Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/69—Boron compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
  • C07F5/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 3 or 13 of the Periodic Table
  • C07F5/02—Boron compounds
  • C07F5/027—Organoboranes and organoborohydrides
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
  • A61P35/04—Antineoplastic agents specific for metastasis
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D475/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing pteridine ring systems
  • C07D475/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing pteridine ring systems with an oxygen atom directly attached in position 4
  • C07D475/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing pteridine ring systems with an oxygen atom directly attached in position 4 with a nitrogen atom directly attached in position 2
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
  • C07F5/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 3 or 13 of the Periodic Table
  • C07F5/02—Boron compounds

Definitions

• the present invention relates to novel boron- comprising compounds, to pharmaceutical compositions comprising said compounds, to the therapeutic use of said compounds, and to a process for preparation of said compounds .
• Boron neutron capture therapy is a form of radiation therapy requiring two components: 10 B and low energy thermal neutrons.
• the 10 B is administered to the subject to be treated in the form of a boron-containing compound that accumulates in the tumour.
• the subject to be treated is then irradiated with low energy thermal neutrons from a nuclear reactor or cyclotron.
• thermal neutrons hit 10 B they generate an ⁇ -particle and 7 Li.
• the thermal neutrons have a relatively low energy.
• 7 Li and an ⁇ -particle sufficient energy to destroy a cell is generated.
• the ⁇ -particle and 7 Li are relatively large, they are only transported about 5-10 ⁇ m in the tissue, i.e. a distance corresponding to the diameter of a tumour cell.
• BNCT can be used to selectively irradiate tumours while minimizing the radiation damage to non-malignant tissue.
• a major challenge in BNCT is to find a non-toxic carrier molecule for the boron atom that will concentrate in the cells of the tumour to ensure sufficient selectivity.
• Such compounds should preferably deliver average 10 B concentrations of 15-30 ⁇ g/g (ppm, i.e. parts per million) in tumours with high selectivity (tumour-to- blood and tumour-to-normal tissues ratios ideally > 5) and with low toxicity, in order to attain a high therapeutic ratio.
• One approach has been to use boron- containing nucleosides, nucleotides or oligonucleotides (EP 1 113 020 A2) .
• nucleosides and oligonucleotides comprising a boronated phosphoramidate (WO 94/01440 Al) .
• carboranyl pyrimidines have been prepared for use in BNCT.
• Purine and pyrimidine nucleosides containing a carboranyl group attached to the purine or pyrimidine base have also been reported.
• the synthesis of nidocarborane-cobalamin conjugates that could be useful in neutron capture therapy has also been performed (H. P. C. Hogenkamp et al . , Nuclear Medicine and Biology (2000), 27, 89-92).
• BSH disodium mercapto-closo- dodecaborate
• BPA 1-4-dihydroxyborylphenylalanine
• WO 00/45857 discloses the use of a physiologically compatible compound constituted by a Gd 3+ complex moiety and a tumour specific moiety of biological or synthetic origin, for producing preparations for neutron capture and photon activation therapy. Summary of the invention
• An object of the present invention is to provide compounds useful in boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) .
• Another object is to provide such compounds having a high level of boron by weight and/or being selective for tumour cells. Another object is to provide such compounds being stable and/or non-toxic.
• Still another object of the present invention is to provide pharmaceutical compositions comprising said compounds and to provide for the use of said compounds in therapy.
• a further object is to provide a process for the preparation of said compounds from known starting materials .
• R 1 and R 2 are -NH-X-Y-Z, -O-X-Y-Z or -S-X-Y-Z, and the other is -OH, -NH-X-Y-Z, -O-X-Y-Z or -S-X-Y-Z;
• X is -(CH 2 ) m - f wherein m is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, or
• Y is a borane or a carborane, wherein at least one boron atom is 10 B;
• Z is H or a hydrophilizing group, such as aminomethyl, 2-aminoethyl, 3-aminopropyl, 1, 3-propanediol-2-yl- methoxyl, ethyleneglycoxyl or diethyleneglycoxyl; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates and stereoisomers thereof.
