WO2005114256A1 - 超高速シンチレータとしてのZnO単結晶およびその製造方法 - Google Patents
超高速シンチレータとしてのZnO単結晶およびその製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2005114256A1 WO2005114256A1 PCT/JP2005/009243 JP2005009243W WO2005114256A1 WO 2005114256 A1 WO2005114256 A1 WO 2005114256A1 JP 2005009243 W JP2005009243 W JP 2005009243W WO 2005114256 A1 WO2005114256 A1 WO 2005114256A1
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G21K4/00—Conversion screens for the conversion of the spatial distribution of X-rays or particle radiation into visible images, e.g. fluoroscopic screens
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- C09K11/00—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials
- C09K11/08—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials containing inorganic luminescent materials
- C09K11/56—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials containing inorganic luminescent materials containing sulfur
- C09K11/562—Chalcogenides
- C09K11/565—Chalcogenides with zinc cadmium
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- C09K11/00—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials
- C09K11/08—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials containing inorganic luminescent materials
- C09K11/59—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials containing inorganic luminescent materials containing silicon
- C09K11/592—Chalcogenides
- C09K11/595—Chalcogenides with zinc or cadmium
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- C09K11/00—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials
- C09K11/08—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials containing inorganic luminescent materials
- C09K11/62—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials containing inorganic luminescent materials containing gallium, indium or thallium
- C09K11/621—Chalcogenides
- C09K11/623—Chalcogenides with zinc or cadmium
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- C09K11/00—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials
- C09K11/08—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials containing inorganic luminescent materials
- C09K11/64—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials containing inorganic luminescent materials containing aluminium
- C09K11/641—Chalcogenides
- C09K11/642—Chalcogenides with zinc or cadmium
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- C09K11/00—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials
- C09K11/08—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials containing inorganic luminescent materials
- C09K11/66—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials containing inorganic luminescent materials containing germanium, tin or lead
- C09K11/661—Chalcogenides
- C09K11/662—Chalcogenides with zinc or cadmium
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- C09K11/00—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials
- C09K11/08—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials containing inorganic luminescent materials
- C09K11/77—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials containing inorganic luminescent materials containing rare earth metals
- C09K11/7701—Chalogenides
- C09K11/7702—Chalogenides with zinc or cadmium
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C30—CRYSTAL GROWTH
- C30B—SINGLE-CRYSTAL GROWTH; UNIDIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION OF EUTECTIC MATERIAL OR UNIDIRECTIONAL DEMIXING OF EUTECTOID MATERIAL; REFINING BY ZONE-MELTING OF MATERIAL; PRODUCTION OF A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; SINGLE CRYSTALS OR HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; AFTER-TREATMENT OF SINGLE CRYSTALS OR A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C30B29/00—Single crystals or homogeneous polycrystalline material with defined structure characterised by the material or by their shape
- C30B29/10—Inorganic compounds or compositions
- C30B29/16—Oxides
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C30—CRYSTAL GROWTH
- C30B—SINGLE-CRYSTAL GROWTH; UNIDIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION OF EUTECTIC MATERIAL OR UNIDIRECTIONAL DEMIXING OF EUTECTOID MATERIAL; REFINING BY ZONE-MELTING OF MATERIAL; PRODUCTION OF A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; SINGLE CRYSTALS OR HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; AFTER-TREATMENT OF SINGLE CRYSTALS OR A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C30B33/00—After-treatment of single crystals or homogeneous polycrystalline material with defined structure
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a crystal used as a scintillator in a scintillation detector.
- a scintillation detector is known as a device for measuring radiation.
- Figure 1 shows a typical scintillation detector mechanism.
- fluorescence is generated in accordance with the radiation incident on the scintillator crystal 110, and this light is amplified and detected by the photomultiplier tube 120 to measure the radiation. It comes out.
- the Time of Flight (TOF) method has been proposed as a candidate for a next-generation scintillator device, and its study is focused on fluoride.
