WO2006048962A1 - 画素信号処理装置及び画素信号処理方法 - Google Patents
画素信号処理装置及び画素信号処理方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2006048962A1 WO2006048962A1 PCT/JP2005/013454 JP2005013454W WO2006048962A1 WO 2006048962 A1 WO2006048962 A1 WO 2006048962A1 JP 2005013454 W JP2005013454 W JP 2005013454W WO 2006048962 A1 WO2006048962 A1 WO 2006048962A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N23/00—Cameras or camera modules comprising electronic image sensors; Control thereof
- H04N23/80—Camera processing pipelines; Components thereof
- H04N23/84—Camera processing pipelines; Components thereof for processing colour signals
- H04N23/843—Demosaicing, e.g. interpolating colour pixel values
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N23/00—Cameras or camera modules comprising electronic image sensors; Control thereof
- H04N23/10—Cameras or camera modules comprising electronic image sensors; Control thereof for generating image signals from different wavelengths
- H04N23/12—Cameras or camera modules comprising electronic image sensors; Control thereof for generating image signals from different wavelengths with one sensor only
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N25/00—Circuitry of solid-state image sensors [SSIS]; Control thereof
- H04N25/10—Circuitry of solid-state image sensors [SSIS]; Control thereof for transforming different wavelengths into image signals
- H04N25/11—Arrangement of colour filter arrays [CFA]; Filter mosaics
- H04N25/13—Arrangement of colour filter arrays [CFA]; Filter mosaics characterised by the spectral characteristics of the filter elements
- H04N25/134—Arrangement of colour filter arrays [CFA]; Filter mosaics characterised by the spectral characteristics of the filter elements based on three different wavelength filter elements
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a pixel signal processing apparatus and method, and in particular, when each of pixels arranged on a two-dimensional plane does not have at least one color component value among a plurality of color component values,
- the present invention relates to a pixel signal processing apparatus and method for obtaining a color image by generating color component values that the pixel does not have by interpolation.
- Such pixel signal processing is performed by, for example, each of a plurality of color component values, for example, one color component value of three primary colors of red (R), green (G), and blue (B).
- a plurality of types of photoelectric conversion elements that generate image data are used as a part of a color imaging apparatus that further includes, for example, an array of image sensors arranged in a two-dimensional plane on the basis of the output pixel signal. It is used to interpolate the color component values (shortage color component values) that are missing at each pixel position.
- Patent Document 1 Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2001-197512 (paragraphs 0048 to 0049, FIG. 7)
- This conventional method assumes that there is a positive correlation between each color component value (for example, R, G, B component values in a Bayer array) in a region near the interpolation target pixel. ing. Therefore, in areas where there is no positive correlation between color component values (for example, the boundary between one color and another), for example, when there is no correlation or where there is a negative correlation, interpolation is appropriate. There is a problem that interpolation error becomes large because the interpolation cannot be performed.
- each color component value for example, R, G, B component values in a Bayer array
- An object of the present invention is to provide a pixel signal processing apparatus that can always perform interpolation using an optimal interpolation method regardless of how color component values change in an area near a pixel subject to interpolation processing.
- h (h is any one of 1 to N) 1) A pixel that generates a pixel signal having the spectral sensitivity characteristic k at the pixel position to be interpolated where the pixel signal having the spectral sensitivity characteristic 1 exists (k is one of 1 to N excluding h).
- the pixel signal of the k-th spectral sensitivity characteristic at the interpolation target pixel position is obtained.
- a pixel signal processing apparatus having
- FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing a configuration of an imaging apparatus provided with a pixel signal processing apparatus according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is an explanatory diagram showing three primary color filters of R, G, and B arranged in a bay type.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram showing the arrangement of R pixels on the imaging surface of an image sensor.
- FIG. 4 is a diagram showing the arrangement of G pixels on the imaging surface of the image sensor.
- FIG. 5 is a diagram showing the arrangement of B pixels on the imaging surface of the image sensor.
- FIG. 6 is a diagram showing an LPF value of an R signal.
- FIG. 7 is a diagram showing an LPF value of a G signal.
- FIG. 8 is a diagram showing an LPF value of a B signal.
- FIG. 9 is a diagram showing HPF values of R signals.
- FIG. 10 is a diagram showing HPF values of G signals.
- FIG. 11 is a diagram showing an HPF value of a B signal.
- ⁇ 12 A block diagram showing the configuration of the computing means of the first embodiment.
- FIG. 13 is an explanatory diagram schematically showing the principle of pixel interpolation according to the first embodiment when there is a positive correlation between the k signal and the h signal.
- FIG. 14 is an explanatory diagram schematically showing the principle of pixel interpolation in the first embodiment when there is no correlation between the k signal and the h signal.
- FIG. 15 is an explanatory diagram schematically showing the principle of pixel interpolation in the first embodiment when there is no correlation between the k signal and the h signal.
- FIG. 16 is an explanatory diagram schematically showing the principle of pixel interpolation in the first embodiment when there is a negative correlation between the k signal and the h signal.
- ⁇ 17] is a flowchart showing an interpolation procedure in the first and second embodiments of the present invention.
- FIG. 18 is a diagram illustrating an array of G signals subjected to pixel interpolation at R pixel positions.
- FIG. 19 is a diagram showing an array of G signals subjected to pixel interpolation at a B pixel position.
- FIG. 20 is a diagram showing an array of R signals subjected to pixel interpolation at G pixel positions.
- FIG. 21 is a diagram showing an array of B signals subjected to pixel interpolation at G pixel positions.
- FIG. 22 is a diagram showing an array of R signals subjected to pixel interpolation at a B pixel position.
- FIG. 23 is a diagram showing an array of B signals subjected to pixel interpolation at R pixel positions.
- ⁇ 24 A block diagram showing the configuration of the computing means of the second embodiment.
- FIG.25 Pixel interpolation source of Embodiment 2 when there is a positive correlation between k signal and h signal It is explanatory drawing which shows a theory typically.
- FIG. 26 is an explanatory view schematically showing the principle of pixel interpolation in the second embodiment when there is no correlation between the k signal and the h signal.
- FIG. 27 is an explanatory view schematically showing the principle of pixel interpolation in the second embodiment when there is no correlation between the k signal and the h signal.