• the abundance of 10 B in the borane or carborane of Y is higher than the natural isotopic abundance of 10 B.
• more than 10 % or more than 20 %, preferably more than 25 %, more preferably more than 50 % or more than 75 %, of the boron atoms present in the borane or carborane of Y may be 10 B.
• the compounds according to formula (I) may be in the form of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt.
• Such salts are for example salts formed with mineral acids such as hydrochloric acid; ammonium salts formed with amines, such as triethylamine or a basic drug; alkali metal salts such as sodium or potassium salts; or alkaline earth metal salts such as calcium or magnesium salts.
• the compounds according to formula (I) may be in the form of pharmaceutically acceptable solvates, for example hydrated, as well as in unsolvated forms.
• the compounds according to formula (I) may be in the form of a pharmaceutically acceptable stereoisomeric mixture, e.g. a mixture of diastereomers and/or a mixture of enantiomers .
• Diastereomers are stereoisomers whose molecules are not mirror images of each other.
• Enantiomers are stereoisomers whose molecules are mirror images of each other.
• the compounds according to formula (I) may be in the form of a pharmaceutically acceptable single stereoisomer, i.e. a single enantiomer and/or diastereomer .
• the compounds according to formula (I) may also be in the form of a pharmaceutically acceptable racemic mixture, i.e.
• Borane is defined herein as a polyhedral borane, see Gmelin Handbook of Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry (8th ed. 1991) .
• Carborane is defined herein as a compound wherein at least one carbon atom is incorporated into a polyhedral borane.
• Carboranes can be synthesised according to descriptions in Carboranes (R. Grimes ed. 1970) , Gmelin Handbook of Inorganicand Organometallic Chemistry (8th ed. 1991) and Science 1972, 78, 462.
• Compounds according to formula (I) are useful in BNCT.
• Compounds according to formula (I) comprise a folic acid moiety, i.e. a significant part of the folic acid molecule.
• Said compounds further comprise a boron- containing moiety, and optionally a linker.
• the linker is defined as a moiety located between the folic acid moiety and the boron-containing moiety.
• the boron-containing moiety is defined as a group containing boron, and can be a borane or a carborane.
• Fast-growing cells such as tumour cells show an increased uptake of folic acid and structurally related compounds.
• BNCT can be used for the therapy of a wide range of tumours.
• Tumours can be classified histologically according to principles defined by the World Health Organization (World Health Organization, International Histological Classification of Tumours, 1967-1978).
• Tumour types that can be treated using BNCT with the compounds according to formula (I) above include tumours originating from the central nervous system, preferably glioma such as glioblastoma, gliosarcoma, anaplastic astrocytoma, low grade astrocytoma, pilolytic astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma or brain stem glioma; meningioma; peripheral neuroepithelioma; primitive neuroectodermal tumour; neuroblastoma; germinoma; pituitary tumour; metastatic brain tumour; or arteriovenous malformation.
• the compounds according to formula (I) may also be used in BNCT for therapy of i.a. malignant tumours or metastatic tumour processes, preferably melanoma, prostate cancer, hepati
• boron neutron capture therapy as used herein is defined as a method for tumour therapy comprising the steps of administering a boron-containing compound to a subject to be subjected to therapy and irradiating said subject with thermal neutrons.
• tumour as used herein is defined in accordance with Borland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 26th edition, 1985, Saunders, i.e. as a growth of tissue in which the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled and progressive. Uncontrolled multiplication is defined as a state differing from the normal multiplication of cells, e.g. a state in which the rate of multiplication of cells is significantly increased.
• progressive in this context is defined as advancing or increasing in severity.
• a tumour cell is defined as a cell in said tissue .
• tumour therapy as used herein is defined in accordance with Borland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 2 ⁇ th edition, 1985, Saunders, i.e. as the treatment of disease.
• therapeutic and “therapeutically” should be construed accordingly.
