disclosure provides ink compositions which contain an emulsion. More specifically, the ink compositions contain an emulsified lubricating agent and/or an emulsified colorant, for example, an emulsified pigment dispersion, an emulsified liquid dye, and/or an emulsified dye solution.
• an emulsified lubricating agent and/or an emulsified colorant for example, an emulsified pigment dispersion, an emulsified liquid dye, and/or an emulsified dye solution.
• Such ink compositions (1) write smoothly when used to produce written markings (at least relative to ink compositions not containing an emulsified lubricating agent), (2) can be used to make markings demonstrating improved fade resistance (at least relative to ink compositions not containing an emulsified pigment), (3) contain pigments that do not appreciably settle out over time, for example, when stored in bulk or in an ink system such as a capillary system (at least relative to ink compositions not containing an emulsified pigment), and/or (4) demonstrate less smearing and/or color penetration (at least relative to ink compositions not containing an emulsified colorant). Additionally, such ink compositions can advantageously include components which would otherwise be incompatible with a particular ink composition (e.g., by emulsifying a water-soluble dye, such a dye could be used in a solvent-based ink composition).
• An emulsion can generally be defined as a significantly stable suspension (from seconds to years) of particles of liquid of certain size within a second immiscible liquid. See Milton, Surfactants and Interfacial Phenomena, 3 l d ed., Wiley- Interscience, New Jersey.
• One liquid (the dispersed phase) is dispersed in the other liquid (the continuous phase).
• the dispersed and continuous phases is an oily or relatively non-polar phase and the other is an aqueous or relatively polar phase.
• Such emulsions include but are not limited to macroemulsions (particle size diameter between about 500 nm and about 50,000 nm), mini- or nano-emulsions (particle si/e diameter between about K)O nm and about 500 nm). and microemulsions (particle si/e diameter between about 10 nm and about 100 nm).
• Emulsifying agents such as surface active substances can significantly increase the kinetic stability of emulsions, thereby facilitating long term storage.
• the phase in which an emulsifying agent is more soluble generally constitutes the continuous phase.
• emulsifying agents are typically more soluble in the aqueous or relatively polar phase than in the oil or relatively non-polar phase.
• W/O water-in-oil
• Emulsions can also generally be classified as oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions or water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions, but in some instances such emulsions can be further classified as multiple emulsions such as water-in-oil-in- water (W/O/W) emulsions, and/or oil-in-water-in-oil (0/W/O) emulsions.
• O/W emulsion includes any emulsion wherein an oil or relatively non-polar phase is dispersed in an aqueous or relatively polar phase.
• the term "W/O emulsion” includes any emulsion wherein an aqueous or relatively polar phase is dispersed in an oil or relatively non-polar phase.
• emulsion as used herein also includes bicontinuous emulsions wherein both (1) the aqueous or polar phase and (2) the oily or non-polar phases are continuous phases. Bicontinuous emulsions are sometimes referred to in the scientific literature as Winsor type IV microemulsions.
• the inks according to the disclosure include but are not limited to any of the foregoing emulsions.
• Exemplary solvents for the water or relatively polar phase include but are not limited to water, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, glycol ethers including but not limited to ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, ethylene glycol monophenyl ether, propylene glycol monomethyl ether, propylene glycol monoethyl ether, propylene glycol monobutyl ether, propylene glycol monophenyl ether, and similar solvents, alcohols including but not limited to ethanol, propanols, butanols, octanols.
• Exemplary solvents foi the oil or relatively non-polai phase include but are not limited to oils including but not limited to mineral oils, silicone oils, and similai solvents, aliphatic hydiocaibon soh ents including but not limited to hexanes (e g , methylcyclohexane), heptanes, decanes, hexadecanes, octadecanes, VM&P Naptha solvents, and similai solvents, and aromatic soh ents including but not limited to benzenes, toluenes, and similar solvents, and mixtmes thereof
• oils including but not limited to mineral oils, silicone oils, and similai solvents
• aliphatic hydiocaibon soh ents including but not limited to hexanes (e g , methylcyclohexane), heptanes, decanes, hexadecanes, oc
• the disclosure provides ink compositions including a lub ⁇ catmg agent emulsified therein When used to make written mai kings, such ink compositions demonstrate improved writing smoothness at least relative mk compositions not containing such an emulsified lubncatmg agent
• the disclosure provides mk compositions including a colorant emulsified therein
• Ink compositions containing an emulsified pigment dispersion generally demonstrate improved performance when stored m bulk (e g , the pigments of such inks do not appreciably settle out over time) at least relative to ink compositions not containing an emulsified pigment
• such mk compositions generally demonstrate improved performance when stored in an mk delivery system (e g , the pigments of such inks do not appreciably settle out over time) at least relative to wiitmg instruments including ink compositions that do not contain an emulsified pigment
• Emulsified dyes can also be included m the mk compositions Including an emulsified dye component into an mk system is advantageous because it allows, for example, a solvent dye to be incorporated into an a
• the disclosure provides mk compositions including a colorant emulsified therein and a lub ⁇ catmg agent emulsified therein This can be accomplished by emulsifying a pigment m oil dispersion, a pigment m relatively non- polar solvent dispersion, or a dye m oil solution into the ink compositions
• the disclosure piovides writing instruments containing ink compositions according to at least one of the first, second, and third aspects
• the writing instrument may be a ball pen, for example, a roller ball pen, a gel pen, or a ball point pens, or a marker having one of a fibrous reservoir and a free ink reservoir, and one of an extruded plastic tip and a fibrous nib.