- FIG. 28 is an explanatory diagram schematically showing the principle of pixel interpolation in the second embodiment when there is a negative correlation between the k signal and the h signal.
- FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing a configuration of an imaging apparatus provided with the pixel signal processing apparatus according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention.
- the light incident from the lens 1 forms an image on the imaging surface of the two-dimensional image sensor 2 composed of, for example, a solid-state imaging device.
- the image sensor 2 has a plurality of photoelectric conversion elements arranged two-dimensionally, and the plurality of photoelectric conversion elements are arranged in a Bayer type, for example, as shown in FIG. , Red (R), green (G), and blue (B) are covered with color filters having spectral sensitivity characteristics corresponding to the three primary colors, and each photoelectric conversion element corresponds to the color of the color filter.
- An analog signal of a color component is output.
- horizontal and vertical represent the horizontal direction (H) and vertical direction (V) of the imaging surface, respectively.
- the photoelectric conversion element constitutes a pixel, and the position occupied by each photoelectric conversion element on the imaging surface corresponds to the pixel position. Since each pixel is two-dimensionally arranged on the imaging surface of the image sensor, their position can be expressed by coordinate values on the HV coordinate plane (or HV plane).
- Figure 2 shows only a part of the image sensor, that is, the range of 7 rows and 7 columns.
- the horizontal position and vertical position of the center pixel, and thus the coordinate value is represented by (i, j).
- the horizontal (row direction) position of the surrounding pixels is represented by i 3, i 2, "-i + 3, the position in the vertical direction (column direction) is represented by j 3, j 2, “+3”.
- the pixel corresponding to the photoelectric conversion element covered with the R color filter is covered with the R pixel
- the pixel corresponding to the photoelectric conversion element covered with the G color filter is covered with the G pixel
- the B color filter is covered with A pixel corresponding to the photoelectric conversion element.
- the image sensor 2 photoelectrically converts incident light and outputs an analog signal at a level corresponding to the amount of incident light for each pixel.
- This analog signal is converted into a digital signal by the AZD converter 3 and output, and is written in the frame memory 4 as a color component value (pixel signal) of each pixel.
- each signal is written in association with the position of each pixel on the imaging plane, and hence the position on the HV coordinate plane.
- each of the photoelectric conversion elements constituting each pixel since each of the photoelectric conversion elements constituting each pixel is covered with a filter, it receives light of any one color of red, green, and blue.
- the color of light received by each photoelectric conversion element is sometimes referred to as “light reception color”, and the color other than the light reception color for each pixel is sometimes referred to as “insufficient color”.
- each pixel From each of the photoelectric conversion elements constituting each pixel, only a signal representing one color component value corresponding to the received light color can be obtained. That is, for the R pixel, the R component value is known, while the G and B component values are unknown, and for the G pixel, the G component value is known, while the B and R component values are unknown, For the B pixel, the B component value is known, while the R and G component values are unknown. Because each pixel has all the R, G, and B color component values, a powerful image can be obtained, so the unknown color component value written in frame memory 4 at each pixel position is insufficient. Also called component value. In the pixel signal processing of the present invention, an unknown color component value (insufficient color component value) is obtained by interpolation in each pixel.
- the pixel signals stored in the frame memory 4 are distributed and stored in the two-dimensional memories 6r, 6g, and 6b for each of the R, G, and B signals by the demultiplexer 5. That is, the R signal is stored in the two-dimensional memory 6r, the G signal is stored in the two-dimensional memory 6g, and the B signal is stored in the two-dimensional memory 6b.
- FIG. 3, FIG. 4, and FIG. 5 show the arrangement of R pixels, G pixels, and B pixels on the imaging surface of the image sensor 2 separately for each color. Also in each of the two-dimensional memories 6r, 6g, and 6b, the signal (color component value) of each pixel is written in association with the position on the imaging surface, and hence the position on the HV coordinate plane. Therefore, FIGS. 3, 4, and 5 also represent the positions on the HV coordinate plane of the pixel signals distributed from the demultiplexer 5 and stored.
- the frame memory 4 is of a so-called interlaced readout method in which the image sensor 2 reads out one row at a time in two rows. This is necessary when reading must be performed.
- the so-called progressive readout type image sensor 2 that sequentially reads out the pixels in the pixel array shown in FIG. 2 one by one sequentially, the pixel signal sent from the image sensor 2 is directly distributed by the demultiplexer 5. Therefore, the same operation can be realized without the frame memory 2.
- the low-pass filters 8r, 8g, and 8b are provided corresponding to the memories 6r, 6g, and 6b, respectively, and low frequency of each color component with respect to the pixel signal read from the memories 6r, 6g, and 6b. Output the component. That is, each of the low-pass filters 8r, 8g, and 8b is a low-frequency filter for each pixel signal at a plurality of pixel positions in an area near the pixel position (an area including the pixel position). Calculate the components. The calculation method will be described in detail later.
- Figures 6, 7, and 8 show output examples of the low-pass filters 8r, 8g, and 8b.
- the high-pass filters 7r, 7g, and 7b are also provided corresponding to the memories 6r, 6g, and 6b, respectively, and each color component with respect to the pixel signals read from the memories 6r, 6g, and 6b.
- the high frequency component of is output. That is, each of the high-pass filters 7r, 7g, and 7b calculates, for each pixel, a change component of the pixel signal of each color at a plurality of pixel positions in a region near the pixel position. The calculation method will be described in detail later.
- Figures 9, 10, and 11 show output examples of high-pass filters 7r, 7g, and 8r. [0019] As shown in FIG. 6, FIG. 7, FIG. 8, FIG. 9, FIG. 10 and FIG.
- the calculation means 10 is based on the pixel signals read from the two-dimensional memories 6r, 6g, 6b, the outputs of the low-pass filters 8r, 8g, 8b, and the outputs of the high-pass filters 7r, 7g, 7b. For each pixel, the difference between the low frequency components and the uncorrelated value are obtained, and further, the interpolation value is obtained.
- the arithmetic means 10 has, as shown in FIG. 12, selection means 23k, 23h, 24k, 24h, 21, difference calculation means 25, 26, coefficient multiplication means 27, 28, addition means 29, And control means 30.