- TOF Time of Flight
- the fluorescence lifetime of luminescence by cross luminescence is 0.8 ns, which is the shortest fluorescence lifetime among scintillators that are currently well known.
- a candidate material for PET scintillator BaF is a conventional material B
- BaF has a short emission wavelength of 180 to 220 nm due to CL
- BaF is weak but deliquescent, reacting with moisture in the air, etc.
- PET scintillators must be highly efficient in absorbing g-rays, which are high-energy particle beams.
- the ability to absorb ⁇ -rays depends on the atomic number of the atoms that make up the crystal and the density of the crystal.
- BaF has a density of 4.89 gZcm 3
- BaF is a fluoride, it forms oxyfluoride in the presence of an oxygen source.
- An object of the present invention is to find a scintillator material that can replace BaF and the like, The aim is to find an inexpensive production method for.
- a platinum inner cylinder is used inside the autoclave, KOH and LiOH are used as the mineralizer aqueous solution, and the doping substances M, M 'or Cd is characterized in that it is charged in the starting material or in the mineralizer aqueous solution.
- ZnO crystals including those obtained by performing a driving of Al'Ga'In'Y'Sc'La'Gd'Lu'Si'Ge'Sn'Pb'Cd
- BaF has a significantly shorter fluorescence lifetime than conventional materials
- the wavelength of the generated light is sufficiently long to use a normal photomultiplier tube.
- the raw material ZnO powder is several orders of magnitude cheaper than BaF, and
- FIG. 1 is a diagram showing a mechanism of a typical scintillation detector.
- FIG. 2 is a view showing a configuration of a hydrothermal synthesis furnace.
- FIG. 3 is a view showing X-ray rocking curve measurement data of a ZnO single crystal.
- FIG. 4 is a diagram showing an emission spectrum at room temperature with respect to UV excitation of a ZnO single crystal.
- FIG. 5 is a diagram showing an emission spectrum at room temperature with respect to UV excitation of A1-doped ZnO single crystal.
- Al 0.1%
- Al 0.5%
- Al 1.0%
- Al 1.0%
- Al 5.0%
- FIG. 6 is a diagram showing an emission spectrum at room temperature with respect to UV excitation of a Ga-doped ZnO single crystal.
- FIG. 7 is a diagram showing an emission spectrum at room temperature with respect to UV excitation of an In-doped ZnO single crystal.
- FIG. 8 Y-doped ZnO single crystal
- FIG. 4 is a diagram showing an emission spectrum at room temperature with respect to UV excitation. (a) Y: 0.1%, (b) Y: 0.5%, (c) Y: 1.0%, (d) Y: 5.0%, (e) Y: 15%
- FIG. 9 is a diagram showing an emission spectrum of a Sc-doped ZnO single crystal at room temperature with respect to UV excitation.
- A Sc: 0.1%, (b) Sc: 0.5%, (c) Sc: 1.0%, (d) Sc: 5.0%, (e) Sc: 15%
- FIG. 10 is a diagram showing an emission spectrum at room temperature with respect to UV excitation of a La-doped ZnO single crystal.
- FIG. Ll is a diagram showing an emission spectrum at room temperature with respect to UV excitation of a Gd-doped ZnO single crystal.
- FIG. 12 is a diagram showing an emission spectrum of a Lu-doped ZnO single crystal at room temperature with respect to UV excitation.
- Lu 0.1%
- Lu 0.5%
- Lu 1.0%
- Lu 5.0%
- FIG. 13 is a diagram showing an emission spectrum at room temperature with respect to UV excitation of a Si-doped ZnO single crystal. is there.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram showing an emission spectrum at room temperature with respect to excitation.
- Ge 0.1%
- Ge 0.25%
- Ge 0.5%
- FIG. 15 is a diagram showing an emission spectrum at room temperature with respect to UV excitation of a Sn-doped ZnO single crystal.
- A Sn: 0.1%
- FIG. 16 is a diagram showing an emission spectrum at room temperature with respect to UV excitation of a Pb-doped ZnO single crystal.