• tumor therapy as used herein is thus defined as treatment of disease caused by or associated with a tumour.
• the borane or carborane constituting Y of formula (I) may be
• Examples of compounds according to formula (I) are N 2 - (4- ⁇ [ (2-amino-4-oxo-3, 4-dihydropteridin-6- yl) methyl] amino ⁇ benzoyl) -N- ⁇ 3- [ ⁇ 1R, 9S) - 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12-decaborabicyclo [7.2.1] dodec-l- yl] propyl ⁇ - ⁇ -glutamine and W 2 - (4- ⁇ [ (2-amino-4-oxo-3, 4- dihydropteridin- ⁇ -yl) methyl] amino ⁇ benzoyl) -N- [3- (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,8, 10, 11, 12-decaborabicyclo [7.2.1] dodec-l- yl ) propyl ] -L-glutamine .
• R 1 is -NH-X-Y-Z, -O-X-Y-Z or -S-X-Y-Z, and R 2 is OH.
• R 1 is -NH-X-Y-Z, -O-X-Y-Z or -S-X-Y-Z
• R 2 is OH.
• Such a compound closely resembles the structure of folic acid and can thus retain all or part of the biological activities shown by folic acid.
• at least one carbon atom is 11 C.
• PET positron emission tomography
• the Y moiety of a compound of formula (I) may be a gadolinium-comprising entity.
• the objects of the present invention are further accomplished by a process for the preparation of a compound according to formula (I) wherein a compound of formula NH 2 -X-Y-Z, OH-X-Y-Z or SH-X-Y-Z, wherein X, Y and Z are as defined in relation to formula (I), is reacted with folic acid.
• compositions comprising a compound according to formula (I) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent or adjuvant.
• the boron-containing compounds according to formula (I) are in accordance with the present invention suitably formulated into pharmaceutical compositions for parenteral administration. Also rectal, oral or any other route of administration may be contemplated by the skilled man in the art of formulations.
• the boron-containing compounds according to formula (I) are formulated with at least one pharmaceutically and pharmacologically acceptable carrier or adjuvant.
• the carrier may be in the form of a solid, semi-solid or liquid diluent.
• Solutions for parenteral administration may be prepared as a solution of a compound of the invention in a pharmaceutically acceptable solvent. These solutions may also contain stabilizing ingredients and/or buffering ingredients and are dispensed into unit doses in the form of ampoules or vials. Solutions for parenteral administration may also be prepared as a dry preparation to be reconstituted with a suitable solvent extemporaneously before use.
• the boron- containing compound (s) according to formula (I) to be formulated is/are mixed with solid, powdered ingredients such as lactose, saccharose, sorbitol, mannitol, starch, amylopectin, cellulose derivatives, gelatin, or another suitable ingredient, as well as with disintegrating agents and lubricating agents such as magnesium stearate, calcium stearate, sodium stearyl fumarate and polyethylene glycol waxes.
• disintegrating agents and lubricating agents such as magnesium stearate, calcium stearate, sodium stearyl fumarate and polyethylene glycol waxes.
• Soft gelatine capsules may be prepared with capsules containing a mixture of the active compound or compounds of the invention, vegetable oil, fat, or other suitable vehicle for soft gelatine capsules .
• Hard gelatine capsules may contain the active compound in combination with solid powdered ingredients such as lactose, saccharose, sorbitol, mannitol, potato starch, corn starch, amylopectin, cellulose derivatives or gelatine.
• Dosage units for rectal administration may be prepared (i) in the form of suppositories which contain the active substance (s) mixed with a neutral fat base; (ii) in the form of a gelatine rectal capsule which contains the active substance in a mixture with a vegetable oil, paraffin oil, or other suitable vehicle for gelatine rectal capsules; (iii) in the form of a ready-made micro enema; or (iv) in the form of a dry micro enema formulation to be reconstituted in a suitable solvent just prior to administration.