- the selection unit 21 selects one of the two-dimensional memories 6r, 6g, and 6b, and supplies the pixel signal read from the selected two-dimensional memory 6r, 6g, and 6b to the addition unit 29 To do.
- the selection means 23k receives the outputs RHPF, GHPF, and BHPF of the high-pass filters 7r, 7g, and 7c, selects one of these, and outputs it.
- the selection means 23h receives the outputs RHPF, GHPF, BHPF of the high-pass filters 7r, 7g, 7c, and selects and outputs the other one of them.
- the selection means 24k receives the output RLPF, GLPF, BLPF of the low-pass filters 8r, 8g, 8c, and selects one of these and outputs it.
- the selection means 24h receives the output RLPF, GLPF, BLPF of the low-pass filters 8r, 8g, 8c, selects the other one of these and outputs it.
- the selection by the selection means 21, 23k, 23h, 24k, 24h is controlled by the control means 30.
- the selection means 21 selects the h-th color.
- the two-dimensional memory storing the color component value of the color is selected, and the color component value of the h-th color of the pixel to be interpolated (for example, represented by h (i, j)) is read.
- the k-th color high-pass filter output kHPF is selected, the selection means 23h selects the h-th color high-pass filter output hHPF, and the selection means 24k selects the k-th color low-pass filter output kLPF. Then, the selection means 24h selects the output hLPF of the h-th color low-pass filter.
- the difference calculating means 25 is a difference between the k-th HPF signal kHPF and the h-th HPF signal hHPF (the former Subtract the latter from) to obtain (kHPF hHPF) as the uncorrelated value.
- the difference calculating means 26 obtains a difference (kLPF ⁇ hLPF) between the k-th LPF signal kLPF and the h-th LPF signal hLPF (the former force minus the latter).
- the coefficient multiplication unit 27 multiplies the output (kHPF—hHPF) of the difference calculation unit 25 by a predetermined constant q, and outputs a product q (kHPF—hHPF).
- the coefficient multiplying unit 28 multiplies the output (kLPF—hLPF) of the difference calculating unit 26 by a predetermined constant r and outputs a product r (kLPF—hLPF).
- the adding unit 29 includes a pixel value h output from the selecting unit 21, a value q (kHPF—hHPF) output from the coefficient multiplying unit 27, and a value r (kLPF—hLPF) output from the coefficient multiplying unit 28. And the sum
- the output of the adding means 29 is used as the color component value (interpolation value) of the kth color of the interpolation target pixel.
- the high-pass filters 7r, 7g, 7b and the selection means 23k, 23h use the pixel signals of the kth spectral sensitivity characteristics at a plurality of pixel positions in the vicinity of the interpolation target pixel position.
- Change component generation means for generating a change component of the h-th spectral sensitivity characteristic pixel signal at a plurality of pixel positions in a region in the vicinity of the interpolation target pixel position.
- the low-pass filters 8r, 8g, and 8b and the selection means 24k and 24h use the low frequency of the pixel signal of the kth spectral sensitivity characteristic at a plurality of pixel positions in the vicinity of the interpolation target pixel position.
- Low-frequency component generation means for generating a component and a low-frequency component of a pixel signal having the h-th spectral sensitivity characteristic at a plurality of pixel positions in a region near the interpolation target pixel position Is configured.
- the selecting means 21, the coefficient multiplying means 27, 28, and the adding means 29, the h-th color pixel signal at the pixel position to be interpolated, and the difference between the low frequency components (kLPF—hLPF) Interpolation value calculation means for obtaining a pixel signal (interpolation value) of the kth color at the interpolation target pixel position based on the non-correlation value (kHPF ⁇ hHPF) is configured. More specifically, the interpolation value calculation means calculates the pixel signal of one color (hth color) at the position of the interpolation target pixel and the decorrelation value (kHPF ⁇ hHPF) obtained by the difference calculation means 25.
- the interpolation value calculated by the interpolation value calculation means is stored in, for example, a two-dimensional memory (any one of 6r, 6g, 6b) for the pixel signal of the kth color, or outputted from the output terminal 11. .
- Fig. 4 shows an arrangement of G signals on the HV coordinate plane.
- the G signal shown in the figure is a signal obtained through the G color filter originally placed on the image sensor 2, and the blank area is the other R and B color filters. This is where the G color signal is missing. It is necessary to interpolate the G signal at this missing location.
- k (i, j) is a color signal that is missing at coordinates (i, j) on the image sensor 2 and is a color signal to be interpolated.
- h (i, j) is a color signal existing in advance at a position of (i, j) (value is known).
- kHPF and hHPF are HPF values calculated by a predetermined calculation for the k signal and h signal power at the positions (i, j) and the surrounding pixel positions, respectively.
- kLP F and hLPF are LPF values calculated by different predetermined calculations for the k signal and h signal power at the position (i, j) and the surrounding pixel positions, respectively.
- the HPF value is a true spatial high-frequency component estimated from a known pixel signal (image sensor output)
- the LPF value is a true value estimated from a known pixel signal (image sensor output).
- the spatial low-frequency component of The true value here refers to the value of a spatially continuous pixel signal that would be obtained when the pixel interval of the image sensor is infinitesimal and there is no photoelectric conversion error.
- q and r are predetermined constants.
- Curves d are the LPF values of the k and h signals, respectively, and curves e and f are the HPF values of the k and h signals, respectively.
- Figure 13 shows the case where there is a positive correlation between the k signal and the h signal.
- Figures 14 and 15 show the case where there is no correlation between the k signal and the h signal. The case where there is a negative correlation between the signal and the h signal is shown.
- the difference between curves c and d at pixel position (i, j) is a value r (kLPF-hLPF) that is proportional to the difference in low-frequency components (kLPF-hLPF).
- the difference between curves e and f at pixel position (i, j) is the decorrelation value (kHPF – hHPF).
- the HPF values shown by curves e and f are overlapped because they are the same value when the changes of the k and h signals are similar, and the decorrelation value (kHPF-hHPF) is "0".
- the k signal at the pixel position (i 1, j) and (i + 1, j) is used and the average value is set as the k signal at the pixel position (i, j).
- the signal level interpolated by the non-linear method is indicated by white triangles ( ⁇ ) in FIG. 13.