• compositions in accordance with the disclosure can be loaded into paint brush applicators having application elements comprising brushes, for example, as disclosed in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2005/0042019 Al , the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference.
• compositions in accordance with the disclosure can be loaded into correction fluid applicators having application elements comprising brushes or foam wedges, for example, as disclosed in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2005/0249538 Al, the entire disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference.
• the continuous phase generally comprises at least one solvent and at least one emulsifying agent, and optionally further includes at least one polymer or resin, colorant(s) and/or additives.
• the continuous phase may include at least one dye, at least one pigment, and/or at least one additive selected from the group consisting of plasticizers, biocides, hydrophobes, release agents, surface tension modifiers, emulsion stability enhancing components, wetting agents, synergic resins, dispersing agents, defoamers, surfactants, humectants, viscosity modifiers (e.g., thickeners), flow additives, and other additives known in the art.
• the additives can be added to the ink compositions in an amount such that the overall performance of the ink compositions is not adversely affected in any aspect. Such additives may also be present in the discontinuous phase.
• Hydrophobes e.g., xylene sulfonate
• linker molecules that enhance the surfactant-oil interaction i.e., lipophilic linkers, or enhance the surfactant-water interaction, i.e., hydrophilic linkers (e.g., mono naphthalene sulfonate, alkyl naphthalene sulfonates, etc.)
• extended surfactants which are modified to include one or more hydrophilic segments and/or hydrophobic segments between the polar surfactant head and the non-polar surfactant tail are particularly useful for making bicontinuous emulsions.
• the ink compositions typically comprise from about 1 wt.% to about 99 wt.%, about 5 wt. 0 Zo to about 95 w t.%, 10 wt.% to about 90 wt.%, and/or about 15 wt.% to about 85 wt.% of the solvent.
• the ink compositions typically comprise from about 0 wt.% to about 50 wt.%, about 1 wt.% to about 45 wt.%, 1 .50 wt.% to about 40 wt.%, and/or about 2 wt.% to about 35 wt.% of the resin (solids).
• the ink compositions generally comprise about 0.01 wt.% to about 45 wt.%, 0.1 wt.% to about 35 wt.%, and/or about 0.5 wt.% to about 25 wt.% of the emulsifying agent. Alternatively, the ink compositions contain less than about 45 wt.%, and/or less than about 35 wt.% of the emulsifying agent.
• permanent writing inks By including various of the listed additives in the continuous and/or discontinuous phases, permanent writing inks, highlighting writing inks, dry erase writing inks, and other special potpose writing inks may be formulated, and their viscosities varied from very low values, for example, such as in free ink systems and marker systems, to very high values such as in gel writing inks and in ball point pen inks.
• the emulsifying agent is a substance that stabilizes the emulsion and is generally selected from surface active substances including but not limited to surfactants, wetting agents, and dispersing agents.
• Other substances, which stabilize emulsions including but not limited to alumina particles, silica particles, bentonite particles, magnesium aluminum silicate particles, fat crystals, magnesium oxide particles, magnesium trisilicate particles, coated titanium dioxide particles, tin oxide particles, may also be used.
• the particles are at least 10-fold, at least 50-fold, at least 100-fold, or at least 1000-fold smaller than the emulsified droplets.
• the emulsifying agent is present in an amount (or concentration) needed to effectively stabilize the emulsified components of the ink compositions.
• the dispersed phase comprises at least one of a pigment dispersion, a lubricating agent, and a dye component.