- A Pb: 0.1%, (b) Pb: 0.25%, (c) Pb: 0.5%, (d) Pb: 2.5%, (e) Pb: l 5%
- FIG. 17 is a diagram showing an emission spectrum of a Cd-doped ZnO single crystal at room temperature with respect to UV excitation.
- a ZnO single crystal as described above is promising as a material for a scintillator while conducting research on a ZnO single crystal.
- ZnO single crystals are produced by the flux method 'CVT method' hydrothermal synthesis, etc., but the usual method contains impurities (Fe, Ni, Cr, etc.) that inhibit light emission, Due to the high density, the energy when excited by X-rays and the like was reduced to a force that was thermally relaxed, delayed in the visible region, and emitted light.
- Al O, Ga O, In O, Y O are added to the starting material or mineralizer aqueous solution during hydrothermal synthesis.
- the doping amount can be controlled by changing the charging amount.
- the doping of these elements shifted the emission wavelength to longer wavelengths, suppressed self-absorption, and enabled efficient extraction (detection) of exciton emission.
- Luminescence from free exciton of ZnO has a fluorescence lifetime of about 0.6 ns, which is longer than the fluorescence lifetime of BaF.
- the amount of luminescence of ZnO varies greatly depending on the manufacturing method and the amount of impurities. By controlling the amount of impurities and the amount of dopant, an increase in the amount of luminescence can be expected. In addition, light emission with a long fluorescence lifetime due to impurities exists around 500 nm, and this light emission can be suppressed by controlling the manufacturing method and the amount of impurities.
- Emission from free exciton of ZnO has an emission peak of about 370 nm, which is about the same as that of conventional scintillator materials (BGO: 480 nm, Ce: LSO: 420 nm), and uses an expensive PMT with a quartz window. It is possible to use a general-purpose PMT is there.
- ZnO is an acid oxide, it is stably present in the air and has no problems such as deliquescence.
- the purpose of the crystal is to convert radiation such as ⁇ -rays and X-rays into visible light as a scintillator crystal.
- radiation such as ⁇ -rays and X-rays into visible light as a scintillator crystal.
- ZnO single crystals were expensive, such as requiring vapor phase growth, but now that they can be grown by hydrothermal synthesis, they are comparable to hydrothermal synthesis of artificial quartz. It can be manufactured at low cost.
- the following effects are produced by using a single crystal or a doped crystal of ZnO generated by the above method as a scintillator.
- Luminescence from free excitons of ZnO has an extremely short fluorescence lifetime of about 0.6 ns, which satisfies the value required for scintillator crystals for TOF-type PET.
- ZnO is an oxidizing substance, so it is stably present in the air and has no problems such as deliquescence.
- This crystal is intended to convert ⁇ -rays, X-rays, and other radiations into visible light as scintillator crystals.
- the density of ZnO is 5.61 gZcm 3 , and it has better ⁇ -ray and X-ray stopping power than BaF.
- a ZnO crystal for a scintillator was prepared using a hydrothermal synthesis furnace 200 having a configuration as shown in FIG.
- the autoclave 210 which is a pressure vessel, contains platinum so that the solution does not come into direct contact with the autoclave 210 in order to reduce impurities of ZnO single crystal and to eliminate impurities such as Fe, Ni, and Cr that inhibit light emission.
- Container 230 is used as the inner cylinder.
- a seed crystal 240, a mineralizer aqueous solution 250, and a precursor 260 are enclosed.
- As the mineralizer aqueous solution 250 an aqueous solution containing LiOH: lmolZl and KOH: 3molZl is used.
- Al O, Ga O, In O, Y O are added to the reaction precursor 260 or the mineralizer aqueous solution 250 which is a starting material in hydrothermal synthesis.
- the doping amount was controlled by changing the doping material charge (starting composition).
- heaters 1211 to 1 to 6216 for heating are installed outside the autoclave 210.