- ⁇ white triangles
- the known value h (i, j) at the pixel position (i, j) is multiplied by the coefficient of the uncorrelated value (kHPF—hHPF) and the difference between the low frequency components (kLPF—hLPF).
- kHPF—hHPF the coefficient of the uncorrelated value
- kLPF—hLPF the difference between the low frequency components
- the non-correlation value is approximately “0”, and the pixel position (i, j ) Is multiplied by the low-frequency component difference (kLPF — hLPF) multiplied by the coefficient!:
- h (i, j) is added to the interpolated signal k (i, This interpolated signal k ( i, j) are indicated by white circles ( ⁇ ) in Fig. 13. It can be seen that pixel interpolation can be realized with high accuracy for the true value. Even when the correlation is large, pixel interpolation can be performed with high accuracy.
- Figures 14 and 15 show the color signal level at each pixel and the position of each pixel on the image sensor 2.
- the k signal is constant, and there is no correlation between changes in the k signal and the h signal.
- the pixel-interpolated signal level is the signal level indicated by the white square mark (mouth) in FIG. It can be seen that the signal level indicated by the white square mark is a value at a position away from the true value of the k signal, so that an interpolation error has occurred. This is because the k signal to be interpolated at the pixel position (i, j) has no correlation with the reference h signal.
- the h signal h (i, j) at the pixel position (i, j) is added to (kLPF—hLPF) multiplied by the coefficient r, and then (kHPF—hHPF ) Multiplied by factor q.
- the interpolated signal level is positioned at a white circle ( ⁇ ), and is interpolated with high accuracy with respect to the true value of the k signal.
- how much the signal change between the k signal and the h signal is not correlated is obtained as a value of (kHPF-hHPF). This is why (kHPF – hHPF) is called the “uncorrelated value”.
- the difference between low frequency components (kLPF – hLPF) represents the degree of correlation, and the higher the degree of correlation, the closer to a certain value. Therefore, even if there is no correlation between the signals by multiplying both (kLPF-hLPF) and (kHPF-hHPF) by the respective coefficients!:, Q and adding to h (i, j) Pixel interpolation can be performed with high accuracy.
- FIG. 15 shows another example in which the k signal changes, the h signal does not change, and there is no correlation between the two color signals, contrary to FIG. Interpolation using only the color correlation change by the method disclosed in Patent Document 1 (JP 2001-197512) adds the signal level of (kLPF-h LPF) to the signal of Mi, j). It corresponds to that.
- the pixel-interpolated signal level is the signal level indicated by a white square mark (mouth) in FIG. It can be seen that the signal level indicated by the white square mark is a value at a position away from the true value of the k signal, causing an interpolation error.
- the h signal h (i, j) at the pixel position (i, j) is added to (kLPF—hLPF) multiplied by the coefficient r, and then (kHPF—hHPF ) Multiplied by factor q. Since hHPF is “0”, (kH PF ⁇ hHPF) at the pixel position (i, j) is a positive value. Therefore, in the interpolation method according to the present embodiment, the interpolated signal level is positioned at a white circle ( ⁇ ), and is interpolated with high accuracy with respect to the true value of the k signal.
- both values of (kLPF—hLPF) and (kHPF—hHPF) are coefficients for h (i, j)! : And q are added together to perform pixel interpolation with high accuracy even when there is no correlation between the signals shown in FIG.
- FIG. 14 and FIG. 15 illustrate the case where there is no correlation between color signals.
- Figure 16 shows the negative phase between the k and h signals. Indicates the case where there is a relationship.
- Proportional to the uncorrelated value (kHPF—hHPF) of the difference ⁇ (a—c) between curve a and chain line c at pixel position (i, j) and the difference ⁇ (d—b) between curve d and curve b Is equal to the value q (kHPF -hHPF).
- Pixel interpolation by the bilinear interpolation method is a signal level indicated by a white triangle ( ⁇ ), and an interpolation error occurs with respect to the true value as in FIG.
- FIG. 17 shows a flowchart of the calculation procedure of the calculation means 10. As described in the flowchart, the calculation of the interpolation value includes the following six processes.
- Step S1 Processing for obtaining a G signal (GonR) at the R pixel position.
- Step S2 Processing for obtaining the G signal (GonB) at the B pixel position.
- Step S3 Processing for obtaining the R signal (RonG) at the G pixel position.
- Step S4 Processing for obtaining the B signal (BonG) at the G pixel position.
- Step S5 Processing for obtaining the B signal (BonR) at the R pixel position.
- Step S6 Processing for obtaining the R signal (RonB) at the B pixel position.
- step S1 the calculation process of step S1 will be described.
- Fig. 4 we focus on the coordinates (i, j) of the ⁇ (unknown value) pixel for which no G signal exists.
- LPF value GL of G signal at coordinates (i, j) PF is calculated by the following equation (2), for example.
- GLPF (i, j) [ ⁇ G (i-3, j) + G (i-1, j) + G (i + l, j) + G (i + 3, j) ⁇ / 4
- the parentheses () of each signal mean the coordinates of the pixel.
- GLPF (i + l, j) [ ⁇ G (i-3, j) / 8 + G (il, j) / 4 + G (i + l, j) / 4 + G (i + 3 , j) / 4 + G (i + 5, j) / 8 ⁇
- the LPF value of the G signal can be calculated.
- the calculation of the LPF value of the G signal is calculated by LPF8g in FIG.
- GHPF (i, j) [ ⁇ -G (i-3, j) + G (i-1, j) + G (i + l, j) G (i + 3, j) ⁇ + ⁇ — G (i, j-3) + G (i, j-1) + G (i, j + 1) -G (i, j + 3) ⁇ ] / 2
- GHPF (i + 1, j) G (i-3, j) / 4-G (il, j) + 2.5G (i + l, j) G (i + 3, j) -G ( i + 5, j) / 4 ⁇ + ⁇ -G (i + l, j-4) / 4-G (i + l, G 2) + 2.5G (i + l, j) -G (i + 1 , j + 2) -G (i + 1, j + 4) / 4 ⁇ ] / 2
- the HPF value of the G signal can be calculated.
- the calculation of the HPF value of the G signal is shown in Fig. 1. Calculated by HPF7g and input to computing means 10.