• a pigment dispersion generally comprises a pigment and a dispersing agent in a solvent including but not limited to water, solvents (e.g., relatively polar solvents and relatively non-polai solvents) and oils
• the lubricating agent generally comprises an oil and/ or a giease
• the d>e component geneially comp ⁇ ses a liquid dye 01 dye solids optionally dissolved in a solvent such as watei oiganic solvents, and/or oils
• the ink compositions typically comprise fiom about 0 1 wt % to about 65 wt %, about 0 1 vvt % to about 55 wt %, about 0 1 wt % to about 50 wt %, and/or about 0 5 wt % to about 45 wt % of the pigment (solids), when present
• the ink compositions typically compose fiom about 0 1 wt % to about 25 wt %, about 0 5 wt % to about 20 wt %, and/or about 0 5 wt % to about 15 wt % of the lubricating agent, when present
• the ink compositions typically comprise fiom about 0 001 wt % to about 45 wt %, about 0 01 wt % to about 35 wt %, and/or about 0 1 wt % to about 30 wt % of the dye (active components), when present
• Pigmented permanent marker ink compositions m accordance with the disclosure generally comprise about 30 wt % to about 92 5 wt % and/or about 50 wt % to about 91 wt % of the solvent, about 5 wt % to about 25 wt % and/or about 5 wt % to about 20 wt % of the resm (solids), about 2 wt % to about 30 wt % and/or about 3 wt % to about 15 wt % of the pigment (solids), and about 0 5 wt % to about 25 wt % and/or about 1 wt % to about 15 wt % of the emulsifying agent
• Such pigmented permanent marker ink compositions generally have a viscosity value of about 1 centrpoise to about 40 centipoises (cps) and/or about 2 cps to about 15 cps Pigmented dry erase marker ink compositions m
• Pigmented highlighter marker ink compositions in accoi dance with the disclosure generally compiise about 55 wt % to about 99 6 wt % and/or about 50 wt % to about 99 wt % of the solvent, about 0 wt % to about 20 wt % and/or about 0 wt % to about 10 wt % of the resin (solids), about 0 2 wt % to about 10 wt % and/or about 0.2 wt, % to about 5 wl. % of the pigment (solids); and about 0.2 wt.% to about 15 wt.% and/or about 0.2 wt.% to about 5 wt.% of the emulsifying agent.
• Such pigmented highlighter marker ink compositions generally have a viscosity value of about 1 cp to about 40 cps and/or about 1 cps to about 15 cps.
• Ball point pen ink compositions in accordance with the disclosure generally comprise about 30 wt.% to about 70 wt.% and/or about 30 wt.% to about 50 wt.% of the solvent; about 10 wt.% to about 50 wt.% and/or about 20 wt.% to about 40 wt.% of the resin (solids); about 0 wt.% to about 45 wt.% and/or about 0 wt.% to about 25 wt.% of the pigment (solids); and about 0.5 wt.% to about 25 wt.% and/or about 1 wt.% to about 15 wt.% of the emulsifying agent.
• Such ball point pen ink compositions generally have a viscosity value of at least about
• Correction (opaque) marker ink compositions in accordance with the disclosure generally comprise about 20 wt.% to about 70 wt.% and/or about 30 wt.% to about 65 wt.% of the solvent; about 5 wt.% to about 25 wt.% of the resin (solids); about 15 wt.% to about 55 wt.% and/or about 25 wt.% to about 50 wt.% of the pigment (solids); and about 0.5 wt.% to about 25 wt.% and/or about 1 wt.% to about 15 wt.% of the emulsifying agent.
• Such correction (opaque) marker ink compositions generally have a viscosity value less than about 40 cps, and often between about 5 cps and 25 cps.
• Ink compositions containing multiple emulsions are generally prepared in two steps.
• an oil-in-water or w 7 ater-in-oil emulsion is dispersed in another liquid medium.
• an oil-in- water- in-oil emulsion comprises very small droplets of oil dispersed in the water liquid particles of a water-in-oil emulsion.
• a water-in-oil-in- water emulsion consists of droplets of water dispersed in the oily phase of an oil-in-water emulsion.
• a high concentration of a lipophilic emulsifying agent is typically used in the oil phase in the first step of preparing a W/O emulsion; then a low concentration of a hydrophilic emulsifying agent is typically used in the water phase during the second step to form W/O/W emulsion.
• Ink compositions containing such W/O/W emulsions can be prepared by dispeising a basic or acidic solution into an oil, and then dispeismg the iesultant emulsion into a solution comp ⁇ smg w atei and lcuco dyes, such as a pH mdicatoi in its colorless state, to form a clear W/O/W ink composition Aftei application, the mk composition dues such that de emulsion takes place, and the mk composition becomes coloied
• a pigment dispersion m oil for example, a pigment dispersed in an aliphatic solvent
• the pigment dispersion is typically not miscible with the solvent of the continuous phase
• the pigment dispeision remains dispersed, however, when an emulsion is formed
• Suitable polymers include but are not limited to anionic polymers such as those available under the FlXOMER* trade name (Nalco Company, IL), polyvinyl alcohol polymers (Celanese Corporation, TX) polyvinylpyrrolidone polymers (International Specialty Products, NJ), sulfopolyester resm dispersions (Hexion Specialty Chemicals, Inc., OH) acrylic polymers such as those available under the JONCR YL ® trade name (BASF Corp., WI), and mixtures thereof.