- the upper and lower parts of the platinum container 230 are separated by a heat insulating plate 280 and have a temperature difference of about 20 ° C. What dissolves out of the reaction precursor 260 at the lower part of the platinum container 230 is crystallized with the seed crystal 240 at the upper part.
- a mineralizer aqueous solution 250 is used to promote crystallization.
- Table 1 (a), Table 1 (b), and Table 1 (c) show the growth conditions for ZnO crystals produced in this hydrothermal synthesis furnace 200.
- X in the table is l -x x 1 + x of (Zn M) 0 (M: A1, Ga, In, Y, Sc, La, Gd, Lu).
- composition ratio or the composition ratio of (Zn M ′) 0 (M,: Si, Ge, Sn, Pb) or (Zn Cd) 0 is represented by l ⁇ x x l + 2x l ⁇ x x.
- Undoped ZnO single crystal, A1-doped ZnO crystal, Ga-doped Zn crystal, In-doped ZnO crystal, Y-doped ZnO crystal, Sc-doped Zn crystal, La-doped ZnO crystal, Gd-doped ZnO crystal, Lu-doped Zn prepared under the above growth conditions The characteristics of the crystal, Si-doped ZnO crystal, Ge-doped ZnO crystal, Sn-doped ZnO crystal, and Pb-doped Zn crystal are described in Figs.
- FIG. 3 shows X-ray rocking curve measurement data of an undoped ZnO single crystal.
- the ZnO single crystal prepared under the growth conditions of the above-mentioned hydrothermal synthesis method is extremely high in crystallinity with few crystal defects, indicating that it is a single crystal.
- FIG. 4 shows an emission spectrum at room temperature with respect to UV excitation of the ZnO single crystal.
- the scintillator uses the exciton emission at the arrow shown in the figure. Broad peaks in the visible region cannot be used as scintillators due to their long lifetime. Yes.
- FIG. 5 is an emission spectrum at room temperature with respect to UV excitation of A1-doped ZnO single crystal.
- the scintillator uses exciton emission at the arrow.
- Figure 5 (a) shows A1: 0.1% (composition ratio 0.001)
- Figure 5 (b) shows A1: 0.5% (composition ratio 0.005)
- Figure 5 (c) shows Al: 1.0% (composition ratio 0.01).
- Fig. 5 (d) shows A1: 5.0% (composition ratio 0.05)
- Fig. 5 (e) shows A1: 15% (composition ratio 0.15). From these figures, exciton emission was observed with Al: 1.0% or less.
- FIG. 6 is an emission spectrum at room temperature with respect to UV excitation of Ga-doped ZnO single crystal.
- the scintillator uses exciton emission at the arrow.
- Figure 6 (a) shows Ga: 0.1% (composition ratio 0.001)
- Figure 6 (b) shows Ga: 0.5% (composition ratio 0.005)
- Figure 6 (c) shows Ga: 1.0% (composition ratio 0.005%).
- 6 (d) is Ga: 5.0% (composition ratio 0.05)
- FIG. 6 (6) is 0 &: 15% (composition ratio 0.15). From these figures, exciton emission was observed at Ga: 5.0% or less.
- FIG. 7 is an emission spectrum at room temperature with respect to UV excitation of the In-doped ZnO single crystal.
- the scintillator uses exciton emission at the arrow.
- Fig. 7 (a) shows In: 0.1% (composition ratio 0.001)
- Fig. 7 (b) shows In: 0.5% (composition ratio 0.005)
- Fig. 7 (c) shows In: 1.0% (composition ratio 0.01).
- FIG. 7 (d) shows In: 5.0% (composition ratio 0.05)
- FIG. 7 (e) shows In: 15% (composition ratio 0.15). From these figures, exciton emission was observed at In: 1.0% or less.
- FIG. 8 is an emission spectrum at room temperature with respect to UV excitation of a Y-doped ZnO single crystal. Again, the scintillator uses exciton emission at the arrow.
- Fig. 8 (a) shows Y: 0.1% (composition ratio 0.001)
- Fig. 8 (b) shows 0.5: 0.5% (composition ratio 0.005)
- Fig. 8 (c) shows Y: 1.0% (composition ratio 0.01).