- the LPF value and HPF value of the R signal are calculated by the following equations. First, in the j-th row where no R signal is present in any pixel, the values of the upper and lower powers are also calculated. The LPF value RLPF of the R signal at pixel coordinates (i, j) is calculated using the following equation (6).
- RLPF (i, j) [[ ⁇ R (i-3, G 1) + R (i— 3, j + 1) ⁇ / 2 + ⁇ R (i— 1, j— 1) + R (i
- the LPF value RLPF of the R signal at the coordinates (i + 1, j) is calculated by the following equation (7).
- RLPF (i + 1, j) [[ ⁇ R (i— 1, j 1) + R (i— 1, j + 1) ⁇ / 2 + ⁇ R (i + 1, j 1) + R
- the L signal L at the pixel position (i, j + 1) of the row where the R signal exists in advance for example, j + 1 row
- PF value RLPF is calculated by the following formula (8).
- RLPF (i, j + 1) [(R (i— 3, j + l) + R (i— 1, j + l) + R (i + l, j + l) + R (i +3, j + l) ⁇ / 4
- the LPF value RLPF of the 1 ⁇ signal at the pixel position (i + 1,] + 1) of the row in which the R signal exists in advance, for example, j1 row is calculated by the following equation (9).
- RLPF (i + 1, j + 1) ([R (i— 3, j + l) / 8 + R (i-l, j + l) / 4 + R (i + l, j + 1)
- the LPF value of the R signal can be calculated.
- the LPF value of the R signal is calculated by the LPF 8r shown in FIG.
- HPF value RHPF of the R signal at the coordinates (i, j) is calculated by the following equation (10).
- RHPF (i, j) [- ⁇ R (i-3, j— 1) + R (i— 3, j + 1) ⁇ / 2 + ⁇ R (i— 1, j— 1) + R (i
- RHPF (i + 1, j) ⁇ R (i-3, j— 1) + R (i— 3, j + 1) ⁇ / 2 / 4- ⁇ R (i- 1, j— 1 ) + R (i-1, j + l) ⁇ / 2 + 2.5 ⁇ R (i + l, G 1) + R (i + 1, j + 1) ⁇ / 2- ⁇ R (i + 3, j -l) + R (i + 3, j + l) ⁇ / 2- ⁇ R (i + 5, jl) + R (i + 5, j + l) ⁇ / 2/4]
- the H of the R signal at the pixel position (i, j + 1) in the row where the R signal exists in advance for example, j + 1 row.
- PF value RHPF is calculated by the following formula (12).
- RHPF (i, j + 1) [— (R (i— 3, j + l) + R (i— 1, j + l) + R (i + l, j + 1) — R ( i +
- the HPF value RHPF is calculated by the following equation (13).
- RHPF (i + l, j + l) [ ⁇ —R (i— 3, j + l) / 4— R (i— 1, j + l) + 2.5R (i + l, j + 1) -R (i + 3, j + 1) -R (i + 5, j + l) / 4 ⁇
- the HPF value of the R signal can also be calculated.
- the HP F value of the R signal is calculated by the HPF 7r in FIG.
- the arrangement of the B pixels is the same as the arrangement of the R pixels except that the coordinate values are different. Therefore, similar to the R signal LPF and HPF calculation formulas shown in Eqs. (6) to (13), they can be calculated simply by changing their coordinates, and the detailed formulas are omitted.
- the LPF value of the B signal is calculated by the LPF 8b shown in FIG.
- the calculation of the HPF value of the B signal is calculated by the HPF 7b in FIG.
- LPF and HPF calculation formulas shown above are merely examples of forces that are used to calculate values for use in formula (1).
- they are used in LPF value calculation formulas and HPF value calculation formulas.
- V other number of pixels and coefficients may be set appropriately depending on the size and resolution of the image!
- step S1 the missing G signal at the R pixel position is calculated.
- the G signal at the R pixel position is calculated by the following equation (14) according to equation (1). Since the R pixel exists at the position of (i + n, j + m) (n and m are odd numbers), the coordinate value is different from the equation (1).
- G (i + n, j + m) (R (i + n, j + m) + q (GHPF (i + n, j + m) -RHPF (i + n, j + m)) ⁇ + r (GLPF (i + n, j + m) — RLPF (i + n, j + m))
- GHPF, GLPF, RHPF, and RLPF shown in equation (14) are the HPL output and LPF value calculated from equations (2) to (13) described above.
- Figure 18 shows two-dimensionally the G signal gr obtained as a result of interpolation using Eq. (14) at the corresponding R pixel position.
- Step S2 interpolates the missing G signal at the B pixel position.
- the G signal at the B pixel position is calculated by the following equation (15) according to equation (1). Since the B pixel exists at the position (i + s, j + t) (where s and t are even numbers), the coordinate value differs from equation (1).
- G (i + s, j + t) (B (i + s, j + t) + q (GHPF (i + s, j + t) BHPF (i + s, j + t)) ⁇
- FIG. 19 two-dimensionally shows the G signal gb obtained as a result of interpolation according to equation (15) at the corresponding B pixel position.
- FIG. 19 also shows the result gr of the interpolation by equation (14).
- the G signal at all pixel positions is obtained by interpolation of the G signal at the R pixel position according to equation (14) and interpolation of the G signal at the B pixel position according to equation (15).
- Step S3 interpolates the missing R signal at the G pixel position.
- the R signal at the G pixel position is calculated by the following equations (16) and (17) according to equation (1).
- G pixel exists at (i + s, j + m) (s is even number, m is odd number) and (i + n, j + t) (n is odd number, t is even number).
- the coordinate values are different from those in equation (1).
- R (i + s, j + m) (G (i + s, j + m) + q (RHPF (i + s, j + m) — GHPF (i + s, j + m)) ⁇ + r (RLPF (i + s, j + m) — GLPF (i + s, j + m))
- R (i + n, j + t) (G (i + n, j + t) + q (RHPF (i + n, j + t) -GHPF (i + n, j + t)) ⁇
- FIG. 20 two-dimensionally shows the R signal rg obtained as a result of interpolation according to equations (16) and (17) at the corresponding G pixel position.
- RLPF, RHPF, GLPF, and GHPF are also described above in equations (16) and (17).