• anionic polymers such as those available under the FlXOMER* trade name (Nalco Company, IL), polyvinyl alcohol polymers (Celanese Corporation, TX) polyvinylpyrrolidone polymers (International Specialty Products, NJ), sulfopolyester resm dispersions (Hexion Specialty Chemicals, Inc., OH) acrylic polymers such as those available under the JONCR YL ® trade
• Suitable lubricating agents which can be emulsified into water or aqueous continuous phases include oils including but not limited to white mineral oils (Penreco, TX), aliphatic hydrocarbon solvents (such as those available under the DRAKESOL ® , CONOSOL ® , and MAGIESOL ® trade names from Penreco, TX), silicone oils, and mixtures thereof.
• oils including but not limited to white mineral oils (Penreco, TX), aliphatic hydrocarbon solvents (such as those available under the DRAKESOL ® , CONOSOL ® , and MAGIESOL ® trade names from Penreco, TX), silicone oils, and mixtures thereof.
• Other suitable lubricating agents include greases such as lanolin (Rolex Lanolm Products, Limited, India), greases such as those sold under the AMSOIL*' trade name (Pecuniary, Inc., NC).
• Suitable emulsifying agents which may be used to stabilize the oil-in-water emulsions are surfactants including but not limited to WITCONATE ⁇ 90 (Akzo Nobel Surfactants, IL); MACKANATE ® DOS 70MS and MACKANATE ® WCH-II (Mclntyre Group, IL); ALKATERGE ® T-IV (Dow Chemical Company, MI); EUMULGxN ® 05 and CUTINA* ' E24 (Cognis, OH); BRIJ ® 35, BRIJ ® 30, BRIJ ® 98, CIRRASOLTM G- 1086, TWEEN ® 80, TWEEN ® 20, TWEEN ® 60, HYPERMER ® A394 (Uniqema, DE), and mixtures of such surfactants.
• any other surface active agents that stabilize oil-in-water emulsions may also be used.
• Pigment dispersions for use in oil-in-water emulsions can either be prepared or purchased (commercially available pigment dispersions).
• Representative commercially available pigment dispersions include but are not limited to alkyd pigment dispersions available under the TlNT-AYD 1 " AL trade name (Elementis Specialty, NJ), long oil alkyd dispersions (e.g., Formulator 24 A pigment dispersions available from Emerald Hilton-Davis, LLC, OH), short or medium oil alkyd dispersions (e.g.. Industrial 42 A alkyd dispersions available from Emerald Hilton-Davis, LLC, OH), and any other suitable pigment dispersion in oil(s) or hydrocarbon solvent(s), with or without polymer and/or additional dispersing agents.
• pigment dispersions for use in ink compositions containing an oil-in-water emulsion can be prepared by dispersing one or more pigments in a relatively non-polar solvent and/or oil.
• the pigments dispersions can optionally include a polymer and/or a dispersing agent.
• Many of the pigments e.g., metallic pigments and pearlescent pigments
• Suitable pigments which can be used to prepare pigment dispersions for use in ink compositions containing oil-in-water emulsions include but are not limited to titanium dioxide pigments, e.g., titanium dioxide pigments available under the T1PURE ® trade name (Du Pont de Nemours, DE), the KLRONOS TM trade name (Kronos Inc, Houston, TX), and the TIOXIDE* trade name (Huntsman Tioxide, IL).
• Preferred titanium pigments include TIPURE ® R-931 , KJlONOS TM 2131 , KRONOS TM 2102, TIOXIDE ® R-XL, and TIOXIDE ® TR50, but of course other titanium pigments may also be used.
• organic pigments may be formulated into pigment dispersions for use in ink compositions containing oil-in-water emulsions.
• Suitable organic pigments include but are not limited to red, green, blue, yellow, orange, and carbon black pigments (BASF Corporation, NJ; Clariant Corporation, NC; Emerald Hilton Davis, OH; Ciba Specialty Chemicals, Switzerland; Degussa Corporation, NJ; Cabot Corporation, MA; and, Columbian Chemicals Company, GA). Of course, any suitable organic pigment may be used.
• Other pigments such as metallic pigments may also be formulated into pigment dispersions for use in ink compositions containing oil-in-water emulsions.
• Aluminum pigments and bronze pigments are exemplary metallic pigments (Schlenk- BOTH Metallic Pigments, MA; Wolstenholme International Inc., IL; Silberline Manufacturing Co., Inc., PA; Zuxing Enterprise Co., Ltd., China; and, Echart GmbH & Co. KG, Germany). Additionally, pearlescent and other special effect pigments may be formulated into pigment dispersions for use in ink compositions containing oil-in-water emulsions (BASF Corporation, NJ; Ciba Specialty Chemicals, Switzerland; and Taizhu, China).
• Inorganic colored pigments may also be formulated into pigment dispersions for use in ink compositions containing oil-in-water emulsions.