• Liquid preparations for oral administration may be prepared in the form of syrups or suspensions, e.g. solutions or suspensions, containing the active compound and the remainder of the formulation consisting of sugar or sugar alcohols, and a mixture of ethanol, water, glycerol, propylene glycol and polyethylene glycol. If desired, such liquid preparations may contain colouring agents, flavouring agents, saccharine and carboxymethyl cellulose or other thickening agent.
• Liquid preparations for oral administration may also be prepared in the form of a dry powder to be reconstituted with a suitable solvent prior to use.
• the boron- containing compound according to formula (I) may be administered within 24 hours prior to the neutron irradiation of the subject to be treated, typically 30- 60 minutes prior to neutron irradiation.
• the dosage of the boron- containing compound may be in pulses.
• a typical dose of the boron-containing compound according to formula (I) is within the range of from 0.01-100 mg per kg body weight.
• the objects of the present invention are also accomplished by a compound according to formula (I) for use in therapy, or by the use of a compound according to formula (I) for the manufacture of a medicament for use in tumour therapy.
• the medicament may be for therapy of tumours originating from the central nervous system, preferably glioma such as glioblastoma, gliosarcoma, anaplastic astrocytoma, low grade astrocytoma, pilolytic astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma or brain stem glioma; meningioma; peripheral neuroepithelioma; primitive neuroectodermal tumour; neuroblastoma; germinoma; pituitary tumour; metastatic brain tumour; or arteriovenous malformation.
• glioma such as glioblastoma, gliosarcoma, anaplastic astrocytoma, low grade astrocytoma, pilolytic astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma or brain stem glioma
• meningioma peripheral neuroepithelioma
• primitive neuroectodermal tumour neuroblastoma
• germinoma
• the medicament may be for therapy of malignant tumours or metastatic tumour processes, preferably melanoma, prostate cancer, hepatic cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer or sarcoma.
• a useful embodiment of the present invention is also accomplished by a compound according to formula (I) , wherein at least one carbon atom is 11 C, for use in diagnostics, or by the use of a compound according to formula (I) , wherein at least one carbon atom is 11 C, for the manufacture of a medicament for use in positron emission tomography (PET) .
• PET positron emission tomography
• tumour therapy wherein a pharmaceutically and pharmacologically effective amount of a compound according to formula (I) is administered to a subject in need of such treatment in conjunction with boron neutron capture therapy.
• Said tumour therapy may be a therapy of tumours originating from the central nervous system, preferably glioma such as glioblastoma, gliosarcoma, anaplastic astrocytoma, low grade astrocytoma, pilolytic astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma or brain stem glioma; meningioma; peripheral neuroepithelioma; primitive neuroectodermal tumour; neuroblastoma; germinoma; pituitary tumour; metastatic brain tumour; or arteriovenous malformation.
• said tumour therapy may be a therapy of malignant tumours or metastatic tumour processes, preferably melanoma, prostate cancer, hepatic cancer, lung cancer, breast cancer or sarcom
• a useful embodiment of the present invention is further accomplished by a method of tumour diagnostics wherein a pharmaceutically and pharmacologically effective amount of a compound according to formula (I), wherein at least one carbon atom is 11 C, is administered to a subject to be diagnosed in conjunction with positron emission tomography.