- the forces GLPF and GH PF which are the output values of LPF and HPF shown in equations (2) to (13), are newly calculated using the interpolation values gr and gb calculated in step S1 and step S2. May be.
- the interpolation values gr and gb calculated by the calculation means 10 are once output to the two-dimensional memory 6g, temporarily stored and held, and then calculated again by the HPF 7g and LP F8g. It becomes.
- Step S4 interpolates the missing B signal at the G pixel position!
- the B signal at the position of the G pixel is calculated by the following equations (18) and (19) according to equation (1).
- G pixel exists at (i + s, j + m) (s is even number, m is odd number) and (i + n, j + t) (n is odd number, t is even number).
- the coordinate values are different from those in equation (1).
- B (i + s, j + m) (G (i + s, j + m) + q (BHPF (i + s, j + m) —GHPF (i + s, j + m)) ⁇ + r (BLPF (i + s, j + m) -GLPF (i + s, j + m))
- B (i + n, j + t) (G (i + n, j + t) + q (BHPF (i + n, j + t) -GHPF (i + n, j + t)) ⁇
- FIG. 21 two-dimensionally shows the B signal bg obtained as a result of interpolation according to equations (18) and (19) at the corresponding G pixel position.
- BLPF, BHPF, GLPF, and GHPF are the steps for the output GLPF and GHPF, which are the output values of LPF and HPF described above.
- a new calculation may be performed using the interpolation values gr and gb calculated in S1 and step S2.
- Step S5 interpolates the missing R signal at the B pixel position.
- the R signal at the B pixel position is calculated by the following equation (20) according to equation (1). Since B pixel exists at the position of (i + s, j + t) (s and t are even numbers), the equation (
- the coordinate value is different from 1).
- R (i + s, j + t) (G (i + s, j + t) + q (RHPF (i + s, j + t) — GHPF (i + s, j + t)) ⁇
- FIG. 22 two-dimensionally shows the R signal rb obtained as a result of interpolation according to equation (20) at the corresponding B pixel position.
- FIG. 22 also shows the R signal rg obtained as a result of interpolation according to equations (16) and (17) at the corresponding G pixel position.
- the R signals of all pixels are obtained.
- RLPF, RHPF, GLPF, and GHPF are the output values of LPF and HPF described above.
- the interpolation values gr and gb calculated in steps S1 and S2 are used. May be newly calculated.
- RLPF and RHPF may be newly calculated using the interpolation value rg calculated in step S3.
- Step S6 interpolates the missing B signal at the R pixel position.
- the B signal at the R pixel position is calculated by the following equation (21) according to equation (1). Since the R pixel exists at the position (i + n, j + m) (where n and m are odd numbers), the coordinate value differs from that of Equation (1).
- B (i + n, j + m) (G (i + n, j + m) + q (BHPF (i + n, j + m) -GHPF (i + n, j + m)) ⁇ + r (BLPF (i + n, j + m) -GLPF (i + n, j + m))
- FIG. 23 two-dimensionally shows the B signal br obtained as a result of the interpolation according to the equation (21) at the corresponding R pixel position.
- FIG. 23 also shows the G pixel positions corresponding to the B signals bg obtained as a result of interpolation according to equations (18) and (19).
- the B signals of all pixels are obtained.
- BLPF, BHPF, GLPF, and GHPF are the output values of LPF and HPF described above.
- the interpolation values gr and gb calculated in steps S1 and S2 are used. May be newly calculated.
- BLPF and BHPF may be newly calculated using the interpolation value bg calculated in step S4.
- the color signals missing in each pixel are interpolated by the operations in steps S1 to S6, and R, G, and B signals for all pixels are obtained.
- FIG. 24 shows the configuration of the computing means of the second embodiment.
- the computing means shown in FIG. 24 is generally the same as the computing means of FIG. 12, but includes a ratio calculating means 32 instead of the difference calculating means 26, and an adding means 33 and a multiplying means instead of the adding means 29. It differs in having 34 combinations.
- the ratio calculation means 32 obtains a ratio kLPFZhLP F between the output of the selection means 24k and the output of the selection means 24h.
- the LPF 8r, 8g, 8b, the selection means 24k, 24h, and the ratio calculation means 32 the k-th spectral sensitivity at a plurality of pixel positions in the vicinity of the interpolation target pixel position.
- the coefficient multiplication means 28 draws a predetermined coefficient!: On the output kLPFZhLPF of the ratio calculation means 32 and outputs the product r (kLPFZhLPF).
- the adding means 33 adds the pixel value h output from the selecting means 21 and the value q (kHPF—hHPF) output from the coefficient multiplying means 27, and adds the sum.
- the multiplying means 34 outputs the output of the adding means 33.
- the output of the multiplication means 34 is used as the color component value (interpolation value) of the kth color of the interpolation target pixel.
- the selection means 21, the coefficient multiplication means 27, 28, the addition means 33, and the multiplication means 34 the ratio of the pixel signal of the h-th color and the low frequency component at the interpolation target pixel position.
- an interpolation value calculation means for obtaining a pixel signal (interpolation value) of the kth color at the interpolation target pixel position is configured. More specifically, this interpolation value calculation means calculates the pixel signal of one color (hth color) at the position of the interpolation target pixel and the decorrelation value (kHPF—hHPF) obtained by the difference calculation means 25.
- the interpolation value calculated by the interpolation value calculation means is stored in, for example, a two-dimensional memory (any one of 6r, 6g, 6b) for the pixel signal of the kth color, or is output from the output terminal 11 .
- Equation (22) k (i, j) is the missing color signal at the coordinates (i, j) on the image sensor 2 as in Equation (1). is there. Mi, j) is a color signal existing in advance at the position (i, j).
- kHPF and hHPF are the HPF values calculated by a predetermined calculation for the pixel force around the (i, j) position of the k and h signals.
- kLPF and hLPF are LPF values calculated by another predetermined calculation from pixels around the position of (i, j) of the k and h signals.
- q and r are predetermined constants.
- each signal level and the position of each pixel on the image sensor 2 are shown. To simplify the explanation, only one line of the image sensor 2 is shown, and the calculation is limited to one-dimensional direction. Described above is the arrangement of each color filter. H is h pixels, k is k pixels, and the parentheses () of each pixel are coordinates indicating the pixel position. Curve a is the true value of the k signal, and curve b is the true value of the h signal. On the curves a and b, the black circles ( ⁇ ) indicate the pixel signal values of the k and h signals output from the image sensor 2.