• Preferred inorganic colored pigments include but are not limited to colored titanium dioxide pigments available under the TICO trade name (Heubach, Germany) and colored mixed metal oxides inorganic pigments (Heubach, Germany and Cerdec Corporation, PA).
• Other suitable inorganic colored pigments such as colored aluminum pigments can also be used (Showa Aluminum Powder, K.K., Japan).
• Suitable pigment dispersing agents for preparing pigment dispersions for use in ink compositions containing oil-in-water emulsions are compatible with oil and/or other relatively non-polar solvents.
• Exemplary dispersing agents and/or dispersing polymers include but are not limited to such dispersing agents sold under the SOLSPERSE TM trade name including SOLSPERSE TM 13940 and SOLSPERSE TM 3000 (Noveon, Inc., a subsidiary of The Lubrizol Corporation, OH), the NUOSPERSE ® trade name, for example, NUOSPERSE ® FA 196 (Elementis Specialty, NJ), the TEGO" trade name, for example, TEGO R Dispers 652 (Tego Chemie Service USA, VA); the SYLVAPRINT ® trade name, for example, SYLVAPRINT ® 3523 and SYLVAPRINT ® 7002 (Arizona Chemical, FL), and YELKIN ® TS lecithin (Archer Daniels Midland Company,
• oil-in-water emulsions might be further described as oil-in-solvent emulsions.
• a solvent which is immiscible with the oil phase and is relatively more polar than the oil phase
• various ingredients can be included in the oil phase and/or the solvent phase, for example, to enhance dry crasabihty.
• An advantage of such systems allows one to include solvent incompatible (but oil compatible) ingredients in emulsion writing inks formulated from relatively polar solvents.
• solvent incompatible but oil compatible
• a pigment dispersion in oil can be emulsified into an ink composition including a relatively polar solvent, for example, a solvent comprising a glycol ether and/or an alcohol.
• a relatively polar solvent for example, a solvent comprising a glycol ether and/or an alcohol.
• the pigment dispersion is typically not miscible with the solvent of the continuous phase. The pigment dispersion remains dispersed, however, when an emulsion is formed.
• colorants such as dyes or dye solutions and/or various modified colorant/pigment dispersions and/or oil pigment dispersions
• metallic pigment dispersions including but not limited to colored aluminum dispersions, aluminum pigment dispersions and bronze pigment dispersions, pearlescent pigment dispersions, and/or other special effect pigment dispersions
• lubricating agents may also be emulsified into the ink compositions.
• Suitable polymers which may be included in (relatively polar) solvent continuous phases include polyketone polymers (Hexion Specialty Company, OH), phenolic polymers (Hexion Specialty Company, OH), modified rosin ester polymers such as those available under the S YLV APRINT R trade name (Arizona Chemical, FL) acrylic polymers (Dianal America, Inc., TX), cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) polymers (Eastman Chemical Company, TN), polyvinyl butyral (PVB) polymers
• Suitable lubricating agents which can be emulsified into (relatively polar) solvent continuous phases include oils including but not limited to white mineral oils (Penreco, TX), aliphatic hydrocarbon solvents such as those available under the
• Other suitable lubricating agents include greases such as lanolin (Rolex Lanolin Products, Limited, India), greases such as those sold under the AMSOIL R " trade name (Pecuniary, Inc., NC).
• Suitable emulsifying agents w hich may be used to stabilize the oil-in-solvent emulsions are surfactants including but not limited to WITCONATE ⁇ 90 (Akzo Nobel Surfactants, IL); MACKANATE" DOS 70MS and MACKANATE ® WCH-1I (Mcfntyre Group, IL); ALKATERGE R T-IV (Dow Chemical Company, MI); EUMULG1N ® 05 and CUTINA* E24 (Cognis, OH); BRU* 35, BRlJ* 30, BRIJ* 98, CIRRASOLTM G-1086, TWEEN* 80, TWEEN' 1 ' 40, TWEEN* 20, TWEEN ® 60, HYPERMER ® A394 (Uniqema, DE), and mixtures of such surfactants.
• WITCONATE ⁇ 90 Akzo Nobel Surfactants, IL
• MACKANATE DOS 70MS and MACKANATE ® WCH-1I
• Pigment dispersions for use in oil-in-solvent emulsions can either be prepared or purchased (commercially available pigment dispersions).
• Representative commercially available pigment dispersions include but are not limited to alkyd pigment dispersions available under the TINT -A YD ® AL trade name (Elementis Specialty, NJ), long oil alkyd dispersions (e.g., Formulator 24 A pigment dispersions available from Emerald Hilton-Davis, LLC, OH), short or medium oil alkyd dispersions (e.g., Industrial 42 A alkyd dispersions available from Emerald Hilton-Davis, LLC, OH), and any other suitable pigment dispersion in oil(s) or hydrocarbon solvent(s), with or without polymer and/or additional dispersing agents.
• pigment dispersions for use in ink compositions containing an oil-in-solvent emulsion can be prepared by dispersing one or more pigments in oil or a in a relatively non-polar solvent.