• anti-tumour agents may include one or more of the following categories of anti-tumour agents: (i) antiproliferative/antineoplastic drugs and combinations thereof, as used in medical oncology, such as alkylating agents (for example cis-platin, carboplatin, cyclophosphamide, nitrogen mustard, melphalan, chlorambucil, busulphan and nitrosoureas); antimetabolites (for example antifolates such as fluoropyrimidines like 5-fluorouracil and tegafur, raltitrexed, methotrexate, cytosine arabinoside and hydroxyurea; antitumour antibiotics (for example anthracyclines like adriamycin, bleomycin, doxorubicin, daunomycin, epirubicin, idarubicin, mitomycin-C
• cytostatic agents such as antioestrogens (for example tamoxifen, toremifene, raloxifene, droloxifene and iodoxyfene) , oestrogen receptor down regulators (for example fulvestrant) , antiandrogens (for example bicalutamide, flutamide, nilutamide and cyproterone acetate), LHRH antagonists or LHRH agonists (for example goserelin, leuprorelin and buserelin) , progestogens (for example megestrol acetate), aromatase inhibitors (for example as anastrozole, letrozole, vorazole and exemestane) and inhibitors of 5 ⁇ -reductase such as finasteride;
• antioestrogens for example tamoxifen, toremifene, raloxifene, droloxifene and iodoxy
• agents which inhibit cancer cell invasion for example metalloproteinase inhibitors like marimastat and inhibitors of urokinase plasminogen activator receptor function
• agents which inhibit cancer cell invasion for example metalloproteinase inhibitors like marimastat and inhibitors of urokinase plasminogen activator receptor function
• inhibitors of growth factor function include growth factor antibodies, growth factor receptor antibodies (for example the anti-erbb2 antibody trastuzumab [HerceptinTM] and the anti-erbbl antibody cetuximab) , farnesyl transferase inhibitors, tyrosine kinase inhibitors and serine/threonine kinase inhibitors, for example inhibitors of the epidermal growth factor family (for example EGFR family tyrosine kinase inhibitors such as N- (3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl) -7- methoxy- ⁇ - (3-morpholinopropoxy) quinazolin-4-amine (gefitinib) , N- (3-ethynylphenyl) -6, 7-bis (2- methoxyethoxy) quinazolin-4-amine (erlotinib) and 6- acrylamido-N- (3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)
• growth factor receptor antibodies for example the
• gene therapy approaches including for example approaches to replace aberrant genes such as aberrant p53 or aberrant BRCAl or BRCA2 , GDEPT (gene-directed enzyme pro-drug therapy) approaches such as those using cytosine deaminase, thymidine kinase or a bacterial nitroreductase enzyme and approaches to increase patient tolerance to chemotherapy or radiotherapy such as multi-drug resistance gene therapy; and
• immunotherapy approaches including for example ex- vivo and in-vivo approaches to increase the immunogenicity of patient tumour cells, such as transfection with cytokines such as interleukin 2, interleukin 4 or granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor, approaches to decrease T-cell anergy, approaches using transfected immune cells such as cytokine-transfected dendritic cells, approaches using cytokine-transfected tumour cell lines and approaches using anti-idiotypic antibodies.
• cytokines such as interleukin 2, interleukin 4 or granulocyte
• Mass spectra were recorded on a Waters LCMS consisting of an Alliance 2795 (LC) , Waters PDA 2996 and a ZQ single quadrupole mass spectrometer.
• the mass spectrometer was equipped with an electrospray ion source (ESI) operated in a positive or negative ion mode.
• the capillary voltage was 3 kV and the cone voltage was 30 V.
• the mass spectrometer was scanned between m/z 100-700 with a scan time of 0.3 s.
• Waters LCMS consisting of an Alliance 2690 Separations Module, Waters 2487 Dual 1 Absorbance Detector (220 and 254 nm) and a Waters ZQ single quadrupole mass spectrometer.
• the mass spectrometer was equipped with an electrospray ion source (ESI) operated in a positive or negative ion mode.
• the capillary voltage was 3 kV and cone voltage was 30 V.
• the mass spectrometer was scanned between m/z 97-800 with a scan time of 0.3 or 0.8 s. Separations were performed on a Chromolith Performance RP-18e (100 x 4.6 mm) .
• a linear gradient was applied starting at 95 % A (A: 0.1% HCOOH (aq.)) ending at 100 % B (MeCN) in 5 minutes. Flow rate: 2.0 ml/min.
• HPLC analyses were performed on an Agilent HPlOOO system consisting of G1379A Micro Vacuum Degasser, G1312A Binary Pump, G1367A Well plate auto-sampler, G1316A Thermostatted Column Compartment and G1315B Diode Array Detector. Column: X-Terra MS, Waters, 3.O x 100 mm,
• the column temperature was set to 40 0 C and the flow rate to 1.0 ml/min.