- Curve d is the LPF value of k signal and h signal, respectively, and curve e , f are the HPF values of the k and h signals, respectively.
- FIG. 25 shows the case where there is a positive correlation between the k signal and the h signal
- FIGS. 26 and 27 show the case where there is no correlation between the k signal and the h signal
- FIG. The case where there is a negative correlation between the signal and the h signal is shown.
- the k signal at the pixel position (i 1, j) and (i + 1, j) is used and the average value is set as the k signal at the pixel position (i, j).
- the signal level interpolated by the non-linear method is the force indicated by the white triangle ( ⁇ ) in Fig. 25.
- the signal change is strong and correlated in the local region of the image. Therefore, the following equation (23) holds between the LPF value indicating a gradual change of the signal and each signal.
- k (i, j): h (i, j) kLPF (i, j): hLPF (i, j)
- equation (23) the signal of k (i, j) at (i, j) with h pixels can be expressed by the following equation (24).
- k (i, j) h (i, j) X kLPF (i, j) / hLPF (i, j)
- Equation (24) assumes that there is a strong correlation to signal changes in the local region of the image, and the above assumption is valid in most regions of the image. High-precision pixel interpolation is possible in a large area. However, as in the first embodiment, a pixel interpolation error occurs in a region having no correlation such as an edge of an image or a region having a negative correlation.
- the ratio of the curves c and d at the pixel position (i, j) is kLPFZhLPF.
- the difference between curves e and f at pixel position (i, j) is (kHPF – hHPF).
- a known value h (i, j) force (kHPF—hHPF) multiplied by a coefficient q is added at a pixel position (i, j), and a coefficient r is added to kLPFZhLPF. Multiply what you multiplied.
- the interpolated signal k (i, j) calculated by this method shown in Equation (22) is shown in Fig. 25 with white circles ( ⁇ ).
- Pixel interpolation can be realized with high accuracy for the true value.
- (kHPF-hHPF) is close to "0"
- the LPF force is proportional to the ratio between the signals of the required changes.
- the interpolation signal is calculated by multiplying the calculated value. This method enables accurate pixel interpolation when the correlation between color signals is large.
- Equation (24) (kHPF (i, j) -hHPF (i, j)) is the difference between the signal components at the edge of the image, and there is a strong correlation at the edge with changes in the k and h signals.
- FIG. 26 and FIG. 27 show the signal levels and the positions of the pixels on the image sensor 2. In the signals shown in Fig. 26 and Fig. 27, there is no correlation between changes in the k and h signals.
- FIG. 27 shows another example in which the k signal changes, the h signal does not change, and there is no correlation between the two color signals.
- the signal of h (i, j) is multiplied by the signal level ratio of kLPFZhLPF multiplied by the coefficient r.
- the pixel-interpolated signal level is the signal level indicated by the white square mark (mouth) in FIG. Since the signal level indicated by the white square mark is a value at a position away from the true value of the k signal, it can be divided that an interpolation error has occurred.
- h signal h (i, j) at pixel position (i, j) is multiplied by (kLPF-hLPF) multiplied by coefficient r, and Multiply by (kLPF / h LPF).
- hHPF is “0”
- (kH PF ⁇ hHPF) at the pixel position (i, j) is a positive value.
- the interpolated signal level is positioned at a white circle ( ⁇ ), and is interpolated with high accuracy with respect to the true value of the k signal.
- FIG. 26 and FIG. 27 illustrate the case where there is no correlation between color signals.
- Figure 28 shows the case where there is a negative correlation between the k and h signals.
- Pixel interpolation by the non-linear interpolation method is a signal level indicated by a white triangle ( ⁇ ), and an interpolation error occurs with respect to the true value as in FIG. If the correlation is negative, pixel interpolation using only the color correlation change according to Eq. (24) further increases the interpolation error as shown by the white square (mouth).
- pixel interpolation can be realized with high accuracy as indicated by white circles ( ⁇ ).
- the pixel interpolation calculation process is performed according to the flow chart procedure shown in FIG. When all of the six processes shown in the flowchart are complete, the pixel signals of the missing color are aligned at all the pixels at all the pixel positions on one screen.
- step S1 the missing G signal at the R pixel position is calculated.
- the G signal at the R pixel position is calculated by the following equation (25) according to equation (22). Since the R pixel exists at the position (i + n, j + m) (where n and m are odd numbers), the coordinate value differs from equation (22).
- G (i + n, j + m) (R (i + n, j + m) + q (GHPF (i + n, j + m) — RHPF (i + n, j + m)) ⁇ Xr (GLPF (i + n, j + m) / RLPF (i + n, j + m))
- Fig. 18 shows the result of interpolation by equation (25) at the corresponding R pixel position.
- Step S2 interpolates the missing G signal at the B pixel position.
- the G signal at the B pixel position is calculated by the following equation (26) according to equation (22). Since the B pixel exists at the position (i + s, j + t) (where s and t are even numbers), the coordinate value differs from equation (22).
- G (i + s, j + t) (B (i + s, j + t) + q (GHPF (i + s, j + t) — BHPF (i + s, j + t)) ⁇
- FIG. 19 shows the result of interpolation gb according to equation (26) at the corresponding B pixel position.
- Fig. 19 also shows the result gr of the interpolation by equation (25).
- the G signal at all pixel positions is obtained by interpolation of the G signal at the R pixel position according to equation (25) and interpolation of the G signal at the B pixel position according to equation (26).
- Step S3 interpolates the missing R signal at the G pixel position.
- the R signal at the G pixel position is calculated by the following equations (27) and (28) according to equation (22).
- G pixel exists at (i + s, j + m) (s is even, m is odd) and (i + n, j + t) (n is odd, t is even). Accordingly, the coordinate values are different from those in Eq. (22).
- R (i + s, j + m) (G (i + s, j + m) + q (RHPF (i + s, j + m) -GHPF (i + s, j + m)) ⁇ Xr (RLPF (i + s, j + m) / GLPF (i + s, j + m))
- R (i + n, j + t) (G (i + n, j + t) + q (RHPF (i + n, j + t) -GHPF (i + n, j + t)) ⁇
- FIG. 20 two-dimensionally shows the R signal rg obtained as a result of interpolation according to equations (27) and (28) at the corresponding G pixel position.