• the pigments dispersions can optionally include a dispersing agent.
• Many of the pigments e.g., metallic pigments and pearlescent pigments
• Suitable pigments which can be used to prepare pigment dispersions for use in ink compositions containing oil-in-solvent emulsions include but are not limited to titanium dioxide pigments, e.g., titanium dioxide pigments available under the TJPURE 1* trade name (Du Pont de Nemours, DE), the KRONOS"' trade name (Kronos Inc, Houston, TX), and the TIOXlDE R) trade name (Huntsman Tioxide, IL).
• Preferred titanium pigments include TiPURE vl> R-931 , KRONOS'" 2131 , KRONOS '" 2102, TIOXlDE R ⁇ R-XL, and TIOXIDE” TR50, but of course other titanium pigments may also be used.
• organic pigments may be formulated into pigment dispersions for use in ink compositions containing oil-in-solvent emulsions.
• Suitable organic pigments include but are not limited to red, green, blue, yellow, orange, and carbon black pigments (BASF Corporation, NJ; Clariant Corporation, NC; Emerald Hilton Davis, OH; Ciba Specialty Chemicals, Switzerland; Degussa Corporation, NJ; Cabot Corporation, MA; and, Columbian Chemicals Company, GA). Of course, any suitable organic pigment may be used.
• pigments such as metallic pigments may also be formulated into pigment dispersions for use in ink compositions containing oil-in-solvent emulsions.
• Aluminum pigments and bronze pigments are exemplary metallic pigments (Schlenk- BOTH Metallic Pigments, MA; Wolstenholme International Inc., IL; Silberline Manufacturing Co., Inc., PA; Zuxing Enterprise Co., Ltd., China; and, Echart GmbH & Co. KG, Germany).
• pearlescent and other special effect pigments may be formulated into pigment dispersions for use in ink compositions containing oil-in-solvent emulsions (BASF Corporation, NJ; Ciba Specialty Chemicals, Switzerland; and Taizhu, China).
• Inorganic colored pigments may also be formulated into pigment dispersions for use in ink compositions containing oil-in-solvent emulsions.
• Preferred inorganic colored pigments include but are not limited to colored titanium dioxide pigments available under the TICO trade name (Heubach, Germany) and colored mixed metal oxides inorganic pigments (Heubach, Germany and Cerdec Corporation, PA).
• Other suitable inorganic colored pigments such as colored aluminum pigments can also be used (Showa Aluminum Powder, K. K., Japan).
• Suitable pigment dispersing agents for preparing pigment dispersions for use in ink compositions containing oil-in-solvenl emulsions are compatible with oil and/or other relatively non-polar solvents.
• Exemplary dispersing agents and/or dispersing polymers include but are not limited to such dispersing agents sold under the SOLSPERSE"" trade name including SOLSPERSE”" 13940 and SOLSPERSE'" 3000 (Noveon. Inc., a subsidiary of The Lubrizol Corporation, OH), the NUOSPERSE' 8 trade name, for example, NUOSPERSE* FA 196 (Elementis Specialty, NJ), the TEGO ® trade name, for example, TEGO " Dispers 652 (Tego Chemie Service USA, VA); the SYLVAPRINT* trade name, for example, SYLVAPRINT* 3523 and SYLV APRlNT 10 7002 (Arizona Chemical, FL), and YELKIN ® TS lecithin (Archer Daniels Midland Company, Decatur, IL).
• the ink compositions can advantageously be used on water-sensitive substrates, for example, when highlighting markings made with water-soluble dye-based ink compositions, or when making a corrective marking with a correction fluid/ink composition over (erroneous) markings made with a water-soluble dye based ink composition.
• Another advantage of such systems allows one to include water compatible (but oil incompatible) ingredients in emulsion writing inks besides to reducing/eliminating ink settling/separation related problems.
• a pigment dispersion in water can be emulsified into an ink composition including a relatively non-polar solvent, for example, an aliphatic hydrocarbon solvent, an aromatic solvent, an oil, or mixtures thereof.
• the pigment dispersion is typically not miscible with the solvent of the continuous phase.
• the pigment dispersion remains dispersed when an emulsion is formed.
• Other colorants such as dyes or dye solutions may similarly be included in the ink compositions.
• Exemplary pigment dispersions include but are not limited to organic pigment dispersions, metallic pigment dispersions, colored aluminum dispersions, aluminum pigment dispersions, bronze pigment dispersions, pearlescent pigment dispersions, other special effect pigment dispersions, and/or mixtures thereof.
• other water-based (or compatible) lubricating agents may also be emulsified into the ink compositions.
• any polymer or polymer solution/dispersions which are compatible with the relatively non-polar continuous phases can be included in such ink compositions, especially polymers that are soluble in aliphatic hydrocarbon solvents.