• the Diode Array Detector was scanned from 210-300 nm, step and peak width were set to 2 nm and 0.05 min, respectively.
• a linear gradient was applied, starting at 100 % A (A: 10 mM NH 4 OAc in 5 % MeCN) and ending at 100 % B (B: MeCN), in 4 min.
• a typical workup procedure after a reaction consisted of extraction of the product with a solvent such as ethyl acetate, washing with water, followed by drying of the organic phase over MgSO 4 or Na 2 SO 4 , filtration and concentration of the solution in vacuo.
• TLC Thin layer chromatography
• Merck TLC-plates Silica gel 60 F 254
• Flash chromatography was performed on a Combi Flash ® CompanionTM using RediSepTM normal-phase flash columns.
• Typical solvents used for flash chromatography were mixtures of chloroform/methanol, dichloromethane/methanol, heptane/ethyl acetate, chloroform/methanol/NH 3 (aq.) and dichloromethane/methanol/NH 3 (aq.).
• tumour cell lines of human origin including human glioma cell line U343mga, human hepatocarcinoma cell line Hep3B, human breast adenocarcinoma cell line MCF7 and human sarcoma cell line 4SS, were used for in vitro testing of the purified material from Example 3 (hereinafter designated as BF) .
• Cells were plated on non-coated tissue culture plastics and cultured at 37 0 C in incubators with humidified air, equilibrated with 5 % CO 2 . They were grown in recommended tissue culture medium, supplemented with 10 % FCS and
• PEST penicillin 100 IU/ml and streptomycin 100 mg/ml
• trypsin-EDTA 0.25 % trypsin, 0.02 % EDTA in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) without calcium and magnesium
• U343mga cells were plated on Petri dishes at 75 % cell density and incubated with one of boric acid (BA) , vitamin Bi 2 conjugated boron (BB) , 1-4-dihydroxyboryl- phenylalanine (BPA) or BF dissolved in tissue culture medium for 6 hours . All four boronated compounds were added to and dissolved in the tissue culture medium at equimolar concentrations with respect to the boron content (5 x 10 ⁇ 4 M boron) . Incubations were stopped by removing the boron-containing tissue culture medium and by adding cold PBS buffer for washing excess of medium from cells. Cells were immediately harvested by scraping them off the plastic dish using a rubber policeman. They were collected in cold PBS and pelleted by centrifugation .
• BA boric acid
• BB vitamin Bi 2 conjugated boron
• BPA 1-4-dihydroxyboryl- phenylalanine
• BF BF dissolved in tissue culture medium for 6 hours
• DCP-AES Direct Current Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectroscopy
• Table 1 Cell uptake of different boronated compounds. Boron content expressed as a function of total cell protein ( ⁇ g boron/g cell protein) in U343mga cells for different boronated compounds in two parallel experiments (trial 1 and trial 2) (7,2 and 7,7 ⁇ g boron/ml culture medium in trial 1 and 2, respectively) .
• BF was found to be a highly efficient boron carrier in all four human tumour cell lines tested (glioblastoma (U343mga) , heptocarcinoma (Hep3B) , breast cancer (MCF7), sarcoma (4SS) ) at low and high cell density.
• U343mga cells were plated on Petri dishes at 75 % cell density and incubated with one of 1-4- dihydroxyboryl-phenylalanine (BPA) or BF in tissue culture medium for 18 hours. Both boronated compounds were added to the tissue culture medium at equimolar concentrations with respect to the boron content (5 x 10 ⁇ 4 M boron) . Incubations were stopped by replacing the boron-containing medium with culture medium without boron. Cell samples were harvested at time points 0, 2 and 7 hours where the 0 time point represents immediate after 18 hour incubation of boronated compound.
• BPA 1-4- dihydroxyboryl-phenylalanine
• Cells were washed with cold PBS and harvested by scraping them off the plastic dish using a rubber policeman, collected in cold PBS and pelleted by centrifugation . Cell pellets were analysed for total protein and boron content as described.

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