- RLPF, RHPF, GLPF, and GHPF are the interpolation values gr calculated in steps S1 and S2 for the forces GLPF and GHPF that are the output values of LPF and HPF described above. You can use gb to make a new calculation.
- Step S4 interpolates the missing B signal at the G pixel position.
- the B signal at the position of the G pixel is calculated by the following equations (29) and (30) according to equation (22).
- G pixel exists at (i + s, j + m) (s is even, m is odd) and (i + n, j + t) (n is odd, t is even). Accordingly, the coordinate values are different from those in Eq. (22).
- B (i + s, j + m) (G (i + s, j + m) + q (BHPF (i + s, j + m) -GHPF (i + s, j + m)) ⁇ Xr (BLPF (i + s, j + m) / GLPF (i + s, j + m))
- B (i + n, j + t) (G (i + n, j + t) + q (BHPF (i + n, j + t) -GHPF (i + n, j + t)) ⁇
- Figure 21 corresponds to the B signal bg obtained as a result of interpolation using Equation (29) and Equation (30), respectively. It is shown two-dimensionally at the G pixel position.
- BLPF, BHPF, GLPF, and GHPF are the step values for the forces GLPF and GHPF that are the output values of LPF and HPF described above.
- a new calculation may be performed using the interpolation values gr and gb calculated in S1 and step S2.
- Step S5 interpolates the missing R signal at the B pixel position.
- the R signal at the B pixel position is calculated by the following equation (31) according to equation (22). Since the B pixel exists at the position (i + s, j + t) (where s and t are even numbers), the coordinate value differs from equation (22).
- R (i + s, j + t) (G (i + s, j + t) + q (RHPF (i + s, j + t) — GHPF (i + s, j + t)) ⁇
- FIG. 22 two-dimensionally shows the R signal rb obtained as a result of interpolation according to Equation (31) at the corresponding B pixel position.
- FIG. 22 also shows the R signal rg obtained as a result of interpolation according to equations (27) and (28) at the corresponding G pixel position.
- R signals of all pixels are obtained.
- RLPF, RHPF, GLPF, and GHPF are the output values of LPF and HPF described above.
- the interpolation values gr and gb calculated in steps S1 and S2 are used. May be newly calculated.
- RLPF and RHPF may be newly calculated using the interpolation value rg calculated in step S3.
- Step S6 interpolates the missing B signal at the R pixel position.
- the B signal at the R pixel position is calculated by the following equation (32) according to equation (22). Since the R pixel exists at the position of (i + n, j + m) (n and m are odd numbers), the coordinate value is different from the equation (22).
- B (i + n, j + m) (G (i + n, j + m) + q (BHPF (i + n, j + m) -GHPF (i + n, j + m)) ⁇ Xr (BLPF (i + n, j + m) / GLPF (i + n, j + m))
- FIG. 23 two-dimensionally shows the B signal br obtained as a result of interpolation according to Equation (32) at the corresponding R pixel position.
- Figure 23 also shows the result of interpolation according to equations (18) and (19).
- the B signal bg is shown at the corresponding G pixel position.
- B signals of all pixels are obtained.
- BLPF, BHPF, GLPF, and GHPF are the output values of LPF and HPF described above.
- the interpolation values gr and gb calculated in steps S1 and S2 are used. May be newly calculated.
- BLPF and BHPF may be newly calculated using the interpolation value bg calculated in step S4.
- the order of generating the signals of the respective colors is not limited to the order shown in FIG. 17, and the order of generating the signals may be changed.
- step S1 and step S2, step S3 and step S4, and step S5 and step S6 can be interchanged.
- Embodiments 1 and 2 the arithmetic expression for performing two-dimensional filtering on LPF and HPF has been described.
- the correlation of the output signal around the interpolation target pixel is determined, and the correlation is determined.
- the output value of HPF and LPF may be used only with the output signals of pixels arranged in the direction determined to be strong.
- HPF 7r, 7g, 7b, LPF 8r, 8g, 8b and the computing means 10 described in the first and second embodiments can be realized at least partially by software, that is, by a programmed computer. it can.
- the pixel signal processing apparatus according to the present invention has been described above, the pixel signal processing method clarified by the description of these apparatuses also forms part of the present invention.
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| US8184174B2 (en) * | 2005-09-01 | 2012-05-22 | Olympus Corporation | Image processor and image processing program to correct a spatial frequency band of an image |
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| US8229212B2 (en) * | 2008-04-08 | 2012-07-24 | Qualcomm Incorporated | Interpolation system and method |
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| EP2380345B1 (en) * | 2009-01-16 | 2016-10-26 | Dual Aperture International Co. Ltd. | Improving the depth of field in an imaging system |
| JP5248368B2 (ja) * | 2009-03-06 | 2013-07-31 | 株式会社東芝 | 画像処理装置 |
| JP5306061B2 (ja) * | 2009-06-01 | 2013-10-02 | キヤノン株式会社 | 画像処理装置、画像処理方法、プログラム及び記憶媒体 |
| JP5663564B2 (ja) | 2010-04-20 | 2015-02-04 | 富士フイルム株式会社 | 撮像装置並びに撮像画像処理方法と撮像画像処理プログラム |
| WO2011132619A1 (ja) | 2010-04-20 | 2011-10-27 | 富士フイルム株式会社 | 固体撮像素子及び撮像装置 |
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- 2005-07-22 US US10/582,501 patent/US7554583B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2005-07-22 WO PCT/JP2005/013454 patent/WO2006048962A1/ja not_active Ceased
- 2005-07-28 TW TW094125535A patent/TWI267309B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
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Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JP3926363B2 (ja) | 2007-06-06 |
| KR100755601B1 (ko) | 2007-09-06 |
| US7554583B2 (en) | 2009-06-30 |
| US20070019087A1 (en) | 2007-01-25 |
| TW200616465A (en) | 2006-05-16 |
| TWI267309B (en) | 2006-11-21 |
| JP2006135468A (ja) | 2006-05-25 |
| KR20070042493A (ko) | 2007-04-23 |
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