• Suitable polymers include but are not limited to aliphatic hydrocarbon polymers such as those available under the NEVTAC ® trade name (Neville Chemical Company, PA), hydrocarbon resins such as those available under the SYLV APRINT R " trade name (Arizona Chemical, FL), e.g., a terpenc phenol resin SYLVAPRINT ⁇ 7002, hydrogenated hydrocarbon resins such as those sold under the ARKON trade name, (Arakawa Chemical (USA), IL) rosin modified phenolic resins such as those sold under the TAMANOL trade name (Arakawa Chemical (USA), IL), vinyl acrylic polymers such as those sold under the PLIOWAY R trade name including Ultra 200 and PLIOW AY ® Ultra 350 (Eliokem, Akron, OH), acrylic resins such
• Suitable emulsifying agents which may be used to stabilize the water-in-oil emulsions are surfactants including but not limited to LAMEFORM & TGI, MONOMULS 90-018 ® , DEHYMULS ® PGPH, DEHYMULS ® HRE7, EMEREST ® 2712, and EMEREST ® 2452 (Cognis, OH); BRIJ ® 93 VEG, SPAN ® 80, ATLOX ® 4912, HYPERMER ® B246SF (Uniqema, DE), and mixtures of such surfactants.
• any other surface active substances that stabilize oil-in-water emulsions may also be used.
• Pigment dispersions for use in water-in-oil emulsions can either be prepared or purchased (commercially available pigment dispersions).
• pigment dispersions in water and/or a relatively polar solvent suitable for incoiporation into ink compositions containing water-in-oil emulsions in accordance with the disclosure include but are not limited to pigment dispersions available under the TINT-AYD* trade name including TINT- AYD 8 WD and TINT-A YD ® CW products (Elementis Specialty, NJ), the CAB-O- JET" trade name (Cabot Corporation, MA), and the XFAST"" trade name (BASF Corporation. NJ).
• pigment dispersions for use in ink compositions containing a water-in-oil emulsion can be prepared by dispersing one or more pigments in a water and/or other relatively polar solvent.
• the pigments dispersions can optionally include a polymer and/or a dispersing agent.
• Many of the pigments e.g., metallic pigments and pcarlescent pigments
• the pigments dispersions can optionally include a polymer and/or a dispersing agent.
• Many of the pigments e.g., metallic pigments and pearlescent pigments
• Suitable pigments which can be used to prepare pigment dispersions for use in ink compositions containing water-in-oil emulsions include but are not limited to titanium dioxide pigments, e.g., titanium dioxide pigments available under the TIPURE*' trade name (Du Pont de Nemours, DE), the KRONOS TM trade name (Kxonos Inc, Houston, TX), and the TIOXIDE* trade name (Huntsman Tioxide, IL).
• Preferred titanium pigments include TIPURE ⁇ R-706, TIPURJB ® R-902, TIPURE ® R- 931 , KRONOS TM 2310, KRONOS TM 2131, KRONOS TM 2044, TIOXIDE ® R-XL, TIOXIDE ® TR50, and TIOXIDE ® TR93, but of course other titanium pigments may also be used.
• organic pigments may be formulated into pigment dispersions for use in ink compositions containing pigment dispersions as water-in-oil emulsions.
• Suitable organic pigments include but are not limited to red, green, blue, yellow, orange, and carbon black pigments (BASF Corporation, NJ; Clariant Corporation, NC; Emerald Hilton Davis, OH; Ciba Specialty Chemicals, Switzerland; Degussa Corporation, NJ; Cabot Corporation, MA; and, Columbian Chemicals Company, GA). Of course, any suitable organic pigment may be used.
• pearlescent and other special effect pigments may be formulated into pigment dispersions for use in ink compositions containing water-in-oil emulsions (BASF Corporation, NJ: Ciba Specialty Chemicals, Switzerland; and Tai/hu, China).
• pigments including but not limited to inhibited, protected, or coated metallic pigments may also be formulated into pigment dispersions for use in ink compositions containing water-in-oil emulsions.
• exemplary coated metallic pigments include coated aluminum pigments and coated bronze pigments (Schlenk-BOTH Metallic Pigments, MA; Wolstenbolme International Inc., IL; Silberline Manufacturing Co., Inc., PA; Zuxing Enterprise Co., Ltd., China; and, Echart GmbH & Co. KG, Germany).
• Inorganic colored pigments may also be formulated into pigment dispersions for use in ink compositions containing water-in-oil emulsions.
• Preferred inorganic colored pigments include but are not limited to colored titanium dioxide pigments available under the TICO trade name (Heubach, Germany) and colored mixed metal oxides inorganic pigments (Heubach, Germany and Cerdec Corporation, PA). Other suitable inorganic colored pigments such as colored aluminum pigments can also be used (Showa Aluminum Powder, K. K., Japan).