- Fig. 8 (d) shows ⁇ : 5.0% (composition ratio 0.05)
- Fig. 8 (e) shows ⁇ : 15% (composition ratio 0.15). From these figures, exciton emission was observed at Y: 1.0% or less.
- FIG. 9 is an emission spectrum at room temperature with respect to UV excitation of Sc-doped ZnO single crystal.
- the scintillator uses exciton emission at the arrow.
- Figure 9 (a) shows Sc: 0.1% (composition ratio 0.001)
- Figure 9 (b) shows Sc: 0.5% (composition ratio 0.001). 5
- Fig. 9 (c) shows Sc: 1.0% (composition ratio 0.01)
- Fig. 9 (d) shows Sc: 5.0% (composition ratio 0.05)
- Fig. 9) shows 3: 15% (composition ratio 0.15%). ). From these figures, exciton emission was observed at Sc: 1.0% or less.
- FIG. 10 is an emission spectrum at room temperature with respect to UV excitation of a La-doped ZnO single crystal.
- the scintillator uses exciton emission at the arrow.
- Figure 10 (a) shows La: 0.1% (composition ratio 0.001)
- Figure 10 (b) shows La: 0.5% (composition ratio 0.
- Fig. 10 (c) shows La: 1.0% (composition ratio 0.01)
- Fig. 10 (d) shows La: 5.0% (composition ratio 0.0).
- Fig. 10 (e) shows La: 15% (composition ratio 0.15). From these figures, it can be seen that La:
- FIG. 11 is an emission spectrum at room temperature with respect to UV excitation of a Gd-doped ZnO single crystal.
- the scintillator uses exciton emission at the arrow.
- Figure 11 (a) shows Gd: 0.1% (composition ratio 0.001)
- Figure 11 (b) shows Gd: 0.5% (composition ratio 0.
- Fig. 11 (c) shows Gd: 1.0% (composition ratio 0.01)
- Fig. 11 (d) shows Gd: 5.0% (composition ratio 0.0).
- FIG. 11 (e) shows Gd: 15% (composition ratio 0.15). From these figures, exciton emission was observed at Gd: 1.0% or less.
- FIG. 12 is an emission spectrum of a Lu-doped ZnO single crystal at room temperature with respect to UV excitation.
- the scintillator uses exciton emission at the arrow.
- Figure 12 (a) shows Lu: 0.1% (composition ratio 0.001)
- Figure 12 (b) shows Lu: 0.5% (composition ratio 0.
- Fig. 12 (c) shows Lu: 1.0% (composition ratio 0.01)
- Fig. 12 (d) shows Lu: 5.0% (composition ratio 0.0).
- Fig. 12 (e) shows Lu: 15% (composition ratio: 0.15). From these figures, Lu: 1.0% or less
- FIG. 13 is an emission spectrum at room temperature with respect to UV excitation of a Si-doped ZnO single crystal.
- the scintillator uses exciton emission at the arrow.
- Fig. 13 (a) shows Si: 0.1% (composition ratio 0.001)
- Fig. 13 (b) shows Si: 0.25% (composition ratio 0.
- Fig. 13 (c) shows Si: 0.5% (composition ratio 0.005)
- Fig. 13 (d) shows Si: 2.5% (composition ratio 0.
- FIG. 13 (e) shows Si: 15% (composition ratio 0.15). From these figures, exciton emission was observed below Si: 1.0%.
- FIG. 14 is an emission spectrum at room temperature with respect to UV excitation of a Ge-doped ZnO single crystal. . Again, the scintillator uses exciton emission at the arrow.
- Fig. 14 (a) shows Ge: 0.1% (composition ratio 0.001)
- Fig. 14 (b) shows Ge: 0.25% (composition ratio 0
- FIG. 14 (e) shows Ge: 15% (Itokoshi itO.15). From these figures, exciton emission was observed at Ge: 1.0% or less.
- FIG. 15 is an emission spectrum at room temperature with respect to UV excitation of a Sn-doped ZnO single crystal.