• Suitable pigment dispersing agents for preparing pigment dispersions for use in ink compositions containing water-in-oil emulsions are compatible with water and/or relatively polar solvents.
• Exemplary dispersing agents and/or dispersing polymers include but are not limited to such dispersing agents sold under the
• NUOSPERSE TM trade name including NUOSPERSE TM W-30, NUOSPERSE TM 2000, and NUOSPERSE TM FA 196 (Elementis Specialty, NJ)
• the ZETASPERSE ® trade name for example, ZETASPERSE ® 1200, ZETASPERSE ® 1400, ZETASPERSE ® 1600, ZETASPERSE ® 2100, ZETASPERSE ® 2300 (Air Products and Chemicals, Inc., PA)
• the HYDROPLAT ® trade name (Cognis, OH), and dispersing acrylic polymers such as those available under the JONCRYL R trade name (BASF Corp., WI), and mixtures thereof.
• Resin polymer solution was prepared by dissolving 12 grams of a FiIm- forming polymer (BL-IO vinyl butyral polymer, Sekisui Chemical Co., Ltd, Japan) into an amount of a solvent (dipropylene glycol methyl ether) sufficient to form 40 grams of resin polymer solution (30 weight percent (wt.%) resin polymer solution).
• a FiIm- forming polymer BL-IO vinyl butyral polymer, Sekisui Chemical Co., Ltd, Japan
• a solvent dipropylene glycol methyl ether
• the oil was emulsified into the ink as an oil-in-water emulsion (more particularly, an oil-in-solvent emulsion). No oil separation was observed overnight.
• the ink was loaded into a standard ballpoint pen. The pen wrote smoothly.
• a lubricating agent (Drakesol 260 AT light mineral oil, Penreco, TX) were mixed with 5 grams of a polymeric dispersing agent (SOLSPERSE ® 13940, Noveon, Inc., OH). 30 grams of a colorant (Heliogen Blue D7079 pigment, BASF, NJ) were added to the mixture under mixing, and the pigment was dispersed until a pigment dispersion having a Hegman grind reading of 8 was obtained.
• a relatively polar solvent propylene glycol methyl ether
• an emulsifying agent CIRRASOLTM G- 1086, above
• 20 grams of the pigment dispersion were added to this mixture under strong mixing, and then 20 grams of 30 wt.% resin polymer solution (BL-IO vinyl butyral polymer, described in Example 1) were introduced under mixing to provide a marker ink composition.
• the pigment dispersion was emulsified into the ink as an oil-in-water emulsion (more particularly, an oil-in- solvent emulsion). No pigment separation was observed overnight, and a marker (comprising a fibrous reservoir in fluid communication with a fibrous nib) loaded with this ink wrote well.
• a surfactant including a copolymer comprising ethylene oxide and propylene oxide (TERGITOLTM XD surfactant, Dow, MI) were mixed with 60 grams of water and 1 drop of defoamer to form an aqueous surfactant solution.
• 20 grams of a green pigment dispersion in an organic solvent mixture that is substantially aliphatic (TINT-AYD 1 ' AL 703, Elementis, UK) were added into the aqueous surfactant solution under strong mixing.
• the pigment dispersion was emulsified into the ink as an oil-in-water emulsion. No pigment separation was observed overnight, and a marker (comprising a fibrous reservoir in fluid communication with a fibrous nib) loaded with this ink wrote well.
• the written marks are expected to be washable because the anionic copolymer is water-soluble.
• EXAMPLE 5 MARKER INK COMPOSITION CONTAINING AN EMULSION 3.5 grams of a first surfactant (BRIJ* 30, Uniqema, DE) and 3.5 grams of a second surfactant (HYPERMER* B206, Uniqema, DE) were mixed with 50 grams VM & P Naphtha solvent (Chemcentral, IL ) to form a solvent surfactant mixture. 5 grams of a pigment dispersion in an aqueous solvent mixture (CAB-O-JET* ' 250C Cyan Colorant, Cabot Corporation, MA) was added to the solvent surfactant mixture under moderate mixing.
• a pigment dispersion in an aqueous solvent mixture CAB-O-JET* ' 250C Cyan Colorant, Cabot Corporation, MA
• the pigment dispersion was emulsified into the ink as an water-in-oil emulsion. No pigment separation was observed overnight.
• Example 5 The ink of Example 5 was modified by addition of 10 grams to 20 grams of a solution comprising 40 wt.% of a hydrocarbon resin (NEVTAC "' 100 polymer, Neville Chemical Company, PA) in VM&P Naphtha solvent (Chemcentral, IL ).
• a hydrocarbon resin NEVTAC "' 100 polymer, Neville Chemical Company, PA
• VM&P Naphtha solvent Chevron Phillips, IL
• the pigment dispersion was emulsified into the ink as a water-in-oil emulsion. No pigment separation was observed overnight, and a marker loaded with this ink wrote well.

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