- the scintillator uses exciton emission at the arrow.
- Fig. 15 (a) shows Sn: 0.1% (composition ratio 0.001)
- Fig. 15 (b) shows Sn: 0.25% (composition ratio 0
- FIG. 15 (e) i or Sn a 15 0/0 (yarn ⁇ ItO.15). From these figures, exciton emission was observed at Sn: 1.0% or less.
- FIG. 16 is an emission spectrum at room temperature with respect to UV excitation of a Pb-doped ZnO single crystal.
- the scintillator uses exciton emission at the arrow.
- Fig. 16 (a) shows Pb: 0.1% (composition ratio 0.001)
- Fig. 16 (b) shows Pb: 0.25% (composition ratio 0
- Fig. 16 (c) shows Pb: 0.5% (composition ratio 0.005)
- Fig. 16 (d) shows Pb: 2.5% (composition ratio).
- FIG. 16 (e) shows Pb: 15% (Itokatsu itO.15). Exciton emission was observed below Pb: 1.0%.
- FIG. 17 is an emission spectrum of a Cd-doped ZnO single crystal at room temperature with respect to UV excitation.
- the scintillator uses exciton emission at the arrow.
- Figure 17 (a) shows Cd: 0.1% (composition ratio 0.001)
- Figure 17 (b) shows Cd: 0.5% (composition ratio 0.
- Fig. 17 (c) shows Cd: 1.0% (composition ratio 0.01)
- Fig. 17 (d) shows Cd: 5.0% (composition ratio 0.0
- FIG. 17 (e) shows Cd: 15% (composition ratio 0.15). From these figures, Cd:
- ZnO crystals doped with Cd, Cd, etc. have a fluorescence lifetime of 0.6 ns or less, far exceeding conventional materials such as BGO, and show a fast rise, making them ideal for TOF-PET Clears the following criteria. Also, compared to BaF, which has a fluorescence lifetime of less than Ins, the density, emission, short fluorescence lifetime, chemical stability, and low cost
- the emission wavelength is significantly longer than BaF
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Abstract
Description
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US11/569,350 US20070193499A1 (en) | 2004-05-24 | 2005-05-20 | Zno single crystal as super high speed scintillator... |
EP05741568A EP1754981A4 (en) | 2004-05-24 | 2005-05-20 | ZNO-EINKRISTALL AS A SUPERSCHELLEN SZINTILLATOR AND MANUFACTURING METHOD THEREFOR |
JP2006513739A JPWO2005114256A1 (ja) | 2004-05-24 | 2005-05-20 | 超高速シンチレータとしてのZnO単結晶およびその製造方法 |
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Cited By (12)
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JP2006124268A (ja) * | 2004-10-01 | 2006-05-18 | Tokyo Denpa Co Ltd | 六方晶系ウルツ鉱型単結晶、その製造方法、および六方晶系ウルツ鉱型単結晶基板 |
KR100791861B1 (ko) | 2005-08-31 | 2008-01-07 | 한국화학연구원 | 망간-주입된 산화아연 단결정의 제조방법 |
JP2009525359A (ja) * | 2006-01-30 | 2009-07-09 | モメンティブ パフォーマンス マテリアルズ インコーポレイテッド | 焼結された立方晶ハロゲン化物のシンチレーター物質、およびこれを作製する方法 |
CN101583688A (zh) * | 2007-01-19 | 2009-11-18 | 丰田自动车株式会社 | 粉末荧光体及其制造方法、具有粉末荧光体的发光装置、显示装置以及荧光灯 |
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JP2016204213A (ja) * | 2015-04-23 | 2016-12-08 | 株式会社福田結晶技術研究所 | 酸化亜鉛結晶の製造方法、酸化亜鉛結晶、シンチレータ材料及びシンチレータ検出器 |
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US20070193499A1 (en) | 2007-08-23 |
EP1754981A1 (en) | 2007-02-21 |
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EP1754981A4 (en) | 2009-10-21 |
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